第20课《梦回繁华》拓展阅读
能喷冰的“火山”
①随着一声巨响, 土地猛烈震动了起来。阿胡那火山开始喷射了。这个庞然大物高约4千米, 底部直径30千米左右, 大小相当于半座珠穆朗玛峰。这次突然的爆发, 地动山摇, 构成山体的冰块与岩石大面积滚落。
②仔细观察, 你就会发现阿胡那火山喷出的不是赤红的岩浆, 竟是白色的冰岩浆, 这种含冰、水、氨、甲烷和氯化物的混合物, 被强大的推力射向高空, 形成数百米乃至数万米的白色喷流。当落到地表时, 冰岩浆呈液态四下流淌, 随后, 因为暴露在温度较低的环境中而凝结成固体。
③然而, 我们知道, 地球上的火山都是喷岩浆的, 为什么这座火山这么与众不同, 能喷出冰呢？
④原因就是这座火山不属于地球, 而是矮行星谷神星上唯一一座圆顶形状的冰火山。
⑤冰火山是一种在地球上找不到, 但在我们太阳系的其他行星上存在的地貌类型, 它们通常出现在冰冻卫星或者其他一些表面温度低于-150℃的天体上。在形态上, 冰火山与地球上的火山类似, 它们从地表凸起, 顶端有一个巨大的凹陷口, 当喷发时, 会排放出四处流淌的液体。关键性的差别是地球火山主要由岩石和重金属组成, 冰火山主要由坚固的冰壳构成, 冰火山的岩浆也是冰冻沉积物, 所以, 在喷发时, 会出现大量冰块被喷出的奇观。
⑥地球火山喷发是因为密度和压力差造成的。当岩浆温度比周围的岩石更高时, 密度就会更低, 这种压力差会使得岩浆做上升运动, 当岩浆上升时, 岩浆释放的气体会形成气泡, 气泡会释放大量的压力, 这一压力使岩浆喷出地表。
⑦那么, 冰火山是如何喷发的呢？
⑧冰火山的喷发原理和地球火山相似。由于内部放射性元素衰变, 导致热能聚集, 或由于潮汐摩擦而生热, 致使深部的冰层融化。如果这时上部的冰层破裂, 深部融化了的冰水就像地球内部的岩浆一样, 在周围压力的挤迫下, 沿裂缝喷发出来, 这就是奇特的冰火山喷发的过程。而如果冰岩浆跟周围的环境温度相差不大, 冰火山就会处于休眠状态, 甚至成为死火山。
⑨不过, 虽然冰火山名字听上去似乎是火山的一种类型, 喷发过程又跟地球火山类似, 但严格意义上说, 它只是与地球火山相似的地貌, 并不是真正的火山。
【考点必练】
★1.本文使用了什么说明顺序？请具体分析。
2.结合文章内容, 说说冰火山与火山的不同之处。
森林中的“环保卫士”
在原始森林中, 如果没有土壤生物充当“清道夫”将森林产生的废物, 如枯枝残叶、动物尸体和粪便等消化、分解掉, 森林很快会被残留物所充塞。新鲜的水分和空气达不到植物的根系, 森林的更新就会停止, 最终会导致森林的死亡。
直接以残留物为食的土壤动物是蚯蚓和白蚁。在土壤中不断蠕动的蚯蚓吸取植物碎叶, 经消化排出体外的粪便使土壤更肥沃。白蚁大多数聚居在森林中, 靠吃死去树木的组织为生, 因为白蚁胃中的原生物可以消化木材的纤维。
其他土壤动物, 如千足虫、螨、跳虫、土鳖等, 咀嚼、磨碎那些被土壤微生物软化后的枯枝落叶, 使细枝碎叶覆盖的面积扩大, 又为微生物提供了一个更广阔的生存空间。细菌又以碎粒为食, 吸收其中的糖分和淀粉, 释放出的二氧化碳, 经土壤回到空气中, 被植物吸收去完成光合作用。
凡土壤动物吃剩的或细菌不能分解的物质都由真菌来完成最后的“清理”。真菌的菌丝分泌酶和酸, 能消化、分解残留物, 最后吸收这些被预先消化和分解的物质。真菌数量庞大, 涉及面积较广, 是森林里最重要的“清道夫”。
科学家曾计算过, 在一茶匙森林土壤中有上亿个细菌, 几百万真菌、原生物和藻类等。就是这些不起
眼的“环保卫士”, 对森林的生长、死亡、再生长, 担负着重大的责任。
达·芬奇的《最后的晚餐》
《最后的晚餐》是表现耶稣已经知道自己的不幸降临时, 在与门下众弟子一起共进晚餐的席上, 宣布说：“你们中间有一个人出卖了我。”这句话对耶稣的门徒来说, 是如此出乎他们的意料, 使每一个人从内心深处感到震惊。因为这句话预告了他们的老师即将死亡, 同时使他们信任的感情和互相的团结受到打击, 这是由于叛徒就在他们之中。达·芬奇抓住耶稣说完那句话的瞬间, 着意刻画门徒们所表露出来的极其复杂的、各不相同的心理反应, 紧紧抓住了每个门徒对耶稣的话所做出的反应, 画家赋予画中每个人物以鲜明的性格气质。
这幅画的群像, 布置得十分合理。耶稣居于画面的中间位置, 门徒对称地坐在两旁, 每边六人, 三个人一组, 这些组合是由每个人的心理变化和感情联系自然结合在一起的, 画中人的情绪造成画面的气氛有动有静, 有声有色。
俄国艺术史家拉扎列夫有一段话, 细腻地描绘了画中十二个门徒各自的心境：“对耶稣的话特别冲动的是坐在他左手边的三个门徒。他们形成了不可分的一组, 被一个统一的意志和统一的动作支配着。年轻的菲力浦从座位上蹦起来, 困惑不解地转向耶稣。老成的雅可夫, 抑制愤怒, 摊开双手, 向后挪了挪身子。福邓举起一只手好像急于弄清所发生的事。位于耶稣另一方的几个人, 则处于完全不同的精神状态中。他们离中心人物有一大段距离, 他们的动作要矜持得多。犹大明显地急转过身子不安地抓住钱袋, 惊慌地看着耶稣；他阴暗、丑陋、粗俗的侧影, 与委决不下地把头侧于肩际、沉静地把手置于桌上、美丽的脸庞被照得鲜明的雅安, 成了强烈的对比。犹大和雅安之间伸过来彼得的头, 他向雅安弯下身子, 左手放在他的肩上, 在他的耳边悄悄说着什么；在这同时, 好像他的右手毅然握住佩剑, 想用它来保卫自己的师长。坐在彼得旁边的三个门徒都转向了同一个方向。他们凝视着耶稣, 向他询问变节者。在桌子对面的一端是另一个人, 年事已高的法捷依, 好像要从他那里得到对眼前事件进一步的解释。然而, 后者困惑不解的手势表明, 他也苦于不知底细。”
在达·芬奇以前有不少画家都描绘过这一题材, 但只有达·芬奇的《最后的晚餐》成为空前的杰作。考点必练
1.请从说明文语言的角度, 分析第②段画线句中加点词语的表达效果。
2.第③段采用了何种说明方法？有何作用？
八年级上册语文教案 学科：；任课班级：；任课教师：；
2019年月日 1 消息二则 【导学目标】 1．学习读新闻的方法。了解不同新闻体裁的特点，培养学生阅读新闻的能力。2．认真阅读课文，把握新闻的特点和结构。(重点) 3．能边读课文边揣摩作者的态度与倾向，培养学生独立思考的习惯。(难点) 4．感受人民解放军的排山倒海、所向披靡的气势和一往无前、压倒敌人的大无畏精神。 【课时计划】 2课时。 第一课时学习《我三十万大军胜利南渡长江》 学生齐读导学目标，圈点关键词，做到对学习任务心中有数。
教法指导： 1．自主学习，让学生围绕“自我研学”中的知识点进行自主学习。 (1)带着导学目标，认真阅读课文及相关参考资料，捕捉课文中的关键段落、句子、词语，尽量独立完成“自我研学”中的思考题，准备展示交流。 (2)记录疑难问题，将自主学习没有解决的问题记录下来，用于合作探究时解决。2．合作学习 (1)每个小组派1～2名代表展示“自我研学”中的答案，同小组内其他成员在小组长的统一安排下合作完成“合作探究”中的思考题。 (2)同桌之间互相讨论，有分歧不能达成一致的，小组讨论；小组内不能达成一致的，组长记录下来，以备全班讨论时交流。 (3)全班讨论时，教师不能一下子给出答案，在学生思维的火花充分碰撞后，再点拨引导，达到启发思维的目的。情景导入生成问题 随着科技的发展，人们的视野越来越开阔了。翻开报纸，打开电视扑面而来的就是国内外各种刚刚发生的新闻报道。新闻便成了我们了解世界的一个窗口，可真是足不出户，尽知天下事呀！今天我们就来学习两则新闻，它们高屋建瓴，大气磅礴，是新闻作品中不可多得的瑰宝，出自一代伟人毛泽东之手。 自我研学生成新知 步骤一知识梳理夯实基础 1．读准字音，记准字形，给加点的字注音。 芜湖(wú) 摧枯拉朽(kū) 溃退(kuì) 荻港(dí)
