语义：词汇
英语阅读中有两大障碍
语序
简单句：只有一套主谓结构的句子。
句子
非简单句
简单句中不存在语序障碍的情况：五大基本句型
主+
主+
n.
【
不定代词（定语要后置）something…+定语
表语形容词作定语后置：alive : a cat alive
ahead : a way ahead
处理：1.将后置定语置于名词前（前置）
2.当后置定语过长时，可以切分，单独成句
Special note: 名词+现在分词短语/过去分词短语切分，单独成句
定语从句
作用1.修饰、限定名词/句子
2．连接两个具有共同名词的句子
例：1）I love this girl. 2) This girl is beautiful.
I love this girl who is beautiful.（也可表因果）
1)I have three books. 2) The red of those books is my favorite.
I have three books of which the red is mu favorite.
3.表示因果关系
例1off
i)
ii)
例2
例3
同位语
作用：补充说明名词（句子）的成分。
识别：
1.A,B (A B为名词) Kevin , a cool man.
2. A —B Kevin —a cool man.
3. A or B Kevin or a cool man.
4. A of B
5. 句子，（逗号）/——（破折号）+A
A of
B A为上义词，B为下义词（A B为种属词）此结构构成同位语
B.J—city Sir/man/people—Kevin
上、下义词作用：
1.语言的多样性
1）the computer…2) the machine…3) the tool…4) this invention…5) the P.C…
6) my Lenovo…
2.语言的正式性
thecity of B.J. the disease of cancer
对 A of B 的处理：阅读中，只看B 写作中，多用A of B 结构
处理：阅读中，删除；写作中多用。
rather than 万能插入语
例：I am the best teacher.
I , rather than anyone else, am rather than will be, the best rather than good, teacher rather than cook.
cop 警察(俚语，相当于中国黑话“条子”)
状语：
作用：修饰、限定动词、形容词、句子。
1.副词
2.现在分词短语
3．过去分词短语
识别：“A”结构（可作定语也可作状语）
4.to do 短语
5.介词短语
6.独立主格
区别：1. A结构前没有名词就一定是状语
2. A结构前有名词，则优先判定为定语；如果语义不通顺，则可以改判为状语Note: 写作时尽量避免将状语置于名词后；或在名词和状语间加逗号。
L6U n i t1-1L i s t e n i n g事故和身体恢复 Harry Beecham works for a hi-tech German company based in the Munich. Last month, he was in an automobile accident. He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City. He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city. The weather was terrible and the road was icy. He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him into the city as soon as possible. The taxi driver agreed and sped up but just as they left the airport, the car was out of control. It spun around and skidded into(滑入) the path of an oncoming truck. Fortunately, the truck was going too fast, so nobody was killed. But the taxi was severely damaged and both passengers were injured. The taxi driver survived with only a few injured because he was wearing a seatbelt. The car accident wouldn’t have been happened had the weather been better. Had he put on his seatbelt, he might not have been injured so badly. Had the weather been better, the accident wouldn’t have been happened. The taxi airbag had also been deployed(使展开), absorbing much of the impact. However, Harry, who was in the back seat, having put on his seatbelt. As a result, he was severely injured, and had to be rushed to the hospital. Now, a month later, Harry still can’t remember much of what happened. When he first woke up in the hospital, it was several hours after the accident and he wasn’t sure where he was. The bad news was that he couldn’t move his legs. This was because his back had been broken in the accident. The doctor later told him that he might never regain the use of his legs. Some of his nerves in his spine(脊柱) and legs had been damaged but everything else was OK. Now, Harry is trying to figure out what to do. If he works hard and exercises every day, there will still a chance that he legs will recover on their own. There are also some new treatments that might help his nerve regenerate. Still, he should be prepared for the long recovery and possibility that he might never walk again. Without the use of his legs, he wouldn’t be able to continue working in the same way. it wouldn’t be possible to travel, so he would have to find another way to attend the meeting. Either that or he would have to look for another way to make a living. Harry has a good disability insurance, so mon ey won’t be problem for a while. But sooner or later, he wants to be able to earns a living again. Of course he isn’t planning to give up on his legs. If he works hard, he might still be able to regain the use and learn to walk again. Some of his nerves had been damaged but there was a chance that they were healed. The new drugs being developed might make it possible for the nerves to grow back. Still, he has to face the possibility that nothing will work. Whatever happens, Harry is determined to think posi tively. Even he can’t walk, he can still attend the meeting all over the world. With technology, he could be anywhere and there is much that he can still do. Luckily, he still has to use his arms and hands and his brain is still functioning. With the right attitude, he can find a way forward. There is no reason to despair in or feeling sorry for oneself. That kind of think won’t solve anything. He just hopes that his company or another will get him a chance to prove himself. He could still be a valuable asset for them, come or make. Spun around使…旋转( spin的过去式和过去分词) L6 Unit 1-1 Dialogue 衣着和礼仪 Hey, what do you think? do you like it? No, it’s too short. We can’t wear that to the office. If you do, nobody will be able to concentrate.
