1. Write a short essay about the making of
(1) /t, d/ P57
/t/ is a voiceless alveolar plosive consonant
/d/ is a voiced alveolar plosive consonant
/t/ The top of the tongue is raised to touch the teeth ridge or alveolus, the soft palate is raised, so that the nasal resonator is shut off. In this way, a closure is formed between the tip of the tongue and the teeth ridge. Then the air from the lung is compressed behind this closure and then suddenly release the closure. The vocal folds are open or wide apart, while the vocal folds vibrate in producing the sound /d/.
(2) /s, z/ P62
/s/ is a voiceless blade- alveolar fricative sound
/z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative consonant
The soft palate is raised, so that the nasal resonator is shut off. The tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with upper teeth ridge. The air from the lung escapes through the narrow groove in the center of the tongue between the teeth.
(3) /n/ P68
/n/ is a voiced alveolar nasal consonant
a. Lower the soft palate to release the air through the nose;
b. Put the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth-ridge and upper side teeth;
c. Keep the teeth slightly parted;
d. Vibrate the vocal cords.
So that the airstream from the lung escapes through the narrow groove in the center of the tongue in producing the sound.
(4) /l/ P65
/l/ is a voiced alveolar lateral consonant
a. Close the nasal cavity by raising the soft palate;
b. Put the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth-ridge for clear/l/, the front of the
tongue being somewhat depressed;
c. Hold the air in the middle of the mouth;
d. Force the air out over both sides or one side of the tongue, making a lateral voiced sound.
2. Classify the vowels in different ways. P16-17
There are 20 vowels in English. Twelve pure vowels /ɑ:/ /i:/ u:/ /e/ /?:/ / ?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ / ?:/ and eight diphthongs /e?/ /a?/ /??/ /??/ /a?/ /??/ /e?/ /??/
The pure vowels can be classified according to different 4 principles.
(1) According to the part of the tongue raised, /?/ /i:/ /e/ /?/ are called front vowels, /ɑ:/
/U:/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ back vowels and / ?:/ /?/ / ?/ central vowels.
(2) According to the length of the vowels, they are divided into long vowels and short
vowels. The pure vowels in transcription with two dots are long vowels. The diphthongs are also long. The rest are short ones.
(3) According to the shape of the lips, the vowels can be divided into rounded vowels and
unrounded (spread) vowels. The rounded vowels are /?:/ /U:/ /?/ /?/ and the rest are unrounded vowels.
(4) According to the degree of tenseness of the muscles, the pure vowels are classified as
tense vowels and lax vowels. All the short vowels are lax vowels. All the long vowels are tense vowels except /ɑ:/.
The eight diphthongs can be classified as closing diphthongs /e?/ /a?/ /??/ /??/ /a?/.and centring diphthongs /??/ /e?/ /??/.
3. Classify the consonants in different ways. P17-18
There are 24 consonants in English. They are classified according to three different principles:
1) The vibration of the vocal folds: Those with the vibration of the vocal cords are called
voiced consonants. Those without the vibration of the vocal cords are called voiceless or breathed consonants.
2) Place of articulation: i.e., where the obstruction of the air passage is formed, the
consonants can be distinguished as bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal consonants.
3) Manner of articulation: they can be distinguished as plosives, fricatives, affricates,
nasals, laterals, frictionless continuant and semi-vowels.
4. How are /i:/ and /i/ produced? What’s the difference between them?P21-22
/i:/: the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the front close position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense; the side rims make a firm contact with the upper molars; it is generally long.
/i/: the RP vowel /i/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the center than to front.
It is raised just above the close-mid position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax; the side rims make a light contact with the upper molars; it is generally short.
The difference is not merely the length of sound. There is also a difference in tongue position or quality. For /i:/ the part of the tongue that is highest is the centre of the “front” while for /i/ it is the hinder part of the “front”.
5. What are the common features of the front vowels? P26
(1) The front of the tongue is raised to various levels in the direction of the hard palate.
(2) The tip of the tongue is usually kept down behind the lower teeth.