任务型阅读专题 江苏省海安县西片11校联考2020-2021学年度第一学期八年级期中考试英语试卷 十、阅读与回答问题（本题共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） It seems that everybody tells lies —well, not big lies, but what we call “white lies”. Telling “white lies” isn’t really that bad. Most of the time, people do it because they w ant to protect a friendship. A survey (调查) shows that each person lies about seven times a day. The only real questions are about when we lie and who we tell lies to. Here are some reasons why people tell “white lies”. ◆Lying to hide something: People often lie because they want to hide something from someone. For example, Paul doesn’t tell his parents that he is going to play basketball because he doesn’t think they will agree. He tells a lie that he’s going to the library to study. ◆Lying to make someone feel good: Often we don’t tell the truth to make someone feel good. For example, your friend cooks dinner for you, but it doesn’t taste good. Do you say so? No! You probably say, “Mmm, this is delicious!” ◆Giving false (错误) excuses: Sometimes people lie be cause they don’t want to do something. For example, someone invites you to a party. You think it well be boring, so you say you’re busy. ◆Lying to hide bad news: Sometimes we don’t want to tell someone bad news. For example, you have just had a very bad da y at work, but you don’t want to talk about it. So if someone asks you about your day, you just say everything was fine. 106. How many reasons for telling “white lies” are mentioned (被提及) in the passage? ____________________________________________________________________________ 107. Why do people tell “white lies” most of the time? ____________________________________________________________________________ 108.What will you say to make your friend feel good though the dish he makes doesn’t taste good? ____________________________________________________________________________ 109. How often does each person lie according to (根据) a survey? ____________________________________________________________________________ 110. Do you like telling “white lies”? Why or why not? (请自拟一句话作答) ____________________________________________________________________________ 十、阅读与回答问题 106. Four. 107. Because they want to protect a friendship. / To protect a friendship. 108. I will say, “Mmm, this is delicious!” / Mmm, this is delicious! 109. About seven times a day. 110. 与短文话题一致、言之有理即可。 江苏省南通第一中学2020-2021学年第一学期八年级英语期中考试试题 C 最合适的选项与左栏相搭配，并将答案的字母编号填写在题前的括号内。