一．修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 Eg. O my love's like a red,red rose. That man can not be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝 She likes an apple in her eyes. 2.Metaphor暗喻 Eg. The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it. There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall. The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it. There was a few lordly poplars before the house. All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment. Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce. 3.Personification 拟人 Eg . Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold. The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face. The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛their boat. 4.Metonymy 借喻转喻不直接说明而是以另外一个与之相关的事物来说明Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas. When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen.弃武从文 His purse钱包would not allow him that luxury The kettle boils 水开了 The room sat slient. 全屋人安静的坐着。 Lend me your ears , please. 请听我说。 His unfriendly tough surprised her. 5.Synecdoche.提喻 A.部分代整体或者说特殊代一般 Eg . He is the Newton of this century. The had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.打零工面包来代指生活收入The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 手代指人 There are about 100 hands working in the factory. 同上 B.整体代部分或者一般代特殊 Eg. The fox(狐狸来代指狐狸的毛皮) goes very well with your cap.帽子 Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.用德国和阿根廷来代指两个国家的球队 The poor creature could not endure her sufferings.用生物代指人 6.Euphemism 委婉，诲饰 Eg. He is out visiting the neccessary. 他出去方便了。 His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他和他妻子离婚了。 Deng xiaoping passed away in 1977. 注意看课本page19页的词的委婉用法。 7.Irony 反语 Eg. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
L4——U2——1/4listening Earthformsandextinction A 1.Theearthwasformedaboutfourpointsixbillion(46亿)yearsago. 2.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillion(10亿)yearslater. 3.Thefirstplant-like didn’tappearuntilaround twobillion(20亿)yearsago. 4.Untilaboutfivehundredeightymillion(五亿八千 万)yearsagolifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic(极小的，微小的). 5.Sincethattime,lifehasevolved(进化)intomanydifferenttypesorspecies. 6.Howeverscientistsestimate(估计)thatmorethanninetyninepercent（99%） ofthemarenowextinct(灭绝的). B 1.Therehavebeenseveralextinction(绝种)eventsinthehistoryoftheearth. 2.Inanextinctioneventsmanylifeformsorspeciesoflifedieout. 3.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries(未解之谜). 4.Theseeventsarenotpredictable(预告)andcanhappenatanytime. 5.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装 机)orvolcaniceruptions(火山爆发). 6.Eventslikethis,canchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson. C 1.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedaboutsixty-sixmillion(6600万)yearsago. 2.Thateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheearth. 3.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspecies(物种，种类，类型)ontheplanetdieout. 4.Whentheasteroidshittheearth,itstartedachainofevents. 5.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogetherlikeachain. D 1.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears. 2.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere. 3.ThiscloudofdustblockedtheSunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths. 4.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.
1 Unit 1 1. remind sb of sth 使某人想起某物 2. value n be of (great) value = be(very) valuable v treasure 珍惜 估价 ～ sth at + 钱 valueless 没有价值的 worthless 没有价值的 invaluable 无价的 priceless 无价的 3. survive vi 生存,幸存;生命较…长久 vt from/on 继续存在,生存 survivor 幸存者 survival n 生存 eg:Tom ～ Tim by 3 years 多活三年 I can ’t ～ on $40 a week. 4. in search of sb/ sth in one ’s search for sb/ sth search (for)/ look for /hunt for /seek for 寻找 make a search of 5. must have done 一定是 could(n ’t) have done 过去可能(不可能)已经 amaze 惊叹,赞叹 6. v surprise 惊讶,出乎意料 astonish 语气比surprise 强,大吃一惊,难以置信 7. fancy adj. 奇特的 v. ～doing sth imagine doing sth enjoy doing sth n. have a ～ for(喜欢)=be fond of 8. decorate A with B A be decorated with B 9. scene 情景 scenery 风景总称 n. the ～ of sth 10. design on purpose = by ～ v. be ～ed for be ～ed to do sth 目的是 11. belong to 无被动/进行时态 12. in reward as a reward = in return eg: Jim helped Tony in return , Tony gare Jim a gold watch. Tony gave Jim a gold watch in return for Jim ’s help. 13. have sb do sth sb doing sth sth done sth to do I have ～ to do have sth to be done eg: 有 ---I ’m going to BJ.Do you have anything to be taken to your son. ----No, thanks. 14. light lit----lit 常用作谓语 lighted-----lighted 常用作定语 15. consider doing sth 考虑 sb/sth (to be/ as ) + n/adj 认为 consider/ regard /see / think of / look on 16. on the spot 当场 17. a piece of a article of a set of 18. works of art = art objects 艺术品 19. a train for sp 去…的火车 20. the former 前者 the later 后者
