测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译 殷虹 河北工业大学适用

• In the design of external PC-test instruments, external box
should connect to the internal computer bus
• manufacturer attempts to standardize its interface
cabinet external to the computer’s cabinet
• The connection between the external PC test instrument and
the computer is cable
• A example of external PC-test instrument— multifunctional
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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11.1 Internal Adapters
• PC instruments designed for internal use are fabricated on one
or more computer adapter bf internal-adapter PC-test device —IS-16
• The first major step toward this goal was taken by HewlettPackard in the early 1970’s with their introduction of the Hewlett-Packard Interface-Bus (HP-IB)
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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11.3.1 Successive Approximation Register Conversion

选择性和客观性的测量。We can distinguish two types of information :information on the state ,structure or nature of a certain characteristic ,so-called structural information ,and information on the magnitude, amplitude or intensity of a certain characteristic ,so-called metric information .The acquisition of structural information is called
a different state or phenomenon that cannot be misinterpreted by an observer .In other words, the instrument converts the initial observation into a representation that all observers can observe and will agree on . 这些仪器的任务是把国家或现象观察进入一种不同的国家或现象,不能被误解被
dipped in cold water, the water in the jug will feel relatively warm ,whereas if the hand is first dipped in warm water ,the water in the
jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real world around us which we

测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentation Instrumentati on is defined as the art and science of measurement and control.Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。

仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be assimple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。

仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。

Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories,and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable.Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in thehousehold as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in mostwestern homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。

测控技术与仪器考研复试自我介绍英文English:Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am a graduate student majoring in Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments. I decided to pursue my master's degree in this field because I am passionate about the development and application of advanced measurement and control technologies, as well as the design and optimization of precision instruments. During my undergraduate studies, I completed several research projects related to measurement systems and sensors, and I have also gained hands-on experience in using various testing and analysis tools. I believe that a master's degree will allow me to further deepen my understanding of this discipline and equip me with the necessary skills to contribute to the advancement of this field in the future. I am looking forward to the opportunity to continue my academic journey and make a meaningful impact in the field of measurement and control technology and instruments.中文翻译:你好，我叫[你的名字]，我是测控技术与仪器专业的研究生。

测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentationInstrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant. 译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。

仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。

仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。

Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。

测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5~10)第1章课后,,,???,,,?,,??,?,,(1950),,??,,??,;,,,(,),,,,,,=(2),,,(),水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中，操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波。

干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号。

这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响。

类似的情况在雷达监测、工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到。

当你想到信号检测时有多种方法，那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的。

当问题的答案是“当前有一个还是一个多个信号？”时，检波一词将被使用。

一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性，这就需要谈及假设检验；当一个信号反复出现的情况下，许多系统只被设计提供两个答案：“是的，当前有一个信号”或“不，当前没有信号”。

力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化，因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类。

一般来说，一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作，不容易被改变，例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管。

当出现不明信号时，观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑。

在这种情况下，操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在。

沃尔德（1950）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉。

如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平，这就是顺序检测。

一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否，而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数。

在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别，例如信号的到达时间和相位。

当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时，这就是信号抽取。

信号一词并没有明确的定义，只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设。

有些较为详细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件。

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1 An Overview for Control System
– A complex controller, the brain, compares the two positions 2.3 and determines which actions must be performed to accomplish the desired result. – 复杂控制器大脑比较两者位置，并决策完成期望效果所 采取的动作。 2.5 – The body implements the control action by moving the thread or turning the steeling wheel; an experienced driver will anticipate all types of disturbances to the system such as a rough section of pavement or a slow-moving vehicle ahead． – 人体通过移动线和转动方向盘完成控制动作；一个有经 验的司机将预期这个系统所有类型的干扰，如人行路段 或有慢行车在前方时。
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Words and Expressions
– – – – – – – – – – – continuous 连续的 discrete 离散的 regulator system 调节系统 follow-up system 随动系统 setpoint 给定值 actuator 执行器 programmable controller 可编程控制器 central control room 中央控制室 block diagram 方框图 response to 响应 time delay 延时 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换

Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of information ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects ofmeasurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。

这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。

There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。

测控技术与仪器专业英语教程（第2版）课后答案第一章1.简谐信号是最简单和最重要的周期信号。

任意一个周期信号可以用简谐信号来表达，两者之间联系的桥梁是傅里叶级数，所以傅里叶级数是周期信号分析的理论基础。

翻译：Harmonic signal is the simplest and the most important periodic signal. Any one of the periodic signal can use harmonic signal to express, contact between the bridge is Fourier series, so Fourier series is periodic signal analysis of the theoretical basis.2.一个在时域上显得很复杂的信号，将其变换或映射到频域（包括s和z域），就能够分解为非常简单的基本信号形式，进行分析和求解。