八年英上册理解 理解（20 分，每小 2 分） (1) Bruno was a boy of eight. His father worked in a cinema and his mother worked in a shop. He lived not far from his school. He always walked there and walked home. On his way to school, he had to pass a playground. It was very wet after it rained. One day, when he got home, his clothes were all wet. His mother became angry(生气 的 )and said,“Don’t play in the water on your way home from school!” On the next day Bruno came home with wet and dirty(的)clothes. His mother became ev en angrier.“ I’ ll tell your father if you come back wet again,” said his mother.)You,“youHeknow’llpunish(.” The third day the little boy was dry when he came home. “ You’ re a good boy today” , his mother said happily.“ You didn’ t play in the water.” “ No, ” the boy said unhappily.“ There were too many older boys in the water when I got there this afternoon. There wasn ’ t any room(空地方 )for me at all! ” 根据文章内容正确答案 （） 1.Bruno went to school every day. A. by bike B. by bus C. by car D. on foot （） 2.The playground was between( 在??之 ) 。 A. two classrooms B. the cinema and shop C. Bruno ’ s house and school D. the shop and Bruno ’ s school （） 3. The little boy liked to play on the playground . A. when it snowed B. when there was some water there C. when the children played football there D. when his father was busy with his work （） 4.Bruno was afraid of the most. A. his father B. his mother C. his teacher D. the older boys （） 5. That afternoo n, the boy ’s clothes were dry because . A. nobody made room （地方） for him in the water B. there was no water on the playground C. he took off his clothes before he played there D. he played in the water carefully （ 2 ） Kong Rong was a famous writer during the Han Dynasty （朝） . He was considerate when he was only four. Kong had five elder brothers and a young brother. One day, their father bought lots of pears. Some of the pears were big and looked good. Some were small and didn ’ t lookheboyssogoodwere. Thappy and began to choose（） some. Kong chose the smallest one. Kong ’ s father found this strange and asked, “ W a bigger one, my son? ” Kong answered, “ I am younger. My elder brothers are older and eat more. They should take the bigger ones. ” “ But you have a young brother. He should take the smallest one! ” “ He is younger and needs more nutrition（养） . He should get a bigger one, too. ” Kong’ s father was very happy that Kong could be so considerate. He didn selft’ thinkwantedof.whatHe he him thought of what others wanted first. 6. How many kids are there in Kong Rong ’ s family? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D.4 7. What does “ considerate ” mean? A. Always thinking of other people want. B. Only thinking of what oneself wants. C. Always doing bad things. D. Never doing wrong things 8. Kong Rong chose the smallest pear because_______. A. he couldn ’ t eat a big one. B. He liked small ones. C. He wanted his brothers to eat the big ones. D. He wanted to make others happy. 9. What was Kong Rong during Han Dynasty?
人教版部编教材初中八年级语文上册 教材分析 在初中语文教材中，八年级语文上册教材具有不可替代的作用，原因是它具有以下特点： 首先，在所有的新教材，本册教材是新教材中唯一涉及说明文的教材，与以前的教材相比，它对说明文的要求更为简洁、准确，使得说明文教学理所应当成为本册教材的重点。 其次，它体现了教育部制定的《语文课程标准》（实验稿）的课程目标中的阅读目标：“阅读科技作品，注意领会作品中所体现的科学精神和科学思想方法。”这表明对说明文的阅读也是初中阶段学生必须掌握的非常重要的语文能力之一。 八年级语文上册教材的具体内容 八年级语文上册教材分为五个板块六个单元，这是从以往教材的基础上继承和发展而来，而且新教材所有的教材都采用了这种模式。五个板块分别是阅读、综合性学习 .写作.口语交际、课外古诗词背诵、名著导读、附录。六个单元是指根据文章的内容或体裁把入选课文分为六个单元。下面我就按五个板块加以说明： 阅读 新教材的一至四册都是30篇课文，五册是25篇课文，估计六册应该也是25篇课文。本册教材六个单元共有30篇课文，根据内容和体裁分为：一单元，关于战争题材的文章；二单元，以“爱”为主题
