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2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题 (总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟) 一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1 Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman. Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n. (1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______. " A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage " B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse " C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage " D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D. 解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
2009年语言学理论 一名词解释。 1.配价： “配价”是当今语法理论体系中最重要的问题之一，所谓“价”（valency），是借用化学中的术语，主要考察某一成分有多少个同现成分，亦即某一成分必须有多少个强制性搭配成分。最早把“价”理论引进语法研究领域的是法国语言学家Lucien Tesnuere，当初是为了研究一个动词能支配多少种不同性质的名词性词语，动词的“价”就就定于动词所支配的不同性质的名词性词语的数目。 配价理论思想认为，动词是一个句子的中心（支配词regissant），它支配着句子中别的成分，而动词本身不受其他任何成分的支配。只接受动词支配的的有“名词词组”和“副词词组”，其中名词词组形成“行动元(actant)”，副词词组形成“状态元(circonstant)”。从理论上说，句子中的状态元可以是无限多，但行动元不得超过三个，即主语、宾语1和宾语2。由此可以将动词分为一价动词、二价动词和三价动词。 动词有配价的问题，后来经过研究，发现形容词和名词等也有配价问题。我们可以说：利用动词与不同性质的名词之间、形容词与不同性质的名词之间、名词中隐含谓词与不同性质的名词之间的配价关系来研究、解释语法现象，这种研究和分析的手段就称之为“配价分析”。 根据配价分析理论，汉语中的动词可以分为零价动词，表自然现象的词；一价动词，即一般的不及物动词；二价动词，即一般的及物动词；三价动词，即双宾动词。 在中国最早利用配价理论与方法来研究汉语的是朱德熙先生关于“动词语+的”结构的分析。利用配价理论及方法我们可以对汉语中的一些歧义现象进行分析，也可一解释一些用其他理论不好解释或不能完善解释的语法现象。 关于配价的性质长期以来有几种不同的观点： 一是认为配价是建立在句法基础上的语法范畴。以句法概念来说明
南开大学考博英语真题解析 1. As we can see from the chart (graph /table /diagram…)… 2. The chart (graph /table / diagram…) shows that… 3. As is shown in the picture (drawing /photograph…)… 4. As can be seen in the picture (drawing / photograph…)… 5. It can be seen from the cartoon (picture /comics…) that… 6. When asked about (When it comes to /Faced with)…，the majority of (most /many /quite a few) people say (believe /claim / think /argue) that…，but others regard (view /see /think of /consider / conceive)… as differently. 7. There is a general (much /public) discussion (debate / controversy) nowadays on (about /over /as to) the issue (problem) of … Those who criticize (object to)… argue that… They believe that… But people who advocate (favor)…,on the other hand， argue that… 8. With the development (improvement /rise /growth) of… 9. Now people in larger (growing /ever-increasing /significant) numbers are starting (beginning /coming /getting) to know (believe /realize /recognize /understand /accept /see /be aware) that… 10. My reason (idea /opinion /view /suggestion) may be expressed as follows. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) 11. There are various (many / different /several /a number of /a variety of) effects (causes /reasons) for this sharp (dramatic /marked /significant /extraordinary) decrease (fall / growth /change /decline /increase) in… Firstly， … Secondly，... 12. The decline (increase / change /failure /success) in… mainly (largely /partly) results from (arises from /is because of /is due to /is attributable to) the fact that (several factors)… 13. It is no easy (simple) task (job) to find (give) the reason for this complicated (deep-rooted) phenomenon (tendency) which involves several (many) factors. 14. It is high time that we place (lay /put) great (special /considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development /increase /promotion) of… 15. It is important (necessary /essential /fundamental) that
