There are three major characteristics that a good teacher needs

英语词汇学作业答案1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.1.A. ignored2.B. neglected3.C. denied4.D. refused2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.1.A. rough, hard2.B. rough, rough3.C. hard, rough4.D. hard, hard3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A. hyperbole2.B. euphemism3.C. litotes4.D. metonymy4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.1.A. face to face2.B. eye to eye3.C. back to back4.D. heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______ would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A. dad2.B. old man3.C. father4.D. male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.1.A. tiger, monkeys2.B. cat, mice3.C. hawk, birds4.D. old, young7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.1.A. off the sleeve2.B. off the cuffs3.C. off the cuff4.D. off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1.A. archenemy2.B. primary enemy3.C. main enemy4.D. major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.1.A. i.e.2.B. e.g.3.C. etc.4.D. viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.1.A. /iks/, “out”2.B. /iks/, “former”3.C. /eks/, “out”4.D. /eks/, “former”11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.1.A. activate2.B. interact3.C. counteract4.D. active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two________.1.A. choices2.B. options3.C. alternatives4.D. stools13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.1.A. chicken2.B. chickens3.C. duck4.D. ducks14、The figure of speech employed in “The past isa bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A. metaphor2.B. euphemism3.C. irony4.D. litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.1.A. broke up2.B. b roke forth3.C. broke through4.D. break upon16、persona non grata means ________.1.A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B. someone who is slim3.C. someone who does not take the leading role4.D. someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.1.A. metaphor2.B. hyperbole3.C. irony4.D. metonymy18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A. transmitting2.B. submitting3.C. transforming4.D. switching19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.1.A. thrown out the beans2.B. thrown out his beans3.C. spilled the beans4.D. spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.1.A. normal2.B. ordinary3.C. average4.D. regular21、For an English word, the shift of stress mayindicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect exampleT22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings T29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etcT32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etcF39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalizationF40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using substitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most ofthe words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones. 43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings. 44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope. 45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-class elements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they areclipped from.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.Forexample,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s he els (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away), turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B: Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。

阅读理解there are three kinds of goalsGoals are essential to success in life. Whether personal or professional, they serve as a focal point for our actions and provide a measure of direction and motivation. There are three kinds of goals that we can identify, each with its own unique characteristics and impact on our lives.The first type of goal is the aspirational goal. These are lofty ideals that we strive to achieve, often based on our own personal values and beliefs. Aspirational goals are usually long-term in nature, and they require a commitment of time, energy, and resources to realize. They provide a sense of purpose and direction, encouraging us to push beyond our limitations and achieve something greater than ourselves.The second type of goal is the practical goal. These are objectives that are based on the realities of our current situation and the needs of our environment. They are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Practical goals are designed to beattainable within a given timeframe and are tailored to meet the challenges of the present. They are rooted in reality and serve as a catalyst for progress and improvement.The third type of goal is the emergency goal. These are goals that arise unexpectedly due to unforeseen circumstances or events outside of our control. They may be urgent or require immediate action, but they do not necessarily have to be SMART or aligned with our long-term objectives. Emergency goals require flexibility and adaptability, as they may require us to shift our focus temporarily or take short-term actions that are not always optimal.Each of these three types of goals has its unique role to play in our lives and success. Achieving ouraspirational goals provides fulfillment and satisfaction, while achieving our practical goals serves to improve our current situation and prepare us for future challenges. And while emergency goals may be challenging to manage, theycan provide opportunities for growth and learning in unexpected ways.总结起来，三种目标各有其特点，对成功的影响也各不相同。

