目录
1. FordAbandonsElectricVehicles (1)
2. WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakaDecadeEarlier ThanSomePredict (3)
3. CitizenScientists (5)
4. MotoringTechnology (7)
5. Late-nightDrinking (9)
6. MakingLightofSleep (11)
7. SugarPowerforCellPhones (13)
8. EiffelIsanEyeful (15)
9. EgyptFelledbyFamine (17)
10. YoungFemaleChimpsOutlearnTheirBrothers (19)
11. WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach (21)
12. FloridaHitbyColdAirMass (23)
13. InvisibilityRing (25)
14. JapaneseCarKeepsWatchforDrunkDrivers (27)
15. WingedRobotLearnstoFly (29)
16. JapaneseDrillingintoCoreofEarth (31)
17. ASunshadeforthePlanet (33)
18. ThirstforOil (34)
19. MusicalRobotCompanionEnhancesListenerExperience (36)
20. ExploreroftheExtremeDeep (38)
21. PlantGas (40)
22. Snowflakes (42)
23. PoweringaCity?It'saBreeze (44)
24. UndergroundCoalFiresaLoomingCatastrophe (46)
25. EattoLive (48)
26. MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferently (50)
27. DriventoDistraction (52)
28. SleepLetsBrainFileMemories (54)
29. I'llBeBach (56)
30. DigitalRealm (58)
31. HurricaneKatrina (60)
32. Mind-readingMachine (61)
33. ExpertsCallforLocalandRegionalControlofSites forRadioactiveWaste (63)
34. BatteriesBuiltbyViruses (65)
35. PuttingPlantstoWork (67)
36. ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslide EarlyWarning (69)
37. Don'tDrinkAloneGetsNewMeaning (71)
38. "LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitan (73)
39. CloneFarm (75)
40. TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety (77)
41. TooLittleforGlobalWarming (79)
42. RenewableEnergySources (81)
43. ForecastingMethods (83)
44. DefendingtheTheoryofEvolution StillSeemsNeeded (85)
45. SmallButWise (87)
46.AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"Ecosystem Engineers" (89)
47. ListeningtoBirdsong (91)
48. ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUpright (93)
49. US．ScientistsConfirmWateronMars (95)
50. CellPhonesIncreaseTraffic,PedestrianFatalities (97)
1.FordAbandonsElectricVehicles
福特放弃电动汽车
The Ford motor company's abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.
分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽车的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。
General Motors and Honda ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999,
to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.
通用汽车和日本本田公司早于1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。
Three years ago, the company introduced the Think City two-seater care and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1,700 carts have been sold so far in 2002.
3年前，福特推出名为Think City的双排座汽车和Think或Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车。本期望卖出5000辆汽车和10000辆手推车。但由于需求不足，截至2002年仅生产了1000辆汽车，售出1700辆高尔夫车。
“The bottom line is we don't believe that this is the fut ure of environment transport for the mass market,” Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. “We feel we have given electric our best shot.”
“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的 Tim Holmes于周五说。“我们感觉自己对电力车巴做了最好的尝试。”
The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and, up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.
Think city系列的运行里程仅53英里，电池充电需6小时。通用公司的EVI电力车也仅能运行100英里。
The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than
petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42,000 in the US, Compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota andNissan
are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles.
昂贵的电池意味着电动汽车的造价是汽油动力车的两倍多。日本丰田产的RAV4EV系列电动车在美国的售价达42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。
“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Fordnow has to move on with its hybrid program, and that is what we will be judging them on.” Roger Higman, a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth,
told the Environment News service.
应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。”Roger Higman，英国Friends of the Earth 组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对《环保新闻》评论说。
Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines on vehicle emissions in the US.
日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。
However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero- emission, vehicles.
不过这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。
2.WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakaDecadeEarlie
rThanSomePredict
世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值
In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproduction will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS' Energy & Fuels.
科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年。这已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthat rapid growth in global oil consumptionhasSparkedagrowinginterestinpredicting"peakoil"."Peakoil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists havedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.Oneof themostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbert model. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve. A relatedconceptisthatof"PeakOil."Theterm"PeakOil"indicatesthemoment in which world wide production will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline.
