第1章听力理解过关必做200题
◆讲座
Mini-lecture 1
Marslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which is in fact a (1) topic and can be arranged in order of importance.
I. Physiological needs: the most (2) ones for survival.
They include such needs as food, water, etc.
To satisfy these needs,the main way is through adequate (3)
II.(4) needs: needs for
a) physical security;
b) (5) security.
The former means no illness or injury;
The latter is concerned with freedom from (6) , misfortunes, etc.
These needs can be met through a variety of means
e. g. job security, (7) plans, and safe working conditions.
III.Social needs: human requirements for
a) love and affection;
b) a sense of (8)
There are two ways to satisfy these needs:
a) formation of relationships at workplace or some (9)
b) formation of relationships outside workplace, e.g. with (10)
IV. Esteem needs:
a) self-esteem, i. e. one’s sense of achievement;
b) esteem of others, i.e. others’ respect as a result of one’s(11)
These needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion, honours, etc.
V. Sell-realization needs:need to realize one’s potential.
Ways to realize these needs are individually (12)
VI. Features of the hierarchy of needs:
a) Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively (13) need.
b) Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up.
c) (14) for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.
d) Different levels of needs may (15) when they come into play.
【录音原文】
Good morning, everybody. Today’s lecture is about Abraham Maslo w’s hierarchy of needs. This seems like a physiological topic. [1]Actually it is something psychological. Abraham Maslow is a psychologist, and he is especially known for his theory of human needs.
OK, first of all, what is the need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement. Maslow believes that humans are wanting beings, who seek to fulfill a
variety of needs. According to his theory, these needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance. It is this order that has become known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. [2]In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level，are physiological needs Fundamentally, humans are just one species of animal. We need to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require for survival. These needs include food and water, shelter and sleep. At this level for us humans, Maslow also includes the need for clothing. How are these needs usually satisfied?
[3]It is mainly through adequate wages.
Then what is the next level of needs? [4]At the next level are safety needs, [5]the things we require for physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybody needs to keep his body safe from injury, illness, etc. Then what is emotional security? Well, that may be the point in this hierarchy of needs, where humans begin to differ from other animals. We are thinking animals. [6]We have worries—what we fear may be losing a job, or being struck down by a severe disease. Besides physical Security, we need to think we are safe from misfortunes both now and in a foreseeable future. How can these needs be met then? According to Maslow, [7]safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans and safe working conditions.
[13]After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human beings. The immediate following level are the social needs. Under this category, [8]Maslow puts our requirements for love and affection and the sense of belonging. We need to be loved, we need to belong to a group not just the family in which we can share
with others in common interest. In Maslow’s view, [9]this need can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal organizations. [10]Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the work place, for example, with family and friends. Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs then? They include both the needs of self-esteem and the need of esteem of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our own achievements and worth. We need to believe that we are successful; we are no worse if no better than others. [11]The esteem of people is the respect and recognition we gain from other people, by or through our work or our activities in other social groups. The ways to satisfy esteem needs include personal achievements, promotion to more responsible jobs, various honors and awards and other forms of recognition.
What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are the self-realization needs. In other words, they are the needs to grow and develop as people, the needs to become all that we are capable of being. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one can achieve this level or not, perhaps determines whether one can be a great man or just an ordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people. [12]The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual.For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs. While for other people, it could be becoming the best in certain areas. It could be becoming the president of IBM, anyway, being great or ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely individual. Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy
their physiological needs first, then their safety needs and so on up the needs ladder. [14]In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest level that remain unsatisfied. [15]However, needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. If the majority of a person’s physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that p erson will be motivated primarily by social needs. But any physiological and safety needs that remain Unsatisfied will keep playing an important role.
OK, that’s the general picture of Maslo w’s hierarchy of needs. Just to sum up, I briefly introduce to you Maslow’s theory. Maslo w thinks there are five kinds of human needs with each one being more important than the preceding one. I hope that you find his ideas interesting and in our next lecture, we will mainly discuss the practical implications of his theory.
