语法层次
语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（Vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。作为社会交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的，所以语音是语溢的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。在语言的结构体系，语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统（即语法）是中心成分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽，在书写中则是结合文字系统和语义系统的枢纽，可以用公式表示如下：
语义——语法——语音系统/文字系统
英语的语法结构具有层次性。它可分为五个不同的层次，即句子（Sentence）、分句（Clause）、词组(Phrase）、词（Word）和词素（Morpheme）.句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一个以上的分句构成；分句由一个或一个以上的词组构成；词组由一个或一个以上的词构成；词由一个或一个以上的词素构成。
既然句子是语法的最高层次，我们就可以通过切分法（Segmentation）把句子一层一层地切分到它的最小组成部分-——词素。例如：
0.1词素
词素（Morpheme）是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。词素分为两大类；自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘附词素（Bound Morpheme）.
1)自由词素
自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词（Simple Word）.而单独使用的词素，比如boy(男孩)，girl(女孩)，desk(书桌)，chair(椅子)，kind(仁慈的)，cruel(残酷的)，give （给），take(拿)等都属于这一类。自由词素可以充当词根（Root）加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词(Derivative),例如：
kind: kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindly
friend: friendly , friendship , friendless, unfriendly, unfriendliness
自由词素还可以和其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词（Compound Word）.例如：book: bookmark, bookshop, bookstall
take: intake, take-home, take-over, take-off, takeaway, undertake
2)粘附词素
粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。粘附词素的主要功能是在够词上充当词缀（Affix）,即屈折词缀（Inflectional Affix）和派生词缀（Derivational Affix）.屈折词缀在现代英语中寥寥可数，它们包括名词复数标记-s/-es;名词属格标记-’s;第三人称动词单数现在时标记-s/es;动词过去时标记-ed;动词-ed
分词和-ing分词标记-ed, -ing;形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的标记-er, -est等。派生词缀为前缀（Prefix）和后缀(Suffix)，能和词根搭配构成派生词。例如：
前缀后缀前后缀
anti-war Marxist unlucky
postwar Movement co-existence
pan-African careless inappropriateness
co-exist carelessness pre-liberation
表示相同意义的词素在不同的环境中可有不同的变体，这叫做词素变体（Allomorph）。词素变体可以表现在拼法上，如形容词的否定前缀有以下的变体：
In- im- il- ir-
inactive immature illegal irrational
incoherent immortal illogical irregular
inexperienced imperfect illegible irrelevant
insecure impractical illegitimate irresponsible
词素变体也可以表现在语音上，如复数标记在cats中为/s/，在dogs中为/z/，而在houses 中为/iz/。
0.2 词
词是比词素高一级的语法单位，由一个或一个以上的词素构成。可从两方面对词进行分类：一是根据构词法分类；二是根据句法功能分类。
1）简单词、派生词、复合词
根据构词法，英语的词简单词、派生词、复合词。
a) 简单词
简单词（Simple Word）又叫单词素词(Morpheme Word)，是由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词，如at, by, in, on, up, down, far, near, hand, foot, get, take, make 等等。这一类词在英语词汇中虽占少数，但有较高的出现率和较强的派生能力，因而构成英语基本词汇的主体。
b) 派生词
派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成。词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。大多数前缀并不影响词根的词性，而仅对词根的意义加以修饰表示否定、相反、贬低、向背、程度、时间、方位等意义。例如：
表示否定的前缀：
un- non- in- dis-
unfair nonsmoker inedible disloyal
unhappy nonviolent inexact discontent
表示相反的前缀：
un- de- dis- counter-
unbind decrease discover counterattack
uncover deduct discourage counteract
表示错误或失当的前缀：
mis- mal- pseudo-
misjudge maltreat pseudoclassic
misdirect malpractice pseudoscientific
表示向背的前缀：
pro- anti-
pro-Chinese antiwar
pro-American antisocial
表示程度或大小的前缀：
arch- super- ultra-
archbishop supermarket ultraleftist
archfascist superluxury ultraconservative