伊布赫姆?纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值然后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟型曲线。与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。
TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.
赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。
However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influencedbytechnologychanges,politics,andotherfactors,thescientists say.
但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。
ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodel https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e10608726.html,ingthe new model,
the scientists evaluated the 0il production trends of 47 major oil- producingcountries,whichsupplymostoftheworld'sconventionalcrudeoil. Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014, years
earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reservesarebeingreducedatarateof2．1percentayear. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.
最新研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以2.1％的速度逐年减少。他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。
3.CitizenScientists
公民科学家
Understandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoring keylifecycleevents--flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrog
callsofthespring--allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan'tbeeverywhere
sothey'returningto non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件--花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。
Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomany placesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststo observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest -- birds, trees, flowers budding, etc．-- and send their observationstoagiantdatabasetobe observed by professional scientists. This helpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountof data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.
气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们，所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面--鸟儿、树木、花开等等--并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到．的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。
Agroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyear called the National Phenology Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。
Oneofthegroup'sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientists alike to
collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants fromacrosstheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject--whichis open to everyone record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们--这一计划对所有人开放--把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。
"Peopledon'thavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundand see what's in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultantwiththeproject."Aswecollectthisdata,we'llbe able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."
“人们不需要是植物学家--他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么，”Jennifer Schwanz说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。”
4.MotoringTechnology
汽车技术
1．2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyear,plusafurther50
millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashrate,muchresearchnowisfocusedon safety and new fuels -- though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.
每年，全世界有120万起路面交通死亡事故，以及五千万起路面交通伤残事故。为降低车祸发生率，现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车安全和开发新型燃料上一一而有些关于电动机车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。
Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeenrisky.Onecuttingedgeareaof research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you don't miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or
radio doesn't distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.
高速驾驶一向是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保司机们不会错过重要的路况指示牌或在开车时睡着。通过运用人工智能软件，这些辅助设施可监控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而非机械故障。
Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspot
obstaclesinfog,whileothertechnology"sees through" high-sided vehicles blocking your view.
一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位，而其他的科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。
Andimprovementstoseatbelts,pedalcontrols and tyres are making driving smootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.
对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程变得更顺畅、安全。人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。
And alternatives to fossil-fuel based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot areaofresearch.Fuelcellsbasedonhydrogenburncleanly,andarethesubject of a serious research effort.
从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物：例如植物油，也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的燃料电池燃烧时无污染，并已成为一项重要研究的攻克对象。
Butwhateverisinthefueltank,youdon'twantathiefinthedriving seatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations,someusingsatellitetrackingand remotecommunications,tofightagainstcartheft.Thesecommunicationsystems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.
但不管燃料箱中盛为何物，你可不想在驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼，对此，也有很多创新来打击汽车盗窃，其中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发生车祸时，这些通讯系统也可起作用，自动地呼叫帮助。
Accidentscausemanytrafficjams,buttherearemoresubtleinterplays between
vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone's personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that won't be soon.
交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞，但在一畅通却繁忙的路段上，汽车间也有很多的细微互动，从而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅，并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机，但最新成果表明这种设想并非短期内可以实现。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e10608726.html,te-nightDrinking
深夜喝咖啡
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick "pick-me-up" cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
喜欢喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡会对你的睡眠造成严重破坏。并且咖啡因作为一种刺激物会打断褪黑激素的流动，褪黑激素是使人们进入睡眠的神经激素。
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime.
Levels then peak between 2 a．m．and 4 a．m．, before falling again. "It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake," says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
褪黑激素的浓度在睡前两小时开始上升。凌晨2点和4点之间达到最高值，然后再次下降。加利福尼亚斯坦福大学的斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的Maurice Ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉什么时候醒。”但是以色列的研究者发现含咖啡因咖啡能使人体中这种睡眠激素减半。
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off -- twice as long as usual -- and jigged around in bed twice as much.