(3) The lips are spread.
6. How are the plosives produced? P56
Plosives are sounds resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream.
6 plosives: /p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/
/p/: a voiceless, bilabial plosive consonant
a.Raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;
b.Breathe in the air and close the lips;
c.Hold the air behind the closure;
d.Part the lips open suddenly so that the air comes out of the mouth with a plosive sound;
e.Do not vibrate the vocal cords.
/b/: a voiced bilabial consonant
The organic formation for /b/ is exactly the same as that for /p/ except that the air comes out
of the mouth less forcefully and that the vocal cords vibrate.
/t/: a voiceless alveolar plosive consonant
a.Raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;
b.Put the tip and blade of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge so that a closure is
formed;
c.Hold the air behind the closure;
d.Release the closure and blade suddenly so that the air escapes with a plosive sound;
e.Do not vibrate the vocal folds.
/d/: a voiced alveolar plosive consonant
The organic formation for /d/ is the same as that for /t/ except that the air is released less strongly and that the vocal folds vibrate.
/k/: a voiceless velar plosive consonant.
a.Raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;
b.Lift the back of the tongue to touch the soft palate so that a closure is formed;
c.Stop the air stream behind the closure;
d.Break the closure and the plosive sound is heard;
e.Be careful not to vibrate the vocal folds.
/g/: a voiceless velar plosive consonant
The organic formation for /g/ is the same as that for /k/ except that the vocal cords vibrate when the air is released.
7.How do you make the affricates /t?/and /d?/? P70
/t?/: a voiceless palate-alveolar affricate consonant
a.Raise the soft palate to stop the air passage and put up the tip of the tongue to touch the
back part of the teeth-ridge to form a retracted /t?/ closure;
b.The main part of tongue is in position for /?/;
c.Release the closure slowly, and the air escapes all over the central part of the tongue with
friction;
d.The lips are usually somewhat protruded;
e.The vocal cords are not made to vibrate.
/d?/: a voiced palate-alveolar affricate consonant
The affricate /d?/ is formed like /t?/ except that the breath force is weaker and the vocal cords are made to vibrate.
8.Why are /w/ and /j/ called semi-vowels? P73
The semi-vowels have both the features of vowels and consonants.
9.Please explain “open syllables” and “closed syllables”.P77
Open syllables are those without any consonant at the end. In British RP only a restricted set of vowels can occur.
Closed syllables are those that have one or more consonants at the end. All the vowels can appear in these circumstances.
10.What is called incomplete plosion? P84
When the release stage of a plosive sound is missing or delayed, it is known as incomplete plosion. It takes place in a word when a plosive is followed immediately by another plosive, or a fricative, or an affricate. It may also take place at the junction of words (unless they are separated by a pause).
11.When do we have liaison? P86
a.Consonant (except r) + vowel the final consonant of the preceding world is united to
the initial vowel of the next word in the same sense group.
e.g. give it up half an hour
b. –r or –re + vowel when a word ending with the letter”-r” or “-re” is followed by a word
beginning with a vowel, the sound /r/ is usually inserted in the pronunciation.
e.g. after all far and wide
c. vowel + vowel when a word ending in a vowel is followed by another word beginning
with a vowel, a short/j/ glide is inserted after /i:/, /i/, /ei/, /ai/ and /?i/, or a /w/ glide after /u:/,/u/,/?u/, and/au/
e.g. at the end hurry up
12.How do you explain assimilation? P95
Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a new sound which is different from either of the two original sounds. This process is called assimilation.
13.How many kinds of stress are there in a word? What are they? P107
Three principal kinds.
(1) Primary stress--heavily stressed, usually marked with a vertical stroke(') on the upper left
hand corner of a syllable carrying the stress, as in be’gin.
(2) Secondary stress--stressed but subordinate to the primary stress, usually marked with a
vertical stroke (?) on the lower left hand corner of a syllable concerned, as in ?contri'bution.
(3) Certain English words have double stress or even stress. Double stress can be marked by
a high vertical stroke before each of the stressed syllable, as in /?f?f’ti:n/, /
b ?:’l?n/, etc.