Over- under- mini- semi-
overcurious underdevelop minibus semicircle
overeat undercook minicar semiskilled
overdressed underfeed miniskirt semisweet
表示时间的前缀：
pre- fore- post-
preschool foretell postwar
prewar forewarn postgraduate
表示方位的前缀：
sub- inter- trans-
subway international transatlantic
submarine interdependent transfrontier
英语中有几个词缀，如be-. En-/em, a-等，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是引起词性的变化。例如：
be- en- em- a-
belittle enslave embody asleep
befriend enable empower ablaze
英语的后缀具有较强的语法作用，加在词根上构成派生词，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是改变了词性。例如：
动词变名词：
-action -ment -al
exploration arrangement refusal
simplification movement proposal
-ee -er -age
trainee worker drainage
employee teacher coverage
形容词变名词：
-ness -ity -ism -ist
happiness diversity nationalism loyalist
meanness acceptability fanaticism racialist
名词、形容词变动词：
-ify -ize -en
beautify modernize quicken
simplify hospitalize widen
名词变形容词：
-y -ish -esque -some -ous
hairy foolish picturesque burdensome poisonous
sandy Turkish Dantesque troublesome humourous
但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义，而不改变词性。例如：
gangster boyhood impressionism
kingdom spoonful Londoner
machinery matting booklet
idealism friendship drudgery
c) 复合词
复合词（Compound Word）通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成，主要有复合名词(Compound Noun)，如deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, snowfall, slipup, downfall；复合形容词(Compound Adjective，如world-famous, bloodthirsty, dogtired, bitter-sweet, light-blue；复合动词(Compound Verb)，如nickname, outline, spotlight, mass-produce, sightsee；复合副词(Compound Adverb)，如moreover, nevertheless；复合代词(Compound Pronoun)，如another, something, anybody, nobody, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever；复合连词(Compound Conjunction)，如whenever, wherever, whereas；复合介词(Compound Preposition)，如alongside, outside, throughout, notwithstanding等。
2）封闭词类和开放词类
英语的词就其语法功能来说，分为封闭词类（Closed Class）和开放词类(Open Class)。a）封闭词类
封闭词类指所有的功能词（function Word）。这一类词没有完整的词汇意义，但有语法意义；它们数目有限，比较稳定，很少增生，因而词项序列不能随便延伸，所以叫做“封闭词类”。他们包括：
介词（Preposition），如in, of, on, without, in spite of
代词(Pronoun) ，如you, he, one, which, this, that
限定词(Determiner) ，如a, the, this, some, any, no
连词(Conjunction) ，如and, or, but, because, when, if
助动词(Auxiliary) ，如do, can, may, must, will
b）开放词类
开放词类指各种实义词(Content Word)。这类词是随着社会、经济、文化的发展而不断丰富和发展的。在这一类词中，新词不断出现，旧词不断消失或获得新义，因而词项序列可以不断延伸，所以叫做“开放词类”。它们包括：
名词(Noun)，如Smith, Paris, man, drama, faith
形容词(Adjective) ，如old, young, big, small, cheap
副词(Adverb) ，如here, there, early, late, really, fast
主动词(Main Verb) ，如work, give, make, take, talk
此外还有基数词(Cardinal Numeral)，序数词(Ordinal Numeral)，感叹词(Interjection)是介乎“封闭”与“开放”之间的词类。
0.3 词组
词组是由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位。词组是按照一定语法规则围绕一定中心词（Head 或Headword）组合起来的一组词。中心词所属词类决定着词组内部的结合方式，也决定着词组的类别，如名词词组(Noun Phrase)，动词词组(Verb Phrase)，形容词词组(Adjective Phrase)，副词词组(Adverb Phrase)，介词词组(Prepositional Phrase)。1）名词词组
名词词组是以名词为中心词的词组。名词词组可能只由一个中心词构成，也可能带有限定词和其他修饰语。名词词组的结构形式如下：
（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+名词+（后置修饰语）
例如：
all the college students
his new book on phonology
the tall boy sitting in the corner
the author’s new novel that will soon come out.