2004南开大学年古代文学考博题 文学史（各方向）： 一、名词解释：骈体、章回小说、八股、散曲、先秦诸子、玄学、两汉经学、隋唐佛学、宋明理学、清朴学建安、元和、隆庆、大历、泰昌、乾隆、熙宁、嘉祐、天禧等年间的重要文学形象、文学家。 二、论述： 1、古典文学中人文主义精神的体现。 2、古文学理论中的文气说。 3、明代文学理论概述。 小说方向 一、作品评述：王阳明、袁于令、何心隐、吕熊（选一文学家一哲学家） 二、人物形象分析：燕梦卿、鲁智深（任选一个） 三、论述。 1、才子佳人小说地位、作用及流派发展。 2、《西游记》中的宗教成分对于版本研究的意义。 3、脂评的地位及不同人对于脂评的评价。 4、论述毛宗岗的虚构与金圣叹虚构论的异同。 2006 1、你认为社会政治对文学的盛衰有何影响？有什么规律？结合实例来说说。（25分） 2、有人说文学史就是还原历史，你怎么认为？（15） 3、选作一：说说禅学对文学的影响。（25）选作二：说说史学对小说理论批评的影响。 4、选作一：？（25）选作二：从叙事的角度分析一篇古代小说。 5、举例说明目录学对文学研究的意义。（10） 6、你有没有用过网络。网络对文学或语言影响（？） 南开大学2007年古代文学试题 一、列举儒学发展演变过程中的代表人物及著作 二、分析中国传统文化中乡国情怀在各种文体中的表现 三、（2选1） 1各举一首沉郁顿挫的词、诗作品，并分析鉴赏
2古代戏剧文学中宗教题材的影响，分析其得失优劣 四、（5选4） 1、性灵 2、四声八病 3、囫囵语 4、立主脑 5、因缘生法 五、（5选4） 1、监生 2、知制诰 3、票拟 4、殿试 5、解元 六、分析传播方式与古代文学创作的互动关系 古代文论 一、先秦诗学您认为要注意哪几条线索，有哪些文化背景值得注意，要注意的史料 二、沈约文学思想的主要观点是什么？目前学界对这一问题探讨到了什么程度。你从哪些书中了解到的，沈约自己又怎样论述的 三、韩愈的古文理论。《原道》对古文运动起了哪些作用？并对后世有什么影响 四、宋诗话表现为禅学特点，你读过哪些宋诗话？读过哪些禅学书籍？请结合具体的一部诗话来谈？ 五、金圣叹的小说理论批评的贡献？ 六、你有何选题？简要谈谈框架。 2008南开大学古代文学专业博士入学考试试题 科目一：中国古代文学 一、论述试论宋明理学在各个历史时期的发展演变过程，列举各时期代表人物及其主要观点。 二、简答列举中国古代三种类书，并作简要评介。 三、名词解释（5选4） 1、玉台新咏 2、太平广记 3、第六才子书 4、原诗 5、五灯会元 四、列举近三年古代文学争议性话题并简单加以评析。 五、评析下列文体特征（3选1） 1、骈文 2、八股文 3、散曲 六、解答（2选1） 1、先秦论述中哪些包含小说萌芽和小说因素，举例说明。 2、以意象派理论阐述一首小令或律诗。
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编36 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00) 1.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on ______(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数： 2.00） A.consciousness B.impulse C.instinct D.response 2.The university has sought to ______ a special fund for physically disabled students. (2008年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.administer https://www.doczj.com/doc/461059092.html,pliment C.perform D.institute 3.For many people, overeating and overspending are as ______ to Christmas as candles and holly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.integral B.suitable C.inevitable https://www.doczj.com/doc/461059092.html,patible 4.She did not go out because of the ______cold.（分数：2.00） A.tense B.intense C.intensive D.extensive 5.Efforts to reach the injured men have been ______ because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.enforced B.intensified C.continued D.strengthened 6.As the pressure______the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.(2003年南开大学考博试题)（分数：2.00） A.intensifies B.magnifies C.heightens D.deviates 7.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into______care.（分数：2.00） A.intensive B.rigid C.tense D.tight 8.Charles has not the least______ of giving up his research.（分数：2.00） A.intention B.idea C.play