的文章；三单元，事物说明文；四单元，事理说明文；五单元，文言文单元（没有明确的划分标准）；六单元，关于自然景物的文言文单元。共有精读课文16篇，略读课文14篇，由于说明文的阅读是本册教材的重点，所以三、四单元是教学的重点，而且《中国石拱桥》、《苏州园林》、《故宫博物馆》、《大自然的语言》一直都是以前教材的重点篇目，在教学时应加以注意。与以前的教材相比，说明文已经从第四册提前到了新教材的第三册，阅读的量由以前的三个单元 15篇课文减少到两个单元10篇课文，并在单元设置上，把说明文单元安置在两个记叙文单元和两个文言文单元中间，与以前教材第四册前三个单元都是说明文相比，更为合理，更符合学生的学习规律。另一点变化是，本册教材是新教材中第一次将文言文收编在两个单元中，后面的教材也相应地都有了两个单独的文言文单元。根据以往经验，最好是将两个文言文单元提前进行教学，使学生有更充足的识记的时间。在有些课文的后面，还有与课文相应的语文知识短文，我的看法是应该注意引导学生自主学习。 综合性学习 .写作.口语交际 在每个单元的后面，安排与单元相适应的综合性学习 .写作.口语交际，这种模式贯穿整个新教材的始终。但值得一提的是，每个单元的侧重点有所不同，本册教材中一、三、五单元以综合性学习为主，以写作、口语交际为辅，通过活动来感受战争的残酷与和平的可贵，思考调查桥的历史，领略莲的文化魅力；而二、四、六单元以写作为主，以口语交际、综合性学习为辅，通过练笔来感悟“爱”的世界，走上辩论台，收集资料来撰写小论文。
期中考试八年级英语试卷 Ⅰ听力部分（20分） （本大题共20分，每小题1分） 第一部分听对话回答问题 本部分共有10道小题，每小题你将听到一段对话，每段对话听两遍。在听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目；听完后，你还有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。在听到“嘀”的信号后，进入下一小题。 1.Which sport is the most popular in their school? A. B. C. 2.How will the woman go to Tiansheng Bridge Park? A. B. C. 3. Where did Amy visit last year? . A A. B. C. 4. What will the girl be when she grows up? A. B. C. 5.What does Jack need for the DIY job? A. B. C. 6. What does the woman want the man to do? A. She wants the man to see a film with her. B. She wants the man to visit a museum. C. She wants the man to play basketball. 7. Who has the fewest apples？ A. Simon B. Millie C. Daniel
8. How will they make their school more beautiful? A. By planting some young trees inside their school. B. By planting some young trees around their school. C. By doing some cleaning. 9. How much should the woman pay for the tickets? A. 64 yuan, B. 72 yuan. C. 96 yuan. 10. What does Sandy mean? A. She likes doing DIY. B. She knows little about DIY. C. She knows a lot about DIY. 第二部分听对话和短文回答问题 你将听到两段对话和一篇短文，各听两遍。听每对话或短文前，你将有时间阅读相关小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后你仍有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。 听第11段材料，回答11--12题。 11. Who did Lisa go shopping with? A. Her friend. B. Her sister. C. Her mother. 12. How often does Lisa go shopping? A. Once a week. B. Twice a week. C. Three times a week. 听第12段材料，回答13--15题。 13. How is the man going to the zoo tomorrow? A. By bus. B. By car. C. On foot. 14. When are they going to meet? A. At 9 a.m. B. At 8 a.m. C. At 10 a.m. 15. Where are they going to have lunch? A. In the zoo. B. At Mr. Wu’s home. C. At school. 听第13段材料，回答16—20题。 16. How old is Jenny? A. 14. B. 15. C. 16. 17. What is their favorite color? A. Red. B. Yellow. C. White.
八年级上册语篇阅读综合训练 一、完形填空：阅读下面短文，然后根据短文内容从短文后各题所给的选项中选择能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。 