翻译：A time domain appear very complex signal, its transformation or mapping to the frequency domain (including s and z domain), can be decomposed to A very simple basic signal form, carries on the analysis and solution.第二章1.信号不是周期性出现，而只是持续一段时间，不再重复出现，如过渡过程、爆炸产生的冲击波、起落架着陆时的信号等，把这一类信号看成为非周期信号。

分析非周期信号的思路是：在时域上，当周期A，周期信号变成为非周期信号：在频域上，周期信号的频谱在A 时的极限，变为非周期信号的频谱，即傅里叶变换。

翻译：Signals are not periodic appear, but only for a period of time, and shall not repeat appear, such as the transition process from an explosion, the shock wave, landing gear landing signal, this kind of signal see as a periodic signal. Analysis of the thinking of the periodic signal in time domain, when A cycle, cycle signal into non periodic signal: in the frequency domain,the signal spectrum in A cycle of limit, A non periodic signal spectrum, namely Fourier transform.2.信号在时域压缩α倍（α>0）时，则在频域中频带加宽，幅值压缩1/α倍；反之信号在时域扩展时（α<1），在频域中将引起频带变窄，但幅值增高。

句中，that 从句作output的定语从句。
全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要 有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to digital format prior to （在……之前） being supplied to the process controller. Today’s MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors.
译为：一些半导体制造商正在积极的进行控制系统的输 入和输出两个方面的智能装置的研究。微机电系统 （MEMS）这个术语用来描述对传感器和加载器用半导体 制造工艺建立的结构。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
Before the availability of microelectronics, the sensors or transducers used to measure physical quantities, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, usually were coupled（连接，联结，联系）directly to a readout device, typically a meter that was read by an observer.

测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语课文翻译当然，有应用的个人电脑的所有者可能想比仅通过GPIB与各种设备的奇数，提供更高的性能。

这种系统通常称为基于PC的工作站。

在基于PC的工作站，仪器模块匹配性能和兼容性都聚集围绕PC电脑。

基于PC的工作站允许来自多台仪器的数据迅速聚集，存储，作图，分析，并纳入一台PC机上的报告形式。

这种类型的系统一般都放在一个制造商合作，以提高性能和涉及的仪器模块之间的合作。

There are, of course, applications for which the owner of a PC may want higher performance than that offered by the GPIB alone, with its odd assortment of devices. Such systems are generally referred to as PC-based workstations. In a PC-based workstation, instrument modules with matched performance and compatibility are clustered around a PC computer. The PC-based workstation allows data from multiple instruments to be rapidly gathered ,stored, graphed ,analyzed, and incorporated into report form on a single PC. Systems of this type are generally put together by one manufacturer to enhance performance and cooperation between the instrument modules involved.一个基于PC的工作站的一个例子是惠普推出的PC仪器系统。

译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为 其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代 中期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。
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第2页/共34页
The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers.
主语为the reduction和the presence，谓语为pose，宾语 challenges。
全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低， 以及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传 感器提出的考验。
Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity. 译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压 并解决问题，但它们增加了系8 统和传感器的复杂性。
译为：该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系 统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成 框图如图3.1所示。
Figure 3.1 General sensing system 5 第6页/共34页
Many home thermostats（恒温（调节）器）, tire pressure gauges（轮胎气压表）, and factory flow meters still operate in the same manner.