14.How is sentence stress classified? For example. P115-119
Three types: sense stress, logical stress, emotional stress.
15.Please define sense-groups. P140
Sense-groups are groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and grammar.
Each sense-group comprises a number of syllables. Generally speaking, about six or seven syllables are considered appropriate.
16.How many kinetic tones do you know? P153-154
The tones which glide from one height to another are called Kinetic Tone. They are High Fall, Low Fall; High Rise, Low Rise; High Fall-rise, and Low Fall-rise; Rise-fall and Rise-fall-rise.
17.What is a tune? What are the features of the English tune? P159,164
The intonation of the whole tone-group is called a tune.
A.Normally a low prehead.
B.Normally a high head.
C.In the body, the stressed syllables occupy mostly level pitches and they all fall down
gradually in pitch. The unstressed syllables between the stresses ones have about the same height as the stressed syllable preceding them.
D.The nucleus is usually at the end of the tune when something is uttered in isolation.
E.The changes in the tail are determined by the nucleus. In a Fall, the tail remains on a low
level pitch[ ]; In a Rise or Fall-rise, the tail rises gradually[ ].
18.What’s the function of the Falling-rising Tune? P173
It is used to show contrast, reservation, implication, disagreement, contradiction or warning, etc.
1) Declarative Sentence: the Falling-rising Tune used in declarative sentences indicates
incompleteness and implications, such as concession, gratitude, regret, apology, request, reproach and rebut, etc.
2) Interrogative Sentences:
a. Special Questions: the Falling-rising Tune used in the special question is stronger
than the Rising Tune. It expresses surprise, interest, request, sympathy, disgust and
disbelief, etc.
b. General Questions: the Falling-rising tune used in the general question can express
hesitation, request, agitation, exaggeration, etc. No answer is expected by the speaker.
c. Disjunctive Question.
3) Imperative Sentence: the Falling-rising tune used in the imperative sentence expresses a
warning or an urgent request.
4) Exclamatory Sentence: The Falling-rising Tune is seldom used in exclamatory sentences.
However, when used, it expresses enthusiasm, appreciation, sympathy, encouragement, regret and contempt, etc.
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
第2章语音学和音位学 Phonetics&Phonology 1.phonetics is the study of_______. A.all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages B.sppech sounds used by human languages to represent C.the differernces between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature D.how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding 2./m, n/ are ____. A.fricatives B.dentals C.glides D.nasals 3./w, j/ belong to ____. A.fricatives B. dentals C. glides D. nasals 4.Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel? A.[i：] B.[u：] C.[i] D.[a：] 5.In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features? A.stress B.tone C.intonation D.syllable 6.Classification of vowels are made up of the followings EXCEPT____. A.the position of the tongue B.the openness of the mouth C.The shape of the lip D.The width of the vowels 7.A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a______. A.phoneme B.allophone C.phone D.allomorph 8./p, t, k / are______. A.fricatives B. affricates C. glides D.stops 9./kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4714007381.html,nguage universals B.onomatopoeia C.teaching grammars D.morphs 10.The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a____ vowel.