特拉维夫大学的塞帕尔医学中心的Lotan Shilo和一个小组发现六个志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因咖啡后不如喝了同量的脱咖啡因咖啡之后睡得好。试验对象喝完含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分钟，而喝完脱咖啡因咖啡后平均每晚睡415分钟。他们用半个小时才能睡着--比平常长一倍--而且翻来覆去的时间比平常多一倍。
In the second phase of the experiment the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
在试验的第二阶段，研究者每三个小时叫醒志愿者一次，并要他们提供一个尿样。Shilo 测量了褪黑激素分解物的浓度。结果表明饮用含咖啡因咖啡的人体内的褪黑激素的浓度是饮用脱咖啡因咖啡的人体内褪黑激素浓度的一半。在《睡眠医学》上发表的一篇论文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻碍促使褪黑激素产生的酶的形成。
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from thebody, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡，因为要排除体内的咖啡因要用好几个小时。
6.MakingLightofSleep
不要太在意睡眠
Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedside alarm clock, your internal clock runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle, called a circadian rhythm, helps control when you wake, when you eat and when you sleep.
我们每个人的大脑里都有一个的生物钟。像我们床边的闹钟一样，人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈。这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。
Somewhere around puberty, something happens in the timing of the biologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersare unabletofallasleepasearlyastheyused to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed, your body may be pushing you to stay up for several hours more. And the
light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.
青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化。生物钟提前，青少年会比以前睡得晚。所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时。并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。
Thisshiftisnaturalfor teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping latecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.It canalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringother
problems,too.Teenagersareputina kind of a gray cloud when they don't get enoughsleep,saysMaryCarskadon,asleep researcher at Brown University in Providence, RI. It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.
生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的。但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡。这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说，当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神。这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”
Butjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact, it
automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.
其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的。事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节。这是怎么做到的呢？其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。
Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years, researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclockwere handled through the same pathways that we use to see.
很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用。长久以
来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。
Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehuman eye has two separate light- sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether
it's day or night.
但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统。一个是视觉系统。另一个是感知昼夜的系统。
7.SugarPowerforCellPhones
用糖为手机发电
Usingenzymescommonlyfoundinlivingcells,anewtypeoffuelcell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar. If the technology is able to succeedinmassproduction,youmaysomedayshareyoursweetdrinkswithyour cell phone.
一种新型燃料细胞通过利用活体细胞中很常见的酶能从糖中生产少量的电。如果这项技术能够成功应用于大批量生产，人们可以与自己的手机分享甜饮料(因为糖可以发电供给手机。
In fuel cells, chemical reactions generate electrical currents. The process usuallyreliesonpreciousmetals,suchas platinum. In living cells, enzymes performasimilarjob,breakingdownsugarstoobtainelectronsandproduce energy.
燃料细胞中的化学反应能产生电流。这个过程通常依赖于贵金属，比如铂。在活体细胞中，酶发挥类似的作用，通过分解糖得到电子进而产生能量。
Whenresearcherspreviouslyusedenzymesinfuelcells,theyhadtrouble keepingthemactive,says Shelley D．Minteer of St Louis University. Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes, there's no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.
圣路易斯大学的Shelley D．Minteer说，以前研究人员在燃料细胞中使用酶时，很难维持酶的活性。生物细胞能不停地产生新鲜的酶，但燃料细胞中没有能替换很快降解的酶的机制。
MinteerandTamaraKlotzbach,alsoofStLouisUniversity, havenow developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket. "We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment" for the enzyme, Minteer says. The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.
Minteer与同样来自圣路易斯大学的TamaraKlotzbach现在研制了一种聚合物，它能包裹酶并将其保存在用显微镜才能看见的袋子里。Minteer解释说：“我们改造袋子使其能为酶提供理想的微环境。”这种聚合物能使酶保持几个月而不是几天的活性。
In the new fuel cell, tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes. When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket, the enzyme oxidizes it, releasing electrons and protons. The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode, where they react with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water. The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.