L2-U1-1/5 Listening Jackson family 1 A 1. This is the Jackson family. 2. It’s a family of four. 3. Bill and Helen are the parents. 4. They have two children. 5. Both of their children are girls. 练：1. They don’t have any boys. B 1. Lisa is the oldest of the girls. 2. She’s twelve years old. 3. Angela is the youngest. 4. She’s nine. 5. They also have a dog. 6. Its name is Jumper. 7. Its name is Jumper because he likes to jump. 8. Jumper can jump rope! C 1. The Jackson family lives in Shanghai. 2. They live in a large apartment building. 3. Their apartment building has many apartments. 4. Their apartment is on the 5th( fifth) floor. 5. They usually take the elevator to the 5th(fifth) floor. 6. Sometimes the elevator doesn’t work. 7. Then they take the stairs. D 1. There are many trees outside their apartment building. 2. There is also a small pond.
Lesson 2 Until 和till 互通, 通常句尾; until 也可放到句首 1，prep+表时间的名词 直到午夜，直到下午三点, until midnight, three in the afternoon. 杭州的茶馆很多，是一个消磨时间和谈生意的好去处，花上几块钱，可以呆一个下午，直到很晚 There are many teahouses in Hangzhou// we have many teahouses in Hangzhou. They are ideal/nice/good places to kill time or talk about business. With a few bucks/dollars, you can stay there until /till very late in the afternoon。 咖啡厅是一个放松的好地方，这里你既能享受春日的温暖，又能体会到这个城市中产阶级的生活品调Coffee-bars are ideal places to relax. There you can enjoy the balmy spring day and the luxury of mid-class life. (Luxurious lifestyle 奢侈的，糜烂的生活方式) *** 我所在的城市被誉为人间天堂.我们城市西部有一个湖，那里有很多的茶馆和饭店。下午时分，不管天气是晴是雨，我都喜欢坐在其中，听音乐，品龙井茶。 My city is paradise/heaven on Earth. We have a good lake in the west part of the city. There are many good restaurants and coffee bars /tea houses along the lake. Whether on fine afternoons or rainy afternoons, I love to sit in one of them, listening to the nice music and savoring the local Longjing tea. 不论晴天还是雨天，我都会来这里，听音乐或细细的品味我喜爱当地龙井茶 2，连词。 等到雨停了Wait until/till the rain stops. （时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来） 现在不是好时机，我还是等等，直到价格下来一点再说 It’s not a good time now. I shall wait until the price comes down a little bit. 没有机会，中国人说你可以等，但是直到海枯石烂，你依然看不到希望 There is no opportunity/chance. In Chinese we say you can wait until the sea dries up but still you see no hope 他一点都不好看，中文里我们说他长得和死蟹差不多 He is not good-looking at all. In Chinese we say he looks like a dead crab. He looks like hell. 长得和鬼一样 他想娶他配不上的人，中文里我们说他癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉 He wants to marry someone he doesn’t deserve. In Chinese we often say an ugly toad wants to eat swan meat. *** His face is the fiercest weapon他的脸是最强悍的武器 她是世界上最漂亮的女人，一顾倾城，二顾倾国 She is the most beautiful lady in the world. One glance, the city collapses；another glance, the country surrenders
L2-U2-1/5 Listening Den’s family/ Lisa’s class A 1. Dan is a pilot. 2. He works for Global airlines. 3. Global airlines is an airline company. 4. Dan flies airplanes all over the world. 5. He’s tall and he has brown hair. 6. He often wears sunglasses. B 1. Lisa is a student. 2. She has black hair. 3. She has a round face. 4. She’s wearing a yellow dress. C 1. Cathy lives in Canada. 2. she has 3 children. 3. Her husband is Paul. 4. She has brown hair and blue eyes. D 1. This man is 65 years old. 2. He has 3 grandchildren. 3. He has grey hair. 4. He also has a grey beard. 5. He always wears glasses. 6. He wears glasses because he can’t see very well. E 1. This is Lisa’s class schedule for today. 2. She gets to school at 7:55(seven fifty-five). 3. Her first class starts at 8:00. 4. It’s her math class. 5. It lasts for 50 minutes. 6. It finishes at 8:50(eight fifty). 7. She has a 10-minutes break from 8:50 until 9:00. F 1. Her second class stars at 9:00. 2. It finishes at 9:50.