NTC thermistors for inrush current limiting SummaryNTC thermistors for inrush current limiting, as all NTCs, are made of polycrystalline mixed oxide ceramics. They suppress high inrush current surges, which occur when, for example, low impedance smoothing capacitors are charged.Why inrush current limiting?In many items of electrical equipment, switched mode power supplies, motors, transformers or amplifiers etc., high inrush currents occur, when the devices are turned on. These can damage individual components or entire assemblies or blow fuses in error. Such high currents are caused by extremely low impedance of smoothing capacitors or coils which produce nearly short circuits at the moment of switching on. However, if NTC thermistors are used as inrush current limiters, this problem can be solved without elaborate circuitry at low cost.What is a NTC thermistor ?Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are resistors whose resistance falls as temperature rises (Fig.1). NTC thermistors are made from different metal oxides, which are combined into a powdery mass and mixed with a plastic binding agent. In the production of inrush current limiters, the mass is pressed into discs under high pressure. Polycrystalline NTC thermistor bodies are formed by subsequent sintering of these blanks at temperatures between 1000 and 1400°C. Asilver paste is baked onto them as metallization on both sides. The discs are then leaded and sealed in varnish.Fig.1R/T characteristics(parameter :B value) APPLICATIONS:•Switched Mode Power Supplies • Motors• Transformers• Amplifiers• Monitors• Colour Televisions ADVANTAGES:•Minimise line-current distortion and radio noise•Protect switches, rectifier diodes and smoothing capacitors againstpremature failures•Prevent fuse from blowing in errorHow does the protection work ?In cold state, i.e. at room temperature, the high initial resistance of the inrush current limiter effectively absorbs the power of peak inrush currents (Fig.3). As a result of the current load and subsequent warming, the resistance of the inrush current limiter then drops by a factor > 30 - 50 to a resistance that is a few percent of thatat room temperature. Thus, in continuous operation, the power consumption of the inrush current limiters is negligible – an outstanding advantage of NTC thermistors over fixed resistors.NTC may be used in switched mode power supplies on the AC or DC side in the circuit (Fig.2).Fig.2 Possible locations of NTC for inrush current limitingResuming operation after cooling downAfter a load has been switched off, the NTC thermistor must be allowed to cool down to room temperature if its capacity for inrush current limiting is to be fully used. This can take 30 seconds to two minutes depending on the disc size. In the case of switched mode power supplies, these cooling times are often only minor consideration, because electrolytic capacitors in the circuit usually take longer to discharge fully. Therefore the NTC thermistor will be cool enough to resume operation in case of short term turning on again.Selection of inrush current limiter NTCThere are three major criteria for selecting the best inrush current limiter for an application:•rated resistance (R25)•maximum permissible continuous current under rated operating conditions(I max , DC or rms values for AC)•maximum capacitance C T to be switchedRated resistance is a measure of the damping of inrush current. Under rated operating conditions after stabilisation, the maximum continuous current must under no circumstances be exceeded. Otherwise the component can be both, thermally and electrically overloaded, and thus destroyed.The test method shown in Fig.4 is used to gain an indication of pulse strength. Here a capacitor C T discharges across a series resistor R S and a NTC thermistor. The charge voltage V C is chosen so that the voltage V NTC applied to the thermistor at the beginning of discharge is 345V, corresponding to (230V + ©V) x 2.The capacitance C T indicates the energy absorption capacity and thus the pulse strength of the NTC thermistorFig.3Typical current characteristic in load after turning onThe maximum capacitance to be switched presents a criterion for comparing the level and duration of the current pulse at the moment of switching on at which the inrush current limiter can be loaded without sustaining damage.Stating the capacitance C T helps to scale an NTC thermistor for optimum cost and geometry (space requirement) but different values for C T can only be compared if equivalent test methods are used to determine them. (s.Fig.4)A particular rated resistance R 25 can be implemented in discs of different sizes. This means that for the same value of R 25, different figures can be obtained for continuous load and pulse strength. So, by referring to test patterns, the user can decide which inrush current limiter is best suited to theapplication. As a rule of thumb, the larger the diameter of the NTC thermistor, the higher the current in continuous operation. This also applies to energy absorption capability and pulse strength at the moment of switching on.Load deratingThe max. continuous current rating (100% = I/I max ) is specified for EPCOS inrush current limiters at 0°C ~65°C.(The only exception is the S237 series, which is specified with 100% current rating at 0°C~25°C) Therefore derating is only necessary at temperatures above 65°C (S237 above 25°C). In many applications the temperature in the casing of the device is below 65°C.Inrush current Without NTCInrush current With NTCxy(example)type R 25I max S235/5,0/M 5,04,2S235/6,0/M 6,04,0S235/8,0/M8,03,5x Reduction rate of inrush current determines the R 25-value.y The operating current determines the I max -value.S23725650-25170T AI/I max S153...S4641NTC resistance at the continuous currentThe effective resistance in the usual current change can be approximated as follows:R NTC = k x I n[Ω]0.3 x I max < I ^ I max R NTCresistance value to be determined at current Ik,n fit parameter, see individual data sheet of inrush current limiter Icontinuous current flowing through the NTCThe continuous current I in the application should be between 30% and 100% of the specified max.continuous current I max .The calculated values only serve as an estimate for operation in still air at an ambient temperature of 25°C. With the equation above sufficiently accurate results are obtained for the limited current range stated above.Precautionsc For inrush current limiting the NTC must be connected in series with the load circuit. Severalinrush current limiters can also be connected in series for higher damping. Inrush current limiters must not be connected in parallel.If connected in parallel, the NTC thermistor with the smallest rated resistance consumes almost the entire current in the circuit, and the resulting overload could destroy the component.c In general inrush current limiters require time to get back to cold state, in which they can provideadequate inrush current limiting due to their high resistance. The cooling down time depends on ambient conditions.c It should be considered that the surrounding area of an NTC may become quite hot.Features of EPCOS inrush current limiters Quality:Extensive quality assurance systems guarantees a consistent high standard of quality. Siemens Matsushita Components manufactures NTC thermistors at the plant for ceramic components in Deutschlandsberg,Austria, which complies to requirements of QS 9000. Production is monitored by statistical process control methods. The electrical and mechanical parameters of the NTC thermistors are checked at the end of each step inproduction as part of a comprehensive quality assurance procedure. Special methods of aging are also applied to ensure high stability of electrical characteristics.Reliability:Reliability data for inrush current limiters are proved in accordance with IEC 68-2-2, 68-2-3and 68-2-14. Tests are conducted under cyclic and continuous (1000 h) maximum loads The currents during turn-on are much higher than the rated currents during continuous operation. The pulse strength of an NTC is also evaluated. To test the effects of these current surges EPCOS uses the standard procedure.(Fig.4)Fig.4Test circuit for evaluating the pulse strengthFEATURES:• QS9000 certified• UL Approval (E69802)• High reliability (IEC 68-2-2, 68-2-3, 68-2-14proved)• Wide products range • R-tolerance ±10% possible• High energy absorption capability at themoment of turning on• Lower power loss during the normal operation • Different lead configurations availableV C : Chargevoltage in VC T : Testcapacitance in µF R S : Seriesresistance =1 V NTC : Voltage onNTC in V T S : Thyristorswitch S: Switch forcharging test capacitorWide range of EPCOS NTC for inrush current limitingA wide range of EPCOS NTC for inrush current limiting in different styles and with different resistance permits optimum matching to the most varied applications. This wide range of EPCOS NTC for inrush current limiting extends from the S153, the smallest model with a diameter of 8.5mm for a maximum continuous power rating of 1.4W, up to the S464 with a diameter of 26mm for a maximum continuous power rating of 6.7W. Resistance range covers from 1 to 80 Ω. Maximum permissible continuous current extends from I rms of 1.3A (S153) up to that of 20A (S464).TypeR 25[Ω]I max [A]B-Value [K]P max [W]/th [mW/K]Head diameter [mm]S 153 4.7-33 1.3 - 32800-3000 1.488.5S 2355-10 3 - 4.22800-2900 1.899.5S 236 2.5 - 80 1.6 - 5.52600-3300 2.11011.5S 237 1 - 60 2.0 - 9.02600-4000 3.61715S 238 2.5 - 22.0 4.0 - 8.42800-3265 3.92016S 364 1 - 107.5 – 162800-3300 5.12121S 4641 - 108 – 202800-33006.72626Table 1: Main parameters of EPCOS NTC for inrush current limitingR 25 : NTC resistance at 25°CI max : maximum permissible continuous current (DC or rms values for AC)P max : maximum power rating at 25°C /th :Dissipation factorDiagram 1:Selection criteria for the inrush current limiter :resistance at 25°C and rated current1,010,0100,00,05,010,015,020,025,0S153S235S236S237S238S364S464I max [A]R 25 [»]。

Collecify lead users. Identify lead competitive products.
PHASE 2: SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN
Develop plan for
product options
and extended product family. Set target sales price point(s).
Align design with the desires of the customer by using quality function deployment(QFD) concept.
Be introduced to product development performance measures.
Examples
Honda: engines Volvo: safety Black and Decker, the U.S. manufacturer
of tools: the home workshop market. The home cleaning and maintenance market. The kitchen appliance market.
Production and Operations Management
X Zhujun
Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
( 1 ) Introduction of Production and Operations Management (2）Operations Strategy
Evaluate early production output.
Define piece-

Finally, good English academic writing demonstrates sophisticated use of the English language. First, "A" papers are clearly written at the sentence level. Organization is important not only at the rhetorical level; it is crucial at the sentence level. Disorganized sentences disrupt the flow of thought in a paper and interfere with the meaning of the passage. Frequent agreement errors, misspellings, incorrect punctuation, and other such problems also demonstrate lack of control of English and distract the reader.
English Academic Writing
I. Lead-in Questions: 1. Is writing hard for you? 2. What kinds of composition courses have you had up to now? Discuss the courses you have had and how they were taught. 3. Are the rules for writing essays in your native language the same as or different from those for English writing? 4. What do you hope to learn about English academic writing in this course?

The traditional Subject-Predicate distinction may over-lap with that between the Theme-Rheme,but they are not always the same.Look at the following examples:a) Jane stands on the table.Subject PredicateTheme Rhemeb)On the table stands Jane.Predicate SubjectTheme RhemeAnother verson of the same analysis is carried out in terms of Communicative Dynasmism ,CD for short,proposed by Firbas.By CD, Firbas means the extent to which the senence element contributes to the development of the communication.Firbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.In his view,the initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD and with each step forward,the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest.传统语法中主语----谓语的区别可能和主位----述位重叠，但他们并不总是一致的。

看下面的例子：a) 简站在桌子上。

主语谓语主位述位b)桌子上站着简。

In a Galilean, or “Dutch,” telescope, the positive eyelens is replaced by a negative (diverging) eyelens; the spacing is the same, in that the focal points of objective and eyelens coincide.
Note that uo can represent the real angular field of view of the telescope and ue the apparent angular field of view,
For large angles, the tangents of the half-field angles should be substituted in the expression.
the objective lens forms its image in field lens A. The image is then relayed to field lens C by lens B which functions like an erector lens. The image is then relayed again by lens D. The power of field lens A is chosen so that it forms an image of the objective at lens B; similarly, field lens C forms an image of lens B in lens D.
The magnification, or magnifying power, of the telescope is the ratio between ue, the angle subtended by the image, and uo, the angle subtended by the object.