在新型燃料细胞中，装有酶的微小的聚合物袋子镶嵌在一张裹在一个电极上的薄膜里。含糖液体中的葡萄糖进入袋子时，酶将其氧化，释放出电子和质子。电子穿过薄膜进入一根导线并通过这根导线到达其他电子。导线中的电子与大气中的氧发生反应产生水。电子在导线中流动形成电流，电流能产生电能。
So far, the new fuel cells don't produce much power, but the fact that they
workatallisexciting,saysPaulKenis,achemicalengineerattheUniversity ofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign."Justgettingittowork,"Kenissays,"isa major accomplishment."
伊利诺斯大学Urbana-Champaign校区的化学工程师Paul Kenis指出，目前这种新型燃料细胞产生不了多少电能，但它们确实产生了电，这一事实令人激动。Kenis说：“单是使它可以产生电能，就是一项大的成果。”
Sugar-eatingfuelcellscouldbeanefficientwaytomakeelectricity. Sugariseasytofind.Andthenewfuelcellsthatrunonitarebiodegradable, so the technology wouldn't hurt the environment. The scientists are now trying to usedifferentenzymesthatwillgetmorepowerfromsugar.Theypredictthat popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.
消耗糖的燃料细胞有可能成为高效的发电工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料细胞可生物降解，因此这项技术不会损害环境。目前，科学家们正试图利用别的能从糖中产生更多电的酶。他们预计，在不到三年的时间里这种新技术便可在大众化的产品中使用。
8.EiffelIsanEyeful
引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔
Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble. Japanese, Brazilians, Americans -- they graffiti their names, loves and politics on the cold iron -- transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.
世界各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。日本人、巴西人、美国人在这块冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。
With Paris laid out in miniature below, it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question: Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure, is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?
从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不去观赏风景。但这些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受欢迎?尽管它在几十年前就已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。
The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over, but
the tower lives on.
这个问题的答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔是永不过时的。周期性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦，但是它仍将继续存在下去。
"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic." says Hugues Richard, a 31-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to
the tower's second floor -- 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady, it inspires us．" he says.
“埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所以，埃菲尔十分具有象征性。”Hugues Richard说道，这位31岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑自行车经过747级台阶登上铁塔二层的纪录。“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感．”他说。
But to what? After all, the tower doesn't have a purpose. It ceased to be the world's tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building went up in New York. Yes, television and radio signals are beamed from the top, and Gustave Eiffel, a frenetic builder who died on December 27, aged 91, used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.
但是它能使人们产生怎样的灵感呢？毕竟，铁塔并没有任何目的。1930年纽约的Chrysler 大
厦取代它成为世界上最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送出来，而GustaveEiffel，这个狂热的建造者利用它的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电传输的研究，他在12月27日逝世，终年91岁。
But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there -- a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.
本质上来说，铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感--它就像一张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想。对于那些善于从技术角度考虑问题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜利；而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。
"The tower will outlast all of us, and by a long way," says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.
“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在．”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司的Isabelle Esnous说。
9.EgyptFelledbyFamine
被饥荒颠覆的埃及
Even ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of
the famine that helped bring down their civilisation around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometres to the south was ultimately to blame -- and the same or worse could happen today.
即便是古埃及最雄伟的金字塔的建造者面对使他们的文明在公元前2180年覆灭的饥荒也无能为力。目前从尼罗河沉积的泥浆中收集的证据表明最终须归咎于气候向南方推移几千公里的变化棗今天可能会发生同样的事情，甚至更糟。
The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have been diminished these floods.
古埃及人依靠尼罗河一年一度的洪水灌溉他们的农作物。气候中任何把非洲季候风向南推出埃塞俄比亚的变化都会使这些洪水消失。
Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablise the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.
埃塞俄比亚高原上减少的雨量意味着巩固土壤的植物减少了。当真的下雨时，它就会把大量的泥沙冲进青尼罗河带进埃及，伴随的还有从白尼罗河带来的沉积物。
The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analysing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.