Yesterday was Father's Day. Many things happening between my father and me crowded my mind. But one thing made a deep impression on me. It was a Sunday morning, and I was in a 1 mood(情绪).Two of my friends had gone to the movies the night before and hadn't invited me. I was in my room 2 ways to make them sorry when my father came in. “Want to go for a rid today, Beck? It's a beautiful day.” “No! Leave me alone!” Those were 3 words I said to him that morning. My friends called and 4 me to go to the mall with them a few hours later. I forgot to be 5 with them and then went with them. When I came home, I found a 6 on the table. My mother put it where I would be sure to see it. “Dad has had an 7 .Please meet us at Highland Park Hosp ital.” When I reached the hospital, my mother came out and told me a car hit my father and his injuries were extensive(大面积的). “Your father told the driver to leave8 alone and just call 911, thank God! If he had moved Daddy, ...” My mother may have said but I didn't hear. I didn't hear anything 9 those terrible words: Leave me alone. My dad said them in order to 10 himself. He didn't want to be hurt more. How much had I hurt him 11 I shouted out those words at him earlier in the day? It was several days later that he was 12 able to have a talk. I held his hand gently，afraid of hurting him. "Daddy...I am so sorry...” “It's okay，sweetheart. I'll be okay.” “No，”I said，"I mean about 13 I said to you that day. You know, that morning?" He looked at me and said, “Sweetheart, I remember14 about that day, not before, during or after the accident. I remember telling you goodnight the night before, though.” He managed a weak smile. My English teacher once told me that words have great power. They can hurt or they can heal(治愈). And we all have the power to 15 our words. I am going to do that very carefully from now on. 1. A. good B. terrible C. peaceful 2.A thinking up B. giving up C. looking up
任务型阅读专题 河北省曲阳县2019-2020学年八年级上学期期末考试英语试题 VIII．任务型阅读（共5小题，每小题2分，计10分） Goldfish are good pets. They are funny to watch. But they need the right home. They are not happy if they are living in a bowl. A tank(水槽) is bigger. It can hold more water and it has more room for goldfish to swim. So a tank is a good place for goldfish. Here are some ways for keeping goldfish in a tank. Put a tank at home. Do not put it near the window. It could get too warm from the sun. Fill the tank. Put some water in the tank.Wait a few days,check the water and make sure the water is clean. Then put some rocks and plants on the tank bottom for fish to hide behind them. Get your fish.Bring it home in a bag.The bag must be full of water.Let the bag float（漂动）in the tank.Wait half an hour.Then open the bag. Let the fish swim out. Look after goldfish. First put a cover on the tank. It can keep fish s_____. With a cover nothing can fall into the tank and fish cannot jump out. Do not feed your fish too much! A fish should eat most of its food right away. Clean the tank each week. To keep the water clean, you must take out old water and add new water. Your fish will be happy to live in a tank. 66 题完成句子；67 题根据上下文和首字母提示写出一个恰当的单词；68 题简略回答问题； 69 题找出并写下全文的主题句；70 题将文中划线句子译成汉语。 66. Put some rocks and plants in the tank for goldfish to ______ behind them. 67. s_________________. 68. Why can’t we put a tank near the window? 69. 70. Ⅸ．66 .hide 67.safe 68.It could get too warm from the sun. 69. Here are some ways for keeping goldfish in a tank.