但在下列诸句中，一个名词也构成了名词词组：
Milton lived in the 17th century.
Sugar dissolves in water.
Honesty is the best policy.
在上述诸例中，Milton, sugar, honesty都是名词词组；但若脱离了句子而孤立出现，则仅仅分别是一个专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，除介词词组以外的其他词组也有类似的情况。
2）动词词组
动词词组是以主动词（Main Verb）为中心词的词组。动词词组可能只包括一个主动词或者主动词带有修饰语，这叫做“简单动词词组”（Simple Verb Phrase）。例如：
She looks pale.
John arrived last night.
They fully appreciate our problems.
We utterly detested him.
动词词组也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成，这叫做“复杂动词词组”（Complex Verb Phrase）。例如：
It is getting dark.
She ought to have told him about it.
The children might have been playing in the garden.
复杂动词词组也可以带有修饰语。例如：
Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.
I have rarely reviewed a more dishonest book.
He may really have injured innocent people.
动词词组按照动词形式又可分为“限定动词词组”（Finite Verb Phrase）和“非限定动词词组”(Non-finite verb Phrase)。动词词组的第一个词如果在形式上带有“时”（Tense）的标记(有时还受主语的“人称”(Person)和“数”(Number)的制约)这便是限定动词词组。上述诸例均属此类。
动词词组的第一个词如果是一种不变的动词形式，即没有“时”的标记（也不受主语的“人称”和“数”的制约），这便是非限定动词词组。例如：
We went there to see a film.
Having seen the film, we had a discussion.
Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable.
3）形容词词组
形容词词组是以形容词为中心词的词组。形容词词组可以只包括一个形容词，也可以是“修饰语+形容词”或者是“形容词+补足成分”，这种词组的结构形式如下：
（修饰语）+形容词+（后置修饰语/补足成分）
例如：
The weather is fine today.
The course is pretty difficult.
You are not careful enough.
That work is too difficult for that child.
The weather is too hot to be enjoyable.
I’ll be glad to help you repair the car if you show me what’s wrong.
4）副词词组
副词词组是以副词为中心词的词组。副词词组的结构形式如下：（修饰语）+副词+（后置修饰语）
例如：
新编英语语法教程（第6版）第21讲练习参考答案Ex. 21A was sorry to learn… will be sad to hear… would be very surprised to receive… is happy to have found… was afraid to go… was pleased to hear… am very anxious to meet you. were delighted to receive your telegram. were sensible to stay indoors. clerk was prompt to answer the call. rule is easy to remember. are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. house is difficult to heat. you ready to leave would be foolish to go out in this weather. is quick to see the point. is very keen to get on. are proud to have him as a friend. was rude not to answer your letter. are happy to have you with us this evening. Ex. 21B decision to resign surprised all of us. showed no inclination to leave.