【答案与解析】
(1) psychological
细节题。讲座开始时便介绍到，马斯洛的需求层级理论不是生理学方面的（physiological）问题，而是心理
的（psychological）。因此填入psychological。
(2)basic (或fundamental)
细节题。讲座主要论述的是马斯洛的需求层级理论，而第一个，也就是最底层的级别是生理需求。在谈到Physiological needs时，录音中说“In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level are physiological needs”，由此可知，此处应填写basic，其他同义
词也可。
(3) wages
细节题。在介绍关于满足生理需求的方法时，讲座提到It is mainly through adequate wages。因此空格处填
wages。也可以使用意思相近的词，如money等。
(4) Safety
细节题。本题针对第二个层次的需求设题。当录音中说到“Then what is the next level of needs?”我们就应集中注意力听下文，“At the next level are safety needs”由此可知，此处应填写Safety。
(5) emotional
细节题。紧接上题，录音解释了safety needs所包含的内容生理和情感上的安全，故此处应填入emotional。
(6) worries
推断题。作者分别对情感安全和生理安全做了具体说明，前者是：We have worries—what if we lose my job, what if I were struck down by a severe disease。由此可推断情感需求关注人们远离焦虑。不幸等，故此处可填入worries或其他表达相同意义的词语。
(7) pension
细节题。在谈到解决safety needs的方法时，录音中说到“…safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plan and safe working conditions.”故此处应填写pension。pension
(8)belonging
历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones （标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another. 参考译文： 欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
2019年英语专业八级考试作文范文：Migrant Workers The Role of Migrant Workers Migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They leave their home-land for better chances. Some want to change their destiny, some want to make a fortune. Whatever the purposes they cherished when millions of them streamed into big cities, they have promoted the development of cities. Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships. They take up the dirtiest, the most strenuous or dangerous jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do. With lots of building they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify cities. Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sector, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other services citizens need. Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their contribution is obvious, and with better management, their role in the construction of cities will definitely be greater.
QUESTION BOOKLET 试卷 用后随即销毁。 严禁保留、出版或复印。 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2018) -GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIIT: 150 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN] SECTION A MINI-LECTURE You have THIRTY sec onds to preview the gap-filli ng task. Now liste n to the min i-lecture. When it is over, you will be give n THREE mi nu tes to check your work. SECTION B INTERVIEW In this secti on you will hear ONE in terview. The in terview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questi ons will be asked about what was said. Both the in terview and the questi ons will be spoke n ONCE ONL Y. After each questio n there will be a ten-sec ond pause. Duri ng the pause, you should read the four choices of A), B), C) and D), and mark the best an swer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. You have THIRTY sec onds to preview the choices. Now, liste n to the first in terview. Questi ons 1 to 5 are based on Part One of the in terview. Now liste n to the in terview. A. Announ ceme nt of results.
专八翻译 第一部分汉译英 1.2000年试题 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。 世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。 中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers. Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science （陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页） 2.2001年试题 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。 晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。” 译文 1 In his later years (Late in his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: “Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness w hich exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s
2010年专八真题听写参考答案 1 tones of voice 2 huskiness 3 universal signal; 4 thought or uncertainty 5 indifference 6 honesty 7 distance; 8 situation; 9 mood; 10 unconsciously same posture 特邀著名国内英语考试郑家顺教授分享2010年专八考试权威答案，以下为听力部分 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B 7.C 8. D 9. D 10. A11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.B21. A 22.B 23. B 24.B 25. C26.A 27.D 28.D 29.A 30.C 2010年专八真题改错原文 So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. But this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled ’primitive’) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not bring to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected ’primitiveness’. The position is simply and obvio usly that the Eskimos and the English live in different environments. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction important. Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed part of the Eskimos’ life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence ? 2010年专八真题改错参考答案 1 be后插入as; 2 their改为its; 3 There改为It; 4 Whereas改为But 5 further 改为much 6 come改为bring; 7 similar改为different; 8 will改为would; 9 as important去掉as; 10 the part去掉the 2010年专八真题人文知识参考答案 31、D；32、A；33、D；34、A；35、C；36、D；37、A；38、A；39、C；40、B。 2010年专八真题汉译英参考答案 Friends tend to become more intimated if they have the same interests and temper, they can get along well and keep contacting; otherwise they will separate and end the relationship. Friends who are more familiar and closer can not be too casual and show no respect. Otherwise the harmony and balance will be broken, and the friendship will also be nonexistent any more. Everyone hopes to have his own private space, and if too casual among friends, it is easy to invade this piece of restricted areas, which will lead to the conflict, resulting in alienation. It may be a small matter to be rude to friends; however, it is likely to plant the devastating seeds. The best way to keep the close relationship between friends is to keep contacts with restraint, and do not bother each other. 2010年专八真题英译汉参考答案 我想那是五月的一个周日的早晨；那天是复活节，一个大清早上。我站在自家小屋的门口。就在我的面前展现出了那么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，可是梦里的感觉往往如此，由于梦幻的力量，这番景象显得超凡出尘，一派肃穆气象。群山形状相同，其山脚下都有着同样可爱的山谷；不过群山挺然参天，高于阿尔卑斯峰，诸山相距空旷，丰草如茵，林地开阔，错落其间；树篱上的白玫瑰娟娟弥望；远近看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭院里，牛群静静地卧躺在那片郁郁葱葱的墓地歇息，好几头围绕着一个小孩的坟墓。我曾对她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日东升的前一刻，那孩子死去了，我如同当年那样望着牛群。 2010年专八真题作文参考答案 The important role of a city’s local conditions in the urban design Recently there is a hot debate on a report that a foreign design company invited by a little-known mountainous area in Guiyang provided a design without paying too much attention to the city’s unique characteristics. Some people appreciate the bold innovation of the design but others do not like it. In my opinion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account. The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.
