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《语法》作业
（一）
I. elect one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. The word you choose should fit the blank in the sentence:
1. Fifteen miles (seems, seem) like a long walk to me.
2. Either my brothers or my father (is, are) coming.
3. The rest of the novel (is, are) very interesting.
4. Our family (is, are) a happy one.1
5. It was reported that six (was, were) including a boy.
6. Between the two buildings (stands, stand) a monument.
7. Every boy and every girl in this room (is, are) entitled to a copy.
8. Few of my family really (understands, understand) me.
9. What caused the accident and who was responsible for it (remains, remain) a mystery to us.
10. I, who (is, am) your good friend, will share your joys and sorrows.
11. There are two roads and either (leads, lead) to the station.
12. The whole class (was, were) greatly moved at his words.
13. The wounded (is, are) being taken good care of here now.
14. The police (is, are) searching for a prisoner.
15. The United Nations (was, were) founded in 1945.
16. All that can be eaten (has, have) been eaten up.
17. Nothing but cars (is, are) sold in the shop.
18. His brother, rather than his parents, (is, are) to blame.
19. There (comes, come) the three noisy children from next door.
20. The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who (is, are) from the countryside in our school.
21. He suffers from diabetes, which (is, are) a kind of chronic disease.
22. My father, together with some of his old friends, (has, have) been there already.
23. Those who (enjoys, enjoy) singing may join us.
24. Many a student (has made, have made) that mistake before.
25. Deer (runs, run) faster than dogs.
26. No one except Jack and Tom (knows, know) the answer.
27. Half of the material (has, have) been taken away.
28. More than one student (has, have) failed the exam.
29. Because there (is, are) so many students in that class, I can sometimes sleep in the back row.
30. Some of the water (has, have) already gone bad.
31. My family as well as I (am, are) glad to see you.
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32. Twenty miles (is, are) a long way to cover.
33. Over 80 percent of the population (is, are) workers.
34. Politics (is, are) one of the subjects that I study.
35. There (is, are) priceless jeweler on display at the exhibition hall.
36. Each of the footballers (weighs, weigh) over 150 pounds.
37. Measles (is, are) an infectious disease.
38. Each man and each woman there (is, are) asked to help.
39. At the foot of the mountain (was, were) two enormous vineyards, both owned by the same woman.
40. Neither Luis nor his parents (is, are) the least bit interested in keeping in touch with her. 41The United Nations (was, were) formed in San Francisco in 1945.
42The government (is, are) doing its best to boost production.
43That family (is, are) a very happy one.
44The football team (is, are) having baths and then coming back here for tea.
45A lot of machinery (was, were) imported from abroad.
46The public (was, were) convinced of his innocence.
47War and peace (is, are) a constant theme in history.
487John, rather than his roommates, (is, are) to blame.
49Many a boy (was, were) disappointed after seeing the film.
50A number of pages (is, are) badly torn.
51There (is, are) more than one answer to your question.
52All of the fruit (looks, look) ripe.
II ．Choose the best answer from the four choices given:
1. Can you lend me _______ pencil so that I can finish _______ test?
A. a …the
B. a …a
C. the …the
D. the …a
2. This is ________ first time that the child has seen ________ elephant.
A. a …a
B. a …the
C. the …an
D. a …an 3. When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have bed.
A. the breakfast in
B. the breakfast in the
C. breakfast in
D. breakfast in the
4. ______ usually go to church every Sunday.
A. The Brown
B. A Brown
C. Browns
D. The Browns
5. The investigators found that more should be done for ________ in India.
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A. those poor
B. a poor
C. poor
D. the poor
6. The city assigned a policeman to the school crossing because ________ traffic there was so heavy.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
7. I had ________ trouble with ________ car this morning.
A. a …a
B. /…a
C. /…the
D. the …the
8. He has promised to give up ________ hundreds of times.
A. a tobacco
B. tobacco
C. the tobacco
D. tobaccos
9. The train is running fifty miles ________.
A. an hour
B. one hour
C. the hour
D. a hour
10. They told me that they had ________ respect for their employer.
A. a
B. the
C. /
D. quite a
11. Ann’s habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and ________ they took her to the court.
A. in the end
B. at the end
C. in an end
D. in end
12. He grabbed me ________ and pulled me onto the bus.
A. by an arm
B. an arm
C. the arm
D. by the arm
13. She is wearing ________ beautiful dress her mother bought her.
A. /
B. a
C. an
D. the
14. I love ________ mountains, but I hate ________ sea.
A. the …the
B. /…the
C. /…/
D. the …/
15. Hundreds of people are ________ now, so there are about 50 people trying for the same position.
A. out of the work
B. out work
C. out of work
D. out of a work
16. I didn ’t know why he looked angry when I patted him ________.
A. on the head
B. on head
C. on a head
D. on his head
17. The DMZ extends about two hundred kilometers ________.
A. from east to west
B. from the east to west
C. from the east to the west
D. from eastern to western
18. Never travel with ________ who leaves you in case of danger.
A. the friend
B. that friend
C. a friend
D. friend
III ．Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tenses:
1. I wish I ________ (be) handsome.
2. I ________ (see) Bill this morning, but I ________ (not see) him since.
3. I __________ (know) Carl since I __________ (be) a little child.
4. It’s high time we _________ (go) now.
5. She ________ (see) her doctor twice a week.
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6. The room ________ (measure) five metros by four.
7. If you ________ (ask) me, I would have told you the whole story.
8. If the weather ________ (be) not warm, you couldn ’t grow tobacco.
9. I ________ (write) an essay since two o ’clock.
10. You ________ (live) in North London, don ’t you?
11. I’d rather you ________ (go) now.
12. Helen ________ (tell) me you are seriously ill. Why didn’t you tell me yourself?
13. I ’ll make sure that everything ________ (be) in order.
14. We must take an umbrella. It ________ (rain).
15. A: Do you like this silk dress?
B: Yes, I do. It ________ (feel) so soft.
16. I don ’t think Jim saw me; he ________ (read) a book at that moment.
17. We _____ (begin) to learn English five years ago. We ____ it for five years up to now.
18. Mr. Smith _______ (write) a book about China last year, but I don ’t know whether he has finished it.
19. It just isn’t fair: while I __________ (work) as a waiter last month, my fri ends __________ (lie) on the beach.
20. George ________ (get) up at five o’clock every day this week to prepare for his examination.
21. If only I ________ (have) more money, I could buy some new clothes.
22. I ________ (listen) to the radio when you ________ (ring) the bell the first time, that ’s why I ________ (not hear) you.
23. There ________ (be) no hospitals in my hometown fifty years ago.
24. Jane ________ (buy) a new dress every month when she was in Shanghai.
25. A: I called you at seven yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
B: Oh, I am sorry. I ________ (have) dinner at my friend ’s home.
26. Mrs. Smith ________ (leave) her keys in the office, so she had to wait until her husband ________ (come) home.
27. When the teacher came in, the students ________ (talk) about the new film.
28. A: Did you see Tom at the party?
B: No, he ________ (leave) by the time I got there.
29. A: Don ’t forget to ask him to write to me.
B: I won ’t. As soon as he ________ (come), I’ll ask him to write to you.
30. While the train _______ (still move), a great many men suddenly ______ (jump) out. I _______ (think) that something terrible _______ (happen), so I ______ (run) away. 31. I ________ (know) Miss Huggins for several years. I (read) her latest novel, but I . (not finish) it yet.
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32. When she (arrive) I (telephone) Harry. (=She arrived during my telephone call.)
33. As soon as I (know), I’ll ring you up. 34. If he (study) harder, he will catch up with us soon. 35. Frank (come) to see his grandma if he (be) free tomorrow. 36. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he (leave) office soon. 37. He turned off the light and then (leave). 38. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth (turn) around the sun. 39If I ________ (have) a better command of the language, I ________ (try) to translate the book into English.
40Jane suggested that we ________ (do) the work in three groups.
41It is quite important that we ________ (keep) all the things discussed here a secret.
42I’ll keep a seat for you in case you ________ (change) your mind.
43If she ________ (take) more exercises, she ________ (be) much healthier
44. If she had not been ill, she ________ (not miss) so many lessons.
45. I am not tired. If I were tired, I ________ (have) a rest.
46. I wish I ________ (have) more spare time.
47If I ________ (know) her address, I would write to her.
48. You are late. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you ________ (see) our old friend Tom.
49. It is time we ________ (begin) our discussion.
IV ． Put into the blanks an appropriate modal auxiliary verb from the brackets:
1. Although the boy is only eight years old, he ________ (must, can, may, should) speak English very well.
2. This dictionary ________ (may, must, can ’t, mustn ’t) be Liu Ying ’s. Look! Her name is on the cover.
3. A: Come back home every month.
B: I ________ (will, must, should, can).
4. A: Shall I tell Mary about it?
B: No, you ________ (mustn ’t, can ’t, needn ’t, shouldn ’t). I’ve told her already.
5. A: Excuse me. Will you please tell me the way to the station?
B: Oh, sorry, I don ’t know. You ________ (may, must, would, should) go and ask that policeman.
6. Read the text louder, please. I _____ (wouldn ’t, can ’t, needn ’t, may not) hear you.
7. We _______ (may, can, should, need) keep the new traffic law and learn how to protect ourselves.
8. A: May I put my bike here?
B: No, you _____ (couldn ’t, needn ’t, won ’t, mustn ’t). You should put it over there.
9. A: Listen! Helen is singing in the next room.
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B: It ________ (mustn ’t, may, should, can ’t) be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.