大学英语2笔记
UNIT 1 小测错误 Exploratory探索 Reversal颠倒 Bold勇敢的 Evolve使逐步发展 Originality新颖、独创性 Feel your pulse把脉 Min素 Vitality Vitamin维他命 The monitor is very vigorous in action Tough-minded意志坚定 Borrowed words Acupressure=shiatsu 指压按摩House slave 房奴 House boy/girl宅男/宅女 Work as a teaching assistance in university在大学里做助教Reposition re→again Reposition 复位术改变……的位置更新 He is somewhat of a teacher他有点教师的味道、风范Expect 期望 expectation 动作 期望的行为或状态 Come up to one’s/meet one’s expectation Fall/short of one’s expectation Beyond one’s expectation Beyond somebody into silence To neglect one’s duties玩忽职守Make investigation into/on something Under investigation在调查之中Sympathetic植物感神经的 Critical moment/stage Financial crisis金融危机 Principal food 主食 Principal校长、委托人 A man full of crafts 手段很多Promoter 赞助者 关于文章的开头Begin 1、with an anecdote 2、with an incident 3、gusting a newspaper headline or sth 4、with a question 5、with an imagined 6、argument between…… 被系在……上be attached to 探索行为exploratory behavior 偶尔 on occasion 仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2
写作笔记 一、八个必备句子 1、正如一名古老的中国谚语所说。 Just as an old Chinese proverb goes. 2、生命不息，奋斗不止。 Aspire to inspire until I expire! 3、尽管图画很简单，寓意却非常深刻。 Simple as the picture is,the symbolic meaning behind it is deep as ocean. 4、情况是如此令人遗憾，是该马上采取措施控制情况发展。 With current state of offairs so sorry,it is high time that we took effective to put the situation on hold. 5、在中国，文化交流现象是最明显的。 In now country other than China, it has been said that is the phenomenonof cultural integration more obvious. 6、报纸上有一张图画引起了人们的广泛关注。 There has been a heated discussion about this picture in the newspaper. 7、教育在当下是最重要的。 Never in any era of our nation have the stakes involving education been higher than now. 二、关于内容有话可说避免跑题 1、成功品质 03、 04、 06、 07、 08、 1 2、 13 2、社会道德 98、 01、 05、 06、 11、 14 3、科技环境 99、 00、 09、 11、 15 4、文化交流 02、 10 三、关于形式三段式 220字最佳 第一段：2-3句（30-60字） 第二句：4-9句（100-120字） 第三段：2-3句（30-60字） 四、关于语言句式正确—复杂多变 用词—多样 五种方法：1、加adj. adv. 2、加同位语 3、加介词短语（作状语） 4、加定语从句 5、将两个句子写成一个句子
小学英语读书笔记 《英语课程标准》指出：学生的发展是英语课程的出发点和归宿。英语课程在目标设定、教学过程、课程评价和教学资源的开发等方面都要突出以学生为主体的思想。 笔者认为，树立“对话”意识，运用新课程理念备好课是基础和前提。 一、与教材对话：源于教材，高于教材 每一套教材都代表着某一种教学理念和实践方法，教师在使用一套新教材之时，应站在编者的角度钻研全套教材，努力理解和领会教材编写者的教学思想和设计精神，把握教材的特点，使之在我们的教学中得以充分体现。与教材对话，首先要尊重教材，读透教材；与教材对话，更要超越教材，走向生活。我们不妨尝试“一课三案”：钻研教材，独立思考，形成“初案”；博采众长，融会贯通，写出“教案”；课后反思，精益求精，补充“另案”。 江苏版的《牛津小学英语》教材按照话题——功能——结构的体例编写，在备课时，我们可着力于话题生活化，功能结构协调化。在“初案”中，我们应该重点研读教材，明确教学语言与语境语言，把握关键语句与困难语句；在“教案”形成阶段，我们应分析语用因素，结合师情学情，选择设计各环节活动：课后，结合教学实际再回头看自己的教材解读，及时补充“另案”必不可少。“另案”中，可以反思一节课对教材处理的成功之举、败笔之处、学生感受，当然，对教材的“再教设计”是最终目的。我们对教材的研读应该追求从“有它无我”到“有它有我”，最后达到“有我无它”的洒脱境界。 二、与学生对话：关注学情，真心真意 学生是学习的主人，我们的“教”应该为学生的“学”服务。在备课时，教师还应该时时在心中与学生对话，在与学生充分对话的基础上进行的备课活动才能真正体现学生的学习主体地位。 “你对这个话题了解了多少?”——牛津小学英语每一个单元都有一个话题。在我们设计新单元的教学时，这个问题可以提示我们尊重学生的已有经验，关注学生的学习基础，在学生已知已会的基础之上设计教学内容，把属于学生的
1非限制性定语从句， 限制性区别，this is the street where I used to live. 一个作用是对一个现象做一说明，一个是表示因果关系。 关于环境问题，越来越多的人们注意到到全球变暖越来越严重。The global warming is getting worse and worse, from bad to worse（increasingly serious）, which is mentioned （noticed， concerned）by more and more people（human beings, persons, individuals, folks .解释一个现象。 我的工资越来越高，所以缓解了家庭的经济负担。 My salary has been increasing gradually, which eases the financial burden of my family. 我的房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。 