测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5__)第1章课后Underwater Acoustic SignalIn the operation of a sonar system the operator is repeatedly faced with the problem of detecting a signal which is obscured by noise. This signal may be an echo resulting from a transmitted signal over which the operator has some control, or it may have its origin in some e_ternal source. These two modes of operation arise in radar surveillance and in disciplines for techniques and for illustrations of the basic principles. Since there are many ways in which one can think about signal detection , it is desirable to define a term to denote special cases . The word detection will be used when the question to be answered is, ?Are one or more signals present?? when the system is designed to provide an answered to this question , either deterministic or probabilistic, one speaks of hypothesis testing. The case of a single signal occurs so often that many system are designed to provide only two answers, ?Yes , a signal is present,? or ?No, there is no signal.? One can make the problem more complicated by endeavoring to classify the signal into categories. Decisions of this latter kind will be referred to as targetclassification.Normally a piece of detection equipment is designed to operate in a fi_ed mode and the parameters such as integrating time of rectifier circuits or persistence of the oscilloscope tube for visual detection cannot be changed readily. There will always be some uncertain signals, which the observer will be hesitant to reject or accept. In these cases the operator might have the feeling that if the integrating time of thedetector or the persistence of the oscilloscope tube were longer, he could reach a decision about the e_istence of the signal. Wald(_50) has formulated this intuitive feeling into a theory of detection. When one is able to vary deliberately the interval over which one stores data in thereception system in order to achieve a certain level of certainty, one speaks of sequential detection. Frequently it is desirable to determine not only the presence or absence of the signal but also one or more parameters associated with the signal . The parameters of interest can vary widely from a simple quantity such as time of arrival or target bearing to the recovery of the completewaveform . When a system is designed to recover one or more parameters associated with thesignal , one speaks of signal e_traction.The word signal was not defined and it was assumed that the reader had an intuitive felling for the word. Some elaboration may be in order since the definition of signal subjective and depends on theapplication . One may say that ?signal? is what one wants to observe and noise is anything that obscures the observation. Thus, a tuna fisherman who is searching the ocean with the aid of sonar equipment will be overjoyed with sounds that are impairing the performance of a nearby sonar system engaged in tracking a submarine. Quite literally, one man?s signal is another man?s noise.Signals come in all shapes and forms. In active sonar system one may use simple sinusoidal signals of fi_ed duration and modulations thereof. There are impulsive signals such as those made withe_plosions or thumpers. At the other e_treme one may make use of pseudorandom signals. In passive systems, the signals whose detection is sought may be noise in the conventional meaning of the word; noise produced by propellers or underwater swimmers, for e_ample. It should be evidentthat one of our problem will be the formulation of mathematical techniques that can be used to describe the signal. Although the source in an active sonar search system may be designed to transmit a signal known shape, there is no guarantee that the return signal whose detection is sought will be similar. In fact , there are many factors to change the signal. The amplitude loss associated with inverse sphericalspreading is most unfortunate for the detection system nut it does not entail any distortion of the wave shape . (Incidentally, where the wave can be appro_imated locally as a plane wave.) The acoustic medium has an attenuation factor , which depends on the frequency . This produces a slight distortion of the wave shape and a corresponding change in the energy spectrum of the pulse. The major changes in the waveform result from acoustic boundaries and inhomogeneities in the medium.When echoes are produced by e_tended targets such as submarines, there are two distinct ways in which echo structure is affected. First, there is the interference between reflections from the different leads to a target strength that fluctuates rapidly with changes in the aspect. Secondly, there is theelongation of the composite echo due to the distribution of reflecting features along the submarines. This means that the duration of the composite echo is dependent in a simple manner on the aspect angle. If T is the duration of the echo from a point scatterer, and L is the length of the submarine, the duration of the returned echo will be T=(2L/c)cosA ,where A is the acute angle between the major a_is of the submarine and the line joining the source and the submarine. C is the velocity of sound in the water. Of course, LcosA must be replaced by the beam width of the submarine when A is near.A final source of pulse distortion is the Doppler shifts produced by the relative motions between the source, and the target (or detector inpassive listening) may each have a different velocity relative to the bottom, the variety of effects may be quite large.水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中,操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波.干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号.这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响.类似的情况在雷达监测.工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到.当你想到信号检测时有多种方法,那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的.当问题的答案是〝当前有一个还是一个多个信号?〞时,检波一词将被使用.一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性,这就需要谈及假设检验;当一个信号反复出现的情况下,许多系统只被设计提供两个答案:〝是的,当前有一个信号〞或〝不,当前没有信号〞.力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化,因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类.一般来说,一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作,不容易被改变,例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管.当出现不明信号时,观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑.在这种情况下,操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在.沃尔德（_50）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉.如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平,这就是顺序检测.一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否,而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数.在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别,例如信号的到达时间和相位. 当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时,这就是信号抽取.信号一词并没有明确的定义,只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设.有些较为详细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件.也许你会说信号就是你想观察到的而噪声就是对观察者产生干扰的信号.但是,一个渔民在用声纳设备搜索海洋时,附近用来追踪潜艇的声纳干扰导致的信号削减常常会使他欣喜若狂.毫不夸张地说,一个人的信号将会是另一个人的噪声.信号的形式和构成是多种多样的.在主动声纳系统中,可以利用相关的固定宽度和调制正弦信号.类似的有脉冲信号,例如爆炸或者撞击.在一些极端的情况可以利用伪随机信号.在被动声纳系统中,例如螺旋桨或潜泳者发出的噪声.很明显,如何利用数学公式的方法来描述一个信号成为了我们所面临的问题.即是在主动声纳系统中的超声波发射器传播已知波形的信号,但无法保证检测后查找出来的反射信号也是类似的波形.振幅和反向球面传播信号失去关联是检波系统最不利的情况,因为它无法承担任何波形畸变.（偶然地,这种事件的乐观情况并不适用于2维波,除非它传播到足够远的地方,可以近似认为是平面波.）声波的传导介质会对其造成衰减,（衰减的程度）取决于声波的频率.这就造成了少量的波形失真和对脉冲波形能谱造成相当的改变.主要的改变还是由于波形的边缘效应和传播介质的不均匀所引起的.当反射波是由外部物体例如潜艇所发出的,这时反射波的结构主要受两种不同方式的影响,第一,由两种反射信号之间的干扰导致外界声源的强度与跟随相位的改变迅速波动,第二,合成反射波的延伸是沿着（来自）潜艇反射的散布特征,这就意味着持续时间取决于相位角的简单特征.如果T是反射波由一个点扩散的持续时间,L是潜艇的长度,那么反射波的回射时间就是 , 是潜艇主轴和声纳拖曳线之间的夹角（锐角）,C则是声音在水中的传播速率.当然,当接近的时候必须用潜艇的宽度代入.最后一个造成脉冲波形失真的原因声源,船体,介质,目标之间相对运动所造成的多普勒效应.由于声源,介质,目标（或者被动接收器的探测端）相对于船体都有不通的速度向量,所以各种因素的影响之间的区别也很大.第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a meanvalue.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the abs olutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of this is that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placingit in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed to an output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.or other obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially with metal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the use otwo-color pyrometry. As was mentioned at the start of this section.both the intensityand the spectral distribution of the radiation vary with temperature. The radianintensity at any wavelength.几.is given by:’C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,}/入1一1Where J is the radiant energy·.is the emissivity·} is the wavelength·and T is theabsolute temperature(K).On th e assumption that emissivity is not a function owavelength(this assumption isnot entirely true)the ratio of intensities at twcwavelengths becomes: 测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:几.几/巨e_pCC=/J},T 一y/巨e_pCC=/J}=T)一y一一大一大Which may be simplified to=(consl)只e_p大一大wherecn77s/〔丫)7了sC(几:/几)’C}(lid.一1/J},)第6章课后习题3.Uncertainty is generally stated as a number·indicating the tolerance from the true value of the measurand. T he tolerance is only estimated. It represents theconfidence level of the investigator in the results.since the true value of themeasurement is unknown. he purpose of the sensor is to obtain dimensional information from theworkpiece. .不确定性是一般表述数量表示宽容的·过热蒸气的真实价值.他宽容只是估计T.它代表了信心水平的调查员在结果中.自从的真正价值测量是未知的.他的目的是获取维度信息的传感器从theworkpiece.4. It is like a transducer in many instances because it converts oneenergy form to another. This other energy form is always an electrical signal.since we are considering sensors which provide an篇二:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a mean value.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the absolutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of thisis that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placing it in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed toan output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.orother obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially withmetal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the。