英语1.What are the characteristwhat are the characteristics(profile)of a successful teacher?There are three major characteristics that a good teacher needs:(1)good interpersonal relations;(2)be able to relate to students'needs;(3)professionalism.A good teacher will promote good relationships among the students by encouraging collaboration and sharing.S/he will have good rapport with the students which means knowing their names,being attentive and responsive to all students and setting boundaries for appropriate behaviors.A good teacher is enthusiastic about his/her job and goes about it in a dynamic,confident manner.S/he must also be able to work well with other teachers,supervisors and administrators.The teacher will need to adapt the teaching to the learning style of the student.What is the role of the teacher in the classroom?Teachers play vital roles in the lives of the students in their classrooms.Teachers are best known for the role ofeducating the students that are placed in their care.Beyond that,teachers serve many other roles in the classroom.Teachers set the tone of their classrooms,build a warm environment,mentor and nurture students,become role models,and listen and look for signs of trouble.What is the profile of a successful student?I’d say there are certain characteristics that typically define the best students.They’re usually serious and meticulous,organized and plan ahead.They also have a balanced,diverse,and vibrant lifestyle:they study hard,but they also exercise,get fresh air,socialize with friends,converse with parents,and do what they love.And they get up early,eat three meals a day,and sleep well.In class,they listen carefully,and they ask questions.This is all obviously good stuff,but I’d say the three most important characteristics are self-control/discipline,focus,and patience–the best students place long-term goals over instant gratification.These three characteristics don’t just define a successful student–they also define a successful person.what is the role of the student in the classroom?Students who are engaged and have an active role in the classroom will have greater success as they move into post-secondary education.Institutional policies and practices must be oriented toward developing a climate in which students'responsibility and active participation in their own"If you place the student in a central role within the classroom,you must set the stage for her by clearly outlining your expectations.Students who are engaged learners are responsible for their own learning.These students are identified as those who are self-regulated and who define their own learning goals,displaying the ability to evaluate their own achievements and challenges.Students should be encouraged to take an active role in the classroom so that they are engaging in learning at all of these levels,gaining the expertise on topics to discuss with others and teach others to maximize retention and understanding.。

More Readings in Views on LearnersLecture five: Individual differences in L2 acquisitionIn this section, we will see how differences among learners may lead to differences in their learning success.It is believed that learners with certain characteristics vary in their success in learning a foreign language.For example,many teachers are convinced that extroverted learners who interact without inhibition in their target language and find many opportunities to practice language skills will be the most successful learners. In addition to personality characteristics,other factors generally considered to be relevant to foreign language learning are intelligence, aptitude, strategies, motivation, attitudes, and ages. All of these characteristics can be classified into three categories: cognitive, affective, and biological factors. In this section we will briefly discuss these factors respectively.5.1 Cognitive FactorsCognitively, different learners show individual differences in types of learning, strategies of learning and styles of learning. Therefore, it is the task of the foreign language teaching theory to discuss the cognitive aspects of language learners, because an awareness of these factors will help the teachers to better understand some of the successful and unsuccessful cognitive learning patterns of the learners. Cognitive factors that affect FL learning include intelligence, aptitude, strategies and styles of learning.1) IntelligenceThe term ‘intelligence’ has traditionally used to refer to performance on certain kinds of tests. These tests are often associated with success in school, and a link between intelligence and second language learning has sometimes been reported. Over the years, many studies using a variety of intelligence (IQ) tests and different methods of assessing language learning have found that IQ scores were a good means of predicting how successful a learner would be. Some recent studies have shown that these measures of intelligence may be more strongly related to certain kinds of foreign language abilities than to others,namely,it may be related to reading, grammar and vocabulary,but it may be unrelated to speaking or writing. This suggests that while intelligence, especially as measured by verbal IQ tests, may be a strong factor in language analysis and rule learning, it may play a less important role in classrooms where the instruction focuses more on communication and interaction.2) AptitudeAptitude refers to the specific ability a learner has for learning a foreign language. It is evident that some individuals have an exceptional aptitude for language learning. Learning quickly is the distinguishing feature of aptitude. Researchers have developed various aptitude tests to predict whether individuals will be efficient learners of a foreign language in a classroom setting. The most widely used aptitude tests are the Modern Language Aptitude Test and Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery. Both testsare based on the view that aptitude is composed of different types of abilities: (i) the ability to identify and memorize new sounds; (ii) the ability to understand the function of particular words in sentences; (iii) the ability to figure out grammatical rules from language samples; (iv) memory for new words. While earlier research revealed a substantial relationship between performance on the MLAT/PLAB and performance in foreign language learning, these studies wee conducted at a time when foreign language teaching was based on Grammar-translation or Audio-lingual Methods. With the adoption of a more communicative approach to teaching, many teachers and researchers came to see aptitude as irrelevant to the process of language acquisition.3) Learning StrategiesOne interesting theme in the studies of FL learning is the good language learner strategies. Strategy refers to the specific way that one employs to solve a given problem.In the field of FL teaching,there are three major types of strategy: communicative strategy, learning strategy and social strategy. Learning strategy refers to the ‘way of input’ of the learner, i.e. how to process, store and retrieve what they learn in the brain. It is the conscious or unconscious process that language learners use in learning a language. Some linguists like Naiman et al (1978) had tried to see what those good language learners had in common. They found six broad strategies shared by good language learners as follows:(i) Find a suitable learning style. Good language learners become aware of thetypes of FL learning. They always find ways of adapting or modifying the teaching situation to suit themselves.(ii) Involve oneself in the language learning process. Good language learners are very active practitioners of the target language both inside and outside the classroom. They take the initiative and devise situations and language learning techniques for themselves.(iii) Develop an awareness of language both as system and as communication.Good language learners see language not only as a complex system of rules but also as something to be used.They combine grammatical and pragmatic competence. Besides learning phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, they also seek out an many opportunities as possible to take part in conversations in the target language.(iv)Pay constant attention to expanding language knowledge. Good language learners are always trying to learn more about the target language and improve it.(v) Develop the target language as a separate system. Good language learners do not relate everything to their first language but make the target language a separate system. They always try to think in it. One common strategy they adopt is to engage in silent monologues to practice the target language by giving commentaries to themselves about the passing scene or the coming event.(vi) Take into account the demands that FL learning imposes. Good language learners are aware that FL learning can be very demanding. They are always ready to meet with any challenges posed by the learning. They are not afraid ofmaking foolish mistakes in the classroom or elsewhere.How can teachers make use of learning strategies? The chief moral is that the students often know best. It is the learners’ involvement, the learners’ strategies, and the learners’ ability to go their own ways that count, regardless of what the teacher is trying to do. The students must be encouraged to develop independence inside and outside the classroom and to take on responsibility for their own learning. Moreover, teachers should provide methods to enable students to discover the learning strategies that suit them best or provide a wealth of activities to heighten their awareness of strategies and their ability to use them.Strategy-training assumes that conscious attention to learning strategies is beneficial. Teachers should organize trainings that help the students to be aware of strategies.4) Learning StylesThe term ‘learning style’ has been used to describe an individual’s natural, habitual, and preferred way of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills. Some people cannot learn something until they have seen it. They are called ‘visual’learners. Other people, who may be called ‘aural’ learners, seem to need only to hear something once or twice before they know it. For others, who are referred to as ‘kinesthetic’ learners, there is a need to add a physical action to the learning process. In contrast to these perceptually based learning styles,considerable research has focused on a cognitive learning style distinction between field independent and field dependent learners. This refers to whether an individual tends to separate details from the general background or to see things more holistically. Another category of learning styles is based on the individual’s temperament or personality.Task 13: What are the learning strategies you adopt frequently? What strategies will you teach your students in learning English?5.2 Affective FactorsStudents’ emotional status and other affective factors filter what they learn. In language learning, it is quite evident that strong positive or negative emotions are involved in the success or failure of the target language. The affective factors create the first filter for the language input and have a decisive impact on the learner in the language learning. Affect refers to emotion or feeling. It includes such factors as empathy, extroversion, anxiety, attitude and motivation. In this section we only makea brief discussion on attitude and motivation.1) Learning AttitudeIn FL learning research,most research on attitudes(with regard to language learning) has tended to concentrate on attitudes towards target languages and their speakers. Attitudes are closely related to the achievement and success of foreign language learning.Different attitudes can result in different ually, positive attitudes toward self, the teacher, the learning tasks given, the target language and its culture can enhance proficiency while negative attitudes may lead to decreased motivation,input and interaction,and ultimately to unsuccessful attainment of proficiency.2) Learning MotivationMotivation in language learning can be defined as the learner’s overall goal or orientation. Robert Gardner and Wallace Lambert (1972) coined the terms integrative motivation to refer to language learning for personal growth and cultural enrichment (the learner wishes to identify with the culture of the target language group), and instrumental motivation for language learning for more immediate or practical goals (e.g. to get a job or to pass an examination). Another kind of motivation is task motivation, i.e. the interest felt by the learner in performing different learning tasks. There has been a great deal of research on the role of motivation in foreign language learning. Undoubtedly, motivation is related to success in foreign language learning. But unfortunately, the research cannot indicate precisely how motivation is related to learning. We do not know whether it is the motivation that produces successful learning or successful learning that enhances motivation or whether both are affected by other factors.Task 14:What is motivation? How do you usually motivate your students in learning English?Task 15: Are learners more highly motivated because they are successful, or are they successful because they are highly motivated?5.3 Biological FactorsSome linguists believed that there is a critical period for foreign language learning, which is called the Critical Period Hypothesis. The Critical Period Hypothesis refers to the claim that human beings are only capable of learning their first language between the age of two years and the early teens. Developmental changes in the brain, it is argued, affect the nature of language acquisition. According to this view, language learning which occurs after the end of the critical period may not be based on the innate biological structures believed to contribute to first language acquisition or second language acquisition in early childhood. Rather, older learners depend on more general learning abilities—the same ones they might use to learn other kinds of skills or information. It is argued that these general learning abilities are not as successful for language learning as the more specific, innate capacities which are available to the young child. It is most often claimed that the critical period ends somewhere around puberty, but some researchers suggest it could be even earlier.The Critical Period Hypothesis has been challenged in recent years from several different points of view. Some studies of the foreign language development of older and younger learners who are learning in similar circumstances have shown that, at least in the early stages of foreign language development, older learners are more efficient than younger learners. In educational research, it has been reported that learners who began learning a foreign language at the primary school did not fare better in the long run than those who began in early adolescence. Furthermore, there are countless anecdotes about older learners who have reached high levels of proficiency in a foreign language. Does this mean that there is no critical period for second language acquisition?Task 16: Do you agree to the Critical Period Hypothesis? Why or why not?（摘自陆云、陈光伟、李晓、汤燕瑜、刘昌海，《英语教学论》，2004）。

