Spectroscopic and photometric studies of low-metallicity star-forming dwarf galaxies. III.

课前要求：了解天文望远镜的分类，架构，光路等基础知识。
操作仪器：天文系圆顶40厘米望远镜
需要根据天气调整授课时间。
主要内容：
1 实地了解天文望远镜的观测流程，包括圆顶、望远镜、电脑操作系统的开启、望远镜的指向校准、调焦。最后在目镜或CCD相机中找到要观测的目标天体。学生经讲解和演示后，将分组完成上述实际操作。
2) 使学生了解并掌握基本的光学测光和光谱处理方法，通过具体实例的讲解，让学生了解天文数据处理的基本原理，并至少掌握一种天文常用的测光和光谱处理的方法，能够独立完成课程要求的数据处理工作。
3) 使学生了解并掌握具体天体物理参数，如星等、光度、谱线流量等，的测量和简单的误差分析。
4) 通过一系列的观测实践，使学生了解望远镜和探测器的性能，能够根据科学目标设计观测项目、选择仪器的观测参数、估算、模拟观测结果，能够根据科学目标完成真实有效的观测申请。
（四）观测实践III （3学时 ）负责教师 王然
课前要求：了解恒星光谱分类的基本知识。
操作仪器： 天文系圆顶40厘米望远镜，光栅
使用光栅进行恒星光谱拍摄。
可能需要根据天气调整授课时间。
（五）测光基础、软件使用 、实例讲解和操作实习（8学时）负责教师 王菁
天文测光的预备知识：相关物理量和天文单位，应用意义，常用测光软件
图像处理：过程讲解和实例详解
图像处理：实习操作
图像分析：流量总量，流量面密度分布，源的形态分析
图像分析：实习操作
（六）光谱处理基础、软件使用 、实例讲解和操作实习（8学时）负责教师 江林华
光谱观测的预备知识、光谱观测的分类、光谱观测的过程
长缝光谱的处理：实例详解；
长缝光谱的处理：实习操作；
其它光谱的处理：多缝、多光纤、cross-dispersion、无缝光谱等。

2）内转换（Internal Conversion，IC）
对于具有相同多重度的分子，若较高电子能级的低振动 能层与较低电子能级的高振动能层相重叠时，则电子可在重
叠的能层之间通过振动耦合产生无辐射跃迁，如S2-S1；T2-T1。
3）外转换（External Conversion，EC）
受激分子与溶剂或其它分子相互作用发生能量转换而使 荧光或磷光强度减弱甚至消失的过程，也称“熄灭”或“猝
桑德尔（Sandells)灵敏度 桑德尔灵敏度又叫桑德尔指数，用S表示。在分光 光度分析中常常使用。桑德尔灵敏度规定仪器的检测 极限为A=0.001时，单位截面积光程内所能检测出被 测物质的最低含量，以μg/cm2表示。 S与ε的关系可如 下推导： A=0.001= ε b c ，即 cb=0.001/ ε c为mol/1000cm3; b为cm,故cb为单位截面积光程内 的物质量，即mol/1000cm2。如果cb乘以被测物质的 摩尔质量M，S=cb/1000×M×106=cbM×103 μg/cm2， 代入cb后,
(4) 吸光系数、摩尔吸光系数和桑德尔灵敏度
Absorptivity, molar absorptivity and Sandells sensitivity
朗伯-比耳公式中，k值决定于c，b所用的单 位，与入射光的波长及溶液的性质有关。当浓 度c以g· -1、液层厚度b以cm表示时，常数k以a L 表示，此时称为吸光系数，单位为L·-1· -1。 g cm 朗伯－比耳定律可表示为:
S
0.001

M 10
3
M

( g / cm 2 )
(5) 偏离朗伯－比耳定律的原因Deflecting
朗伯－比耳定律是吸光光度分析的理论基础、实 际应用时，通常使液层厚度保持不变，然后测定一系 列浓度不同的标准溶液的吸光度，根据A=kbc=k’c关系 式，以浓度为横坐标，吸光度为纵坐标作图，应得到 一通过原点的直线，称为标准曲线或工作曲线。但是， 实际工作中，当有色溶液的浓度较高时，往往不成直 线，这种现象称为偏离朗伯－比耳定律。

Spectroscopic Study of the Interaction between Small Molecules and Large Proteins1. IntroductionThe study of drug-protein interactions is of great importance in drug discovery and development. Understanding how small molecules interact with proteins at the molecular level is crucial for the design of new and more effective drugs. Spectroscopic techniques have proven to be valuable tools in the investigation of these interactions, providing det本人led information about the binding affinity, mode of binding, and structural changes that occur upon binding.2. Spectroscopic Techniques2.1. Fluorescence SpectroscopyFluorescence spectroscopy is widely used in the study of drug-protein interactions due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. By monitoring the changes in the fluorescence emission of either the drug or the protein upon binding, valuable information about the binding affinity and the binding site can be obt本人ned. Additionally, fluorescence quenching studies can provide insights into the proximity and accessibility of specific amino acid residues in the protein's binding site.2.2. UV-Visible SpectroscopyUV-Visible spectroscopy is another powerful tool for the investigation of drug-protein interactions. This technique can be used to monitor changes in the absorption spectra of either the drug or the protein upon binding, providing information about the binding affinity and the stoichiometry of the interaction. Moreover, UV-Visible spectroscopy can be used to study the conformational changes that occur in the protein upon binding to the drug.2.3. Circular Dichroism SpectroscopyCircular dichroism spectroscopy is widely used to investigate the secondary structure of proteins and to monitor conformational changes upon ligand binding. By analyzing the changes in the CD spectra of the protein in the presence of the drug, valuable information about the structural changes induced by the binding can be obt本人ned.2.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyNMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the investigation of drug-protein interactions at the atomic level. By analyzing the chemical shifts and the NOE signals of the protein in thepresence of the drug, det本人led information about the binding site and the mode of binding can be obt本人ned. Additionally, NMR can provide insights into the dynamics of the protein upon binding to the drug.3. Applications3.1. Drug DiscoverySpectroscopic studies of drug-protein interactions play a crucial role in drug discovery, providing valuable information about the binding affinity, selectivity, and mode of action of potential drug candidates. By understanding how small molecules interact with their target proteins, researchers can design more potent and specific drugs with fewer side effects.3.2. Protein EngineeringSpectroscopic techniques can also be used to study the effects of mutations and modifications on the binding affinity and specificity of proteins. By analyzing the binding of small molecules to wild-type and mutant proteins, valuable insights into the structure-function relationship of proteins can be obt本人ned.3.3. Biophysical StudiesSpectroscopic studies of drug-protein interactions are also valuable for the characterization of protein-ligandplexes, providing insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of the binding process. Additionally, these studies can be used to investigate the effects of environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength, on the stability and binding affinity of theplexes.4. Challenges and Future DirectionsWhile spectroscopic techniques have greatly contributed to our understanding of drug-protein interactions, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. For instance, the study of membrane proteins and protein-protein interactions using spectroscopic techniques rem本人ns challenging due to theplexity and heterogeneity of these systems. Additionally, the development of new spectroscopic methods and the integration of spectroscopy with other biophysical andputational approaches will further advance our understanding of drug-protein interactions.In conclusion, spectroscopic studies of drug-protein interactions have greatly contributed to our understanding of how small molecules interact with proteins at the molecular level. Byproviding det本人led information about the binding affinity, mode of binding, and structural changes that occur upon binding, spectroscopic techniques have be valuable tools in drug discovery, protein engineering, and biophysical studies. As technology continues to advance, spectroscopy will play an increasingly important role in the study of drug-protein interactions, leading to the development of more effective and targeted therapeutics.。

应用波谱学英文Applications of spectroscopySpectroscopy has a wide range of applications across various scientific disciplines. Some of the common applications of spectroscopy include:1. Chemistry: Spectroscopy is extensively used in chemistry for the identification and analysis of chemical compounds. It helps in determining the chemical composition, molecular structure, and functional groups present in a sample.2. Pharmaceuticals: Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in the drug discovery and development process. They are used for quality control, impurity analysis, and determining the stability of pharmaceutical products.3. Environmental science: Spectroscopy plays a vital role in environmental monitoring and assessment. It is used to evaluate air quality, analyze water pollutants, and identify harmful substances in soil samples.4. Biochemistry and molecular biology: Spectroscopy is employed in studying the structure, function, and dynamics of biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy are commonly used in this field.5. Material science: Spectroscopy helps in characterizing andstudying various materials and their properties. It is used to analyze the composition, crystal structure, and surface properties of materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors.6. Astronomy: Spectroscopy is fundamental in studying the properties and composition of celestial objects. Astronomers use spectroscopic techniques to analyze the light emitted or absorbed by stars, galaxies, and other astronomical phenomena to determine their chemical composition, temperature, and motion.7. Forensics: Spectroscopic methods are employed in forensic science for the detection and analysis of trace evidence, such as drugs, explosives, and chemical residues. They are also used in analyzing questioned documents and for the identification of counterfeit or forged materials.8. Food science and agriculture: Spectroscopic techniques are used for analyzing food products, determining their quality, and detecting adulteration. They are also employed in agricultural research for monitoring plant health and analyzing soil fertility. These are just a few examples of the diverse applications of spectroscopy in various fields. Overall, spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool that enables scientists to study and understand the properties and behavior of substances in a wide range of scientific domains.。

Received
Abstract. The eruption of V4332 Sgr discovered in February 1994 shows striking similarities to that of V838 Mon started in
January 2002. The nature of these eruptions is, however, enigmatic and unclear. We present new photometric and spectroscopic data on V4332 Sgr obtained in April–May 2003 at the SAAO. The obtained spectrum shows an unusual emission-line component superimposed on an early M-type stellar spectrum. The emission-line spectrum is of very low excitation and is dominated by lines from neutral elemets (NaI, FeI, CaI) and molecular bands (TiO, ScO, AlO). We also analyse all the observational data, mainly photometric measurements, available for V4332 Sgr. This allows us to follow the evolution of the effective temperature, radius and luminosity of the object since February 1994 till 2003. We show that the observed decline of V4332 Sgr can be accounted for by a gravitational contraction of an inflated stellar envelope. The combined optical and infrared photometry in 2003 shows that apart from the M-type stellar component there is a strong infrared excess in the KLM bands. This excess was absent in the 2MASS measurements done in 1998 but was probably starting to appear in K in 1999 when the object was observed in the DENIS survey. We interpret the results in terms of a stellar merger scenario proposed by Soker & Tylenda. The infrared excess is likely to be due to a disc-like structure which is either of protostellar nature or has been produced during the 1994 eruption and stores angular momentum from the merger event.