译为：如果传感器的输出没有被正确的调制，诸如灵敏 度、电压和电流电平、线性度、阻抗、增益、补偿、漂移、 时间常数、最大额定电功率、寄生阻抗和其他重要的因素 能够影响传感器的整体表现。其结果是整个系统将受到影 响，特别是当涉及高清晰度，准确度或很差水平的测量时。
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
译为：设计信号发生器和调制回路时一定要警惕以保证 传感器是系统中准确度最低的部件，如果周围回路有附加 噪声或降低了准确度，传感器输出的准确度将受影响。
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
The following are some of the tasks performed by a signal conditioner: 以下是一个信号调制器执行的操作： （1）Isolation and impedance conversion;隔离和阻抗变换 （2）Amplification and analog-to-analog conversion; 放大和模-模转换 （3）Noise reduction (filtering); 降噪（滤波） （4）Linearization; 线性化 （5）Data sampling; 数据采样 （6）Digital-to-Analog conversion; 数-模转换 （7）Analog-to-Digital conversion. 模-数转换
Voltage output
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
Three types of input topologies exist for the signal conditioning of voltage output sensors: differential, single-ended and pseudo-differential. The type of signal conditioning input is typically matched to the output structure and precision requirements of the sensor .

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的微分Etch 蚀刻，酸洗Supplier 供应商Dimension 维数Fidelity 保真Terminal 终端Discontinuity 心电图Filament 丝，细丝线Uniformly 均匀地Even 偶数的Flame-failure 火焰，故障V erbatim 逐字的Expansion 展开式Flapper 蛇阀Workbench 工作台Foregoing 前述的Foil 箔，薄片Active element 有源元件Geometrical 几何学的Former 框架Air-evacuated 抽成真空的Hal f-wave symmetry 半波对称Friction 摩擦Amplifier 放大器Harmonical 谐波的Gauge 表，仪器Anode 阳极Identity 恒等式Harmonics 谐波Attributable 可归因于Instant 瞬间Illumination 照度Bias 偏压，偏置Integrand 被积函数Inductance 电感，感应Capacitor 电容器Integrate 求。