英语国家概况1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?9. What is the oldest institution of government?10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?16. Who can stand for election as an MP?17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.34. What is the origin of football?35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate thisholiday?38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?49. Is the class system similar with the United States?50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.80. What does an American student learn?81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.87. When are the American football matches held?88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?外国语学院：曾倩英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4.Y es, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, andone of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. The House of Commons.13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.14. They more and more like sports….15. For five years.16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power18. Tony Blair belong to Labor Party.19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them,which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.30. Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Y es. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Y ear with parties, in Scotland, New Y ear's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Y ule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay iscelebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Y ear can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. The British education system run by the state.45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence.The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and。

重庆导游资格考试口试常见问题1.Could you tell me the meaning of "Chongqing"请问“渝”的含义？Because the Jialing river called “YuShui”, and Chongqing is located in the Jialing river, so called "Yuzhou", and later was called as “Yu”.2.The origin of Chongqing? 重庆的由来"AD 1189, Prince Song Guangzong first sealed, then become emperor, claiming that "double happy" and renamed the state government called Chongqing, hence the named Chongqing.3.Is Chongqing have the Peach Garden? Where is? 重庆有桃花源吗？在哪？Yes, there have. Is “Youyang” Peach Gard en4.What is the precious animal in Chongqing’s zoo?动物园的珍贵动物有？Like a little panda, giant panda, golden monkey, south China tiger, Chinese sturgeon, sika deer, etc.5.What is the city flower and city tree of Chongqing? What is their meaning?重庆的市花、市树是什么？各自的寓意？The city flower is camellia, the moral of the flower is Chongqing people are upright, kind, friendly and passionate.The city tree is ficus virens, the moral of the tree is strong , hard-working.6.What’s the meaning of everyone in Chongqing人人重庆的含义Designed around the theme of double celebration—the literal meaning of the city’s name, which means “celebration”.The emblem conveys the city’s spirit of putting people first, as well as displaying the broad-mindedness and openness of the citizens of Chongqing. It also looks like two people advancing forward hand in hand, implying that the government and the people are making concerted efforts to build a better future.7.The three times of Chongqing becoming municipality? 三次直辖的时间？On May 5th 1939,July 1950, March 14th 19978.The population and area of Chongqing is probably how many? 重庆的人口和面积大概多少？Chongqing’s population is about 30 million, and area is about 82,000 square kilometers.9.The climate in Chongqing?What’s the featu re? 重庆的气候？特点呢？Chongqing is humid subtropical climate, with mild winters and early spring, hot summer and rainy autumn.The feature: the temperature is higher than other parts of the same latitude, less of sunshine and abundant rainfall.10.What’s the unique characteristic of Chongqing’s climate? 重庆独特的气候特征？The climate of Chongqing is temperate, belongs to the humid subtropical climate. Hot in summer but winter is somewhat mild, has long frostless period and abundant rain as well.11.Which appearance of Chongqing architecture is imitate the temple ofheaven in Beijing? What’s the moral? 重庆哪个建筑的外观是模仿北京天坛？寓意如何？Chongqing people's great hall. The means is “The country is prosperous and the people are at peace”12.What’s the constitution of Huguang Guild Hall of Chong qing重庆湖广会馆的组成？The guild hall of Guangdong, Jiangnan, Lianghu, Jiangxi and four opera stage. 13.Which building of Chongqing is known as the "Eight strange structures ofthe world"? 重庆的哪处建筑被称为“世界八大奇异建筑”？Shibaozhai.石宝寨Is one of the few wooden structure building in our country.14.The city construction concept of Chongqing? 重庆的城市建设理念？People-oriented15.Hongyan spirit can be summarized as? 红岩精神可以概括为哪八个字？Patriotism, solidarity, struggle and dedication16.Chongqing humanistic spirit can be summarized as? 重庆人文精神可以概括为？Self-improvement, pioneering and opening17.What are the five-class scenic area in Chongqing? 重庆的5A级景区？Chongqing Dazu rock carvings, Chongqing Wushan small Three Gorges-Mini Three Gorges,Chongqing Wulong Karst(the Three Natural Bridges, Fairy Mountain, Furong Cave) , Chongqing Black Valley, Youyang Peach Garden.18.Chongqing ChaoTianMen why no doors now? 朝天门为什么现在没门？Because building the ChaoTianMen wharf in 1927, and the gates has be removed. In 1949, a fire has broke out, making ChaoTianMen near 2 km area into ruins, henceforth then ChaoTianMen only remaining the city walls.19.Talk about the origin of the Jiefangbei. 说说解放碑的由来。