导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1）自由词素 2）粘附词素 0.2 词 1）简单词、派生词、符合词 2）封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1）名词词组 2）动词词组 3）形容词词组 4）副词词组 5）介词词组 0.4分句 1）独立分句和从属分句 2）简单分句和复杂分句 3）主句和从句 4）限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1）完全句和不完全句 2）简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1）主语和谓语 2）句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1）基本句型 2）基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致（一） 2.1指导原则 1）语法一致 2）意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2）以-s结尾的学科名称 3）以-s结尾的地理名称 4）其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4）a committee of 等+复数名词
第3讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1）由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2）由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3）主语+as much as 等 4）主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2）以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3）关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4）分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5）存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1）名词分类 2）名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1）规则复数和不规则复数 2）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1）一般表示个数的单位词 2）表示形状的单位词 3）表示容积的单位词 4）表示动作状态的单位词 5）表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1）名词属格的构成 2）名词属格的意义 3）名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1）独立属格 2）双重属格 第6讲限定词（一） 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2）只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词
新编英语语法教程（第6版）第16讲练习参考答案 Ex. 16A 1. This topic has been talked about … 2. It will then be dealt with … 3. The children weren’t properly looked after. 4. Has this matter been looked into? 5. Are you being attended to? 6. Smith’s warehouse was broken into … 7. My application has been turned down. 8. This question will be brought up … 9. The trains were held up by fog. 10. Your argument is not borne out by the facts. 11. Their stories are made up. 12. The application has been filled in incorrectly. 13. The scheme was thought out carefully. 14. The prices were put up. 15. Your photographs will be blown up well. 16. The recorded programmes can be played back. 17. These interruptions were put up with. 18. His retirement is being looked forward to very much. 19. The responsibilities are being faced up to badly. 20. He was looked up to by everyone. 21. This piece of legislation had been done away with reluctantly. 22. They weren’t taken in by her story. 23. I was got through the written papers by special coaching. 24. He will be seen off at the airport by all the ministers. 25. If it rains, the match will have to be put off … Ex.16B 1. Couldn’t someone be asked to do the word privately without being known? 2. They were shocked by the boy’s rudeness, which was put down to his having been spoiled by his parents. 3. … that the picture had been stolen. 4. The question was put to debate, but on very few occasions was a question fully debated in Parliament. 5. … and martial law was declared. The army put down the rebellion and declared martial law. 6. He wanted the information to be treated as confidential … 7. … and the proceeds will be shared among his family. 8. All the members should have an equal right to speak and to vote. Only in this way could they make the law effectively. 9. Having been ignored for many years, … 10. Should it be proved beyond doubt that the fire was caused by an accident, the man being held on suspicion of arson will be released. 11. On being informed that he was wanted by the police, the man realized that he had been betrayed by his accomplice. 12. … it was found that most of its fittings had been stripped and the air had been let out of the tyres. 13. …, but it had to be cancelled at the last minute because of a cabinet crisis. 14. The fire was finally got under control, but not before it had caused extensive damage / but not
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程名称：英语语法 英文课程名称： English Grammar 课程类别：专业必修课 适用专业：英语语言文学 总学时数：36 学分数：2 执笔者：外国语学院周世培 编写日期：2006年7月6日 一、课程的性质和任务 《新编英语语法教程》是为教育技术学、英语教育学两个专业二年级学生开设的基础课程。本教程是一部新型的、融合传统语法与现代语言学和语法学某些研究成果于一体的英语语法教材。编写内容深入浅出，反映了各个学科体系最新研究成果；编写思想上，除了帮助学生打下扎实的语言基本功外，还照例培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。学生有计划地阅读英语语法教材，探讨英语语言的结构，通过各种练习，牢固地掌握英语语法，提高运用英语的能力提高学生的人文、科学素养，培养健康向上的人生观，使学生真正成为我国21世纪所需要的外语专门人才。 二、课程教学内容、要求及学时分配 第一单元 Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy 总学时：2学时 重点与难点： ■ The concept of grammar. ■ The category of grammar. ■ Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion. 内容与要求： ■ Morphemes
■ Words ■ Phrases ■ Clauses ■ Sentences 要求学生课后作练习并掌握本章所讲的句子结构。 第二单元 Subject-verb Concord 总学时：2学时 重点与难点： ■ Guiding principles. ■ Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject. 内容与要求： ■ The content of subject-verb concord. ■ The three guiding principles . ■ Problems of concord with nouns ending in -s 要求学生课后做该部分练习，巩固上课所学并预习下一单元。 第三单元 Genitive Noun 总学时： 2学时 重点与难点： ■ Formation and meanings of genitive noun. ■ The criteria and the rule of interpretation. 内容与要求： ■ The concept of genitive noun. ■ Formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns. ■ Independent genitive and double genitive. 要求学生课后做该部分练习，巩固上课所学并预习下一单元。 第四单元 Determiners 总学时： 2学时
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.
大学英语语法模拟试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they ______________any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We______________ that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She______________ bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he ______________so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us ______________time. A. did they have B. had they had C. had they have D would they have 6. If you were in better health, we______________ you to join in the work last week. A. would have allowed B. would allow C. should allow D. had allowed 7. She cried for her______________ lover. A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed 8. ______________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. If it______________ tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “It’s getting very late.”“Yes, it’s time______________.” A. that we left B. we leave C. we’ll leave D. we have left a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk.