第29卷,第4期 光谱学与光谱分析Vol 129,No 14,pp1093-10992009年4月 Spectro sco py and Spectr al AnalysisA pril,2009羟基和超氧自由基的检测研究进展张 昊,任发政*中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,教育部-北京市功能乳品实验室,北京 100083摘 要 活细胞在必需的新陈代谢过程中会产生自由基,越来越多的研究证据表明,这些自由基涉及到许多体内调控系统,然而一旦有过多的自由基生成便会氧化细胞脂膜、蛋白质、DN A 和酶,进而对细胞造成致命性的损伤。

此外,研究还表明许多疾病与自由基密切相关,例如,有研究报道海氏默症病人脑中生物分子的氧化损伤程度明显高于正常值,另外癌症可能也是DN A 受到氧化损伤的结果。

因此,测定自由基的方法就显得十分必需和重要。

文章重点对羟基和超氧自由基检测技术的发展情况进行了讨论,涉及的自由基检测技术主要有分光光度法、荧光法、化学发光法和电子自旋共振技术,并评价了各种方法的优缺点。

关键词 羟基自由基;超氧自由基;检测技术;评述中图分类号:O 65713 文献标识码:A DOI :1013964/j 1issn 11000-0593(2009)04-1093-07收稿日期:2007-11-28,修订日期:2008-03-06基金项目:国家/十一五0科技支撑项目(2006BAD05A16)资助作者简介:张 昊,1984年生,中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院硕士研究生 e -mail:david1hao@sina 1com*通讯联系人 e -mail:r enfaz heng@2631n et引 言羟基自由基(O H #)和超氧自由基(O 2-#)是生物体内活性氧代谢产生的物质,其中O 2-#经一系列反应最终会生成OH #,而OH #是一种氧化性很强的自由基,可以引发不饱和脂肪酸发生脂质过氧化反应,使糖类、蛋白质、核酸及脂类等发生氧化损伤。

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[4] Sucha L, Kotrly S. Solution Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry(分 析化学中的溶液平衡). Translated by ZHOU Xi－shun，DAI Ming， LI Jun－yi((周锡顺，戴 明，李俊义，译). Beijing：People′s Education Press(北京：人民教育出版社)，1979. 25～30. [5] Malinowski E R. Factor Analysis in Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1991.40. [6] Stevens T M, Miller Jr T E. U. S. Patent, 4290775，1981. 3 对稿件的处理程序 作者对稿件有关事宜需和期刊社联系时，请务必说明您的稿件编 号。从收稿到确定是否录用，一般需要一个月时间。作者在接到 编辑部录用通知后，应根据录用通知上提出的意见逐条修改，并 在编辑部限定时间内将修改稿连同逐条修改说明一并返回编辑部。 修改稿超过三个月不返回期刊社，即按自行撤稿处理。作者收到 编辑部的清样时，应认真校对，并由通讯联系人签字后寄回。稿 件定稿后，文责由作者自负，千万不要在清样上再作大的补充或 更改。不录用的稿件，期刊社将在一个月内通知作者。

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E-Struc晶体学Crystallogr Rep+Crystallography Reports晶体学Z Krist-New Cryst St Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie-New C晶体学小类名称（英文）小类分区大类分区2008年影响因子2007年影响因子2006年影响因子2008年平均影响因子Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1123.59222.75726.05424.13433Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1112.17616.21417.11315.16767Polymer Science 1116.81912.80914.81814.81533Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1117.41913.08213.6914.73033Chemistry, Organic 1116.73311.92910.69213.118Chemistry, Physical 1114.6889.43911.2511.79233Chemistry, Physical 1112.80811.9239.30411.345Physics, Condensed Matter 1112.80811.9239.30411.345Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 1110.87910.03110.23210.38067Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 1110.5668.5688.8159.316333Chemistry, Medicinal 117.457.6678.8898.002Chemistry, Organic 117.457.6678.8898.002Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo 217.457.6678.8898.002Chemistry, Physical 11 4.8127.66711.257.909667Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 218.0917.8857.6967.890667Chemistry, Physical 11 5.625 6.3339.2227.06Chemistry, Physical 21 6.8928.121 6.0367.016333Chemistry, Physical 21 5.36 5.7317.32 6.137Polymer Science 12 6.802 5.93 4.284 5.672Chemistry, Analytical 12 5.712 5.287 5.646 5.548333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.27 6.394 4.789 5.484333Chemistry, Analytical 12 5.485 5.827 5.068 5.46Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.454 5.33 5.015 5.266333Chemistry, Applied 12 5.619 4.977 4.762 5.119333Chemistry, Organic 12 5.619 4.977 4.762 5.119333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 5.34 5.141 4.521 5.000667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 12 3.571 4.176 6.85 4.865667Chemistry, Organic 22 3.571 4.176 6.85 4.865667Chemistry, Organic 22 5.128 4.802 4.659 4.863Chemistry, Physical 22 5.493 4.354 4.63 4.825667Chemistry, Physical 22 4.6045 4.731 4.778333Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.542 4.836 4.192 4.523333Chemistry, Physical 22 6.511 4.041 2.893 4.481667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 22 6.511 4.041 2.893 4.481667Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear 22 4.214 4.6 3.792 4.202Crystallography 12 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Materials Science, Multidisciplin22 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.215 4.046 4.339 4.2Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 22 4.19700 4.197Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 32 3.39 4.297 4.893 4.193333Chemistry, Physical 22 4.189 4.086 4.115 4.13Chemistry, Multidisciplinary 32 4.274 4.308 3.627 4.069667Chemistry, Physical32 5.333 3.074 3.79 4.065667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 4.147 4.123 3.911 4.060333 Chemistry, Physical32 4.097 4.009 3.902 4.002667 Polymer Science22 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Chemistry, Organic22 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo32 4.146 4.169 3.664 3.993 Chemistry, Organic22 3.952 3.959 3.79 3.900333 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.815 3.833 3.632 3.76 Chemistry, Organic22 3.815 3.833 3.632 3.76 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.756 3.641 3.554 3.650333 Biochemical Research Methods22 3.756 3.641 3.554 3.650333 Chemistry, Analytical22 4.028 3.269 3.63 3.642333 Spectroscopy22 4.028 3.269 3.63 3.642333 Polymer Science22 3.821 3.529 3.405 3.585 Crystallography22 3.535 3.468 3.729 3.577333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary32 3.535 3.468 3.729 3.577333 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C12 3.636 3.502 3.449 3.529 Chemistry, Physical32 3.636 3.502 3.449 3.529 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.761 3.553 3.198 3.504 Chemistry, Organic22 3.184 3.961 3.232 3.459 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C22 4.064 3.343 2.892 3.433 Chemistry, Physical32 4.064 3.343 2.892 3.433 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.6 3.325 3.303 3.409333 Biochemistry & Molecular Biolo32 3.6 3.325 3.303 3.409333 Materials Science, Multidisciplin22 3.39600 3.396 Chemistry, Physical32 3.39600 3.396 Nanoscience & Nanotechnology32 3.39600 3.396 Chemistry, Analytical22 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Spectroscopy22 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Chemistry, Physical32 3.181 3.664 3.307 3.384 Computer Science, Information 12 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Computer Science, Interdisciplin22 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary32 3.643 2.986 3.423 3.350667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear22 3.58 3.212 3.012 3.268 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.477 2.641 3.583 3.233667 Chemistry, Organic23 3.55 3.167 2.874 3.197 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.206 3.374 2.81 3.13 Chemistry, Applied13 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Medicinal33 3.011 3.154 3.153 3.106 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.146 3.186 2.894 3.075333 Polymer Science23 3.331 3.065 2.773 3.056333 Environmental Sciences23 3.19 3.166 2.63 2.995333Chemistry, Physical33 3.19 3.166 2.63 2.995333 Spectroscopy23 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Biophysics33 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Chemistry, Organic33 2.94 3.062 2.945 2.982333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Physics, Multidisciplinary33 2.424 3.333 3.083 2.946667 Physics, Atomic, Molecular & C23 2.871 2.918 3.047 2.945333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.871 2.918 3.047 2.945333 Chemistry, Analytical23 3.328 2.867 2.591 2.928667 Biochemical Research Methods33 3.328 2.867 2.591 2.928667 Oceanography23 2.977 3.085 2.663 2.908333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.977 3.085 2.663 2.908333 Chemistry, Organic33 3.016 2.914 2.769 2.899667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.897 2.869 2.817 2.861 Chemistry, Organic33 2.61 2.8443 2.818 Chemistry, Analytical23 2.772 2.971 2.68 2.807667 Spectroscopy33 2.772 2.971 2.68 2.807667 Chemistry, Analytical23 2.901 2.949 2.444 2.764667 Electrochemistry33 2.901 2.949 2.444 2.764667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.659 2.763 2.838 2.753333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 2.942 2.651 2.647 2.746667 Chemistry, Analytical33 3.5 2.973 1.656 2.709667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear332 2.1184 2.706 Mathematics, Interdisciplinary A13 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Computer Science, Interdisciplin23 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary33 3.5 2.582 2.693333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.814 2.707 2.511 2.677333 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear33 2.694 2.597 2.704 2.665 Engineering, Chemical13 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Applied23 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Physical33 3.004 2.764 2.148 2.638667 Chemistry, Analytical33 2.746 2.632 2.535 2.637667 Chemistry, Physical33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.796 2.634 2.468 2.632667 Chemistry, Organic33 2.538 2.615 2.509 2.554 Materials Science, Multidisciplin23 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Applied23 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Physical33 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Nanoscience & Nanotechnology33 2.555 2.21 2.796 2.520333 Chemistry, Physical33 1.833 2.6673 2.5 Chemistry, Organic33 1.833 2.6673 2.5。