平顶山学院补考课程：英语词汇学(专升本)总时长：120分钟1. (单选题) An idiom consists of at least two words. Each has a single meaning and often functions as one word. This is called ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. rhetoricalD. none of the答案: A解析: 无2. (单选题) Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectives? ______ ( )(本题2.0分)A. -ion.B. -ism.C. -ity.D. -ist.答案: D解析: 无3. (单选题) More often than not, functional words only have ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning答案: D解析: 无4. (单选题) Linguistic context is also known as ______ context. ( )(本题2.0分)A. socialB. verbalC. lexicalD. physical答案: B解析: 无5. (单选题) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. meaningB. SoundC. combination of soundsD. Group答案: A解析: 无6. (单选题) The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. the growth of science and technologyB. economic and political changesC. the influence of other cultures and languagesD. all the above答案: D解析: 无7. (单选题) Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. ( )(本题2.0分)A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C答案: A解析: 无8. (单选题) Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? ( )(本题2.0分)A. StabilityB. Collocability.C. Productivity.D. National答案: D解析: 无9. (单选题) The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.”is ambiguous due to ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. grammaticalB. polysemyC. antonymyD. hyponymy答案: B解析: 无10. (单选题) In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester”can be inferred from the clue of ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. relevantB. synonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy答案: C解析: 无11. (单选题) The idiom “toss and turn”is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.( )(本题2.0分)A. alliterationB. metaphorC. metonymyD. rhyme答案: A解析: 无12. (单选题) Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. green revolutionB. fastC. moon walkD. space shuttle答案: B解析: 无13. (单选题) Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. ( )(本题2.0分)A. formB. meaningC. lookD. pronunciation答案: B解析: 无14. (单选题) The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. historical reason and class reasonB. historical reason and psychological reasonC. class reason and psychological reasonD. extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors答案: D解析: 无15. (单选题) The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. they come from the same sourceB. they are correlated with one central meaningC. they are listed under one headword in a dictionaryD. all the above答案: D解析: 无16. (单选题) Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall”means ______ in British English. ( )(本题2.0分)A. fourB. fellC. forD. autumn答案: D解析: 无17. (单选题) The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. /t/B. /g/C. /p/D. /k/答案: B解析: 无18. (单选题) There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection. ( )(本题2.0分)A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four答案: C解析: 无19. (单选题) Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms? ( )(本题2.0分)A. Sentence idioms.B. IdiomsC. Clausal idioms.D. Idioms nominal in nature.答案: C解析: 无20. (单选题) Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing答案: C解析: 无21. (单选题) The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. worksB. prewarC. postwarD. bloody答案: A解析: 无22. (单选题) 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening答案: B解析: 无23. (单选题) The word “motel”is created by ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. compoundingB. clippingC. blendingD. suffixation答案: C解析: 无24. (单选题) “BBC”is formed in the way of ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. acronymyB. clippingC. back-formationD. prefixation答案: A解析: 无25. (单选题) The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. literal meaning答案: D解析: 无26. (单选题) By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin. ( )(本题2.0分)A. onomatopoeicB. morphologicalC. semanticD. etymological答案: D解析: 无27. (单选题) ______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. ( )(本题2.0分)A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Motivation答案: B解析: 无28. (单选题) Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. word formationB. word meaningC. meaning changeD. Sense relations答案: D解析: 无29. (单选题) When a word is first coined, it is always ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. semanticB. onomatopoeicC. monosemicD. polysemic答案: C解析: 无30. (单选题) The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. ire/angerB. rich/wealthyC. forlorn/distressedD. bliss/happiness答案: B解析: 无31. (单选题) Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries. ( )(本题2.0分)A. sensesB. FormsC. dialectsD. Terms答案: A解析: 无32. (单选题) The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. replacementB. additionC. shorteningD. repetition答案: D解析: 无33. (单选题) Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.( )(本题2.0分)A. spellingB. syntactical usageC. pronunciationD. definition答案: B解析: 无34. (单选题) As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one.( )(本题2.0分)A. A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC. A New English-Chinese DictionaryD. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation答案: A解析: 无35. (单选题) Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary. ( )(本题2.0分)A. unabridgedB. deskC. specializedD. encyclopedic解析: 无36. (单选题) There are ______ major classes of compounds. ( )(本题2.0分)A. twoB. forC. threeD. five答案: C解析: 无37. (单选题) Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( )(本题2.0分)A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned.C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike.D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary.答案: C解析: 无38. (单选题) After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. OldC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic答案: D解析: 无39. (单选题) The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______. ( )(本题2.0分)A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening答案: D解析: 无40. (单选题) ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. ( )(本题2.0分)A. Free rootsB. Free morphemesC. Bound morphemesD. Meaningful units答案: C解析: 无41. (填空题) The process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a specialized sense is called ___ of meaning.(本题2.0分)答案: (1) narrowing;得分点:未设置解析: 无42. (填空题) The context clue used in the sentence “Many United Nations’employe.es are polyglots. Ms. Mary, for example, speaks five languages”is ___.(本题2.0分)答案: (1) example;得分点:未设置解析: 无43. (填空题) A word is a___free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.(本题2.0分)答案: (1) minimal;得分点:未设置解析: 无44. (填空题) In Old English period, the introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs, and also many ___terms such as “candle, altar, amen”.(本题2.0分)答案: (1) religious;得分点:未设置解析: 无45. (填空题) A ___is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(本题2.0分)答案: (1) root;得分点:未设置解析: 无46. (问答题) What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?(本题5.0分)答案: The three periods of the development of English are 1) Old English, which is the language used between 450and 1150 and which has a vocabulary of50000-60000 words; 2) Middle English, which refers to the language spoken from 1150-1500;3) Modern English, which is divided by early modern English(1500-1700) and late modern English (1700 up to now).得分点:未设置解析: 无47. (问答题) Give the definition of a stem and point out the stem(s) in the word “internationalist”.(本题5.0分)关闭。

旗袍与中国传统服饰旗袍源自清代满族女性服饰，被誉为中国传统服饰文化的典范。

它不仅在整体造型的风格方面符合中国文化和谐的特点，而且它的装饰手法也展现着浓厚的东方特质。

另外，穿旗袍可以增加形体的修长感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人体的重心，将东方女性的端庄、典雅和含蓄的美展露出来。

因此旗袍在中国民族服装中独领风骚，久盛而不衰。

中国男子的传统服饰比较有代表性的为长袍、马褂，长袍和马褂都是满族男子的服装，盘领、窄袖，马褂是对襟，大都有马蹄袖，长袍为大襟。

也有马褂、长袍相连的两部形式，这种形式的长袍只有下半截，连扣在马褂的内下摆。

长袍马褂给人的感觉是既不乏庄重，又显得洒脱和舒适。

2001年APEC会议各国元首穿着“唐装”集体亮相，掀起了一股以穿“唐装”为时尚的风潮。

将“唐装”作为中式服装的通称，主要因为国外都称华人居住的地方为“唐人街”，所以“唐人”作为中式服装的通称，主要是因为国外都称华人居住的地方为“唐人街”，所以“唐人”穿的衣服自然就叫做“唐装”了。

当今的“唐装”是由清代的马褂演变而来的，它的款式结构有四大特点：一是立领，上衣前中心开口，立式领型；二是连袖，即袖子和衣服整体没有接缝，以平面裁剪为主；三是对襟，也可以是斜襟；四是直角扣，也就是盘扣；另外从面料来说，则主要使用织锦缎面料等。

另外，中国不动地域和不同民族的服饰也各有特色。

比如，肚兜就是关中和陕北的传统的贴身服饰，肚兜的形状就像背心的前襟，上面用布带系在脖颈上，下面两边各有一条带子系在腰间，它可以避免肚子受凉，夏天时儿童穿在外面也显得天真烂漫。