《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组 4. Clause 分句 5. Sentence 句子 1. Morpheme 词素 Free morpheme 自由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 Allomorph 词素变体 Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3） Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5） 1. Classification of nouns
语法翻译 P68 1.今天上午你干了多少活儿？（work） How much work have you done this morning? 2.开凿隧道需要大量的劳动力。（labour） To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour 3.他做了最少的工作。（work） He’s done the least work. 4.处理这一问题有几种方法。（method） There are several methods of approaching this problem 5.我不懂多少语法。I know little French. 6.少说空话（empty talk）多干事实（practical work） There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7.有多少人出席招待会吗？ There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 8.我可以和你谈几句话吗？（words） May I have a few words with you? 9.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。 There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10.哈利犯的错误最少。（Harry） Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11.我读的诗（poetry）和做的练习都比较多。 You’ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12.杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。 Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes.
新编英语语法教程(第六版)第03讲练习 参考答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第03讲练习参考答案Ex. 3A 1.Naturally, I will have to… 2.Frankly, I was… 3.Clearly, there has been… 4.Fortunately, Roberts returned the cheque. 5.Oddly enough, he did not… 6.Not unreasonably, he protested… 7.Interestingly, he neve r knew that he… 8.Hopefully, the two sides may… 9.Quite obviously, he does not want to… 10.Strangely enough, the burglar had not taken… 11.Sure enough, a solution will be… 12.Rightly, the Chinese people protested… 13.Even more important, we ought to put… 14.Surely, I have met before. 15.To our regret, he refused our invitation. 16.Luckily, someone managed to find me. 17.You telephoned the hospital first, quite rightly. 18.Foolishly, the girl did not ask your name. 19.Understandably, her appointment had not been confirmed. 20.Curiously, the dog never barked. Ex. 3B 1.moreover 2.In other words 3.Also 4.In other words/That is to say 5.In that case 6.Still 7.however 8.Actually 9.So 10.Nevertheless 11.after all 12.Furthermore 13.for all that 14.conversely 15.consequently 16.As a result 17.then 18.therefore 19.Besides
大学英语语法模似试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn^ t stay on the farm. She bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us time. A. did they have C. had they have 6. If you were in better health, wc. A. would have allowed C. should allow 7. She cried for her A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed _____________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. Tf it _____________ tomorrow, P 11 stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “Tt’ s getting very late. n “Yes, it’ s time __________________________ . ” A. that we left B. we leave C. we^ 11 leave D. we have 1 eft 1 Ule ______________ a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk. A. should have taken B. could take C. could have taken IX hadn^ t taken 12. _____________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday- A. Tn spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 13- _____________ , we can hardly get to the station by sixclock. A. As it wi 11 be B. As it seemed C. As it is D. As if it seems 14. We hung out a lantern lest he ___________________ lost in the mist. A. gets B. get C. will get D. got 15- Tt is quite natural that such fears _______________________ . A. rise B. should arise C. should rise D. are arisen 16. Pm sorry to _________________ your private thoughts, but T think we should get on with some work. A. break in B. break on C. break in on D. break out 17. Do you think he will_________________ a cook wearing that hat? pass for B> pass as C. pass through D. pass on B. had they had D would they have ___________ you to join in the work last week. B. would allow D. had allowed 1 over. 8.