(A) In the world, soccer of football is the most popular sport. This is because many countries have wonderful teams for the World Cup. The World Cup is held every four years. To remember 2002 FIFA World Cup, children from different countries and more than 60 children from Japanese schools came together and spent three weekends drawing a big picture called“Dream(梦幻) World Cups” in Japan. The children drew animals, flowers and people playing soccer under a blue bright sky. They wished each football team good luck by drawing the flags(旗帜)of all the countries that will take part in the World Cup in Japan and South Korea. The picture was put up in a park near a playground in Y okohama. Some football teams will have games there. Are you a football fan(迷)？The World Cup makes more and more people interested in football. Teenagers(青少年)like playing and watching football. Many of them love some football stars so much that they get the pictures of their favorite players on the walls of their rooms. That is the way to show their love for the World Cup as children in Japan. 1. If a country wants to take part in the World Cup, she must have______. A. Many football fans B.a very good team C. many football player D.a big playground 2. The next World Cup will be held in_______. A.2006 B.2007 C.2005 D.2004 3. From the passage, in the picture children drew many things except_________. A. people playing football B. pictures of some football stars C. a sunny sky D. flowers 4.In“Dream World Cup”,the children drew the flags of some countries______. A. to show their love for their owe country B. to tell the people their stories C. to show their good wishes for the football teams D. to show their new ideas about football 5. Many teenagers owe the pictures of some football stars because______. A. they are interested in football B. they are football fans C. they think their favorite players are great D. all of A, B and C (B) In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple camera(照相机). He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden. That was the first photo. The next important date in the history of photography (摄影术) was in 1837. That year ,Daguere,another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room .He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype. Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world. People took picture of famous buildings, cities and mountains. In 1840, photography was developed. Then photographers could take picture of people and moving things. That was not simple. The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines. But this did not stop them, for example, some in the United States worked so hard. Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer. He took many pictures of greed people. The picture were unusual because they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的). Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were nor just cookies of the real world. They showed feelings, like other kinds of art. 6. The first photo taken by Niepce was a picture of ____________ A. his business B. his house C. his garden D. his window 7. The Daguerreotyped was____________. A. a Frenchman B. a kind of picture C. a kind of camera D. a photographer 8. If a photographer wanted to take pictures of moving things in the year of 1840, he had to__________.