在儿童穿的肚兜上尝尝绣有虎头像和“五毒”图案，给予了大人希望孩子健康成长的美好祝愿。

再比如，中国少数民族彝族的服饰也很有特点。

彝族妇女的头饰大致有缠头、包帕、绣花帽三类，其中红河地区妇女的头饰更是琳琅满目，以银饰为贵为美。

披风是彝族男女皆备的特色服装，以动物皮毛、毛麻织品和草编织制品为原料，以青、蓝二色为主。

CHAPTER 1 /RISK IN OUR SOCIETYKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSFundamental risk: A fundamental risk is a risk that affects the entire economy or large numbers of persons or groups within the economy.Hazard: A hazard is a condition that creates or increase the chance of loss.Law of large number: As the number of exposure units increase, the more closely the actual loss experience will approach the expected loss experience.Liability risks: you can be held legally liable if you do something that results in bodily injury or property damage to someone else.Moral hazard: Moral hazard is dishonesty or character defects in an individual that increase the frequency or severity of loss.Morale hazard: Morale hazard is carelessness or indifference to a loss because of the existence of insurance.Physical hazard: A physical hazard is a physical condition that increase the chance of loss. Premature death: Premature death is defined as the death of a household head with unfulfilled financial obligations.Pure risk: Pure risk is defined as a situation in which there are only the possibilities of loss or no loss.Speculative risk: Speculative risk is defined as a situation in which either profit or loss is possible.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. How does objective risk differ from subjective risk?Objective risk is defined as the relative variation of actual loss from expected loss. Objective risk declines as the number of exposures increases. Objective risk can be measured.Subjective risk is defined as uncertainty based on a person’s mental condition or state of mind. The impact of subjective risk varies depending on the individual. High subjective risk often results in conservative and prudent behavior, while low subjective risk may result in less conservative behavior.2. Define peril, hazard, physical hazard, moral hazard, morale hazard, and legal hazard.Peril: peril is defined as the cause of loss.Physical hazard: A physical hazard is a physical condition that increase the chance of loss.Moral hazard: Moral hazard is dishonesty or character defects in an individual that increase the frequency or severity of loss.Morale hazard: Morale hazard is carelessness or indifference to a loss because of the existence of insurance.Legal hazard: Legal hazard refers to characteristics of the legal system or regulatory environment that increase the frequency or severity of losses.3. Explain the difference between pure and speculative risk and between fundamental and particular risk.pure and speculative risk:First, private insurers generally insure only pure risk. Second, the law of large numbers can be applied more easily to pure risk than to speculative risk. Finally, society may benefit from a speculative risk even though a loss occurs, but it is harmed if a pure risk is present and a loss occurs.fundamental and particular risk:Government assistance may be necessary to insure a fundamental risk.4. Identify the major types of pure risk that are associated with great financial insecurity. (P 5) The major types of pure risk that can create great financial insecurity include Personal risks, property risks, and liability risks.Personal risks are risks that directly affect an individual.5. Describe briefly the five major methods of handling risk. Give example of each method.(P 9)APPLICATION QUESTIONSSeveral methods are available for handling risk. However, certain techniques are more appropriate than others in a given situation.a.(1) Should retention be used in those situations where both loss frequency and loss severityare high? Explain your answer. (P 11)(2) Explain why loss control is a highly desirable method for handling risk.(P 10)b. Explain why chance of loss and risk are not the same thing.(P 3)CHAPTER 2 / INSURANCE AND RISKKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSAdverse selection: Adverse selection is the tendency of persons with a higher-than-average chance of loss to seek insurance at standard (average) rates, which if not controlled by underwriting, results in higher-than-expected loss levels.Fortuitous loss: A fortuitous loss is one that is unforeseen and unexpected and occurs as a result of chance.Indemnification：Indemnification means that the insured is restored to his or her approximate financial position prior to the occurrence of the loss.Insurance: Insurance is the pooling of fortuitous losses by transfer of such risks to insurers, who agree to indemnify insureds for such losses, to provide other pecuniary benefits on their occurrence, or to render services connected with the risk.Law of large numbers: the law of large numbers states that the greater the number of exposures, the more closely will the actual results approach the probable results that are expected from an infinite number of exposures.Underwriting: Underwriting refers to the process of selecting and classifying applicants for insurance.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Explain the major characteristics of a typical insurance plan.(P 16)2. Explain the law of large numbers and show how the law of large numbers can be used by aninsurer to estimate future losses. (P 17)3. Explain the major requirements of an insurable risk.（P 18）APPLICATION QUESTIONS1.Although no risk completely meets all of the ideal requirements of an insurable risk, somerisks come much closer to meeting them than others.a.Identify the ideal requirements of an insurable risk.(P 18)pare and contrast automobile collisions and war in terms of how well they meet therequirements of an insurable risk.( p 18)2.One author states that “The law of large numbers forms the basis of insurance.” Do you agreeor disagree with this statement? Explain your answer.CHAPTER 5 / FUDAMENTAL LEGAL PRINCIPLESKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSActual cash value（实际现金价值）: Actual cash value is defined as replacement cost less depreciation.(重置成本—折旧)Aleatory contract(射幸合同): Aleatory contract is a contract where the values exchanged may not be equal but depend on an uncertain event.Commutative contract(等价交易合同) : A commutative contract is one in which the values exchange by both parties are theoretically equal.Conditional contract（条件合同）: Conditions are provisions inserted in the policy that qualify or place limitations on the insurer’s promise to perform.Consideration(对价): the value that each party gives to the other. The insured’s consideration is payment of the first premium (or a promise to pay the first premium) plus an agreement to abide by the conditions specified in the policy. The insurer’s consideration is the promise to do certain things as specified in the policy.Contract of adhesion（符合性合同）: A contract of adhesion means the insured must accept the entire contract, with all of its terms and conditions.Material fact(重要事实)：Material means that if the insurer knew the true facts, the policy would not have been issued, or it would have been issued on different terms.Offer and acceptance(要约和承诺): The first requirement of a binding insurance contract is that there must be an offer and acceptance of its item. In most case, the applicant for insurance makes the offer, and the company accepts or rejects the offer.Principle of indemnity: The principle of indemnity states that the actual amount of the loss; stated differently, the insured should mot profit from a loss.Principle of utmost good faith（最大诚信原则）: A higher degree of honesty is imposed on both parties to an insurance contract than is imposed on parties to other contracts.Subrogation(代位追偿): Subrogation means substitution of the insurer in place of the insured for the purpose of claiming indemnity from a third person for a loss covered by insurance. Unilateral contract(单务合同)：A unilateral contract means that only one party makes a legally enforceable promise.Valued policy(定值保险单)：A valued policy is a policy that pays the face amount of insurance ifa total loss occurs.Waiver(弃权)：Waiver is defined as the voluntary relinquishment of a known legal right.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Explain the principle of indemnity. How does the concept of actual cash value support theprinciple of indemnity? (P 30)2. What is an insurable interest? Why is an insurable interest required in every insurancecontract? (P 32)3. Explain the principle of subrogation. Why is subrogation used? (P34-P35)4. Explain the principle of utmost good faith. How do the legal doctrines of representations,concealment, and warranty support the principle of utmost good faith? (P36-P37)5. Identify the four requirements that must be met to have a valid insurance contract. (P37-P39)CHAPTER 6 / ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE CONTRACTSKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSAggregate deductible(总额免赔): An aggregate deductible is sometimes used in commercial property insurance, by which all covered losses during the year are added together until they reach a certain level.“All risk”policy（一切险保险单）:All losses are covered except those losses specifically excluded.Coinsurance clause(共保条款): A coinsurance clause in a property insurance contract requires the insured to insure the property for a stated percentage of its insurable value. If the coinsurance requirement is not met at the time of loss, the insured must share in the loss as a coinsurer. Deductible(免赔额): A deductible is a provision by which a specified amount is subtracted from the total loss payment that otherwise would be payable.Elimination (waiting) period(剔除/等待期): An elimination period is a stated period of time at the beginning of a loss during which no insurance benefits are paid.Endorsements and riders: In property and liability insurance, an endorsement is a written provision that adds to, deletes from or modifies the provisions in the original contract. In life and health insurance, a rider is a document that amends or changes the original policy.Exclusions(除外责任): Exclusion are another basic part of any insurance contract. There are three major types of exclusion: excluded perils, excluded losses, and excluded property.Insuring agreement(承保协议): The insuring agreement summarizes the major promises of the insurer. The insurer, in other words, agree to do certain things, such as paying losses from insured perils , providing certain services ,or agreeing to defend the insured in a liability lawsuit.Large-loss principle(大损失原则): The concept of using insurance premiums to pay for large losses rather than for small losses is often called the large-loss principle.Named-perils policy(制定风险保单): The contract must indicate the person or person for whom the protection is provided.Pro rata liability(比例责任条款): Each insurer’s share of the loss is base on the proportion that its insurance bears to the total amount of insurance on the property.Straight deductible(绝对免赔额): With a straight deductible, the insured must pay a certain number of dollars of loss before the insurer is required to make a payment.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Describe the basic of an insurance contract.(P 45)2. Identify the major types of exclusions typically found in insurance contract. Why areexclusions used by insurers?(P 46)3. Define the term conditions. What is the significance of the conditions section to theinsured?(P47-P48)4. What is an endorsement or rider? If an endorsement conflicts with a policy provision, how isthe problem resolved? (P48)5. Why do deductibles appear in insurance contracts? Indentify some common deductibles thatare found in insurance contracts. (P49-P50)CHAPTER 7 / THE LIABILITY RISKKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSAbsolute (strict) liability(绝对责任): Absolute liability means that liability is imposed regardless of negligence or fault.Comparative negligence law(比较过失法则): Under a comparative negligence law, if both the plaintiff (injured person) and the defendant contribute to the plaintiff’s injury, the financial burden of the injury is shared by both parties according to their respective degrees of fault. Contributory negligence law(共有过失): Contributory negligence means that if the injured person’s conduct falls below the standard of care required for his or her protection, and such conduct contributed to the injury, the injured person cannot collect damages.Imputed negligence (疏忽归咎): Imputed negligence means that under certain conditions, the negligence of one person can be attributed to another.Last clear chance rule (最后机会原则): The last clear chance rule states that a plaintiff who is endangered by his or her own negligence can still recover damages from the defendant if the defendant has a last clear chance to avoid the accident but fails to do so.Negligence (疏忽): Negligence typically is defined as the failure to exercise the standard of care required by law to protect others from an unreasonable risk of harm.Proximate cause(近因原因): A proximate cause is a cause unbroken by any new and independent cause, which produces an event that otherwise would not have occurred.Punitive damages (惩罚赔偿金): Punitive damages are paid to punish people and organizations so that others are deterred form committing the same wrongful act.Tort(侵权): Tort is a legal wrong for which the law allows a remedy in the form of money damages.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Define the meaning of a tort and list the three broad classes of torts.(P57)2. Define negligence. What are the essential elements of a negligent act.(P57-P58)3. Describe some legal defenses that can be used if person is sued. (P59)4. Explain the meaning of imputed negligence.(P59)CHAPTER 8 / HOMEOWNERS INSURANCEKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSAppraisal clause(估价条款): The appraisal clause is used when the insured and insurer agree that the loss is covered, but the amount lf the loss is in dispute.Fair rental value(公平的租用价值): Fair rental value means the rental value of that part of the residence premises rented to others or held for rental less any expense that do not continue while the premises are not fit to live in.Mortgage clause(抵押条款): The mortgage clause is designed to protect the mortgagee’s insurable interest.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. List the basic coverages that are provided in Section I of the homeowners policy? (P75-P81)2. What duties are imposed on the insured after a property loss occurs?(P87左)3. Explain briefly how the mortgage clause protects the insurable interest of the mortgagee.（P90）CHAPTER 16 / FUNDAMENTALS OF LIFE INSURANCEKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSLegal reserve(法定准备金): Because the method of investing and accumulating the fund is regulated by state law, it is referred to as a legal reserve.Level-premium method(均衡保费方法): Under the level-premium method, premiums do not increase from year to year but remain level throughout the premium paying period, and the insured has lifetime protection to age 100.Met amount at risk(净风险额): The difference between the face amount of the policy and the legal reserve is called the met amount at risk.Premature death(过早死亡): Premature death can be defined as the death of a family head with outstanding unfulfilled financial obligations, such as dependents to support, children to educate, and a mortgage to pay off.Yearly renewable term Insurance(按年续保的定期寿险): Yearly renewable term insurance provide life insurance protection for only one year.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Explain the meaning of premature death and identify the costs associated with it.(P114)2. Explain the yearly renewable term method for providing life insurance to individuals.(P125)3. Explain the level-premium method for providing life insurance to individuals.(P127)CHAPTER 17 / TYPES OF LIFE INSURANCEKEY CONCEPTS AND TERMSCash surrender value(解约退还金): Ordinary life insurance also has an investment or saving element called a cash surrender value. The cash values are due to the overpayment of insurance premiums during the early year.Endowment insurance(两全险): Endowment insurance is another traditional form of life insurance. An endowment policy pays the face amount of insurance if the insured dies within a specified period; if the insured survives to the end of the endowment period, the face amount is paid to the policyowner at that time.Limited-payment policy(限期缴费终身寿险): A limited-payment policy is another type of traditional whole life insurance. The insurance is permanent, and the insured has lifetime protection. The premiums are level, but they are paid only for a certain period.Ordinary life insurance(普通终身寿险): Also called straight life and continuous premium whole life, provides lifetime protection to age 100, and the death claim is a certainty.Preferred risks(优良标准体保单): Many life insurers sell policies at lower rates to individuals known as preferred risks. These people are individuals whose mortality experience is expected to be lower than average.Term insurance(定期寿险): Provides a death benefit if the insured dies during a specified period. Universal life insurance(万能寿险): Universal life insurance can be defined as a flexible premium policy that provides protection under a contract that unbundles the protection and saving components.Variable life insurance(变额寿险): Variable life insurance can be defined as a fixed-premium policy in which the death benefit and cash surrender values vary according to the investment experience of a separate account maintained by the insurer.Whole life insurance(终身寿险): Whole life insurance is a cash-value policy that provide lifetime protection.REVIEW QUESTIONS1.2. Describe the basic characteristics of term insurance.3. When is the use of term insurance appropriate?4.5. Describe the basic characteristics of ordinary life insurance.6.7. Under what situations can an ordinary life policy be used?8. Describe the basic features of a variable life insurance policy.9.10. Explain the major characteristics of universal life insurance.APPLICATION QUESTION1.Mark, age 32, wants to purchase a five-year term insurance policy in the amount of $100,000.The policy is both renewable and convertible,a.b.Describe the situations under which term insurance can be used,c.d.What rights does Mark have because the policy is renewable and convertible? Explainyour answer.e.f.If Mark wishes to save money for retirement purposes, do you recommend purchase ofthis contract?g.Explain to Mark the advantages and disadvantages of a reentry term policy.。