2009 （文化差异/文化遗产的保留） Mandarin, or putonghua, is the standard service sector language in our country. But recently, employees at a big city's subway station have been busy learning dialects of other parts of the country. Proponents say that using dialects in the subway is a way to provide better service. But opponents think that encouraging the use of dialects in public counter s the national policy to promote putonghua. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic: Are Dialects Just as Acceptable in Public Places? 2008 （教育） In a few months' time you are going to graduate from university. How do you think your college years have prepared you for your future life? Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic: What I have learned from my years at university 2007 （朋友） Some people think that financial disparity affects friendship. What do you think? Write an essay of about 400 words. You should supply an appropriate title for your essays. 2006 （建议/野心） Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer, once said, "We decide what is important and what is trivial in life we decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do but no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about do you agree or disagree with him? Write an essay of about 400 words entitled: Ambition 2005 （工作） Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. 2004 （校园学习重要） It was reported in the press some time ago that a few second-and third-year students in a provincial university decided to try their hands at business in order to get prepared for the future. They opened six small shops near their university. Their teachers and classmates had different opinions about this phenomenon. Some thought that the students' business experience would help them adapt better to society after graduation, while others held a negative view, saying that running shops might occupy too much of the students' time and energy which should otherwise be devoted to their academic study. What do you think?
1996年高等院校英语专业八级考试 https://www.doczj.com/doc/46322396.html,/tem8/tem-8-96translation.htm C-E原文： 近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒显得有些勉强。 法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印制精美，但很少有镶金边儿的，闪光多彩的或带香味的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。 参考译文： Version 1: In reading recent newspapers, I have come to find that people in China have become more and more interested in discussing name cards and invitation letters. This reminds me of the name cards and invitation
letters of the French people that I saw when I was sojourning in Paris. In writing down those random reminiscences, I believe that they might provide some useful information for us to learn. In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends. On such occasions, strangers may get to know each other. If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts. This seems to be the required courtesy on their part. The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality. Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves. Only when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship will they exchange cards. It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way. The French tend to take extraordinary precaution in making their name cards, simple yet elegant. Exquisitely designed and printed, their name cards are seldom golden-framed, or colorfully shiny, or tinted with fragrant smells. The letters which appearing on their name cards tend to be diminutive but beautiful, not allowing the name of the card-bearer t be overly prominent / salient. The entire card leaves much empty space, imparting no sense of over-crowdedness.
英语专业八级考试翻译历年真题汇总 1998年E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文(翻译第二段)： 因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010) -GRADE EIGHT- PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically & semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes. Paralinguistic Features of Language In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories. First category: vocal paralinguistic features A.(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________ B.Examples 1. whispering: need for secrecy 2. breathiness: deep emotion 3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________ 4. nasality: anxiety 5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy Second category: physical paralinguistic features A.facial expressions 1.(3)_______ (3)__________ ----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome 2.less common expressions ----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest ----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________ B.gesture gestures are related to culture. 1.British culture ----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________ ----- scratching head: puzzlement 2.other cultures ----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________ ----- pointing at nose: secret C.proximity, posture and echoing 1.proximity: physical distance between speakers ----- closeness: intimacy or threat ----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________ Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________ 2.posture ----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indeicate(9)_____ (9)________ ----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude 3.echoing ----- definition: imitation of similar posture ----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________ ----- conscious imitation: mockery