青尼罗河的泥浆与白尼罗河的泥浆的同位素不同。所以通过分析尼罗河三角洲的泥浆的同位素差别，利兹大学的Michael Krom算出来自每个支流的沉淀物的比例。
Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods,
from4500 to 4200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom.
Krom推理说在干旱季节，河水中青尼罗河泥浆的量相对较高。他发现在这些阶段之一在4500年到4200年前，恰恰在埃及古王国灭亡之前。
The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. "Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.
被削弱的河水对古埃及人而言是灾难性的。纽约的Lamont Doherty地球天文台的BillRyan
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
英语阅读理解带翻译10篇精选 英语阅读理解带翻译10篇：给予 Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery： giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home?” I said yes. “Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.” 像绝大部分人，我长大看待生命是一个过程获得。直到我在30月底，我作出这个重要发现：给予，距离使我们的生活如此更令人兴奋的。您不必担心如果缺乏资金。这是我尝试让-消失。如果一个主意，
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
2007年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译 但为君故 但为君故 整理组
Text 1 如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。 什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。 58岁的安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，”埃里克森回忆说。“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。” 这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。 因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论——我们通常称为天分的特征被高估了。或者，换句话说，专业执行者――无论是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域――几乎总是培养的，而不是天生的。 21. 文中提到足球运动员中的出生现象是用来__________. A 强调职业训练的重要性 B 聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星 C 引出什么决定了杰出表现这个话题 D 解释为什么一些足球队比其他足球队表现好
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
初三英语阅读理解带翻译 （一） Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them. Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk. We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?" "It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry." "Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back." "We can't ".said my sistter. "Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!" 1.The writer and Mary didn't know______. A.what Zip's first present was B.how Zip carried its first present home C.who owned Zip's first present D.what Zip's first present was made of
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."
Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is
Passage 1 Have you ever seen a moon that looks unbelievably big? 1.To what do we compare the size of the harvest moon? (all of these) 2.The main purpose of the article is to inform. 3.The author knew most people find the moon mysterious. 4.The moon looks bigger if it is near the horizon 5.The autumn moon helps farmers see as they harvest their crops. Passage 2 Strange thing happens to time when you travel. 1.The best title for this selection is How Time Changes Around the World. 2.The difference in time between zones is one hour. 3.From this selection it seems true that the Atlantic Ocean is divided into five time zones. 4.The international date line is the name for the point where a new day begins. 5.If you cross the ocean going east, you set you clock ahead one hour in each new time zone. Passage 3 Holidays in the United States usually occur at least once a month. 1.The government of the United States makes it a rule for workers to have a 3-day weekend almost once a month. 2.Workers in the United States sometimes work from Tuesday to Sunday. 3.Which statement is NOT true according to this passage? All the workers have a half-month vacation. 4.The reason why someone has to divide his vacation into several parts is that no one can be found to take his place . 5.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? Something about the holidays and Vacation in the U.S. Passage 4 Sarah Winchester was a very rich woman. 1.What did Sarah keep doing to her house? Making it bigger. 2.The story says that Sarah?s house had floors. 3.Who did the work on Sarah?s house? Carpenters and plumbers and other workers. 4.How long did the work on the house continue? For 38 years. 5.Sarah?s house was finally finished when she died. Passage 5 The diner is only a humble restaurant, but it has a special place in American life. 1.What?s the main idea of paragraph 2? The attraction of different people. 2.The purpose of the last paragraph is to give a summary of the whole passage. 3.Why do truck drivers like a diner?It’s a haven against loneliness. 4.Diners attract many different kinds of people. 5.Diners are fascinating. Passage 6 In the past two years, millions of Americans have suddenly embraced the bicycles as 1.The word “embrace” in the first sentence is closest in meaning to make use of. 2.It can be concluded that if people continue to concern themselves with air pollution and physical fitness, bicycle sales will continue to rise. 3.The bicycle is enjoying a strong revival. 4.The reader can also conclude that Americans are concerned with the quality of their lives . 5.In the sentence “…and this isn?t America?s first bicycle boom.” The word “boom” means a rapid increase in sale.