Temperature perceptions as a ground for social proximityHans IJzerman, Gün R. SeminJournal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.46, (2010), pp.867-873关键词：学习People often use terms (like warm, cold and distant) about temperature and physical closeness to describe their feelings in interpersonal relations, which should be taken literally. In past work, the authors revealed that temperature alterations affect the construal of social relations. And recent evidence by Zhong and Leonardelli (2008) indicates that the recollection of social exclusion induces perceptions of lower temperature, which has suggested that the unidirectional relationship between a target domain and a concrete experience according to Lakoff and Johnson (1999) does not hold for social relations.Through four small but interesting experiments in the lab and on the internet, IJzerman and Semin supported Zhong and Leonardelli’s prior research and extended it to situate interpersonal relations in a wider framework of abstractions from sensorimotor representations. Furthermore, they found that physical as well as semantic manipulations to increase social proximity (and distance) leads to perceptions of higher (and lower) temperature. So the current article can be combined with their prior research “The Thermometer of Social Relations: Mapping Social Proximity onTemperature” (2009) to form an entirety about the relation between temperature perception and social proximity, which complement each other, showing the well continuation for research work.By following the “IMRD”organization, the main point of this article can be caught easily. For the introduction part, the authors succeeded to arouse reader’s interest by making topic generalizations as the common experience in daily life. After reviewing previous research explicitly and logically, a gap was indicated, so it’s of clarity to know why the study was undertaken. Although is quite long and difficult to understand for unprofessional readers, the following theoretical part is the basis for the whole experiments, especially “Social proximity altering temperature perceptions”. It claims the profundity of the article by raising question that processing abstract concepts activates specific concrete experiences.Across four small but well arranged experiments, IJzerman and Semin tested two central ideas, namely that (1)actual physically induced experiences of proximity and (2)verbally induced social proximity both induce perceptions of higher temperature. The authors divided the test into four experiments that could show the relations between them clearly and logically, Experiment 1 for the first idea and the other three for the second.In Experiment 1, as Williams and Bargh (2008b) demonstrated the relevance of spatial representation to social concepts, the authors tested the hypothesis more directly by examining whether physical closeness leads to perceive a higher ambient temperature, which gives a concrete experience to social proximity. But the terms of confederates and participants are not clearly defined and “Confederates(one male and one female) switched positions across participants, such that for half of the participants the male was standing on the participant's left” seems no significance to the experiment.Experiment 2 was conducted on the internet to test the proposed method for the laboratory. It may be an effective and necessary way to examine the feasibility of something new and can be used in our research. In order to prevent participants to guessing the target of our study, the authors split this study in two different parts (with two different samples). And I really doubt about the reason why fifty-seven were in the few similarities-condition and twenty-six in the many similarities-condition. With so many uncontrollable variances, the results were regarded as marginal significance. The authors took “task difficulty” inserted as covariate to confirm the hypothesis.And Experiment 3 and 4 replicated the second one and testedfrom two sides (the warmth of similarity and chilly differences) in the lab to overcome the error variances. Through analysis of first hand data, all the hypotheses were confirmed. Besides, the hypothesis that the effect of perceptions of higher ambient temperature arises from engaging in a more intense task was denied by comparing the two experiments.In general to the four experiments, unfortunately, they only recruited fifty, eighty-three/forty-nine, seventy, thirty-six Utrecht University students separately for the four experiments, and narrowly focused on Dutch. So this research could be considered somewhat of a limitation since the results are not generalized. If in the future the authors extended their in-depth study to include more participants and involve people in other countries, we can gain a better understanding and convinced of the results and compare the differences between different countries which may lead to new insight into this research or even open up wider areas. And also from the participants, we can see an interesting phenomenon that the percentage of female was quite larger than male. So the reason why female showed so much enthusiasm for such kind of experiments may be that female are emotional by nature and interested in doing things about social relation, communication and perception. And for this research female may have a keen senseabout social proximity and temperature alteration. Whether there are some differences associated with sex can be discussed for further study.For the discussion part, the authors totally summarized the findings and draw a couple of important conclusions and questions from this research. But with too many reviews of others’work, readers may think the findings are nothing new.There are two major characteristics of the article that I appreciate most.One is the comprehensive and objective perspective the authors adopt to conduct the study. IJzerman and Semin designed the experiments in detail even taking small potential effects into account, as the participants’ body heat, and always found ways to get rid of them. And In order to get the accurate and rigorous experiment results, the authors embedded the targeted temperature question in a list of question hiding the purpose of the experiment. For the same reason the authors divided the second experiment into two parts, one to test whether an increase in naming similarities induced a feeling of similarity and the other to test whether verbally primed feelings of social proximity literally feel warm.The other is the organization and structure of the article. As awhole, this article is overall smoothly organized and well presented. By the comprehensive literature review, clear relations between involved concepts used in this study are explained explicitly making professional knowledge easy to understand. As mentioned before, the authors tested the hypotheses by four closely related experiments, which give us a brief and clear idea about the whole test. Besides, suggestions for future work are well written.The study has two major limitations, both of which likely affected the results and therefore should be addressed in future research.First, the authors got data from participants who perceived the temperature in different conditions (far/near), and analyzed temperature data based on different conditions to find the relation between social proximity and temperature perception. However, different people may have different temperature perception. One’s ability of perceiving temperature can be influenced by many factors, such as living environment, mode, health, and so on. So the data based on different conditions may not suit for comparison. If in the future the authors placed all the participants in both social proximity and distance condition to have the test and compared one’s two different perceived temperatures in different conditions, the study would be improved.Second, as internet research was possibly regarded to create greater error variance, the results from Experiment 2 might not be reliable. So results in Experiment 3 and 4 only could suggest that naming more similarities/differences could lead to perceptions of higher/lower temperature. The authors didn’t examine whether naming more similarities would induce the feeling of similarity, and there was no evidence that naming more similarities would induce social proximity. The authors may include this in their further study to replicate the findings.In the article itself, there is no a representative figure or table shown and merely mention data and data analysis with some simple sentences. If data analysis or result figures can be added to the article, the results will be more convinced. Readers can gain a directly perceived impression through figures which will help to understand the article and leave a deep memory.And another thing that I have to say is the objective perspective doesn’t mean you can cheat the participants and I really doubt their cheat to the participants. In order to hide the purpose of the experiments, they told participants some wrong purpose. No matter for what reason, I really can’t agree with this deed.Aside from its minor limitations and weakness, this article is animportant contribution to the field. IJzerman and Semin’s findings suggest further possibilities for research on interpersonal relations and their effects penetrate more common elements of human thinking behavior, and language and could even supply new insights into clinical solutions for problems in the interpersonal sphere.Finally, although this article is not fit for my own research, it provides me a great deal of inspiration for doing research and for life. First, try to take all things into consideration when designing an experiment. Second, instead of applying a new method to the lab experiment directly, we can test it on the internet at first. And the most important thing that I learn from the authors’ study experience is that research as a long-term task must be improved all the time. Once you begin, you must continue. Never be too satisfied to make progress and never give up.。