汉译英专项练习 一、倍数增减的表示法 5 1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍). is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ than） 2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍). reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as +形容词/副词+ as） 3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍). is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+名词） 4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一). wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by +数词/百分比/倍数） 5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍). plan to double their investment （考点：double +名词） 二、时态6 1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了). or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） 2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了). the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假). my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） 4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历). have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） 5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了). No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been…since sb. did sth.表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了） 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了). He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1.现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态5 1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代). is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） 2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版). will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时）
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
英文面试常见问题和答案 关于工作（About Job） 实际工作中，员工常常需要不断学习和勇于承担责任，求职者如果能表现出这种素质，会给应聘方留下良好的印象。 面试例题 1What range of pay-scale are you interested in （你感兴趣的薪水标准在哪个层次） 参考答案 Money is important, but the responsibility that goes along with this job is what interests me the most. （薪水固然重要，但这工作伴随而来的责任更吸引我。） 假如你有家眷，可以说： To be frank and open with you, I like this job, but I have a family to support. （坦白地说，我喜欢这份工作，不过我必须要负担我的家庭。） 面试例题 2 What do you want most from your work （你最希望从工作中得到什么 答案 I hope to get a kind of learning to get skills from my work. I want to learn some working skills and become a professional in an industry. （我最希望得到的是一种学习，能让我学到工作的技能。虽然我已经在学校学习了快16年但只是学习到了知识，在学校里，没有机会接触到真正的社会，没有掌握一项工作技能，所以我最希望获得一项工作的技能，能够成为某一个行业领域的专业人士。）
Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
《语言学纲要》第三章语音和音系 一、名词解释 语音四要素——音高、音重（强）、音长、音质。 音素——是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位 音位——具体语言中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。也是按语音的辨义作用归纳出来的音类，从语言的社会属性划分出来的语言单位 音位变体——处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立，即不起区别词的语音形式的作用，我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。如果它们被归并为一个音位，则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看成为同一音位在不同位置上的代表，是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，所以我们把它们叫做音位变体。 非音质音位——非音质音位指具有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音重、音长等。例如汉语普通话声调中的阴平、阳平、上声、去声，是由音高的变化形成的而不是音质变化形成的，就是非音质音位。 区别特征——具体语言中有区别音位的作用的发音特征，叫做该语言的区别特征。每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的区别特征。运用区别特征比较容易说清楚音位在具体语言中的特点和具体语言语音系统的组织方式。 音节——由音位组成的语音中最小的结构单位，也是从听觉上感受到的最自然的单位。 语流音变——音位和音位组合的时候，由于受说话时快慢，高低、强弱的不同和邻音的影响，可能发生不同的临时性的变化。这种变化，我们叫做语流音变。 音步——语言的一种节奏中，语流是大致每隔两个音节就有一次小的轻重、高低、长短或松紧的交替，形成语流中大致等距离出现的两音节的节奏单元。这种节奏单元叫做音步。 二、填空或简答 1、画一张元音舌位图，用国际音标标出八个基本元音。 八个基本元音[i][e][ ][a][u][o][?][ɑ]
1.Which one of the following five is least like the other four? Cat - Lion - Dog - Turtle - Elephant 这道题很简单，cat （猫）、lion（狮子）、Dog（狗）和elephant（大象）都是哺乳动物mammal，而turtle，乌龟是在海滩上下了乌龟蛋，然后埋好再孵化的，因此是卵生动物。所以应该选D，乌龟！ 2．If you rearrange the letters UGNAIA, you would have the name of a: River - Country - City - Animal - Plant Guiana，南美洲北部一地区，分属英、荷、法三国。英属圭亚那于1966独立成为圭亚那。所以，这道题的答案应该是B 国家country. 3.What would be the next group of letters in this series? aaaa ... bdzb ... cgac ... djzd ... ???? enae - ekze - elxe - emae - eize - I don't know 这一组数字，看起来很奇怪，到哪里找规律呢？这可要测你的智能了。先看每组的第一个字母，abcd，简单，是按字母顺序嘛！那么下一组的第一个单词一定是e；再看第二个字母：adgj，有规律吗？没错，abcdefghij，规律就是，每个字母间相隔两个字母，所以依此类推，下一组单词的第二个字母应该是kln，当然，应该选备选答案中的A 4.What would be the next picture in this series? Choose one of the following five:
《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********
英语面试问题及答案 英语面试问题及答案 当你投递简历结束后．．．新一轮的难题又来了，如何面试，面试问题大作战拉，如何在面试的过程中包装自己拉等等的．．．一份好的简历能让你走出成功的第一步，这个不假，但是如果要取得完全的成功，那就要看你的面试如何了．．．简历是你给老板的第一印象，这种印象可以比较飘渺，在简历上老板可以加以想象，可是面试的时候却是一个真真实实的你．以下的更新请大家耐心的慢慢看完，相信会对你们的面试有帮助的找一份满意的工作吗? 面试中面对外国老板连珠炮似的提问, 有没有觉得心慌意乱、无所适从？求职过程中面试尤为重要，回答问题，如果能简明扼要，真诚中肯，合乎老外口味，那么录取机会必定大大增加。当然，有的问题，也要轻描淡写，以免言多必失。本篇摘录了若干面试中出现频率较高的问题及精彩回答，希望能在您求职路上助您一臂之力。 Q：Can you tell yourself in two minutes? go for it.(你能在两分钟內自我推荐吗？大胆试试吧！) A：With my qualifications and experience, I feel I am hardworking, responsible and diligent in any project I undertake. Your organization could benefit from my analytical and interpersonal skills Q：Give me a summary of your current job description. (对你目前的工作，能否做个概括的说明。) A：I have been working as a computer programmer for five years. To be specific, I do system analysis, trouble shooting and provide software support.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
英语专业八级语言学总结来源：谢萌Fighting的日志 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological li nguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学
语音学(Phonetics)是对人类语言发音进行的研究，它包括建立一套描述语音的方法和体系，也包括与之相关的理论建构，还可以包括由此带来的应用前景。 语音学phonetics 语音学是语言学的一个分支。研究人类语言声音的学科。主要研究语言的发音机制，语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律。由于它的研究内容关系到发音动作(生理现象)，语声特性（物理现象）以及听感（心理作用），而人类的不同语言集体各有自己的语音特点，因此现代语音学的研究需同时具备自然科学和社会科学的知识作为基础。 语音学(phonetics)一词在西方来源于希腊文嗞ων嬜τ忕κσs, 意为声音。早期研究范围比较广泛, 除研究语音特性外还包括语言的读音或拼音学、语音系统学等。在中国传统音韵学研究中有关语音的描写和分类, 也都属于语音学的范畴。但自近代科学的语音学发展以后,分类越来越细，定义也趋于严密，语音学就专指语音本身特点的研究了。 编辑本段研究范围和对象 早期的语音学研究多只为了语言教学的需要以及语言研究的兴趣。近年来由于医疗器械的完善，人们能观测发音器官的动作和功能，就发展了生理语音学。由于声学仪器的发展，从前许多只能耳听的语言现象现在不但可以目测，而且可以用人工来合成，于是有了声学语音学。由于心理测验方法的改善，思维和听觉神经生理的研究日趋进步，言语控制、听觉反馈中的语音规律分析得越来越深入，又产生了感知语音学(或心理语音学)，并发展为神经语音学。这是从研究手段来看的 3大分支。最近，由于信息时代的前进和人机对话的需要，孤立研究语音已不能满足要求。因为人类的语言不是一个个孤立的音的缀合，而是一系列相互依存制约而且多变的音的串连,同时语言又离不开社会环境和个人语言习惯,研究语音不能离开
英文面试常见问题和答案
英文面试常见问题和答案 关于工作（About Job） 实际工作中，员工常常需要不断学习和勇于承担责任，求职者如果能表现出这种素质，会给应聘方留下良好的印象。 面试例题 1What range of pay-scale are you interested in （你感兴趣的薪水标准在哪个层次？） 参考答案 Money is important, but the responsibility that goes along with this job is what
interests me the most. （薪水固然重要，但这工作伴随而来的责任更吸引我。） 假如你有家眷，可以说： To be frank and open with you, I like this job, but I have a family to support. （坦白地说，我喜欢这份工作，不过我必须要负担我的家庭。） 面试例题 2 What do you want most from your work? （你最希望从工作中得到什么 答案 I hope to get a kind of learning to get skills from my work. I want to learn some working
skills and become a professional in an industry. （我最希望得到的是一种学习，能让我学到工作的技能。虽然我已经在学校学习了快16年但只是学习到了知识，在学校里，没有机会接触到真正的社会，没有掌握一项工作技能，所以我最希望获得一项工作的技能，能够成为某一个行业领域的专业人士。） 面试例题 3 Why did you choose us? （你为什么选择到我们公司来应聘 答案 As the saying goes, "well begun is half done".