My house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake. JACK已经爱上了ROSE，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。 JACK has been falling in love with ROSE，as can be judged from his eyes． 他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我心烦。 He seems not to have understood what I meant, which seriously makes me sad. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 可以用来解释名词，一个事物或事件， 在北京奥运会，中国队夺得了51枚金牌，其中50枚是女子夺得的。 In the Beijing Olympic Games, the Chinese team got 51 gold medals，50 of which were won by women． 2 同位语从句， 和定语从句比较 博物馆有很重要的教育作用，因为她给人们深入理解自己传统文化的机会。先把中文记下来。Museums have very important educational role, （museums play an important（essential 本质的， crucial决定性的，significant意味深长的 vital 及其重要的consequential （consequence产生影响的，）influential 重要的人，momentous（千钧一发），重要的时刻，比如结婚是我生命种的一个重要时刻， considerable可观的，重要的， valuable 重要价值的substantial本质的（substance物质决定意识，） material） role in education Because (for the reason that) they give support people citizens with chances to deeply understand their country’s tradition and cultures. 3 形式主语 It is no use crying over the spilt milk, Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧 Patience is the road to understanding 理解万岁
懂你英语L3-Unit1
Level3 Unit1 1/4 Listening Cathy usually gets up at 6:30 but this morning she didn’t hear her alarm. As a result, she overslept. She didn’t get up until 7:00, 30 minutes later than usual. As a result, she didn’t had time to cook breakfast for her children. Today Cathy and her kids left home early. They usually leave home at 7:30 but today they left home at 7:15. They left home early because t hey had to buy breakfast on their way to school. It usually takes 45 minutes to drive her kids to school but today it took longer. It took longer because they stopped for breakfast along their way.
It took 15 minutes for them to have breakfast. They ate at a little coffee shop along the side of the road. After eating breakfast, they got back into their car. On most days, the traffic isn’t too bad in the morning, but this morning it was much worse than usual. The cars were moving very slowly. As a result, it took them longer than usual to get to school. One of the children get to school on time but the other two were late. They were late because their school are farther away. They were both about 10 minutes late to school. When Cathy finally got home, she cleaned her
UNIT 1 1. 被系在…上be attached to… 2. 探索行为exploratory behavior 3. 偶尔on occasion 4. 父母的责任parental duties 5. 揭示，阐明throw light on 6. 最终目的an ultimate purpose 7. 要做的动作desired action 8. 所希望的结果desirable outcome 9. 关键critical point 10. 育儿观value of child rearing 11. 弥补某种错误行为making up for a misdeed 12. 回想起来in retrospect 13. 善意的well-intentioned 14. 前来帮助某人come to sb.’s rescue 15. 极其熟练、温和地with extreme facility and gentleness 16. 适用于apply to 17. 发展到evolve to 18. 发展创造力promote creativity 19. 值得追求的目标worthwhile goals One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. 美国人的立场可以概括起来这么说，我们比中国人更重视创新和自立。我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所怀的忧虑中显示出来。中国老师担心，如果年轻人不及早掌握技艺，就有可能一辈子掌握不了；另一方面，他们并不同样地急于促进创造力的发展。美国教育工作者则担心，除非从一开始就发展创造力，不然创造力就有可能永不再现；而另一方面，技艺可于日后获得。 However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). 但我并不想夸大其辞。无论在过去还是在当今，中国在科学、技术和艺术革新方面都展示了巨大的创造力。而西方的创新突破则有被夸大的危险。如果仔细审视任何一项创新，其对以往成就的依赖则都显而易见（“站在巨人肩膀之上”的现象）。