新编英语语法教程（第 6 版）第 10 讲练习参考答案 Ex. 10A When it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean, most people just don ’ t make the effort. I ’ m a maintenance man for a department store. If people did make the effort, I probably wouldn ’ t haveob. a j The area that I have to spend the most time cleaning is the employees ’lunchroom . Employees go there during breaks, lunch, and dinner. The maintenance department supplies containers for garbage and ashtrays for cigaret te butts. But when they finish their food the employees will either throw their papers on the floor or leave them on the table. Some employees will on occasion throw their papers in the garbage container, but most of them who smoke will eithe r flick their ashes on the floor or in the half-filled soda cups. Cigarette butts are found anywhere other than in the ashtray, because the ashtrays may have been stolen or have been filled with gum. Sometimes an employee will remark, “ Aren ’ t these people pigs? They don ’ t even up after themselves,” as they proceed to walk away fromtheir littered table. Ex. 10B 1. its 2. his, he 3. them 4. it has 5. it, it has to 6. its / their 7. its8. him / them 9. he is / they are 10. it 11. it 12. his / their 13. isn’ t it14. take / takes 15. his / their 16. has, her 17. their 18. has, his 19. they, themselves 20. tends, itself Ex. 10C 1. it / she 2. It 3. it / her 4. her 5. his / one ’ s, he / one, his / one ’ s
新编英语语法教程（第6版）第21讲练习参考答案 Ex. 21A 1.I was sorry to learn… 2.You will be sad to hear… 3.They would be very surprised to receive… 4.She is happy to have found… 5.I was afraid to go… 6.Bob was pleased to hear… 7.I am very anxious to meet you. 8.We were delighted to receive your telegram. 9.You were sensible to stay indoors. 10.The clerk was prompt to answer the call. 11.This rule is easy to remember. 12.We are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. 13.Our house is difficult to heat. 14.Are you ready to leave? 15.You would be foolish to go out in this weather. 16.John is quick to see the point. 17.He is very keen to get on. 18.We are proud to have him as a friend. 19.I was rude not to answer your letter. 20.We are happy to have you with us this evening. Ex. 21B 1.His decision to resign surprised all of us. 2.He showed no inclination to leave. 3.Her resolution never to marry baffled all offers of love. 4.The City Council approved the proposal to build a new dam on the river. 5.Their readiness to accept the peace arrangement really surprised the diplomatic world. 6.He refused the invitation to write another article on the subject. 7.The people of a country should have the freedom to choose their own social system. 8.There is no need for you to start so early. 9.I am not under the obligation to render him any financial support. 10.They have the ability to wage biological warfare. 11.He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of war. 12.There are plans to be made at once. 13.This is a day never to be forgotten. 14.Give me the names of the people to contact. 15.The next train to arrive is from Edinburgh. 16.The last problem to be considered at our next meeting is how to invest the money. 17.Was Cortes the first European ever to see the Pacific Ocean?
新编英语语法教程第06讲练习参考答案 Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. He’s done the least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. You’ve lear nt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. He’s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. A millionaire has lots of money—and lots of worries. 15. Anna has enough worries b ecause she hasn’t got enough money. 16. The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days. 18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006. 19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks. 20. My brother spent $ 500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff. 新编英语语法教程第07讲练习参考答案 Ex. 7A 1.experience
新编英语语法教程第24讲练习参考答案 Ex. 24A 1. scientifically explored / explored scientifically 2. Scientifically, the argument was absurd / … was absurd scientifically. 3. I simply do not understand you. 4. … if I speak simply. 5. He made me thoroughly angry. 6. … have thoroughly studied… / studied this chapter thoroughly. 7. … much appreciate… 8. … very much appreciate it / appreciate it very much. 9. Honestly, I mean what I say / I honestly mean… / I mean honestly… 10. …alw ays writes to me honestl y. 11. …answer the question generally. 12. Generally, these questions are not… / … can generally … / …answer most of them generally. 13. …to apply practically.
14. …are practically impossible to … 15. This is hardly my business / This hardly is… 16. I can hardly hear you. 17. I can just hear you. 1 18. …is only for your ears / … is for your ears only. 19. …for your ears alone. 20. Will you kindly come this way? 21. …spoke to her kindly. 22. I also spoke to her mother. / I s poke al so… / Also, I spoke… 23. I spoke to her mother as well. 24. The house badly needs repainting / …repainting badly. 25. …painted it badly. 26. …badly painted / …painted badly. 27. …live economically. 28. Somehow we have to manage / We have to manage somehow.