4阅读理解共4篇40分：比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了 第一题，有关公司内部职员股票；经济 第二题，有关霍金的Big Bang，黑洞理论；物理 第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治 第四题，生物入侵；生物。此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。 5改错题10空10分，原文： Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised. If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
2016年南开大学社会学理论考博复试线考博真题考博参考 书 考生类别院 系 所 码 院系所名 称 专业名称 外 语 业 务 课 1 业 务 课 2 总 分 复试权重 普通招考115周恩来政府 管理学院 政治学理论、中外 政治制度、国际关 系60606021540%社会学、人口学、 社会心理学60606021540%行政管理、教育经 济与管理60606022040% 注：已获硕士学位者和应届硕士毕业生不再参加思想政治理论科目考试。 专业代码、名称 及研究方向 指导教师人数考试科目备注 44 030301社会学 04社会学理论①0001思想政治理论② 1001英语③2702社会学 理论与方法④3713西方 社会学理论 考博常见问题 一、考博需要注意的五大事项 1、目标明确 确定了考博，第一件事是先确定报考学校和导师，不要再对考博的前景三心二意。考博虽然不意味着成功，但至少是人生的一个重要转折点，特别是对于非名校毕业的硕士来说，考个名校博士肯定是得大于失。不要同时准备两所学校，人的精力毕竟有限。 2、复习时间六个月以上 能拿到硕士学位再考博的，都差不到哪儿去，想要超越对手，时间是一个宝贵的因素。复习时间越长，对考试内容的熟悉程度必然越深。当然每个人的情况不同，复习很短时间就能考博成功的案例比比皆是。
3、复习方法正确 各个学校都有自己的风格。复习时一定要找到该校出题的规律，切不可到书店找一些资料搞题海战术，要知道，一门课程出到卷子上可能只有二道题，如果你有心把该校近五六年考博卷拿出来看一看，再把近几年的研究生的期末考试题拿来研究一下，估计你可以做出题老师了。在这方面，外校学生一般会吃大亏，因为有些课程的题目是该校的特色题，且不谈题目你没看到过，就算是题目提前给你，你翻遍书店可能都找不到答案。如果说考博有什么捷径的话，应该就在于此。 4、导师关系处理恰当，否则你面试、调剂时可能会有麻烦 一般来说，如果你的技能与导师的项目很对口，或者你在什么核心期刊上发表与导师的研究课题相关的论文，那他肯定会同意你报考。如果你不具备上述条件，那么找导师的熟人介绍一下，导师一般也会要你。还不具备的话，那你就脸皮厚一点，让他明白你为报考他的博士，付出了很多，导师也是人，会有同情心的，不要因为一次拒绝丧失信心。实在不行的话，换一位试试，总有导师会要你的。不过有一点要记住，导师招学生最根本的衡量准则是你的考分，你成绩不靠前，导师也很难帮你。 5、经济上要有一定的支撑 包括人际关系费用，找该校的对口复习资料费用，报辅导班的费用，考试费等等，该花的最好不要省，只要是对考博成功有利的。因为这些钱对于博士生出来后的待遇来说太微不足道了。 二、专业课如何复习 对待专业课的认识，有些考生以为自己学了这么多年本专业，甚至发表了不少文章，专业课应该没问题了，从而放松了对自己专业课复习的要求。其实现在博士录取时，各个环节都不能放松。即使及格了，如果成绩较低，总分排名靠居后，也会影响导师对自己的印象。提高专业课的复习效率，育明考博告诉大家可以分为以下两个阶段： 1.了解学术动态 考生在确定了报考的局势和研究方向以后，要立刻在招生简章或报考学校的网站上查到复习的参考资料。一定要翻翻近两年专业杂志，看看大家讨论的热点问题，浏览一下报考学校近三年的学报，了解本专业发表的论文。最好在考前就有关热点问题加以思考，提出自己的观点和看法。尤其需要强调一点，考生应查看导师近五年中发表的文章以及导师近年的专著，有些观点、数据、理论要掌握，特别是有关老师的论文一定要熟记于心，遇到类似的题目可以搬上去，这对于提高你的成绩会大有裨益。特别要注意教师在一些有争议的问题上的观点和立场，围绕这种问题，时间允许的话最好再收集相关资料。往往导师会在这些问题上考察学生。导师招收博士，也是寻求合作者的过程，如果发现一个对自己近两年研究的领域知之甚多，甚至观点也和自己相容或相似，势必会给导师带来好的印象。可以提前和该导师的博士生取得联系，要求提供去年的专业课考试的考题(一般专业课试题有10%一30%的重复率，而各高校却不提供专业课考题)，或者要求他提供第一学期的专业课笔记(老师近期关注的重点大多都在其中)，也可以请他大致谈谈考试出题的倾向以及考试的感受和经验。自己做不到这一点的话，可以寻求辅导班的帮助，省时省力。 2.复习阶段 花半个月时间收集全资料后，应拟订一个大致的复习计划，内容包括时间和
川大考博英语2014年真题 I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “huma n-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full
南开大学考博英语阅读真题解析 1. Television Program and Their Effect on children Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child. The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young. There are often specials on animal life. A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category. On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs. A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs. 2. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities. Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious. People have offered many solutions to this problem. I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical. The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc. in the overcrowded city. With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining. The housinmg problem in big cities