Devices (CCD) Arrays and Photo Diode (PD) Arrays, enabled the production of low cost scanners, CCD cameras etc. The same CCD and PDA detectors are now used in the Avantes line of spectrometers, enabling fast scanning of the spectrum, wit-hout the need of a moving grating.Thanks to the need for fiber optics in the communication technology, low absorption silica fibers have been developed. Similar fibers can be used as measurement fibers to transport light from the sample to the optical bench of the spectrome-ter. The easy coupling of fibers allows a modular build-up of a system that consists of light source, sampling accessories and fiber optic spectrometer.Advantages of fiber optic spectroscopy are the modularity and flexibility of the system. The speed of measurement allows in-line analysis, and the use of low-cost commonly used detectors enable a complete low cost Avantes spectrometer system.Optical spectroscopy is a technique for measuring light intensity in the UV-, VIS-, NIR- and IR-region. Spectroscopic measurements are being used in many different applications, such as color measurement, concentration determination of chemical components or electromagnetic radiation analysis. For more elaborate application information and setups, please see further the Application chapter at the end of this catalog.A spectroscopic instrument generally consists of entrance slit, collimator, a dispersive element, such as a grating or prism, focusing optics and detector. In a monochromator system there is normally also an exit slit, and only a narrow portion of the spectrum is projected on a one-element detector. In monochromators the entrance and exit slits are in a fixed position and can be changed in width. Rotating the grating scans the spectrum.Development of micro-electronics during the 90’s in the field of multi-element optical detectors, such as Charged Coupledmetrical Czerny-Turner design (figure 1).Light enters the optical bench through a standardSMA905 connector and is collimated by a spherical mirror. A plane grating diffracts the collimated light; a second spherical mirror focuses the resulting diffracted light. An image of the spectrum is projected onto a 1-dimensional linear detector array.installed configurations, depending on the intended application. The choice of these components such as the diffraction grating, entrance slit, order sorting filter, and detector coating have a strong influence on system specifications. Sensitivity, resolution, bandwidth and stray light are further discussed in the following paragraphs.Introduction Fiber Optic SpectroscopySpectrometersinfo@ • S p e c t r o m e t e r s •info@Biomedical Technology Chemistry Colorimetry Food Technology Inline Process Control Radiometry Thinfilm AnalysisHow to configure a spectrometer for your application?For optimal UV sensitivity we recommend the back-thinned UV sensitive CCD detector, as implemented in the AvaSpec-2048x14.For the different detector types the photometric sensitivity is given in table 4, the spectral sensitivity for each detector is depicted in figure 5.b. Chemometric SensitivityTo detect two absorbance values, close to each other with maximum sensitivity you need a high Signal to Noise (S/N) performance. The detector with best S/N performance is the 2048x14 pixel back-thinned CCD detector, next to the 256/1024 CMOS detector in the AvaSpec-256/1024. The S/N performance can also be enhanced by averaging over multiple spectra.4. Timing and SpeedThe data capture process is inherently fast with detector arrays and no moving parts. However there is an optimal detector for each application. For fast response applications, we recommend to use the AvaSpec- USB2 platform spectrometers. When datatransfer time is critical we recommend to select a small amount of pixels to be transferred with the UBS2 interface. Data transfer time can be enhanced by selecting the pixel range of interest to be transmitted to the PC; in general the AvaSpec-128 may be considered as the fastest spectrometer with more than 8000 scans per second.The above parameters are the most important in choosing the right spectrometer configuration, please contact our application engi-neers to optimize and fine-tune the system to your needs. On the next page you will find a quick reference table 1 for most common applications, for a more elaborate explanation and configurations, please refer to the applications section in the back of this catalog.In addition we have introduced in this catalog application icons, that will help you to find the right products and accessories for your applications.In the modular AvaSpec design a number of choices have to be made on several optical components and options, depending on the application you want to use the spectrometer for.This section should give you some guidance on how to choose the right grating, slit, detector and other options, installed in the AvaSpec.1. Wavelength RangeIn the determination for the optimal configuration of a spectrometer system the wavelength range is the first important parameter that defines the grating choice. If you are looking for a wide wavelength range, we recommend to take an A-type (300 lines/mm) or B-type (600 lines/mm) grating (see Grating selection table in the spectrometer product section). The other important component is the detector choice, Avantes offers 9 different detector types with each different sensitivity curves (see figure 5). For UV applications the new 2048x14 pixel back-thinned CCD detector, the 256/1024 pixel CMOS detectors or DUV- enhanced 2048 or 3648 pixel CCD detectors may be selected. For the NIR range 3 different InGaAs detectors are available.If you want to combine a wide range with a high resolu-tion, a multiple channel spectrometer may be the best choice.2. Optical ResolutionIf you desire a high optical resolution we recommend to pick a grating that has 1200 or more lines/mm (C,D,E or F types) in combination with a narrow slit and a detector with 2048 or 3648 pixels, for example 10 µm slit for the best resolution on the AvaSpec-2048 (see Resolution table in the spectrometer product section)3. SensitivityTalking about sensitivity, it is very important to distinguish between photometric sensitivity (How much light do I need for a detectable signal?) and chemometric sensitivity (What absorbance difference level can still be detected?) a. Photometric SensitivityIn order to achieve the most sensitive spectrometer in for example Fluorescence or Raman applications we recommend the 2048 pixel CCD detector, as in the AvaSpec-2048. Further we recommend the use of a DCL-UV/VIS detector collection lens, a relatively wide slit (100µm or wider) or no slit and an A type grating. For an A-type grating (300 lines/mm) the light dispersion is minimal, so it has the highest sensitivity of the grating types. Optionally the Thermo-electric cooling of the CCD detector (see product section AvaSpec-2048-TEC, page 30) may be chosen to minimize noise and increase dynamicrange at long integration times (60 seconds).Table 1 Quick reference guide for spectrometer configurationApplication AvaSpec- Grating WL range (nm) Coating SlitFWHM DCL OSF OSCtype Resolution (nm)Biomedical 2048 NB 500-1000 - 50 1.2 - 475 -Chemometry 1024 UA 200-1100 - 50 2.0 - - OSC-UA 128 VA 360-780 - 100 6.4 X/- - -Color 256 VA 360-780 - 50 3.2 - - -2048 BB 360-780 - 200 4.1 X/- - -Fluorescence 2048 VA 350-1100 - 200 8.0 X - OSC Fruit-sugar 128 IA 800-1100 - 50 5.4 X 600 -Gemology 2048 VA 350-1100 - 25 1.4 X - OSC High 2048 VD 600-700 - 10 0.07 - 550 -resolution 3648 VD 600-700 - 10 0.05 - 550 -High UV- 2048x14UC200-450-2002.0---Sensitivity Irradiance 2048 UA 200-1100 DUV 50 2.8 X/- - OSC-UA Laserdiode 2048 NC 700-800 - 10 0.1 - 600 -LED 2048 VA 350-1100 - 25 1.4 X/- - OSC LIBS 2048FT UE 200-300 DUV 10 0.09 - - - 2048USB2 UE 200-300 DUV 10 0.09 - - -Raman 2048TEC NC 780-930 - 25 0.2 X 600 -Thin Films 2048 UA 200-1100 DUV - 4.1 X - OSC-UA UV/VIS/NIR 2048 UA 200-1100 DUV 25 1.4 X/- - OSC-UA 2048x14UA200-1100 - 25 1.4 - - OSC-UA NIR NIR256-1.7 NIRA 900-1750 - 50 5.0 - 1000 - NIR256-2.2 NIRZ 1200-2200 - 50 10.0 - 1000 -NIR256-2.5 NIRY1000-2500-5015.0-1000-info@ • Spectrometers9S p e c t r o m e t e r s • info@For each spectrometer type, a grating selection table is shown in the Spectrometer Platforms section. Table 2 illustrates how to read the grating selection table. The spectral range to select in Table 2 depends on the starting wavelength of the grating Please select Spectral range band-width from the useable Wavelength range, for example: grating UE (200-315nm)*the spectral range depends on the starting wavelength of the grating; the higher the wave-length, the smaller the range.For example grating UE (510-580 nm)The order code is defined by 2 letters: the first is the Blaze (U= 250/300nm or UV for holo-graphic, B=400nm, V=500nm or VIS for holo-graphic, N=750nm, I=1000nm) and the second the nr of lines/mm (Z=150, A=300, B=600, C=1200, D=1800, E=2400, F=3600 lines/mm)Spectrometersinfo@ •Figure 2 Grating Efficiency Curves 300 Lines/mm Gratings600 Lines/mm Gratings1200 Lines/mm Gratings 1800 Lines/mm Gratings2400 Lines/mm Gratings3600 Lines/mm GratingsSpectrometers •info@Figure 3 Grating Dispersion Curves300 Lines/mm Gratings600 Lines/mm Gratings1200 Lines/mm Gratings1800 Lines/mm Gratings2400 Lines/mm Gratings3600 Lines/mm Gratingsinfo@ •SpectrometersThe optical resolution is defined as the minimum difference in wavelength that can be separated by the spectrometer. For separation of two spectral lines it is necessary to image them at least 2 array-pixels apart. Because the grating determines how far different wavelengths are separated (dispersed) at the detector array, it is an important variable for the resolution.The other important parameter is the width of the light beam entering the spectrometer. This is basically the instal-led fixed entrance slit in the spectrometer, or the fiber core diameter when no slit is installed.The slits can be installed with following dimensions: 10, 25 or 50 x 1000 µm high or 100, 200 or 500 µm x 2000 µm high. Its image on the detector array for a given wavelength will cover a number of pixels. For two spectral lines to be separated, it is now necessary that they be dispersed over at least this image size plus one pixel. When large core fibers are used the resoluti-on can be improved by a slit of smaller size than the fiber core. This effectively reduces the width of the entering light beam. The influence of the chosen grating and the effective width of the light beam (fiber core or entrance slit) are shown in the tables at the product information. In Table 3 the typical reso-lution can be found for the AvaSpec-2048. Please note that for the higher lines/mm gratings the pixel dispersion varies along the wavelength range and gets better towards the lon-ger wavelengths (see also Figure 3). The best resolution can always be found for the longest wavelengths. The resolution in this table is defined as F(ull) W(idth) H(alf) M(aximum), which is defined as the width in nm of the peak at 50% of the maximum intensity (see Figure 4).Graphs with information about the pixel dispersion can be found in the gratings section as well, so you can optimally determine the right grating and resolution for your specific application.In combination with a DCL-detector collection lens or thick fibers the actual FWHM value can be 10-20% higher than the value in the table. For best resolution small fibers and no DCLFigure 4 Full Width Half MaximumHow to select optimal Optical Resolution?Slit size (µm)Grating (lines/mm) 10 25 50 100 200 500 300 0.8 1.4 2.4 4.3 8.0 20.0600 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.1 4.1 10.01200 0.1-0.2* 0.2-0.3* 0.4-0.6* 0.7-1.0* 1.4-2.0* 3.3-4.8*1800 0.07-0.12* 0.12-0.21* 0.2-0.36* 0.4-0.7* 0.7-1.4* 1.7-3.3*2400 0.05-0.09* 0.08-0.15* 0.14-0.25* 0.3-0.5* 0.5-0.9* 1.2-2.2*36000.04-0.06*0.07-0.10*0.11-0.16*0.2-0.3*0.4-0.6*0.9-1.4**depends on the starting wavelength of the grating; the higher the wavelength, the bigger the dispersion and the better the resolutionTable 3 Resolution (FWHM in nm) for the AvaSpec-2048Installed Slit in SMA AdapterS p e c t r o m e t e r s •info@The AvaSpec spectrometers can be equipped with several types of detector arrays. Presently we offer silicon-based CCD, back-thinned CCD, CMOS and Photo Diode Arrays for the 200-1100 nm range. A complete overview is given in the next sec-tion “Sensitivity” in table 4. For the NIR range (1000-2500nm) InGaAs arrays are implemented.CCD Detectors (AvaSpec-2048/3648)The Charged Coupled Device (CCD) detector stores the charge, dissipated as photons strike the photoactive surface. At the end of a controlled time-interval (integration time), the remaining charge is transferred to a buffer and then this signal is being transferred to the AD converter. CCD detectors are naturally integrating and therefore have an enormous dynamic range, only limited by the dark (thermal) current and the speed of the AD converter. The 3648 pixel CCD has an integrated electronic shutter function, so an integration time of 10µsec can be achieved.+ Advantages for the CCD detector are many pixels (2048 or 3648), high sensitivity and high speed.- Main disadvantage is the lower S/N ratio.UV enhancementFor applications below 350 nm with the AvaSpec-2048/3648 a special DUV-detector coating is required. The uncoated CCD-response below 350 nm is very poor; the DUV lumo-gen coating enhances the detector response in the region 150-350nm. The DUV coating has a very fast decay time, typ. in ns range and is therefore useful for fast trigger LIBS applications.Back-thinned CCD Detectors (AvaSpec-2048x14)For applications requiring high quantum efficiency in the UV (200-350nm) and NIR (900-1160nm) range, combined with good S/N and a wide dynamic range, the new back-thinned CCD detector may be the right choice. The detector is an area detector of 2048x14 pixels, for which the vertical 14 pixels are binned (electronically added together) to have more sensiti-vity and a better S/N performance. + A dvantage of the back-thinned CCD detector is the good UV and NIR sensitivity, combined with good S/N and dynamic range- Disadvantage is the relative high costPhoto Diode Arrays (AvaSpec-128)A silicon photodiode array consists of a linear array of mul-tiple photo diode elements, for the AvaSpec-128 this is 128 pixels. Each pixel consists of a P/N junction with a positively doped P region and a negatively doped N region. When light enters the photodiode, electrons will become excited and output an electrical signal. Most photodiode arrays have anDetector Arraysintegrated signal processing circuit with readout/integration amplifier on the same chip.+ Advantages for the Photodiode detector are high NIR sensitivity and high speed.- Disadvantages are limited amount of pixels and no UV response.CMOS linear image sensors (AvaSpec-256/1024)These so called CMOS linear image sensors have a lower charge to voltage conversion efficiency than CCD array sensors and are therefore less light sensitive, but have a much better signal to noise ratio.The CMOS detectors have a higher conversion gain than NMOS detectors and also have a clamp circuit added to the internal readout circuit to suppress noise to a low level.+ Advantages for the CMOS detectors are good S/N ratio and good UV sensitivity.- Disadvantages are the low readout speed, low sensitivity, and relative high cost (1024 pixels).InGaAs linear image sensors (AvaSpec-NIR256)The InGaAs linear image sensors deliver high sensitivity in the NIR wavelength range. The detector consists of a charge ampli-fier array with CMOS transistors, a shift register and timing generator. 3 versions of detectors are available:• 256 pixel non-cooled InGaAs detector for the 900-1750nm useable range • 256 pixel 2-stage cooled Extended InGaAs detector for the 1000-2200nm range • 256 pixel 2-stage cooled Extended InGaAs detector for the1000-2500nm rangeDifferent Detector ArraysSensitivityThe sensitivity of a detector pixel at a certain wavelength is defined as the detector electrical output per unit of radia-tion energy (photons) incident to that pixel. With a given A/D converter this can be expressed as the number of counts per mJ of incident radiation.The relation between light energy entering the optical bench and the amount hitting a single detector pixel depends on the optical bench configuration. The efficiency curve of the grating used, the size of the input fiber or slit, the mirror performance and the use of a Detector Collection Lens are the main parameters. With a given set-up it is possible to do measurements over about 6-7 decades of irradiance levels. Some standard detector specifications can be found in Table 4 detector specifications. Optionally a cylindrical Detector Collection Lens (DCL) can be mounted directly on the detec-tor array. The quartz lens (DCL-UV for AvaSpec-2048/3648) will increase the system sensitivity by a factor of 3-5, depen-ding on the fiber diameter used.In Table 4 the overall sensitivity is given for the detector types currently used in the UV/VIS AvaSpec spectrometers as output in counts per ms integration time for a 16-bit AD converter. To compare the different detector arrays we have assumed an optical bench with 600 lines/mm grating and no DCL. The entrance of the bench is an 8 µm core diameter fiber, con-nected to a standard AvaLight-HAL halogen light source. This is equivalent to ca. 1 µWatt light energy input.In table 5 the specification is given for the NIR spectrometers, in figure 5 and figure 6 the spectral response curve for the dif-ferent detector types are depicted.info@ •SpectrometersTable 4 Detector specifications (based on a 16-bit AD converter)Detector TAOS 128 HAM256 HAM1024 SONY2048 TOSHIBA3648 HAM2048x14Type Photo diode array CMOS linear array CMOS linear array CCD linear array CCD linear array Back-thinnedCCD Array # Pixels, pitch 128, 63.5 µm 256, 25 µm 1024, 25 µm 2048, 14 µm 3648, 8 µm 2048x14, 14 µmpixel width x 55.5 x 63.5 25 x 500 25 x 500 14 x 56 8 x 200 14x14 (totalheight (µm)height 196 µm)pixel well depth 250,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 40,000 120,000 250,000(electrons)Sensitivity 100 22 22 240 160 200V/lx.sSensitivity 100 440 440 40 60 50Photons/count@600nmSensitivity 4000 120 120 20,000 14,000 16,000(AvaLight-HAL, (AvaSpec-128) (AvaSpec-256) (AvaSpec-1024) (AvaSpec-2048) (AvaSpec-3648) (Avaspec 2048x14)8 µm fiber)in counts/µW perms integration timePeak wavelength 750 nm 500 nm 500 nm 500 nm 550 nm 650 nmSignal/Noise 500:1 2000 :1 2000 :1 200 :1 350 :1 500:1Dark noise 60 28 60 35 35 50(counts RMS)Dynamic Range 1000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1300PRNU**± 4% ± 3% ±3% ± 5% ± 5% ± 3%Wavelength range 360-1100 200-1000 200-1000 200*-1100 200*-1100 200-1160(nm)Frequency 2 MHz 500 kHz 500 kHz 2 MHz 1 MHz 1.5 MHz* DUV coated** Photo Response Non-Uniformity = max difference between output of pixels when uniformly illuminated, divided by average signalS p e c t r o m e t e r s • info@Figure 5 Detector Spectral sensitivity curves Table 5 NIR Detector SpecificationsDetectorNIR256-1.7 NIR256-2.2NIR256-2.5TypeLinear InGaAs array Linear InGaAs array Linear InGaAs arraywith 2 stage TE cooling with 2 stage TE cooling # Pixels, pitch 256, 50 µm 256, 50 µm 256, 50 µm pixel width x 50 x 50050 x 500 50 x 500height (µm)Pixel well depth 16,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000(electrons)Sensitivity 350250200(AvaLight-HAL, 8 µm fiber)in counts/µW per ms integration timePeak wavelength 1550 nm 2000 nm 2300 nmSignal/Noise 4000:1 1200 :1 1200 :1Dark noise 12 40 40 (counts RMS)Dynamic Range 5000 1600 1600PRNU** ± 5% ± 5% ± 5%Defective pixels 012 12(max)Wavelength range 900-1750 1000-2200 1000-2500 (nm)Frequency500 kHz500 kHz500 kHz** Photo Response Non-Uniformity = max difference between output of pixels when uniformly illuminated, divided by average signalFigure 6 NIR Detector Sensitivity CurvesSpectrometers Stray light is radiation of the wrong wavelength that activatesa signal at a detector element. Sources of stray light can be:• Ambient light• Scattering light from imperfect optical components orreflections of non-optical components• Order overlapEncasing the spectrometer in a light tight housing eliminatesambient stray light.When working at the detection limit of the spectrometersystem, the stray light level from the optical bench, gratingand focusing mirrors will determine the ultimate limit ofdetection. Most gratings used are holographic gratings,known for their low level of stray light. Stray light measure-ments are being carried out with a laser light, shining into theoptical bench and measuring light intensity at pixels far awayfrom the laser projected beam. Other methods use a halogenlight source and long pass- or band pass filters.Typical stray light performance is <0.05 % at 600 nm; <0.10% at 435 nm; <0.10 % at 250 nm.Second order effects, which can play an important role forgratings with low groove frequency and therefore a widewavelength range, are usually caused by the grating 2ndorder diffracted beam. The effects of these higher orders canoften be ignored, but sometimes need to be taken care of.The strategy is to limit the light to the region of the spectra,where order overlap is not possible. Second order effectscan be filtered out, using a permanently installed long-passoptical filter in the SMA entrance connector or an order sor-ting coating on a window in front of the detector. The ordersorting coatings on the window typically have one long passfilter (590nm) or 2 long pass filters (350 nm and 590 nm),depending on the type and range of the selected grating.In Table 6 a wide range of optical filters for installation in theoptical bench can be found. The use of following long-passfilters is recommended: OSF-475 for grating NB and NC, OSF-515/550 for grating NB and OSF-600 for grating IB.In addition to the order sorting coatings we implement partialDUV coatings on Sony 2048 and Toshiba 3648 detectors toavoid second order effects from UV response and to enhancesensitivity and decrease noise in the Visible range.This partial DUV coating is done automatically for the follo-wing grating types:• UA for 200-1100 nm, DUV400, only first 400 pixelscoated• UB for 200-700 nm, DUV800, only first 800 pixelscoatedStray Light and Second Order EffectsTable 6 Filters installed in the AvaSpec spectrometer seriesOSF-385Permanently installed 1 mm order sorting filter @ 371 nmOSF-475 Permanently installed 1 mm order sorting filter @ 466 nmOSF-515 Permanently installed 1 mm order sorting filter @ 506 nmOSF-550 Permanently installed 1 mm order sorting filter @ 541 nmOSF-600 Permanently installed 1 mm order sorting filter @ 591 nmOSC Order sorting coating with 590nm long pass filter for VA, BB (>350 nm) and VB gratingsin AvaSpec-1024/2048/3648/2048x14OSC-UA Order sorting coating with 350 and 590nm longpass filter for UA gratingsin AvaSpec-1024/2048/3648/2048x14OSC-UB Order sorting coating with 350 and 590nm longpass filter for UB or BB (<350 nm) gratingsin AvaSpec-1024/2048/3648/2048x14Order Sorting Window in holderinfo@ • Product name Electronics Optical bench Detector Housing AvaSpec-128 AS-161 with USB AvaBench-45, allgratings 360-1100 nm TAOS 128AvaSpec-128-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2AvaSpec-256 AS-161 with USB AvaBench-45, allgratings 200-1100 nm HAM 256AvaSpec-256-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2AvaSpec-1024 AS-161 with USB AvaBench-75, allgratings 200-1100 nm HAM 1024AvaSpec-1024-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2AvaSpec-2048 AS-161 with USB AvaBench-75, allgratings 200-1100 nm Sony 2048AvaSpec-2048-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2AvaSpec-3648-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2 AvaBench-75, Toshiba 3648all gratings 200-1100 nmAvaSpec-2048x14-USB2 AS-5216 with USB2 AvaBench-75, HAM 2048x14all gratings 200-1160 nmAvaSpec-NIR256-1.7 AS-5216 with USB2 AvaBench-50, HAM NIR256-1.7grating 900-1750 nmAvaSpec-NIR256-2.2 AS-5216 with USB2 AvaBench-50, HAM NIR256-2.2grating 1000-2200 nmAvaSpec-NIR256-2.5 AS-5216 with USB2 AvaBench-50, HAM NIR256-2.5grating 1000-2500 nmAvaSpec-xxx-2 AS-161 with USB, 2 channels AvaBench-45/75, all TAOS 128xxx = 102/256/1024/ gratings 200-1100 nm HAM 256/10242048 or Sony 2048AvaSpec Multichannel AS-161 with USB1 or AvaBench-45/75, All detectorsas Desktop AS-5216 with USB2 all gratings 200-1100 nmor Rackmount17S p e c t r o m e t e r s • info@。

红外光谱的英文书籍There are several English books on infrared spectroscopy that provide comprehensive and detailed information on the subject. In this article, we will explore some popular books in the field, discussing their content, formatting, and overall presentation. By the end, you will have a better understanding of the available options for studying infrared spectroscopy through English books.1. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation" by Peter LarkinPeter Larkin's book "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation" is a widely recognized book in the field of vibrational spectroscopy. It covers both infrared and Raman spectroscopy, making it a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals.The book is structured logically, starting with the basics and gradually progressing to more advanced topics. It includes extensive explanations of spectroscopic principles, instrumentation, and data interpretation. The chapters are well-organized and utilize clear figures and diagrams to enhance understanding. The author also provides numerous real-world examples and case studies, aiding readers in the practical application of infrared spectroscopy.2. "Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy" by N. B. Colthup, L. H. Daly, and S. E. Wiberley"Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy" is a classic textbook authored by N. B. Colthup, L. H. Daly, and S. E. Wiberley. It serves as an excellent introduction to the principles of infrared and Raman spectroscopy.The book covers the theory and practice of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, as well as the necessary knowledge of quantum mechanics and group theory. The content is presented in a concise and understandable manner, supported by numerous examples and problems for self-assessment. The authors also provide an extensive range of spectra for reference, allowing readers to compare and identify various functional groups.3. "Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications" by BarbaraH. StuartBarbara H. Stuart's "Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications" offers a comprehensive overview of infrared spectroscopy, focusing on its practical applications in various scientific fields.The book begins with an introduction to the basic principles of infrared spectroscopy and instrumentations. It then delves into the applications of infrared spectroscopy in organic and inorganic chemistry, materials science, environmental analysis, and more. Each chapter includes detailed explanations, key concepts, and examples to assist readers in grasping the fundamentals and applying them to real-life scenarios.4. "Infrared Spectroscopy: Theory, Developments and Applications" edited by A. Gauglitz and T. Vo-DinhFor readers interested in more advanced topics, "Infrared Spectroscopy: Theory, Developments and Applications" edited by A. Gauglitz and T. Vo-Dinh is an excellent choice. This book consolidates the latest advancements in infrared spectroscopy, providing a comprehensive reference for researchers and experts in the field.The book covers topics such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and emerging techniques. It includes contributions from multiple authors, each specializing in different areas of infrared spectroscopy. This collective effort ensures a broad range of perspectives and expertise, making it an invaluable resource for those looking to expand their knowledge in the field.Conclusion:In conclusion, there are several English books available that cover various aspects of infrared spectroscopy. From introductory texts to advanced reference materials, these books provide a wealth of information for individuals interested in the subject. Depending on the specific focus and level of expertise required, researchers, students, and professionals will find one or more of these books suitable for their needs.。

Spectroscopic studies ofphotosynthetic systems光合作用是大自然中一个重要的生物过程，它通过将光能转化为化学能，为所有生命提供了能量和营养素。

在光合作用中，植物和藻类通过吸收太阳能，将二氧化碳和水转化为有机物和氧气，这个过程需要大量与各种生物分子相关的化学反应。

为了更好地理解这个复杂的过程，科学家们进行了许多关于光合作用的研究，其中包括光合作用系统的光谱学研究。

光合作用系统的光谱学研究是通过分析光合作用过程中所涉及的各种光谱数据，以及诱导发射和吸收光谱等测量方法，来研究光合作用的详细过程和机理。

这个过程涉及到许多不同分子之间的相互作用和转换，其中最重要的分子是叶绿素和色素类分子。

这些分子能够吸收特定波长的光子，并且这些吸收光谱可以用来研究光合作用系统的结构和功能。

在光合作用系统的研究中，最常用的光谱数据是吸收光谱和荧光光谱。

吸收光谱可以用来研究光合作用中所涉及的各种叶绿素和色素类分子的吸收特性，从而推断分子结构和组成。

荧光光谱可以用来研究叶绿素和色素类分子的激发态和荧光特性，从而推断分子的动力学信息和能量转移过程。

除了这些常用的光谱数据，还有一些其他的光谱数据，如光电子能谱和核磁共振光谱，都可以用来研究光合作用系统的结构和功能。

通过这些光谱学技术，科学家们可以更好地理解光合作用系统中不同分子之间的相互作用和转化过程，比如叶绿素分子的激发态和荧光特性、色素类分子的吸收特性等等。

这些信息可以帮助我们更好地理解光合作用系统的结构和功能，从而更好地应用于农业、生态学、环境保护等领域。

然而，尽管光合作用系统的光谱学研究非常有价值，但是它仍然面临着一些挑战和难题。

其中最主要的问题是光合作用系统是非常复杂的，涉及到许多不同的分子和相互作用，因此需要更高水平的技术和研究方法，才能更好地研究光合作用系统。

此外，光合作用系统的研究还需要更多的机器学习和数据分析技术，以帮助科学家更好地处理和分析大量的光谱数据，从而更好地理解光合作用系统的结构和功能。

电工术语照明1.电磁辐射——electromagnetic radiation2.光学辐射——optical radiation3.可见辐射——visible radiation4.红外辐射——infrared radiation5.紫外辐射——ultraviolet radiation6.单色辐射——monochromatic radiation7.光谱——spectrum8.光谱线——spectral line9.偏振辐射——polarized radiation10.相干辐射——coherent radiation11.干涉——interference12.衍射——diffraction13.波长——wavelength14.波数——wave number15.光谱的——spectral16.光谱密集度——spectral concentration17.光谱分布——spectral concentration18.相对光谱分布——relative spectral distribution19.电源——point source20.球面度——steradian21.辐射量光度量和光子量及其单位——radiation luminous and photon quantities and theirunits22.光刺激——light stimulus23.光谱光视效率——spectral luminous efficiency24.CIE标准光度观测者——CIE standard photometric observer25.辐通量——radiant flux26.辐射功率——radiant power27.光通量——luminous flux28.光子通量——photon flux29.辐射通量——radiant energy30.光量——quantity of light31.光子数——number of photon ；photon number32.辐射强度——radiant intensity33.发光强度——luminous intensity34.光子强度——photonintensity35.几何因子——geometric extent36.辐射亮度——radiance37.光亮度——luminance38.光子辐亮度——photon radiance39.辐射强度——irradiance40.照度——illuminance41.光子辐照度——photon irradiance42.球面辐照度；辐射流率——spherical irradiance ；radiant fluence rate43.柱面辐照度——cylindrical irradiance44.曝辐射量——radiant exposure45.曝光量——luminous exposure；46.曝光子量——photon exposure47.球面曝辐射量——radiant spherical exposure；radiant fluence48.柱面曝辐射量——radiant cylindrical exposure49.辐射出射度——radiant exitance50.光出射度——luminous exitance51.光子出射度——photon exitance52.坎德拉——candela53.流明——lumen54.勒克斯——Lux55.坎德拉每平方米——candela per square metre56.辐射效率——radiant efficiency57.光源的光视效能——luminous efficacy of a source58.辐射的光视效能——luminous efficacy of radiation59.光视效率——luminous efficiency60.等效（光）亮度——equivalent luminous61.点耀度——point brilliance62.视星等（天体的）——apparent magnitude63.视网膜——retina64.锥状细胞——cones65.柱状细胞——rods66.黄斑——yellow spot；macula lutea67.中央凹——fovea；fovea centralis68.小凹——foveola69.色适应——chromatic adaptation70.明视觉——photopic vision71.暗视觉——scotopic vision72.中间视觉——mesopic vision73.夜盲——hemeralopia；night-blindness74.色觉缺陷——defective colour vision75.普尔金耶现象——Purkinje phenomenon76.方向效应——directional effect77.物体色——object-colour78.表面色——surface colour79.小孔色——aperture colour80.发光色——luminous colour81.非发光色——non-luminous colour82.相关色——related colour83.非相关色——unrelated colour84.非彩色——achromatic colour85.彩色——chromatic colour86.视亮度——brightness87.明亮的——bright88.暗淡的——dim89.明度——lightness90.光亮的——light91.黑暗的——dark92.色调——hue93.单一色调——unitary hue；unique hue94.二元色调——binary hue95.阿布尼现象——Abney phenomenon96.色浓度——chromaticness；colourfulness97.色饱和度——saturation98.彩度——chroma99.视觉分辨力——visual acuity；visual resolution100.调式——accommodation101.对比——contrast102.对比灵敏度——contrast sensitivity103.闪烁——flicker104.融合频率——fusion frequency105.塔尔波特定律——Talbot’law106.眩光——glare107.直接眩光——direct glare108.反射眩光——glare by reflections109.光幕眩光——veiling glare110.不舒适眩光——discomfort glare111.失能眩光——disability glare112.等效光幕亮度——equivalent veiling luminous113.显色性——colour rendering114.参照照明体——reference illuminant115.显色指数——colour rendering index116.CIE1974特殊显色指数——CIE 1974 special colour rendering index 117.CIE1974平均显色指数——CIE1974 general colour rendering index 118.照明体色位移——illuminant colorimetric shift119.适应色位移——adaptive colour shift120.总的色位移——resultant colour shift121.色刺激——colour stimulus122.色刺激函数——colour stimulus function123.相对色刺激函数——relative colour stimulus function124.同色异谱色刺激——metameric stimulus125.同色异谱——metamers126.非彩色刺激——achromatic stimulus127.彩色刺激——chromatic stimulus128.单色刺激——monochromatic stimulus129.光谱刺激——spectral stimulus130.互补色刺激——complementary colour stimulus131.照明体——illuminant132.日光照明体——daylight illuminant133.CIE 标准照明体——CIE standard illuminant134.CIE 标准光源——CIE standard source135.等能光源——equi-energy spectrum；equal energy spectrum136.三色系统——trichromatic systems137.色刺激相加混合——additive mixture of colour stimulus138.色匹配——colour matching139.三色系统——trichromatic system140.参照物刺激——reference colour timulus141.三刺激值——tristimulus value142.色匹配函数——colour-matching functions143.色方程——colour equation144.色空间——colour space145.色立体——colour solid146.色集——colour atlas147.CIE 1931标准色度系（XYZ）——CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system148.CIE 1964 补充标准色度系统——CIE 1964 supplementary standard colorimetric system 149.CIE 色匹配函数——CIE colour-matching function150.CIE 1931标准色度观测者——CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer151.CIE 1964 补充标准色度观测者——CIE 1964 supplementary standard colorimetric observer152.色品——chromaticity153.色品坐标——chromaticty coordinates154.色品图——chromaticity diagram,155.光谱色的色品坐标——spectral chromaticity coordinates156.光谱轨迹——spectrum locus157.紫色刺激——purple stimulus158.紫色边界——purple boundary159.最佳色刺激——optimal colour stimuli160.普朗克轨迹——Planckian locus161.日光轨迹——daylight locus162.零亮度面——alychne163.主波长——dominant wavelength164.补色波长——complementary wavelength165.纯色——purity166.色度纯度——colorimetric purity167.兴奋纯度——excitation purity168.颜色温度，色度——colour temperature169.相关色温——correlated colour temperature170.均匀颜色空间——uniform colour spaces171.均匀色品标度图——uniform-chromaticity-scale diagram；UCS diagram 172.发射——emission173.热发射——thermal radiation174.黑体——blackbody175.普朗克定律——Planckian’s law176.方向发射率——directional emissivity177.选择性辐射体——selective radiator178.非选择性辐射体——non-selective radiator179.灰体——grey body180.（单色）辐射亮度温度——（monochromatic）radiance temperature 181.分布温度——distribution temperature182.白炽——incandescence183.能级——energy level184.激发——excitation185.发光——luminescence186.光致发光——photoluminescence187.荧光——fluorescence188.余辉——afterglow189.反斯托克斯发光——anti-Stokes luminescence190.磷光——phosphorescence191.场致发光——electroluminescence192.阴极发光——cathodoluminescence193.辐射发光——radioluminescence194.化学发光——chemiluminescence195.生物发光——bioluminescence196.摩擦发光——triboluminescence197.热致发光——thermally activated luminescence ; thermoluminescence 198.发光二极体——lighting emitting diode199.发射——reflection200.透射——transmission201.漫射——diffusion202.散射——scattering203.规则反射——regular reflection204.镜反射——direct transmission205.规则透射——regular transmission206.直透射——direct transmission207.漫反射——diffuse reflection208.漫透射——diffuse transmission209.混合发射——mixed transmission210.各向同性漫反射——isotropic diffuse reflection211.漫射体——diffuser212.完全漫发射体——perfect reflecting diffuser213.完全漫透射体——perfect transmitting diffuser214.透明煤质——transparent medium215.半透明煤质——translucent medium216.不透明煤质——opaque medium217.光度计——photometer218.照度计——illuminance meter219.光度计——luminance meter220.色度计——colorimeter221.闪烁光度计——flicker photometer222.上升时间——rise time223.下降时间——fall time224.光效应——photoeffect225.感光度——actinism226.自发光光源——primary light source227.次极光源——secondary light source228.灯——lamp229.白炽灯——incandescent lamps230.碳丝灯——carbon filament lamp231.金属丝灯——metal filament lamp232.钨丝灯——tungsten filament lamp233.真空白炽灯——vacuum incandescent lamp234.充气白炽灯——gas-filled incandescent lamp235.放电（在气体中）——electric discharge（in a gas）236.辉光放电——glow discharge237.阴极电压降——cathode fall238.正常阴极电压降——normal cathode fall239.异常阴极电压降——abnormal cathode fall240.放电灯——discharge lamp241.负辉光灯——negative-glow lamp242.高强度放电灯——high intensity discharge lamp243.高压汞（蒸汽）灯——high pressure mercury244.自镇流汞灯——blended lamp；self-ballasted245.低压汞（蒸汽）灯——low pressure mercury246.高压钠（蒸汽）灯——pressure sodium （vapour）lamp 247.低压钠（蒸汽）灯——low pressure sodium（vapour）lamp 248.金属卤化物灯——metal halide lamp249.荧光灯——fluorescent lamp250.冷阴极灯——cold cathode lamp251.热阴极灯——hot cathode lamp252.冷启动灯——cold-start lamp253.瞬时启动灯——instant lamp254.预热灯——preheat lamp255.热启动灯——hot-star lamp256.开关启动荧光灯——swith-start fluorescent lamp257.无启动器荧光灯——258.弧光灯——arc lamp259.短弧灯——short-arc lamp；compact-source arc discharge lamp 260.长弧灯——long-arc lamp261.特种灯或专用灯——lamps of special types or special purposes 262.聚光灯——prefocus lamp263.反射灯——reflector lamp264.压制玻璃灯——pressed glass lamp265.密闭光束灯——sealed beam lamp266.投光灯——projector lamp267.投影灯——projection lamp268.摄影灯——photoflood lamp269.闪光灯——photoflash lamp270.闪光管——flash lamp271.电子闪光灯——electronic-flash lamp272.昼光灯——daylight lamp273.黑光灯——black light lamp274.钨带灯——tungsten ribbon lamp275.红外线灯——infrared lamp276.紫外线灯——ultraviolet lamp277.杀菌灯——bactericidal lamp278.光谱灯——spectroscopic lamp279.基准灯——reference lamp280.次级标准灯——secondary standard lamp281.工作标准灯——working standard lamp282.额定功率——rated power283.寿命——life284.寿命试验——life test285.X%灯失效时的寿命——life to X% failures286.平均寿命——average life287.发光元件——luminous element288.灯丝——filament289.直丝灯丝——straight filament290.单螺旋灯丝——single-coil filament291.双螺旋灯丝——coiled-coil filament292.玻壳——bulb293.透明玻壳——clear bulb294.磨砂玻壳——frosted bulb295.乳白玻壳——opal bulb296.涂层玻壳——coated bulb297.反射玻壳——reflectorized bulb298.漆膜玻壳——enamelled bulb299.彩色玻壳——coloured bulb300.硬料玻壳——hard glass bulb301.灯头——cap；basse（USA）302.螺旋式灯头——screw cap；screw base（USA）303.卡口式灯头——bayonet cap；bayonet base （USA）304.圆筒式灯头——Shell cap；Shell base305.插脚式灯头——pin cap；pin base306.预聚焦式灯头——prefocus cap；prefocus base307.卡口销钉——bayonet pin308.接触片——contact plate；eyelet309.插脚——pin；post310.灯座——lampholder311.连接器——connector312.主电极——main electrode313.启动电极——staring electrode314.放电管——arc tube315.发射唔知——emissive material316.启动带——staring strip；staring stripe317.启动装置——staring device318.启动器——starter319.触发器——ignitor320.镇流器——ballast321.半导体镇流器——semiconductor ballast322.基准镇流器——reference ballast323.调光器——dimmer324.自然光——daylighting325.照明——lighting326.照明技术——lighting technology327.照明工程——illuminating engineering328.照明环境——lighting environment329.视觉功能——visual performance330.等效对比度——equivalent contrast331.照明类型——types of lighting332.普通照明——general lighting333.局部照明——local lighting334.定位照明——localized lighting335.昼光补充照明——permanent supplementary artificial lighting 336.应急照明——emergency lighting337.太平门照明——escape lighting338.安全照明——safety lighting339.备用照明——stand-by lighting340.直接照明——direct lighting341.半直接照明——semi-direct lighting342.普通漫射照明——general diffused lighting343.半间接照明——semi-indirect lighting344.间接照明——indirect lighting345.定向照明——directional lighting346.漫射照明——diffused lighting347.泛光照明——floodlighting348.聚光照明——spotlighting349.照明矢量——illuminance vector350.发光强度——distribution of luminous intensity351.对称光强度分布——symmetrical luminous intensity distribution352.旋转对称光强度分布——rotationally symmetrical luminous intensity distribution 353.平均球面光强度——mean spherical luminous intensity354.等光强曲线——iso-intensity curve；iso-intensity line（USA）355.等光强图——iso-intensity diagram356.半峰发散角——half-peak divergence；one-half-peak spread（USA）357.累计光通量——cumulative flux358.球面带光通量——zonal flux359.总光通量——total flux360.向下光通量——downward flux361.向上光通量——upward flux362.累积向下光通量比——cumulative downward flux proportion363.光通量三联体——flux triplet364.光学光输出效率——optical light output ratio365.灯具效率——light output ratio366.向下光通量——downward flux367.向上光通量——upward flux368.灯具效率——light output radio369.向下灯具效率——downward light output radio370.向下光通量损耗——downward flux fraction371.光通量规则——flux code372.放大率——magnification radio373.直接光通量——direct flux374.间接光通量——indirect flux375.正比——direct ratio376.照明灯光通量密度——installed lamp flux density377.照明装置光通量密度——installation flux density378.基准面——reference surface379.工作面——work plane；working plane380.照明利用率——utilization factor381.照明利用系数——coefficient of utilization382.对比照明利用率——reduced utilization factor383.固有照明利用率——utilance384.等亮度曲线——isoluminance curve385.等照度曲线——iso-illuminance curve386.照明均匀度——uniformity radio of illuminance387.间距——spacing388.对称灯具——symmetrical luminaire389.非对称灯具——asymmetrical luminaire390.广角灯具——wide angle luminaire391.普通灯具——ordinary luminaire392.防护灯具——protected luminaire393.隔爆型防爆灯具——flameproof luminaire394.可调式灯具——adjustable luminaire395.可移式灯具——portable luminaire396.悬挂式灯具——pendant luminaire；suspended luminaire 397.升降式悬挂灯具——rise and fall pendant398.嵌入式灯具——recessed luminaire399.槽形灯具——troffer400.格栅灯具——coffer401.下射灯具——downlight402.壁灯灯具——bulkhead light403.窗帘式灯具——valance lighting404.穹顶灯具——cove lighting405.落地灯具——standard lamp；floor lamp406.台灯——table lamp407.手提灯——hand-lamp408.手电筒——torch409.灯串——lighting chain410.投光灯具——projector411.探照灯——searchlight412.聚光灯——spotlight413.泛光灯——floodlight414.遮光——cut-off415.遮光角——cut-off angle416.屏蔽角——shielding angle417.折射角——refractor418.反射角——reflector419.漫射器——diffuser420.碗形罩——bowl421.球形罩——globe422.灯罩——shade423.漫射格网——louvre ；louve（USA）424.遮光罩——spiu shield425.防护玻璃——protective glass426.灯具防护罩——luminaire guard427.摄影室泛光照明——studio floodlight428.反射型聚光灯——reflector spotlight429.透镜聚光灯——lens spotlight430.轮廓聚光灯——profile spotlight431.效果投光灯——effects spotlight432.柔光照明——softlight433.矿井照明用灯具——luminaires for mine lighting434.矿井用灯具——mine luminaire435.头灯——cap lamp436.头灯前照灯——headpiece437.矿井安全灯——mine safety lamp438.便携式矿井用灯具——portable mine luminaire 439.矿井营救灯具——mine rescue luminaire440.气压灯——air-turbo lamp；compressed air luminaire 441.地道灯具——haulageway luminaire442.采掘面灯具——face luminaire443.感应式灯具——induction luminaire444.许可灯具——permissible luminaire445.本质安全灯具——intrinsically safe luminaire 446.矿车尾灯——paddy lamp；trip lamp447.视觉信号——visual signal448.光信号——light signal449.标志——sign450.矩阵标志——matrix sign451.信号灯——signal light452.（导航）标志——navigation mark453.浮标——beacon454.固定灯光——fixed light455.间歇灯光——rhythmic light456.闪烁灯光——flashing light457.等相灯光——isophase light458.隐显灯光——occulting light459.交变灯光——alternating460.摆动灯光——reciprocating lights461.日光幻象——sun phantom462.微光——loom463.有效强度——effective intensity464.能见度——visibility465.大气透射率——atmospheric transmissivity466.气象光学范围——meteorological optical range 467.视觉范围——visual range468.地理范围——geographical range469.点视觉——point vision470.发光范围——luminous range471.标称范围——nominal range472.灯塔——lighthouse473.扇形灯光——sector light474.定向灯光——directiona light475.方向标——leading marks476.导航标灯——leading lights477.灯船——light vessel478.浮标——buoy479.照明浮标——lighted buoy480.浮体船——float481.横向标志——lateral mark482.横向灯光——lateral light483.主标志——cardinal mark484.主灯光——cardinal light485.导航灯——navigation light486.侧灯——sidelight487.船尾灯——stern light488.导航地灯——aeronautical ground light 489.障碍灯——obstacle light490.识别标志灯——identification beacon 491.机场标志灯——aerodrome beacon492.条形灯光——barrette493.跑道灯——runway lights494.横向光带——cross bar495.侧面光带——wing bar496.防撞灯——anti-collision light497.着陆灯——landing light498.滑行灯——taxing light499.交通信号——traffic sign500.交通灯——traffic light501.标志杆——marker post502.界标——delineator503.道路标志——road marking504.地面路标——road stud505.前灯——headlight506.远光灯——main-beam headlight507.近光灯——dipped-beam headlight508.前雾灯——front fog light509.前示宽灯——front position light510.后示宽灯——rear position light511.停车灯——parking light512.后雾灯——rear fog light513.倒车灯——reversing light514.刹车灯——brake light515.方向指示灯——direction indicator516.示警灯——hazard warningsignal517.号码牌灯——number-plate light518.后注册牌灯——rear registration-plate light 519.牌照灯——licenceplate light520.标志灯——markerlight。

《光谱学与光谱分析》简介《光谱学与光谱分析》(Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis)系中国科学技术协会主管，中国光学学会主办，由钢铁研究总院、中国科学院物理研究所、北京大学、清华大学联合承办的学术性刊物。

刊登主要内容：激光光谱测量、红外、拉曼、紫外、可见光谱、发射光谱、吸收光谱、X-射线荧光光谱、激光显微光谱、光谱化学分析、国内外光谱化学分析最新进展、开创性研究论文、学科发展前沿和最新进展、综合评述、研究简报、问题讨论、书刊评述。

《光谱学与光谱分析》适用于冶金、地质、机械、环境保护、国防、天文、医药、农林、化学化工、商检等各领域的科学研究单位、高等院校、制造厂家、从事光谱学与光谱分析的研究人员、高校有关专业的师生、管理干部。

《光谱学与光谱分析》自1981年创刊发来，不断发展壮大，现已经成为国内外有一定地位的学术性刊物：★首批成为“中国科技论文统计”源期刊★首批成为“中国学术期刊文摘”源期刊★首批成为万方数据库源期刊★首批成为清华大学同方数据库源期刊★1988年首批被中国科学引文索引（CSCI）收录★1988年首批成为中国自然科学物理类、化学类核心期刊★1988年被美国化学文摘（CA）收录★1990年被美国工程索引（Ei）收录★1992年首批成为“中文核心期刊要目总览”源期刊★1996年荣获中国科协优秀科技期刊三等奖★1997年首批成为中国科协择优支持基础性、高科技学术期刊★1998年被俄罗斯文摘杂志（РЖ）收录★1998年被美国医学在线（MEDLINE）收录★1999年被美国科学引文索引（SCI）收录★2000年被荷兰Elsevier的Scopus数据库收录★2008年被中国科协评为“精品科技期刊”★2011年被中国科学技术信息研究所评为“中国精品科技期刊”★2012年被中国知网评为“2012中国最具国际影响力学术期刊”根据国家科技部信息研究所发布信息，中国科技期刊物理类影响因子及引文量《光谱学与光谱分析》都居前几位。

专利名称：Spectrophotometric system and method for the identification and characterization of aparticle in a bodily fluid发明人：Luis H. Garcia-Rubio,Catalina E.Alupoaei,Willard Harris,AlfredoPeguero,Edward P. Cutolo,German FelixLeparc申请号：US10934601申请日：20040903公开号：US07027134B1公开日：20060411专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the detection of an infectious disease or disorder in a fluid, such as a mammalian blood sample, the detection of a specific protein in a urine sample, or the detection of a particle in a plasma. The identification of the particles of interest is enable by taking a transmission spectrum of a test sample in at least a portion of the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared portion of the spectrum and comparing the spectrum with a standard sample spectrum. From the comparison it is then determined whether the fluid from the test sample contains an particle of interest, and an identity of the particle of interest is determined. Spectroscopic and multiwavelength turbidimetry techniques provide a rapid, inexpensive, and convenient means for diagnosis. The comparison and determination steps may be performed visually or by spectral deconvolution.申请人：Luis H. Garcia-Rubio,Catalina E. Alupoaei,Willard Harris,AlfredoPeguero,Edward P. Cutolo,German Felix Leparc地址：Temple Terrace FL US,Hillsboro OR US,Lutz FL US,Tampa FL US,Tampa FLUS,Tampa FL US国籍：US,US,US,US,US,US代理机构：Smith & Hopen, P.A.代理人：Molly L. Sauter更多信息请下载全文后查看。

专利名称：EMISSION SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSISAPPARATUS发明人：KOMIYAMA YUZURU,HIRATSUKA YUTAKA 申请号：JP574380申请日：19800123公开号：JPS56103354A公开日：19810818专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To improve sensitivity and accuracy by transferring the vapor generated from sample surface by laser by means of a high-purity gas. CONSTITUTION:A gas inlet part 4 and a torch 9 are provided to a sampling part 6, and said part is passed through a waveguide 10 connected to a microwave power source 8. A spectral part 13 is disposed to the torch 9 via a photometric condensing system 12. The leser light 11 from a laser oscillator 2 is irradiated to the sample on a sample table 7, and the vapor generated is introduced into the torch 9 by the high-prity gas from the gas inlet part 4, so that it is allowed to collide against the previously introduced high-purity gas having been activated to plasma flame by the microwave of the waveguide 10, whereby plasma cloud 18 of the generated steam is formed. The light generated by the transition from this plasma excitation state to a ground state or metastable state is divided by the spectral part 13 and is detected with a detecting part 14. Thereby, the diffusion of the stained sample measuring surface by the electrode at the auxiliary exciting of the atom vapor generated from the same surface and the mingling of the atom vapor and the plasma state are eliminated and the measurement of high sensitivity and high accuracy is made possible.申请人：HITACHI LTD 更多信息请下载全文后查看。

专利名称：Photothermal conversion spectroscopicanalysis method, and photothermalconversion spectroscopic analysis apparatusfor carrying out the method发明人：Jun Yamaguchi,Akihiko Hattori申请号：US10445629申请日：20030527公开号：US20030223070A1公开日：20031204专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：There is provided that enables high-sensitivity analysis to be carried out, and aphotothermal conversion spectroscopic analysis apparatus that is compact in size and is able to implement the photothermal conversion spectroscopic analysis method. Exciting light and detecting light are convergently irradiated onto the sample by a converging lens. The sample is analyzed using a change in intensity of the detecting light due to refraction upon passing through the thermal lens produced through the convergent irradiation of the exciting light. A molar absorption coefficient of the sample at a wavelength of the exciting light is a predetermined number of times greater than a molar absorption coefficient of the sample at a wavelength of the detecting light.申请人：NIPPON SHEET GLASS CO LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。

Spectroscopic studies of interstellarmoleculesIntroductionSpectroscopic studies of interstellar molecules have always been fascinating to astronomers and astrophysicists alike. From understanding the origin of life on our planet to deducing the fundamental principles that govern the universe's behavior, these studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the cosmos. In this article, we will delve deeper into the intricacies of spectroscopic studies of interstellar molecules and their implications.The Basics of SpectroscopySpectroscopy is the study of electromagnetic waves' interaction with matter. Every molecule has a unique spectrum that can be used to identify its constituent atoms and molecules. This is because molecules absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths, which are characteristic of their energy levels. Spectroscopy involves detecting and analyzing these wavelengths to determine the chemical makeup of substances.Interstellar MoleculesInterstellar molecules refer to molecules that exist in the interstellar medium, the space between stars. These molecules are formed by chemical reactions that occur in the dense, cold environments found in the interstellar medium. They play an essential role in the formation of stars and planets, and may even be responsible for the origin of life itself.Types of SpectroscopySeveral types of spectroscopy are used to study interstellar molecules, including absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and rotational spectroscopy.Absorption spectroscopy involves observing the absorption of light by interstellar molecules. This method is used to detect molecules that absorb ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light. It can be used to study the chemical composition and physical conditions of interstellar clouds. Additionally, absorption spectroscopy can be used to study the structure of molecules by analyzing their absorption spectra.Emission spectroscopy involves observing the emission of light by interstellar molecules. This method is used to detect molecules that emit light in the form of photons. It can be used to study the physical properties of interstellar clouds, such as temperature, density, and velocity.Rotational spectroscopy involves studying the rotational states of molecules. This method is used to determine the energy levels of molecules and their spatial orientation. It can be used to identify interstellar molecules and understand their molecular structure.Applications of Spectroscopic Studies of Interstellar MoleculesSpectroscopic studies of interstellar molecules have several applications in the field of astronomy and astrophysics. They provide valuable information about the geometry and physical conditions of interstellar clouds and the chemical processes that occur within them. These studies allow scientists to construct models of the interstellar medium and understand its evolution over time.Additionally, spectroscopic studies of interstellar molecules may have implications for the search for extraterrestrial life. The detection of complex organic molecules in interstellar clouds suggests that these molecules may be the building blocks of life. Understanding how these molecules form and how they are distributed in the interstellar medium could provide insight into the origin of life.ConclusionIn conclusion, spectroscopic studies of interstellar molecules are an essential tool for understanding the chemistry and physics of the interstellar medium. They provide valuable information about the structure and composition of interstellar clouds and the processes that occur within them. These studies have important implications for ourunderstanding of the universe's origins, the formation of stars and planets, and the search for extraterrestrial life.。