人教版八年级语文上册各单元精读课文知识点复习 1.新闻的五部分：标题导语主体背景结语 2.新闻的六要素：人物时间地点事件的起因事件的经过事件的结果 3.新闻的语言：准确、简明。 4.新闻的表达方式：记叙为主，兼有议论、描写、抒情。 5.新闻的特点：真实、及时、准确 6.新闻的电头组成及作用：组成：通讯社的名称、发电时间和地点。作用：强调材料真实可信，消息及时。 新闻体裁 ．．分消息、通讯、新闻、特写等，其中用来考查考生的最具有可操作性的是消息。一篇消息稿一般由标题、导语、主体、背景、结语几部分组成，每一部分都要统一考虑，统一布局，层次清楚，逻辑严谨。 消息的标题，其作用是使读者在最短的时间里获得所需的信息。标题拟写要求是：准确概括，反映新闻事实，简要评价事实，语言表述简明得体。 消息的导语，就是消息的第一段或第一句话。它由消息中最新鲜、最主要的事实或最精辟的议论组成，以吸引读者。平常所说的消息的结构是“倒金字塔”式，原因就在于此。 主体是消息的主要部分。它承接导语，阐述导语所揭示的主题，或回答导语中提出的问题，对消息事实作具体的叙述与展开，将导语高度概括的事实具体化，或补足导语中未出现的新闻要素，以便读者全面、完整地了解消息的内容；同时在导语所概括的新闻事实之外，增补新的内容，用以扩充消息的信息量，扩大读者的视野，提升新闻主题的高度。 这种结构方式被称为新闻（消息）写作的“三度反复”。意思是，对同一新闻事件，从标题到导语再到主体，分三步呈递进式展开叙述： 标题：第一次用一句话报告事实，起索引作用。是导语的概括。 导语：第二次叙述事实，补充标题，吸引读者。是主体的概括。 主体：第三次叙述事实，展开、补充导语，完全打开包袱。 据此，考查该考点的常有题型主要有：①表述题：限定字数为新闻拟一个简洁的标题；找出一则消息的导语。②概述题：限定字数将一则消息概括成一句话新闻；限定字数用一句话概括一则新闻的主要内容或主要信息；从语段中筛选出两条主要信息；限定字数用一句话概括语段的观点。在新闻概括题中，考生只要抓住理解、概括、表述三个关键词就可以了。 例1．下面是一篇新闻报道的主体部分，请你用一句话概括它的主要信息，不超过10字。 汶川蓥华镇中学初一（1）班邓清清被武警水电三中队的抢险官兵救了出来，她说：“在下面，我怕。我又冷又饿，只能靠看书缓解心中的害怕。” 另一个被埋在废墟里的名叫罗瑶的女孩在手脚受伤的情况下，一遍遍地哼着乐曲，靠着“钢琴梦想”激励自己不要睡着，结果她战胜了死神。 答案：文学艺术（书和乐曲）使死神却步；或：文学艺术（书和乐曲）使生命更加坚强；或：她们靠书、乐曲战胜死神。 透视：这是一道概述题。试题材料来自汶川大地震中的一篇新闻报道，要求考生用不超过10字的一句话概括它的主要信息。报道中被压在废墟里的两名女孩，一名靠看书缓解心中的害怕；另一名则靠哼乐曲激励自己不要睡着。结果两人都凭顽强的意志战胜死神最终获救。正确答案（示例）为“文学艺术（书和乐曲）使死神却步”。解答这道题，考生要注意三点：一是题干要求：概括的信息不能超过10个字；二是两名女孩的共同点：两人都是凭坚强的意志战胜死神最终获救；三是用综合性强的术语包含“书”和“乐曲”。 题目演练 1.阅读下面文段，请你用简洁的语言给其拟一个新闻标题。 北京奥运会2008年8月8日隆重开幕，为了纪念这个日子，中国首颗月球探测卫星——“嫦娥一号”近日从月球轨道传回一段祝福语音。“嫦娥一号”的祝福语：“今天，全世界最灿烂、最夺目的城市是我们伟大祖国的首都——北京！第29届奥运会在北京隆重开幕，绿色奥运、科技奥运和人文奥运的主题将在北京一一呈现！中华文明的光彩将随着‘新北京，新奥运’的理念展现给世界各国人民！‘同一个世界，同一个梦想’，奥林匹克精神将在北京完美演绎。我们祝愿，北京奥运会将成为历史上最伟大的一届奥运会！”“嫦娥一号”卫星于2007年10月24日发射升空，在此之前，科技人员录制好了一些语音数据储存在卫星中，每到一些特定的日子，如元旦、春节等，“嫦娥一号”就会发回相应的语音。 我拟的标题是： 2．下边这则新闻报道的核心信息是什么？ 为表达全国各族人民对汶川大地震遇难同胞的深切哀悼，国务院5月18日发布公告，决定2008年5月19日至21日为全国哀悼日。在此期间，全国和各驻外机构下半旗致哀，停止公共娱乐活动，外交部和我国驻外使领馆设立吊唁簿。5月19日14时28分起，全国人民默哀3分钟，届时汽车、火车、舰船鸣笛，防空警报鸣响。（2008年5月12日，四川汶川县发生里氏8.0级地震） 答：