10. Peter ________ (must, may, can, will) come with us tonight, but I am not very sure.
11. Cars and buses ________ (can, need, must, may) stop when the traffic lights are red.
12. Johnny, you ________ (won ’t, mustn ’t, shouldn ’t, can ’t) play with the knife, or you ________ (can’t , may, must, shouldn ’t) hurt yourself.
13. A: ________ (may, must, should, will) I ask you a question?
B: Sure. But you ________ (can, must, could, would) wait a minute.
14. The city cleaners ________ (may, can, might, have to) repeat their work many times a day during the dust-storm season.
15. A: Must I come at four o ’clock?
B: Oh, no, you ________ (mustn ’t, can ’t, don’t, don’t have to).
16. A: Could I take this seat?
B: Yes, you ________ (could, may, must, need).
V ． Multiple choices:
1. The house built of ________ was once used as a warehouse.
A. stone
B. stones
C. a stone
D. some stones
2. There is ________ on your nose.
A. an egg
B. the egg
C. egg
D. eggs
3. There are trees on ________ side of the street.
A. such a
B. both
C. some
D. each
4. There ’s ________ water in the bottle.
A. few
B. a number of
C. plenty of
D. any
5. ________ work has to be done before the plant goes into operation.
A. Much
B. Double
C. A number of
D. Neither
6. The students spent ________ their time working in the fields.
A. both
B. most
C. more
D. half
7. I saw ________ boys at the cinema.
A. the both
B. many a
C. both the
D. the several
8. ________ cases have been reported.
A. Such few
B. Such some
C. Few such
D. Some these
9. A: Did you see Tom at the party?
B: No, he ________ by the time I got there.
A. had left
B. was leaving
C. left
D. has left
10. A: Do you know Miss Wang?
B: Yes. I first met her two years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at that time.
A. was working
B. has worked
C. is working
D. had worked
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11. A: What did Mr. Jones do before he moved here?
B: He ________ a city bus for over twenty-five years.
A. is driving
B. drove
C. has driven
D. drives
12. Hurry up! The play ______ for ten minutes.
A. has been on
B. has begun
C. had begun
D. began
13. I ’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
B: Oh, not at all. I ________ here only a few minutes.
A. have come
B. had been
C. was
D. have been
14. Do you think that the classroom ________ every day?
B: Yes, I think so.
A. should clean
B. should be cleaning
C. should cleaned
D. should be cleaned
15. I wasn ’t at home yesterday. I ________ to help with the harvest on the farm.
A. asked
B. was asked
C. was asking
D. had asked
16. A: May I speak to Mr. Smith?
B: Sorry, he ________ Australia. But he ________ in two days.
A. has been to; will come back
B. has gone to; will be back
C. has been in; would come back
D. is leaving for; doesn ’t come back
17. I haven ’t heard from Jim for a long time.
B: What do you think ________ to him?
A. was happening
B. to happen
C. has happened
D. had happened
18. I like my new bike. It ________ very well.
A. rides
B. is riding
C. is ridden
D. has ridden
19. The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he ________.
A. must be taken care
B. must take care of
C. must be looked after
D. must look after 20. What a nice bike! How long you it?
B. Just two weeks.
A. have; bought
B. did; buy
C. have; had
D. are; having
21. The television . It doesn ’t work now.
A. must repair
B. was repairing
C. must be repaired
D. has repaired 22. A: Do you think this kind of apple well?
B : No, I don’t think so.
A. have sold
B. sells
C. are sold
D. would sell 23. A: Can you tell me whom the play in 1998?
B: Sorry, I don ’t know.
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A. was written by
B. was written
C. is written by
D. is written
24He did it in ________ time it took me.
A. the one-third
B. half a
C. the double
D. one-third the
25Are you going to buy ________ rice?
A. all these
B. these all
C. all this
D. both these
26________ evenings he did enjoy himself very much.
A. The first few
B. The few first
C. The first some
D. Some the first
27Why is there ________ traffic on the streets in February than in May?
A. less
B. fewer
C. few
D. little
28There are trees on ________ side of the street.
A. such a
B. both
C. some
D. each
29There ’s ________ water in the bottle.
A. few
B. a number of
C. plenty of
D. any
30There must be ________ empty talk but more hard work.
A. fewer
B. no
C. the least
D. less
31The house built of ________ was once used as a warehouse.
A. stone
B. stones
C. a stone
D. some stones
32There is ________ on your nose.
A. an egg
B. the egg
C. egg
D. eggs
33This will please ________.
A. the eyes
B. eyes
C. the eye
D. people ’s eyes
34. No sooner had the teacher left the classroom _________ the students made noises.
A. rather than
B. before
C. would rather
D. than
35 No matter who _________ this game gets to play against Carret in the final.
A. wins
B. beats
C. win
D. beat
36There must be ________ empty talk but more hard work.
A. fewer
B. no
C. the least
D. less
37Are you going to buy ________ rice?
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A. all these
B. these all
C. all this
D. both these
38 Either you or he _________ against traffic regulations.
A. is driving
B. are driving
C. drive
D. have driven
39A: Did you see Tom at the party?
B: No, he ________ by the time I got there.
A. had left
B. was leaving
C. left
D. has left
40A: What a nice bike! How long ________ you ________ it?
B. Just two weeks.
A. have; bought
B. did; buy
C. have; had
D. are; having
41When I got to the cinema, the film________ for ten minutes.
A. has begun
B. had begun
C. had been on
D. was
42I saw ________ boys at the cinema.
A. the both
B. many a
C. both the
D. the several
43I like my new bike. It ________ very well.
A. rides
B. is riding
C. is ridden
D. has ridden
44A: Do you know Miss Wang?
B: Yes. I first met her two years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at that time.
A. was working
B. has worked
C. is working
D. had worked
45They paid ________ money for the machine than I expected.
A. little
B. less
C. much
D. fewer
46 I’d like ________ paper.
A. a few
B. several
C. a bit of
D. these
47 There are ________ mistakes in the paper.
A. the
B. a little
C. much
D. a few
VI ． Rewrite the following sentences:
A. Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted):
1. Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
2. They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.
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3. It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.
4. Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
5. They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
6. Someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
7. They have found ways to make waste water clean.
8. They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
9Do you wash your clothes very often?
10Must I do all the exercises on my own?
11People call him Little Old Man.
12He told me to wait here for him.
13Tom broke the window.
14Someone has left the light on.
15They will look after your baby well.
16You ’ll have to write out the names clearly.
17We must take down the notice quickly.
18People are talking about it all over the town.
19How should we account for this?
20Have they looked into the matter?
B. Rephrase the following, using the alternative words given in brackets:
1. When we reached the football ground, the game had not yet started. (before)
2. We arrived at the station and then we bought the tickets. (as soon as)
3. The secretary had typed three letters. I came in. (by the time)
4. She only noticed it after he had pointed it out. (until)
5. He answered eight advertisements. Then he got a job. (before)
6. When I met George, he had not yet heard the news. (before)
7. When we reached the football ground, the game had already started. (after)
8. He did all his work. He went to bed. (by the time)
VII ． Translate the following into English:
1. 据说，他能说几种外国语。
2. 每隔几分钟电话铃就响一次。
3. 明年夏天他们打算到大连去度假。
4. 这种料子容易销售。
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5. 你的来信已经收到。
6. 我不懂多少法语。
7. 他的小说销路不佳。
8. 昨天他告诉我，他打算下个月结婚。
9. 要是你以前告诉过我该多好啊。
10. 自从我生病以来，他经常给我写信。
11. 上星期他每天来看我。
12. 到下周末，我在这儿就整整一年了。
13. 他从来不做家庭作业，但在班上学习很好。
14. 他做了很多工作，也犯了很多错误。
15. 在房屋前面有一个花园。
16 上星期他每天来看我。
17 雨一停，我们就动身。
18 她说，到周末她将已经返回中国。
19 如果他来时我在吃中饭，请告诉他等一会儿。
20 这件事可以马上做
（二）
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive, the –ing participle or the –ed participle:
1. I can ’t help ______ (wonder) whether we should risk ______ (go) without raincoats.
2. Matthew didn ’t fancy _______ (get) up at five o ’clock.
3. You can ’t miss _______ (see) the statue on your way to the bank.
4. A : I’m thinking of ________ (fly) to Oxford tomorrow in my helicopter. Would you like ________ (come)?
B: No, thanks. I want ________ (go) to Oxford, but I’d rather ________ (go) by train.
5. This problem demands ________ (look into).
6. Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.
7. The ________ (fall) snow was frozen hard.
8. We don ’t want anything ________ (say) about this.
9. He soon had them all ________ (laugh).
10. He kept them ________ (work) all day.
11. He didn ’t feel like ________ (work), so he suggested ________ (spend) the day in the garden.
12. We all appreciate your ________ (want) ________ (help) us in our difficulties.
13. I didn ’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn ’t resist ________ (try) one.
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14. I was beginning ________ (get) angry.
15. I wish he would stop ________ (pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine art.
16. More traffic will be able to pass on the ________ (widen) road.
17. I caught the boys ________ (steal) apples from my garden.
18. Is there any need for you ________ (hurry)?
19. He ’s watching television. But he ’s supposed ________ (do) his homework.
20. ________ (teach) by a foreigner will improve your oral English.
21. Tim decided ________ (put) broken glass on top of his wall ________ (prevent) boys ________ (climb) over it.
22. We don ’t understand him ________ (need) so much money.
23. A: Would you children mind _______ (keep) quiet for a moment? I ’m trying _______ (fill) up a form.
B: It ’s no use _______ (ask) children _______ (keep) quiet. They can ’t help _____ (make) a noise.
24. I must remember _______ (remind) him that the garden needs ________ (water).
25. I remember _______ (allow) them _______ (play) in my garden without first ____ (ask) for permission.
26. We need another copy of the ________ (sign) contract.
27. You may take the horse to the water, but you can ’t make him ________ (drink).
28. I won ’t have it ________ (say) that I treated him unfairly.
29. We had nothing _____ (do) except _____ (look) at the posters outside the cinemas.
30. This cloth is used ________ (make) a coat.
31. The doctor advised ________ (stay) longer in hospital.
32. The witness denied ________ (see) the accused man.
33. Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.
34. I resented ________ (be) unjustly accused and asked him ________ (apologize).
35. Has something troubled you? Did you receive some ________ (trouble) news?
36. Do you wish your breakfast ________ (bring) to your room, madam?
37. You should make your views ________ (know).
38. Children were warned ________ (not play) fire.
39. China is a ________ (develop) nation with an ________ (increase) population.
40. She used ______ (drive) to the station every day, but then she suddenly decided ____ (walk) instead. 41He didn ’t feel like _____ (work), so he suggested _____ (spend) the day in the garden.
42I didn ’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn ’t resist ____
(try) one.
43Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.
44I don ’t regret ________ (tell) her what I thought, even if it upset her.
45She began ________ (understand) what he really wanted.
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46I remember ________ (hear) him ________ (say) the grass needed ________ (cut).
47I advise you ________ (wait) before ________ (decide) ________ (accept) the job.
48Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.
49I hate ________ (mention) it, but you owe me some money.
50A child can ’t learn ________ (spell) without ________ (be) helped.
51I remember ________ (allow) them ________ (play) in my garden without first ________ (ask) for permission. 52I was beginning ________ (get) angry.
53The criminal even threatened ________ (murder) the president.
54I can ’t help ________ (wonder) whether we should risk ________ (go) without raincoats.
55You still have a lot ________ (learn) if you ’ll forgive my saying so.
56Mrs Allison will charm everyone at the party. She is a ________ (charm) woman.
57Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any ________ (encourage) advice?
58He soon had them all ________ (laugh).
II.Add a suitable question tag to each of the following statements:
1. You ’d rather go, ________?
2. I ’m older that you, ________?
3. He has his hair cut every month, ________?
4. I needn ’t tell you the news, ________?
5. You must be hungry, ________?
6. There ’s nothing wrong, ________?
7. Something ’ll have to be done about the price, ________?
8. No one left here yesterday, ________?
9. You ’d rather I didn ’t say anything, ________?
10. David usually goes on foot, ________?
11. Helen has just finished reading a novel about an English family trying to settle down in Italy,_____?
12. You ’re married, ________?
13. I must answer the letter, ________?
14. Someone turn that radio down, ________?
15. Naturally, the aim is to enjoy our time together, ________?
16. Now it won ’t be long before we meet again, ________?
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17. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?
18. I suppose you know the meaning of the word, ________?
19. We may go home now, ________?
20. If paradise exists, this must be it, ________?
21. Eventually, everything will turn out fine, ________?
22. Don ’t forget to phone me, ________?
23. Do sit down, ________?
24. Birds rarely build nests in our garden, ________?
25You ’d rather go, ________?
26I needn ’t tell you the news, ________?
27You have two cars, ________?
28You couldn ’t lend me a pound, ________?
29Jane has to stay here all day, ________?
30Give me a hand, ________?
31The pubs close at half past three, ________?
32David wouldn’t get such a long holiday if he worked in industry, ________?
33He was spring-cleaning all day yesterday, ________?
34Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?
35He shouldn ’t smoke so much, ________?
36There ’s nothing wrong, ________?
III.Fill in each blank with a proper preposition:
1. Fruit is rich ________ vitamins. In
2. The weather is favorable ________ football.
3. Mary is still inseparable ________ her mother.
4. She is sick ________ flu.
5. You can never be happy if you feel envious ________ other people.
6. Everyone blames you ________ a certain mistake.
7. You should always look out ________ the traffic.
8. The manager will have to hire two people to make up ________ the lost time.
9. I don ’t like the idea ________ getting married yet.
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10. A key ________ the back door is always kept on a high ledge above the door.
11. My uncle is an expert ________ electronics.
12. There ’s a limit ________ every man ’s patience.
13. Pop music has a very bad effect ________ children.
14. Your team has no hope ________ winning.
15. Anyway he was dead. I couldn ’t bring him back ________ life.
16. I t’s rude to point ________ someone.
17. He compared the girl ________ a flower.
18. Laura is very enthusiastic ________ her new job.
19. She was deaf ________ his request to do her work.
20. Please don ’t get mad ________ me. I was only trying to help.
21. Much ________ his regret, he had found out his mistakes too late.
22. ________ general, far too many people get married ________ haste.
23. He takes pride ________ doing things properly.
24. You can bring a friend along ________ the party if you like.
25. His illness may result ________ malnutrition.
26. I believe they are related ________ marriage.
27. The chair is ________ the way here. Let ’s move it away.
28. Her marriage ________ Smith didn ’t last very long.
29. The key ________ success is hard work.
30. Do your children receive gifts ________ Christmas?
31Look ________ the sentence ________ the bottom ________ the page.
32Let ’s go on ________ our discussion.
33I’m sure we ’ll be able to catch up ________ you.
34Please remind her ________ the meeting when you see her.
35That depends much ________ how we look at it.
36I don ’t care ________ what people say.
37How shall we deal ________ the matter?
38We must keep the children ________ playing near the river.
39The city seems quite different ________ what it was three months ago.
40The plan is far ________ perfect.
41The subject isn ’t very familiar ________ us.
42The place is famous ________ its plum-blossoms.
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43She was very much worried ________ your health.
44What is the name of the girl ________ a blue coat?
45When still a child ________ six, he could already recite poems.
46She showed great interest ________ physics.
47There is no need ________ anxiety.
IV.Rephrase the following sentences:
A. Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it:
1. He is quite likely to let you down.
2. Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.
3. Whether they will come or not doesn ’t matter very much.
4. To be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.
5. To spoil such a fine drawing would be a pity.
6. To drive without a license is illegal.
7. John happened to be the only witness.
8. John doesn ’t seem to be coming after all.
9. Do you find living here very dull?
10. I cannot possibly forgive him.
11. You were so kind to invite us.
12. The park looks very small.
13. Our plan seems to be perfect.
14. How he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.
15. That you should feel obliged to resign at this point is regretted.
16. I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.
17A car was ready for us.
18Is anyone waiting to see me?
19 Beneath our house was an old cellar with a thick flint wall.
20A man is sitting on that sofa.
21A cherry tree is in my garden.
22Something must be wrong
B. Rewrite the following sentences, using inversion:
1. I have never found him in such a good mood.
2. He had hardly finished his work when the telephone rang.
3. He only found out an hour ago that an accident had happened.
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4. They rarely go to school by bus.
5. It is no longer necessary these days for women to spend hours of drudgery in the kitchen.
6. He got to the meeting in time only because someone had given him a lift.
7. I will not give up halfway for anything.
8. He had no sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.
9. He did not come to our school at any time during his long stay in Shanghai.
10. I only realized what trouble he was in when I heard his voice trembling.
11. He had scarcely got to the office when his boss wanted to see him.
12. Jimmy not only passed the exam but got good marks for all the courses he had taken.
13You can improve your spoken English only by practice.
14She seldom speaks with foreigners.
15 The little boy had no sooner seen me than he ran off.
16I realized that I was wrong only then.
17I ’ve never taught such a clever student as he.
18He could scarcely concentrate on his work because others kept disturbing him.
V. Combine each group of sentences into one:
A. Combine each group of sentences into one containing a suitable non-finite clause:
1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
2. She didn ’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.
3. I don ’t like to cross the field. I knew that the bull was bad tempered.
4. Mrs. Wilson suddenly felt dizzy. She sat down quickly.
5. I had worked hard all day. I was ready for bed by eight o ’clock.
6. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.
7. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn ’t like to go any further without a light.
8. The castle was burnt in the sixteenth century. It was never built.
9. At the station, we were met by a man. He was carrying a copy of the Times.
10. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.
11. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.
12. The men were working on the site. They were in some danger.
13I saw him. He was running for the bus.
14He sat there. He was watching the men at work.
15Tom felt tired. He went to bed at once.
16He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.
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17I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.
18We had not got a reply from them. We became quite worried.
B. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using proper subordinators:
1. I saw a film yesterday. The film was dull.
2. The students were trapped in a cave. One of them has already been brought out.
3. She spoke French rapidly. I couldn’t understand her.
4. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.
5. He had a sore throat. He had spoken for three hours.
6Illness kept him away from school. He didn ’t get the prize. (because)
7You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon. (unless)
8His mother waited up. He came home. (until)
9I graduated from high school. I have been studying at the university. (since)
10I came to the United States. I had studied English in my own country. (before)
11He passed the examination. He had been prevented by illness from studying. (although)
VI.Correct errors in the following sentences:
1. I can tell you a much more funnier story than that.
2. Dick ’s behaviour is more courteous than Bob.
3. Mary ’s nicer of the four girls in the family.
4. Both Mary will do it and her husb will do it too.
5. You can either write a thesis or a short essay on the subject.
6. He not only likes the girl, but the family too.
7. Mr Jones is principal of the school, moreover he is an expert in translation.
8. For I have never met him, I can ’t tell you what he looks like.
9. So that he awakened his mother, John slammed the door.
10. Let ’s start as arranged, although it rain tomorrow.
11. He is as a good worker as John.
12. He is more an efficient worker than John.
13. She told us to read the text carefully, and that we should write a short review of it.
14. Give him an inch, or he ’ll take a mile.
15. The teacher is very strict with us, simply since he wants us to make rapid progress.
16. Just take a look at that fellow, so you ’ll get sick.
17. I think Mary is nicer of the two.
18. George did work more than anyone else.
第 19 页 共 20 页
19. The students are not only organizing social activities, but also are interested in political questions.
20. He can neither sing nor he can compose.
21. Because all the shops have closed, it must be very late now.
22. I often take a shower, even althogh I prefer a bath.
23. This room is larger than that one three times.
24. He looked as more nervous as a brick wall.
25. Either he needs some rest or some cold drink.
26. Both Pauline and her husband did not want to attend the meeting.
1. I have least experience in teaching than he.
2. She is more friendly and diligent than any girl in her class.
3. His English is as good as his brother.
4. Mary sings best than any daughters in the family.
5. Her sister is three years elder than she.
6. He skates not so well as Tom.
7. Qinghua University is one of the biggest university in China.
8. The hot weather here started more later this year than last year.
9. Tim runs fastest of we all.
10. They will make a farther investigation on the life of the panda.
11. The much you practice speaking English, the much fluently you will be able to speak it.
12. Of all these machine tools you have seen, this one is more useful.
VII.Translate the following into English:
1.这是一个难以解答的问题。
2.冬天，天色晚得早。
3.问他没有用，他什么也不知道。
4.假如我会说英语，我当时就会清楚地表达我的意见。
5.如果当初你采纳我的劝告，你现在就不会陷入这样的困境。
6.我已经在这里呆了两天，没有什么可看的了。
7.从这儿到车站有两英里路。
8.如果她答应参加宴会，她一定会来的。
第 20 页 共 20 页
9.我已经习惯于做这种工作。
10.我的兄弟是被接见的第三个人。
11.可惜你错过了那次音乐会。
12.如果商店把货物包扎好，这些货物就不会损坏了。
13我已习惯于做这种工作。
14做这种试验值得吗？
15如果她答应参加宴会，她一定会来的。
16看来他很害怕。
17即使出得起钱，我也不买这幅图画。
18你本应该帮她一把
大学英语（二）作业 一、交际对话（单选） 1. — How are you, Bob? — _________________ A. I’m fine. Thank you. B. How are you? C. Nice to meet you. D. How do you do? 2. — Hi, is Tom there, please? — _________________ A. No, he is not there. B. Yes, what do you want? C. Hold on. I’ll get him. D. Yes, Tom is me. 3. —Doctor, I don’t feel well. — ________________ A. It doesn’t matter. B. What’s the matter? C. You are fine. D. Don’t take it seriously. 4. —What a great job you’ve done. —_________________ A. You speak too highly of me. B. No, no. C. This is what I should do. D. Thank you. 5. —I’m flying home on Sunday morning. —I wish you . A. a good trip B. a pleasant journey home C. good lucky D. a happy journey travel 6. —I’d like to book a flight to Shanghai, please. —_________________ A. Yes, sir, single or return? B. Do you mind if I said no? C. No, of course not. D. You can’t. We are busy. 7 — Could I use your computer tonight? —_________________ I’m not using it right now. A. I don’t know. B. Who cares? C. It doesn’t matter. D. Sure, go ahead. 8. —I’d like to speak to Jenny. — _________________ A. Are you Jenny? B. It’s Jenny speaking.
陕师大学报论文格式（附模板） 一．题名应简明、具体、确切，概括文章的要旨。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字，必要时可加副题名。题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。 二．作者(ZZ)及其工作单位(DW) 中国作者姓名的汉语拼音采用如下写法：姓前名后，中间为空格。姓氏的全部字母均大写，复姓应连写。名字的首字母大写，双名中间加连字符；名字不缩写。 如：ZHANG Ying (张颖)，WANG Xi lian (王锡联)，ZHUGE Hua (诸葛华) 工作单位： (中国科学技术大学数学力学系，安徽合肥230001) (中国科学院力学研究所，北京100080) 作者工作单位宜直接排印在作者姓名之下。如注于地脚或文末，应以“作者单位：”或“［作者单位］”作为标识。英文文章和英文摘要中的作者工作单位还应在省市名及邮编之后加列国名，其间以逗号“，”分隔。例： (Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China) 三．参考文献。 类型专著论文集报纸文章期刊文章学位论文报告标准专利 文献类型标识M C N J D R S P 。 对于专著、论文集中的析出文献，其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”；对于其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”。 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后；表上以“参考文献：”(左顶格)或“［参考文献］”(居中)作为标识；参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如［1］、［2］、…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下： a. 专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 ［序号］主要责任者. 文献题名［文献类型标识］. 出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码(任选). ［1］刘国钧，陈绍业，王凤翥. 图书馆目录［M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，1957. 15-18. b. 期刊文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［J］. 刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码. ［5］何龄修. 读顾城《南明史》［J］. 中国史研究，1998，(3)：167-173. ［6］金显贺，王昌长，王忠东，等. 一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术［J］. 清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1993，33(4)：62-67. c. 论文集中的析出文献 ［序号］析出文献主要责任者. 析出文献题名［A］. 原文献主要责任者(任选) . 原文献题名［C］. 出版地：出版者，出版年. 析出文献起止页码. ［7］钟文发. 非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用［A］. 赵玮. 运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集［C］. 西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1996. 468-471. d.报纸文章 ［序号］主要责任者. 文献题名［N］. 报纸名，出版日期(版次). ［8］谢希德. 创造学习的新思路［N］. 人民日报，1998-12-25(10).
《大学英语一》作业 Part I. Conversations Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. 1. ___B_____. I wonder if you could tell me the way to the library. A. Pardon B. Pardon me C. Thank you D. OK 2. ___D_____. Can you tell me where the library is? A. Sure B. Certainly C. Nice D. Excuse me 3. —Great. Let me introduce you to my new classmate Helen. Helen, this is my friend Mike. —______C_________. A. Good B. Fine C. Nice to meet you D. It?s my pleasure 4.—Hi, Mike. ____A_____________ after your graduation? —I want to be a photographer. A. What do you want to do B. What?s he want to do C. What does he want to do D. What are you want to do 5.—______D______________? —I want to be a scientist and it?s also my childhood dream. A. What?s your job B. What?re you doing C. Are you a scientist D. What?s your dream for the future 6.—Well, which sport do you like best? —_____B_________. A. I?m going to swim B. I am a tennis fan. C. I go to the gym. D. I like cooking. 7.—_____D_________________________? —It rains for most of the year and it?s cool. A. What?s the weather today B. What day is it today C. Where is your hometown D. What?s the weather like in your hometown 8.—What do you usually do online?B A. I like swimming. B. I go shopping very often. C. I call my friends. D. I go hiking. 9. Do you often surf the internet?C A. No, I haven?t. B. I don?t like. C. Yes, I use it every day. D. No, I was. 10.—Here is a present for you. —_____D_____! A. Nice B. Good C. It?s good of you D. How sweet of you 11.—______D____?
《中国教育简史形成性考核作业》简答题 广州电大从化分校黄海燕 作业一 1.我国的学校是怎样产生的？最早的学校类型有哪些？-3 学校产生的最基本条件，一是要有人来学、有人来教；二是有的可学、有的可教；三是 要有适合教学的载体和方式。原始社会后期，随着生产的发展，剩余产品积累增多，这样就 可以有一部分人脱离生产，去专门从事教和学。随着生产经验的日益丰富和社会生活的复杂化，教育内容逐渐丰富，那些难以在生产过程中完成的教育任务，必定要有专门的场所和机构来从事。特别是文字的产生，大大促进了经验和知识的积累，也改变了单纯以口耳相传和行为仿效的最初教学形式，学校教育的产生于是成为了必然。 我国最早的学校类型有两种：第一种是“成均”，第二种是“庠”。 2.独尊儒术对教育的影响有哪些？-17 一是确立了教育为治国之本的地位。二是儒家经学成为教育的主体内容。但是独尊儒术也压抑了其他学术的发展，，使教育内容单一化，不利于学术的多元发展和多种形式和规格 的人才培养。 3.简述北宋的三次兴学。-22 北宋中叶，宋朝统治秩序已基本稳定，于是先后有三次兴学之举。第一次兴学，是范仲 淹主持的庆历兴学，兴学措施主要有：第一是州县立学；第二是振兴太学；第三是改革科举考试方法。第二次兴学，是王安石主持的熙宁兴学，主要措施有：第一改革大学，在太学实 施"三舍法"；第二是加强地方官学建设；第三是举办专门学校，以培养具有一技之长的人才。第三次兴学，是蔡京主持的崇宁兴学，主要内容包括：第一是州县普遍设学县学亦置小学， 在各地方学校也实行三舍法。第二是扩建太学。第三是以学校取代科举取士。第四是兴办专门学校。 4.汉代太学的主要制度有哪些？-32 ①设五经博士，建立博士弟子制。②御定统一的经学教材。③经学教学必须讲究师法 家法，不得自行改动或客串到其他学派，门户之见极强。④建立定期的考试制度。初时一岁一试，通过者委以官职，东汉时改为两年一考。考试的办法是策试，策试合格，按 甲乙科授予不同的官职。不合格者继续学习，下次再考。分别授予不同的官职。 5.明清统治者对地方官学学生是怎样加以笼络和控制的？-64 明中叶后，只有府、州、县学生员（俗称秀才）才有资格参加科举考试，这就大大提升 了学校的地位，也使地方官学完全成为科举的预备场所。统治者对地方官学生员严加管制， 明太祖向全国各地学校颁布禁例十二条，刻在卧碑上，其要点是严禁师生议论国是，干预地方政务。要求他们遵纪守法，尊师重道，潜心治学，以求得到朝廷重用。清代又颁行了新卧 碑，共七条，内容与明代大同小异。康熙、雍正时又颁布“圣谕”，也主要是告戒训示读书人的。这些举措都着眼于从思想上和政治上控制知识分子。 6.书院的管理有哪些特色？-77 第一，书院有固定的经费来源和藏书设施。第二，书院有健全的组织管理系统。第三， 学生自治并参与书院的管理工作。第四，书院有健全的规章制度。 7.简述蒙学读书教学的通常程序？-89 蒙学的读书教学，往往是塾师先读，学童跟读，读若干遍后，就由学童自己读，塾师予 以纠正。读熟后就背诵，一定要达到熟练地背诵无误，最终还要能默写。每日学新课之前， 又必须将前面所读的书轮流背诵，称“温书”。学习告一阶段时要进行阶段复习，将所学的
《电子商务概论》作业 一、判断题 1、CPU中运算器的主要功能是完成对数据的算术运算、逻辑运算和逻辑判断等操作。（） 2、与传统的支付方式相比，电子支付具有方便、快捷、高效、经济、安全的优势。（） 3、在面向终端的计算机网络通信系统中，网络用户只能共享一台主机中的软、硬件资源。（） 4、信息储存的方法主要是根据信息提取的频率和数量，建立一套适合需要的信息库系统。（） 5、出于安全的需要,网上银行卡支付系统须在Internet与专用的金融网之间安装支付网关系统（） 6、电子商务的基础结构中包括“三个层次”和“两个支柱”，其中“两个支柱”是指技术标准和政策法规（） 7、广告对商品经济的发展有不可忽视的作用（） 8、我国已建成的全国性电子资金转账系统已有10个之多（） 9、数据库安全属于计算机运行环境安全性问题。（） 10、邮件列表可以分为公开，封闭，管制三种类型。（） 二、单项选择题 1、数据传输速率是Modem的重要技术指标，单位为：。（） A.bps B.GB C.KB D.MB 2、计算机的核心部件指的是：。（） A.存储器 B.基本输入输出设备 C.中央处理器 D. Modem 3、下面不属于传统营销促销形式的是：。（） A.人员推销 B.网络广告 C.销售促进 D.宣传推广 4、效率最高、最保险的杀毒方式是（） A.手工杀毒 B.自动杀毒 C.杀毒软件 D.磁盘格式化 5、下列哪一项不是WWW浏览器提供的通信手段？( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/4e7828558.html,enet新闻组 B.电子邮件 C.HTTP/IP D.FTP 6、信息加工整理的过程为信息的储存，（），信息的加工处理。( ) A.信息的保密 B.信息的纠错 C.信息的传播 D.信息的整理 7、WWW服务器采用超文本链路来链接信息页，本链路由()维持。 A.URL B.html C.HTTP/IP D.端口
中国建筑史作业部分答案 一、我国古代庭院式组群的布局特点是什么？庭院的围合方式有那三种？ 我国古代建筑以群体组合见长。宫殿、陵墓、坛庙、衙署、邸宅、佛寺、道观等都是众多单体建筑组合起来的建筑群。其中特别擅长于运用院落的组合手法来达到各类建筑的不同使用要求和精神目标。庭院是中国古代建筑群体布局的灵魂。 布局特点：沿着一条纵深路线，对称或不对称地布置一连串形状与大小不同的院落和建筑物，烘托出种种不同的环境氛围，使人们在经受了这些院落与建筑物的空间艺术感染后，最终能达到某种精神境界--或崇敬、或肃穆、或悠然有出世之想，这是中国古代建筑群所特有的艺术手法。另一种总平面形式是纵横轴线方向都做对称布置，常用于最庄重严肃的场所，如礼制建筑中的明堂、辟雍、天坛、地坛以及汉代的陵墓等。 庭院的围合方式大致有三种：一是在主房与院门之间用墙围合；二是主房与院门之间用廊围合，通常称之为“廊院”；三是主房前两侧东西相对各建厢房一座，前设院墙与院门通常称之为“三合院”；如将前面的院墙改建为房屋，则称“四合院”。 二、北京四合院建筑的布局特点？ 北京四合院是北方地区地区明清住宅的典型，合院式住宅的一种，这种住宅的布局特点是强烈的封建宗法制度的影响和成熟的尺度与空间安排。住宅严格区分内外，尊卑有序，讲究对称，对外隔绝，同时注意对内的生态环境，绿化和风水的制约。 其建筑构成要素为正房（坐北朝南，家长居住，以硬山居多）、东西厢房（第二代居）、耳房、倒座（会客，书房）、后罩房（小姐居），大门、垂花门、抄手廊、影壁、院墙等。其组合形式可分为“单进院、二进院、三进院和超过三进的多进院。它们构成一路纵列，大宅可以旁带跨院，或是形成二路、三路、四路并列的大宅院。 其构成模式为“一明两暗”的三开间基本型，其核心庭院均采取“一正两厢“再加上垂花门或过厅的四合院格局。沿轴线纵深布局，以正房为主体，其院宽是”正房＋耳房”的总宽。 坎宅巽（音xun）门（坐北朝南的房子叫做“坎宅”，而“巽”指东南方，所以东南方的门叫做“巽门”）；并将勾连搭搭顶的垂花门作为前宅和后宅的分界。 以下论述题位答案要点,还要适当展开论述 一、试述元大都与明清北京城的建设发展。
《计算机应用基础》作业 一、单项选择题 1．在计算机内存中，每个基本存储单元都被赋予一个惟一的序号，这个序号称为（ D ）A．字节 B．编号 C．编码 D．地址 2．在微型计算机的系统总线中不包括（ A ） A．内部总线 B．地址总线 C．数据总线 D．控制总线 3．GB18030-2000《信息技术交换用汉字编码字符集基本集的扩充》共收录汉字（ A ）A．27000多个 B．18000多个 C．6000多个D．3000多个 4．在计算机存储器的术语中，一个“Byte”包含8个（ D ） A．字母 B．字长C．字节 D．比特 5．目前微机配置的光盘大多是120mm直径的，它的存储容量可达到（ B ） A．320 MB B．650 MB C．1 GB D．2 GB以上 6．计算机辅助设计的英文缩写是（ C ） A． CAM B．CAI C．CAD D．CAT 7．Windows操作系统属于（ C ） A．单用户单任务操作系统 B．多用户多任务操作系统 C．单用户多任务操作系统 D．多用户单任务操作系统 8．在Windows中，鼠标是重要的输入工具，而键盘（ B ） A．根本不起作用 B．能在完成几乎所有操作中使用 C．只能在菜单操作中使用，不能在窗口操作 D．只能配合鼠标，在输入中起辅助作用（如输入字符） 9．在DOS系统中，文件扩展名不可以是（ A ） A．0个字符 B．1个字符 C．2个字符 D．4个字符 10．在Windows的“资源管理器”窗口中，若要将选定的多个文件从C盘移动到D盘，正确的操作是（ C ）A．直接用鼠标将选定的多个文件拖拽到D盘 B．按住Ctrl键的同时，用鼠标选定多个文件拖拽到D盘 C．按住Shift键的同时，用鼠标将选定多个文件拖拽到D盘 D．按住Alt键的同时，用鼠标将选定多个文件拖拽到D盘 11．在Windows中，若要进行整个窗口的移动，可用鼠标拖动窗口的（ A ） A．标题栏 B．工具栏 C．菜单栏 D．状态栏 12．要查看Word文档中含有的页眉、页脚和图形等复杂格式的内容时，应采用的视图方式是（ D ）A．大纲视图 B．联机版式视图 C．普通视图 D．页面视图 13．排列在Word“窗口”菜单末尾的若干文档名是（ A ） A．最近编辑过的文档文件名 B．当前目录中所有文档文件名 C．目前处于排队打印的文档文件名 D．当前已经打开的文档文件名 14．在Word中进行文本编辑时，想要输入“”符号，应该选择（ A ）
(单选题)1: 中国近代史上第一个比较系统地介绍和传播西方自然科学和社会科学的启蒙思想家是（）。 A: 魏源 B: 严复 C: 康有为 D: 梁启超 标准解答: (单选题)2: 明末清初进步思想家在教育目的上主张（）。 A: 培养经世致用的实用人才 B: 修已以安人 C: 提倡实学，重视自然科学 D: 学而优则仕 标准解答: (单选题)3: 梁漱溟认为乡村教育的重点是____。 A: 发展农村经济 B: 帮助农民扫盲 C: 恢复农村伦理 D: 改造乡村政权 标准解答: (单选题)4: 中国古代最早的一部系统完整的家庭教育专著是____。 A: 《学记》 B: 《孔子世家》 C: 《颜氏家训》 D: 《朱子读书法》 标准解答: (单选题)5: 孔子把教学过程概括为（）。 A: 学、思、行 B: 闻、见、知、行 C: 学、问、思、辨、行 D: 见闻为与开心意 标准解答: (单选题)6: 陶行知生活教育理论的方法论是（）。 A: “生活即教育” B: “做中教、做中学、做中求进步” C: “主动”、“习行” D: “教学做合一” 标准解答: (单选题)7: 孔子认为教学过程是（）？
A: 教师为中心的教的过程 B: 学生为中心的学的过程 C: 教师与学生双边活动的过程 D: 学生自主建构的过程 标准解答: (单选题)8: 北宋王安石改革太学，创立（）。 A: 大都授 B: 苏湖教法 C: 分斋教学法 D: “三舍法” 标准解答: (单选题)9: 明代在各省设立的教育行政机构为____。 A: 学务处 B: 儒学提举司 C: 提学使司 D: 劝学所 标准解答: (单选题)10: （）是世界上启发式教学的首倡者？A: 孟子 B: 庄子 C: 荀子 D: 孔子 标准解答: (单选题)11: 北宋的熙宁、元丰兴学的主持人是（）。A: 范仲淹 B: 胡瑗 C: 王安石 D: 蔡京 标准解答: (单选题)12: 洋务运动最早创办的外国语学堂是（）A: 自强学堂 B: 广东同文馆 C: 京师同文馆 D: 上海广方言馆 标准解答: (单选题)13: 元代国子学在教学管理上实行了____。 A: 苏湖教法 B: 三舍法
中国建筑史——史前至两宋辽金 4.这一思想与上述《尚书》中大禹的建筑三原则中的哪一个原则关系最为密切？（1/1分） 正确答案: A 下列建筑类型中，哪一种是中国人排在第一位的？ （1/1分） 正确答案: 皇家祭祀建筑 中国建筑屋顶正脊的鸱尾，是在以上的哪一个时期出现的？ （1/1分） 正确答案: B三国两晋南北朝时期 谁提出了中国城市“营邑立城，制里割宅”的规划思想？ （1/1分） 正确答案: 晁错 最早提出宫室建筑应该“适形”的是哪一部著作？ （1/1分） 正确答案: 《吕氏春秋》 1.公元前15世纪在中国属于_____时期。 （1/1分） 正确答案: 商 2.偃师二里头遗址主要属于_____时期。 （1/1分） 正确答案: 夏 3.殷墟遗址属于_____时期。 （1/1分） 正确答案: 商
1.佛教建筑中国化的具体表现不包括： （1/1分） 正确答案: 从具体的佛像崇拜到抽象的绕塔冥想诵经 2.南北朝帝王灭法的原因不包括下列哪一项？ （1/1分） 正确答案: 寺庙占据了城市中很大一部分空间 1. 秦汉园林的特点，不包括： （1/1分） 正确答案: 园林中没有宫室建筑； 2.魏晋南北朝园林发展变化的包括： （1/1分） 正确答案: 由狩猎求仙通神等功能转变为游览观赏功能 由模仿自然转变为表现自然 建筑作为园林内部重要因素，造园升华到艺术创造的境界 下列指哪一项不是隋代的建设成就？ （1/1分） 正确答案: 整理水系，修缮白堤 隋唐时期的住宅有着严格的等级制度。以下哪几项是这种等级制度的体现？（1/1分） 正确答案: 只有常参官才能使用特定的建筑装饰 只有少数特权官员才可以在坊墙上对着大街直接开门 不同等级的住宅占地面积不同 堂屋的开间进深都有相应的规定 2. 明堂是中国古代以____为主要功能的建筑。 （1/1分） 正确答案: 宣扬政教，举行大典 1. 下列哪一项不是隋唐时期园林的成就？ （1/1分）
●作业一、请从以下题目中选择5个问题进行回答。(每题15分) 一、简述事实数据库的概念及主要类型? 事实型数据库:是事实型数据库和数值型数据库的简称，其与全文数据库同属于源数据库。然而，与基于期刊论文、会议文献、学位论文及图书等文献类型的全文数据库相比，事实型数据库所提供的是最原始的客观事实、统计数字、音像图谱等更可以直接利用的信息。 类型包括 1、事实数值型科学数据库，如中科院“科学数据库”； 2、社会科学或综合参考类数据库，如百科全书、年鉴； 3、商情数据库，如中国资讯行、国研网、中经专网等。从具体内容和编排体例角度又可将事实型数据库划分为百科全书、字（词）典、组织机构名录（指南）、传记资料、年鉴（统计资料）、手册、图像（图录/图谱）等。 二、试述网络信息资源的定义及分类 网络信息资源是指以电子资源数据的形式，将文字、图像、声音、动画等多种形式的 信息储存在光、磁等非印刷质的介质中，利用计算机通过网络进行发布、传递、储存的各类信息资源的总和 三、网络信息的主要传播渠道有哪些？ 电子邮件,Usenet(网络新闻),FTP(文件传送),Gopher(信息检索),WWW(万维 网),BBS(电子公告板),Telnet(远程登录)等。 四、谈谈你如何理解知识经济时代的学习观、生存观 (1)知识=资本=财富。⑵个人不仅需要掌握各种专业技能,更重要的需要具备一种素质, 即信息素质。(3)知识劳动者将成为社会劳动力的主体⑷学习更重要在于发现、吸收知识和信息以创造新的知识信息。发现、吸收知识和信息以创造新的知识信息,终身学习和信息素 质的提高,这就是我们知识经济时代我们每个人应具备的学习观、生存观。 五、结合信息时代特征，谈谈掌握信息检索与利用知识在读书治学和创新能力培养中的作用 飞速发展的信息时代在较短的时间里获取最有价值的信息,是每一个现代人必须具备的 能力,掌握信息检索与利用的意义在于:(1)信息检索与利用能力是打开人类知识宝库的能 力, ;(2)掌握信息检索与利用能力有助于继承、借鉴前人的研究成果,避免重复劳动、少走弯 路(3)的弯路时间,缩短研究进程,将更多的时间投入到读书治学和创新能力培养中去。 ●作业二、请从以下题目中选择一个话题进行论述。（25分）
中国教育史作业 第一次 1、孔子的人性观是性善论。（错） 2、生活教育论是蔡元培的教育思想。（错） 3、原始社会时期没有教育存在。（错） 4、《学记》是孟子的作品（错） 论述题: 1、试析科举制度的影响。 答：把录取和任用权完全集中在中央，这便是我国历史上科举制度创立的开始。隋以前是察举，隋以后是考试，这是中国古代选士制度的一大分界线。科举制度的建立，在一定程度上限制了门阀士族把持选士的局面，为庶族地主参加政权开避了道路，扩大了统治阶级的统治基础。科举制度为以后的历代王朝所沿用，维持了一千三百年之久。该制度的广泛推行是在唐朝。唐王朝实行科举制度，的确满足了封建君主专制政治的要求，收到了集权中央、巩固封建统治的效果。科举考试制度对日本、朝鲜和越南曾发生过较大的影响。十八世纪末到十九世纪，在欧洲各国逐步推行的文官考核制度也是吸取了中国科举考试的合理因素。可见隋唐开创的科举考试制度．对东西方都发生过较大的影响。 宋代科举比唐代从规模到制度都有了进—步发展，这是由于宋初诸帝看到了科举取士对于巩固中央集权统治有重要作用。宋代统治者，基于历史的经验教训，重视科举制度，对于加强中央集权统治、控制思想，确实起了重要作用。但是科举盛行对教育却产生了消极的影响，学校教育成了科举的附庸。学者只为追逐名利，希图侥幸登上仕途，因而其读书目的既非振兴国家，对于学业也不求甚解，官学虽设而有名无实，科举之所取，多数并无真才实学。表现出科举制度的腐朽性。 元代科举仿行宋制。明初之于科举虽很重视，但取仕并非仅赖此一途。清代科举制度大体因袭明制，然而其考试办法比较前代更为繁杂而周密。 2、试析《学记》的教学思想。 答：《学记》是《礼记》中一篇，是中国教育史上和世界教育史上一部最早、最完整的教育学专著。《学记》把教育的作用概括为“建国村民”、“化民成俗”，《学记》两段精炼的文字简明扼要地说明了教育的社会作用和教育对人的发展的作用，既论述了教育的必要性，又阐明了教育的可能性。《学记》以托古的方式拟订了一个从地方到中央的理想的学制系统，又以大学为例，提出了一个完整的教学进程和考查标准。还记录了古代学校管理和行政领导方面的制度和规定。在综合各家长期教育、教学成功与失败的经验教训的基础上，总结了一套教育、教学的原则和方法：1、教学相长；2、尊师重道；3、藏息相辅；4、豫、时、孙、摩；5、启发诱导；6、长善救失。《学记》中还提出了许多教学方法，如问答法、讲解法、练习法、类比法等；《学记》对于教学工作中违反教学原则，不讲究教学方法以及造成的恶果进行了比较全面的总结和概括，提出了尖锐的批评。《学记》内容十分丰富，论述十分深刻，它所提出的一系列教育原则和方法，充满着辩证法因素，至今仍有重要的借鉴意义。在近两千年前的中国能有如此全面、严整的教育学专著，许多论点和例证，今人读之，仍为之叹服。我们要高度重视、认真研究、吸取营养，为发展我国的教育理论、改进教育工作服务。 3、试析蔡元培的教育思想 答：蔡先生的教育思想有如下几部分：德、智、体、美和谐发展的教育方针；“思想自由”、“兼容并包”、；教育应该独立；“尚自然”“展个性”的思想。 4、试析墨子的教育思想。 答：1、教育作用的主张，墨子很重视教育，希望用“上说下教”的方法来实现自己的政治主张。他反对命定论比孔子还要彻底。他特别强调发挥人的主动精神，认为决定人的富贵贫贱不是命，而是“力”之强否。“强必治，不强必乱”“强必贵，不强必贱”。他在强调主观努力的同时，十分重视环境的影响与教育的作用，有染丝之说。2、关于教育的内容的主张。 墨子主张教育要培“贤士”。“贤士”的主要品德是“兼
陕西师范大学博士、硕士学位论文规范说明根据陕西师范大学博士、硕士学位论文规范执行情况，研究生部决定采取较为灵活的博士、硕士学位论文规范执行标准。各学科专业可根据本学科的特点采用适合的论文规范标准。毕业生论文规范的最终审查由学院（中心、所）决定。学院和导师应根据本学科专业具体情况来要求所指导学生规范地完成学位论文撰写，保证学位论文的质量。我校2008年开始执行的《陕西师范大学博士、硕士学位论文规范》可作为参考。但是，凡在我校申请博士、硕士学位者撰写的学位论文至少要符合以下基本要求： 一、论文要求 学位论文应使用标准简化汉字和法定的计量单位。学位论文中采用的术语、符号、代号全文必须统一。论文中使用新的专业术语、缩略语、习惯用语等，应加以注释。提 交的论文规格尺寸为20×28cm，论文除标题外全文要求用小四号宋体双面印刷，每页33行每行35个字,每页1000字左右，版心尺寸要求为15×22.5cm。 二、论文文本格式顺序 学位论文，一般由封面、独创性声明及版权授权书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、插图和附表清单、主要符号表、引言（第一章）、正文、结论（最后一章）、参考文献、 附录、致谢和攻读学位期间科研成果等部分组成并按此顺序前后排列。 三、学位论文的规范 1．封面 封面应包括论文题目、作者姓名、学科专业、指导教师、提交日期、分类号、密级、学号等内容。论文封面采用全校统一格式，博士学位论文的封面为蓝色，硕士学位论文 封面为黄色，同等学力在职申请硕士学位的论文封面为土灰色皮纹纸，教育硕士专业学 位的论文封面为土黄色皮纹纸，高校教师申请硕士学位的论文封面为浅蓝色皮纹纸。教 育硕士中的双证生使用全日制硕士生的黄色封面。 论文题目应既能概括整个论文的中心内容，又能引人注目。论文题目不得超过35 个汉字。封面要求打印，论文题目用三号黑体，其余部分用四号楷体打印。 论文封面必须填写分类号，分类号可在图书馆查阅获得。 学位论文如属保密论文，须在封面上规定的栏内注明相应的密级（可分为秘密、机密、绝密三级），并向研究生部提交经本人、导师及学院（中心、所）主管领导签字的“研 究生学位论文申请保密备案表”。“备案表”可在研究生教育网上下载。申请保密的学位 论文由学院（中心、所）负责保管，解密后交至研究生部再行转呈校图书馆和国家图书 馆等有关单位存档。 学科、专业名称按照国务院学位委员会、原国家教委1997年颁布的《授予博士、
陕西师范大学远程教育学院（网络教育）课程考试 《信息技术教育应用》试题 一、填空题（共10题，每题1分，共10分） 1、信息技术泛指各种能够扩展人类_______器官功能的技术； 2、在信息技术的构成体系中，信息技术的主体技术主要包括感测技术、_______技术、控制技术 和计算机技术； 3、无线电技术出现于_______世纪末期； 4、信息技术的教育应用将使现代教育朝着教材多媒体化、资源全球化、教学_______以及管理自 动化的方向发展； 5、著名数学家__________提出了存储程序计算机理论，为计算机的体系结构奠定了基础； 6、一个基本的通信系统主要由信源、信道和_______三部分构成； 7、网卡又称_______或网络接口卡，是将不同计算机进行互联的基本设备； 8、所有虚拟现实系统都有五个关键成分，即______、虚拟现实软件、计算机、输入设备和输出设备； 9、协同式专家系统又称_________，该系统可以若干领域的多个专家系统共同解决当前的问题； 10、在计算机支持的协作学习中，师生之间可进行一对一、一对多、_______和多对多等不同形 式的交互。 二、判断题（共10小题，每题1分，共10分） 1、信息只能转换和传递，但不可以再生。 2、计算机主要被用于教学领域，因此，计算机辅助教学与计算机辅助教育是同义语。 3、按照传输技术的不同，可以将通信分为模拟通信和数字通信两大类。 4、第三代移动通信系统即3G通信系统信息传输速率可以达到3000Mbps。 5、目前的数字图书馆只能提供文本和图形、图片信息，不能提供多媒体内容。 6、虚拟现实技术一般多用于电子游戏的设计与制作，在其他领域还没有得到有效利用。 7、对机器学习的研究可以增进人类对学习的过程和机制的认识与理解。 8、ICAI教学课件指具有一定智能性，可以为学习者提供个性化学习支持与帮助的教学课件。 9、数字电影和数字视频的制作流程和所采用的技术标准基本相同。 10、基于计算机支持的协同工作可以实现多人参与的实时异地协作。 三、选择题（共10小题，每题1分，共10分） 1、人类历史上第一份电报出现于19世纪的： A．30年代 B. 40年代 C. 50年代 D. 60年代
《中国教育史》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分 一、选择题（每题1分，共15题） 1、孔子关于教育对象的思想，可用他说的四个字概括：（） A. 有教无类 B. 学以致用 C. 循序渐进 D. 因材施教 2、在《劝学篇》中阐述“中学为体，西学为用”思想的是（） A. 梁启超 B. 张之洞 C. 康有为 D. 蔡元培 3、汉武帝时“三大文教政策建议”是由( )提出的。 A. 董仲舒 B. 公孙弘 C. 贾谊 D. 王充 4、晋南北朝时的私学发展的一个特点是( )。 A. 独尊儒术 B. 多向发展 C. 漫无目的 D. 学 风不正 5、唐代科举考试中，采用论文形式，要求运用经书对现实问题提出看法的考试方法叫( )。 A. 帖经 B. 墨义 C. 策问 D. 诗赋 6、朱熹认为小学教育是打基础的阶段，教学内容的特征是( )。 A. 存天理 B. 灭人欲 C. 穷其理 D. 学其事 7、“庆历兴学”的主持人是( ) A. 范仲淹 B. 王安石 C. 蔡京 D. 朱熹 8、下列人物中，不属于鸦片战争前后地主阶级改革派的是谁？( ) A. 林则徐 B. 阮元 C. 龚自珍 D. 魏源 9、( )是我国近代第一个由政府颁布并在全国施行的新学制。 A. 壬戌学制 B. 癸卯学制 C. 壬寅学制 D. 壬子癸丑学制 10、京师同文馆建立于( ) A. 1862年 B. 1917年 C. 1916年 D. 1840年
陕西师范大学学位论文规范 (试行) 学位论文是研究生培养质量和学术水平的集中体现。高质量、高水平的学位论文不仅在内容上有创造性和创新性，而且在表达方式上应具有一定的规范性和严谨性。为此，特作如下规定。（研究生可以根据指导老师意见和学科特点适当灵活处理。） 一、论文正文字数 博士学位论文：理工科一般为6～8万字，管理及人文学科一般为8～10万字，其中绪论要求为一万字左右。 硕士学位论文：理工科一般为3万字，管理及人文学科一般为3～5万字，其中引言（或绪论）要求为3000～5000字。 二、论文版式、格式 研究生学位论文一律要求在计算机上输入、编排与打印。 1.论文页面设置 纸张：纸型为A4（21.0 cm×29.7cm）标准，双面印刷。 版芯要求：左边距：30mm，右边距：30mm，上边距：36mm，下边距：25mm。 装订线位置：装订线在左侧，装订线距左边距0mm。 页眉边距：28mm，页脚边距：20mm。 论文装订后成品尺寸为：宽200 mm、长280 mm。 2.论文标题 论文分三级标题： 一级标题：另起一页，居中，黑体，三号，段前、段后间距为2行； 二级标题：左对齐顶格，黑体，小三号，段前、段后间距为1.5行； 三级标题：左起齐顶格，黑体，四号，段前、段后间距为1行； 上述段前、段后间距可适当调节，以便于控制正文合适的换页位置。
3.论文字体 中文采用国家正式公布实施的宋体简化汉字。英文、罗马字符和阿拉伯数字均应采用Times New Roman字体，按规定应采用斜体的采用斜体。文中采用的术语、符号、代号，全文必须统一，并符合规范化的要求。如果文中使用新的专业术语、缩略语、习惯用语，应加以注释。国外新的专业术语、缩略语，必须在译文后用圆括号注明原文。学位论文的插图、照片必须确保能复制或缩微。 正文的中文采用小四号宋体，英文为小四号Times News Roman字体；正文中的图、表标题采用相应的五号宋体和五号Times News Roman字体，均居中；表格中文字、图例说明采用五号宋体；表注采用小五号宋体。 字距和行距：如无特殊说明，全文一律采用无网格，行间距为固定值20磅，段前段后不空行。 页眉文字均采用五号宋体。页眉居中排列。全文的页码、脚注均采用小五号宋体，页码排在页脚居中位置。 三、学位论文的各组成部分与排列顺序 学位论文，一般由封面、独创性声明及版权授权书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、插图和附表清单、主要符号表、引言（第一章）、正文、结论（最后一章）、参考文献、附录、致谢和攻读学位期间科研成果等部分组成并按此顺序前后排列。 1.封面 论文封面采用全校统一格式（另见附件1～6），博士学位论文的封面为蓝色，硕士学位论文封面为黄色，同等学力在职申请硕士学位人员的论文封面为土灰色皮纹纸，教育硕士专业学位学员的论文封面为土黄色皮纹纸，高校教师申请硕士学位的论文封面为浅蓝色皮纹纸,4+2教育学硕士学位的论文封面为白色皮纹纸。教育硕士中的双证生使用全日制硕士生的黄色封面。 论文题目应既能概括整个论文的中心内容，又能引人注目。论文题目不得超过30个汉字。封面要求打印，论文题目用三号黑体，其余部分用四号楷体打印。 论文封面必须填写分类号，分类号可在图书馆查阅获得。 学位论文如属保密论文，须在封面上规定的栏内注明相应的密级（可分为秘密、机密、绝密三级），并向研究生处提交经本人、导师及院（系、所、中心）主管领导签字的《研究生学位论文申请保密备案表》（另见附件7）。“备案表”可在研究生教育网上下载。申请保密的学位论文由院（系、所、中心）负责保管，解密后交至研究生处再行转呈校档案馆、图书馆和国家图书馆等有关单位存档。
二、填空题 1、瑞士音乐教育家（达尔克罗斯）于1902年创始了“律动舞蹈体操”。 2、幼儿园律动内容分为基本动作和（模仿动作）两大类。 3、集体舞的特点是结构简单，动作统一，轻松愉快，活泼健康，（活动量适当）。 4、表演舞是幼儿通过舞蹈（动作）和表情来表达舞蹈作品的内容或某种情绪的表演给人看的舞蹈。 5、幼儿舞蹈教学的一般方法包括：启发法、示范法、练习法、分解组合法、观察模仿法、游戏法、讲解提示口令法、（个别教学法）。 6、舞蹈教育的步骤包括：准备工作、欣赏舞曲及表演舞蹈、（）三部分。 7、幼儿舞蹈活动是通过（音乐课）、课外活动和节日活动中的音乐活动来组织进行的。 8、编写舞蹈教案的要求表现在教材名称、教学要求、（教学准备）、（教学过程）、（教学方法）五方面。 9、幼儿舞蹈选材主要从选题材、选歌词、选音乐、（选动作）四方面入手。 10、表演舞的创编过程：（确定内容）、（选择题材）、（构思情节）、选择或创作歌曲、编排队形、编写动作、节奏的安排、服装道具的运用。 11、幼儿舞蹈的内容包括律动、歌表演、集体舞、（歌伴舞）、（音乐游戏）。 12、幼儿舞蹈的记录方法有（律动记录法）、歌表演记录法、集体舞记录法、音乐游戏记录法、表演舞记录法。 13、幼儿舞蹈动作要简明、形象、直观性强，并在同位置上和不同方向上（不断反复）。 14、教队形的关键，是让幼儿了解自己的（位置）和其他幼儿之间的关系。 15、教、练音乐游戏可用（整体教法）或分段教法。 16、在人类思维与意识尚处于蒙昧时代时，舞蹈是信仰神灵和（崇拜万物）的重要渠道。 17、舞蹈最繁荣，舞蹈的普及教育最兴盛的时代是（原始社会）。 18、（动作），是舞蹈的第一个也是最重要的因素。 19、原始社会的舞蹈教育没有阶级属性，但（社会属性）极强。 20、舞蹈教育作为一种社会意识形态，同其他教育一样，受一定社会历史条件制约，反映着一定的（阶级意识）。 21、在舞蹈发展进程上，欧洲的舞蹈与中国舞蹈发展走了（相反）的路。 22、我国第一所独立建制、舞种齐全、专业繁多、设备完善的舞蹈高等学府是（北京舞蹈学院）。 23、纵观舞蹈教育的发展历史，我们可以清楚地看到（社会发展）决定、制约了舞蹈教育的产生和发展。 24、（生产力）的发展为舞蹈教育提供一定的物质条件。 25、舞蹈艺术的思维方式是从（动作思维）开始的。 26、幼儿舞蹈的题材要（音乐鲜明）、（新颖别致），富有儿童情趣和教育意义。 27、幼儿的心理特征是好奇、好动、好模仿、内心感情容易外露、注意力（不集中）、思维（形象具体）。 28、集体教学中要注意与（个别教育）和（个别辅导）相结合。 29、音乐感受力是指幼儿对音乐的（高低）、长短、强弱、快慢、音色的（明暗）及音乐所表达的思想感情等感受能力。 30、教律动时，随着幼儿的年龄增长，（从易到难），（循序渐进）。 三、简答题 1、简述舞蹈的“劳动综合说”的基本观点。 舞蹈是人类生活中的一种社会现象，它的起源和世界上一切事物的构成一样都不是单一的，而是有着多种的因素。因此，我国的舞蹈理论界有学者认为“劳动综合说”更为科学和准确。 （1）劳动是人类生存的第一需要，作为反映社会生活审美形态之一的舞蹈，无疑，人类的劳动生活是它的最主要的起源，模仿、
中国教育简史参考答案 第一次作业 一、填空 1．生产劳动；社会生产 2．祭祀活动 3．书；数 4．国学；乡学；大学；小学 5．书同文、行同伦、设三老以掌教化、焚书禁学以法为教、以吏为师 6．兴学技重、选士、独尊儒术 7 。124；教师称为博士、学生称为博士弟 8 。隋唐；孔颖达会同诸儒,五经正义 9 . 进士科 10 .大成至圣文宣王；孟子、儒学（理学） 11 .276 12.出身门弟之分 13.太学；中央教育行政机关；祭酒 14.太医署；医科、针炙科、按摩科、咒禁科 15汉代 16.县考、府考、院考 17白鹿洞书院、岳麓书院、嵩阳书院、石鼓书院、茅山书院 18乡试、会试、殿试 19杭州沽经精舍和广东学海学堂 20史籀篇 21状元、榜眼、探花 二、名词解释 1.六艺 是西周官学的基本教育内容，即礼、乐、射、御、书、数，有“大艺”、“小艺”之分。书、数是小艺，主要是小学课程，礼、乐、射、御，作为大艺，是大学的课程。汉代以后也把经孔子整理并作为教材的《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《乐》、《春秋》称为“六艺”。 2.学在官府 是西周教育制度的主要特征，主要体现为：礼不下庶人、政教合一、官师不分。在这种体制下，学校教育被官府垄断，民间无学校教育可言。 3.稷下学宫 是战国时齐国文化教育的中心，因其建于齐国都城临淄的稷门之下而得名。从性质上说，稷下学宫是一所由官方提供条件和设施的私学联合体。其办学特色有四：不治而议、自由辩论、学无常师、管理规范。稷下学宫制定了中国历史上有据可考的第一个学生守则——《弟子职》。 4.六学二馆：
唐代教育体系完备，在中央设立国子监，下辖“六学”：国子学、太学、四门学、书学、算学、律学。六学之中，国子学、太学、四门学都是儒学，书学、算学、律学是培养专业人才的学校。“二馆”即崇文馆和弘文馆，是集收藏书籍、校理书籍和研究儒家经典三位一体的场所。 5.三舍法： 宋代熙宁四年，在太学实施三舍法。所谓“三舍法”，就是太学生员按等差分隶于外舍、内舍、上舍。生员依学业程度，定期考试，依次升舍。三舍法的实行强化了学校的职能，在一定程度上使得太学的学业与入士作官直接挂钩，从而提高了学校教育的地位，有利于加强学校教学，并使学校课业与考试更加规范化。 6.监生历事： 明洪武五年，为满足当时官吏不足的需要，创立监生历事之制。历事即“历练政事”，是实习官吏的制度。凡在监十余年者，派到六部诸司实习吏事，并考察其勤惰。历练3个月，进行考核，勤谨者送历部备案待选，仍令继续历事，遇到官缺，依次补用。 7.鸿都门学 鸿都门学创设于东汉灵帝光和元年(178年)，因校址在洛阳鸿都门而得名，它是中国最早的文艺专业学校。鸿都门学的学习内容是辞赋、尺牍、书法、绘画等。学生全部由州郡荐举或三公辟召而来，相当于察举正式科目出身，入学享有俸禄，相当于正式吏员，而且他们的待遇高于太学生。西汉统治者兴鸿都门学的目的是造就一支新的士人队伍作为自己的统治基础。作为我国历史上第一所文艺专业学校，鸿都门学具有开创性的意义。 8.文翁兴学 西汉蜀郡太守文翁采取委托培养的方式，选拔一些人才送到长安进行培养，而后返回蜀郡，兴办教育事业。中国古代教育史称之为文翁兴学。 9.学田 拨充学田是在物质条件上为地方学校的维持提供保障的一项措施。由朝廷拨给学田始于北宋乾兴元年（1022），熙宁兴学期间，朝廷又召令给各地州学拨充学田，学田即属学校所有的田产。学田除由政府拨给，也有由地方官绅捐赠，或由学校筹款购置。 10.苏湖教法 是北宋教育家胡瑷在苏州、湖州执教时所创立的一套完备的教学方法。胡瑷以“明体达用”为宗旨，打破只读儒家经典的单一学习模式，实行分斋教学。经义斋仍以学习儒经为主，治事斋则分治民、讲武、堰水、历算等科目。学生治一事，兼一事，相当于现在的主辅科兼修。这样培养出来的人才知识面宽，注重实用。 11.讲会 “讲会”是书院的重大教学研究活动，不仅有本院教师讲学，也聘请社会名流或其他书院的学者到本院参讲。书院的这种门户开放风格，大大促进了学术交流和发展，也开阔了学生视野，深化了教学。 12.次相授业