点击添加文本 The classical chinese garden is also called chinese landscape garden which follows the natural landscape, with condensation and assimilation of natural scenes to emphasize natural beauty and harmony between man and environment.
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Historically there existed three types of gardens in China . Royal Garden--grand in scale and magnificent in appearance with an aim of material splendor, colourful design and majesty. It belongs to belongs to the emperor and the royalty. Private Garden--designed in compact layout, simple and elegant. The focus is on naturalness and a retreat from the busy world. Rellgious Garden--simple, compact, elegant and quiet, with the purpose of assisting in the pursuit of spiritual integration of man and nature. Non subject also non mainstream type of Garden: temples, cemetery ect.

15–12
2.2 McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
麦格雷戈X理论和Y理论
➢Theory X
❖ Assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision.
❖ Hygiene factors 保健因素: extrinsic (environmental) factors that create job dissatisfaction.
❖ Motivators 激励因素: intrinsic (psychological) factors that create job satisfaction.
❖ Individuals must satisfy lower-order needs before they can satisfy higher order needs.
❖ Satisfied needs will no longer motivate. ❖ Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level
• Personal responsibility, feedback on performance, too easy or too difficult work; nAch manager≠ good manager
❖ Need for power (nPow) 权力需要 – The need to influence the behavior of others
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2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory