M a r k T w a i n-t h e M i r r o r o f A m e r i c a
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.
在大多数美国人的心目中，马克吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。但我发现还有另一个不同的马克吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.
印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克吐温原名塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。
The geographic core, in Twain's early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart. Keelboats ，flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerce. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses , cotton, and whiskey traveled north. In the 1850's, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drained
three-quarters of the settled United States.
在马克吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。在19世
纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。
Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos. He participated abundantly in this life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings ,medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic 1857年，少年马克吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。所有这一切，连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。
Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half year s in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later life Twain acknowledged
that the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote well than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream.
蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。从所有这些形形色色的人身上，马克吐温敏锐地认识了人类，认识了人们的言与行之间的差距。他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时间是他真正接受教育的开端，而且也是最具有深远意义的教育。到了晚年，马克吐温还声言是密西西比河使他了解了各种各样的人的本性。这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用，然而他描写得最为成功的还是那些密西西比河上的人物。
When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, "... I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. "
随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少，而内战的爆发又阻碍了商业贸易的发展。这时，马克吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。那支队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战。在确信“我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，马克吐温离开了那支队伍。
He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada's Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he accepted a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, to literature's enduring gratitude.
他乘驿站马车来到西部，在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。同那只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后，他遭到了失败。在破产和灰心之余，他接受了为弗吉尼亚市《领土开发报》当记者的工作，这一行动将获得文学界永久的感激。
From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.
自从他因淘金失败而感到心灰意冷之后，马克吐温便开始努力博取作为一名报社记者和幽默作家的地区性声望。从事新闻报道工作当然不能使他像淘金成功者一样立成巨富，但在挣钱方面他的笔杆却比他的锄镐要有效得多。1864年春季，在他加盟《领土开发报》还不足两年之时，他又乘驿站马车前往旧金山，那儿在当时和现在都是有前途的年轻作家成长的摇篮。
Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks on the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. "It was a splendid population – for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home... It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day – and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says 'Well, that is California all over. '"
马克吐温磨炼并试验了他的新笔力，但他却因写了一些尖锐的评论文章而被迫暂时离开这座城市。他围绕着虐待华人等一类问题对市政府提出的尖锐批评惹得一些官员大为恼火，因之他只好逃到萨克拉门托山谷的金矿区暂避风头。他对那儿的拓荒者们的描写使西海岸地区富有创新精神的现代人倍感亲切。“这儿的人们真是了不起——因为那些笨手笨脚、无精打彩、呆头呆脑的懒汉都呆在家里……正是那些人们为加利福尼亚赢得了这样的声誉：当他们着手进行一项宏伟的事业时，他们会不计代价或风险而以一种豪迈的气概和闯劲勇往直前，一千到底。加利福尼亚人至今仍保持着这样的声誉，因而，每当他们发起一项新
的惊天动地的壮举时，那些素来稳重的人便会像往常一样微笑着说：‘看吧，这完全是加利福尼亚的风格’。”
In the dreary winter of 1864-65 in Angels Camp, he kept a notebook. Scattered among notations about the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story he had heard that day – an entry that would determine his course forever: "Coleman with his jumping frog – bet stranger $50 – stranger had no frog, and C. got him one – in the meantime stranger filled C. 's frog full of shot and he couldn't jump. The stranger's frog won."
1864年与1865年之交的那个冬天，马克吐温是在安吉尔斯矿区度过的。在这段沉闷的日子里，他记了一本笔记。在杂乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关矿区饭食情况的记录条目中夹着一条叙述当天听到的一则故事的记录——这条记录决定了他一生事业的发展方向：“科尔曼用他的跳蛙——与陌生人赌50美元——陌生人没有跳蛙，科尔曼去给他弄来一只——陌生人利用这段时间将科的跳蛙肚子塞满铅弹，这样，科的跳蛙跳不起来，陌生人的跳蛙便得以获胜。”
Retold with his descriptive genius, the story was printed in newspapers across the United States and became known as "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." Mark Twain's national reputation was now well established as "the wild humorist of the Pacific slope."
经过马克吐温的生花妙笔改写之后，这个故事登在美国各地的报纸上，成了家喻户晓的“卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙”。至此，马克吐温作为“太平洋海岸狂放的幽默大师”的声望已在全国范围内牢固地确立起来了。
Two year s later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the Old World. In New York City the steamship Quaker City prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. For the first time, a sizable group of United States citizens planned to journey as tourists -- a milestone , of sorts, in a country's development. Twain was assigned to accompany them, as correspondent 工for a California newspaper. If readers expected the usual glowing travelogue , they were sorely surprised.
两年之后，他得到了一个以美国人特有的眼光去观察欧洲旧大陆的机会。在纽约市，“费城号”蒸汽船准备进行一次到欧洲和圣地的观光航行。这是美国人第一次组织较大规模的团体观光旅行——也可以看作是一个国家发展史上的某种里程碑。马克吐温作为加利福尼亚一家报纸的记者被委派随同观光团采访。如果读者们期望能读到有关这次旅行见闻的神采飞扬的描写的话，那他们是要倍感意外的。Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turkey, for example, he reported, “... one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night.” Casually he deb unked revered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. Back home, more newspapers began printing his articles. America laughed with him. Upon his return to the States the book version of his travels, The Innocents Abroad, became an instant best-seller.
举例来说，他对于那没有给他留下什么好印象的土耳其君主苏丹是这样报道的，“人们可以任意选择一个地方设一个陷阱，一夜之间准可捕捉到十几个更有能耐的人。”他信口开河地对一些受人景仰的艺术家和艺术珍品加以鄙薄，甚至对宗教圣地也敢于以亵渎性的言辞加以侮蔑。回国以后，越来越多的报纸开始刊登他的文章，整个美国都同他一齐欢笑。他一回到美国，他的旅行杂记《傻子出国旅行记》立即成为畅销书。
At the age of 36 Twain settled in Hartford, Connecticut. His best books were published while he lived there.
三十六岁时，马克吐温开始定居于康涅狄格州哈特福德镇，他的最优秀的作品全是在那段时间里问世的。
As early as 1870 Twain had experimented with a story about the boyhood adventures of a lad he named Billy Rogers. Two years later, he changed the name to Tom, and began shaping his adventures into a stage play. Not until 1874 did the story begin developing in ear nest. After publication in 1876, Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. Tom's mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools to-day as is the Declaration of Independence.
早在1870年，马克吐温就试着写了一篇关于一个他名之为比利罗杰斯的男孩子的童年历险故事。两年后，他又将主人公的名字改为汤姆，并着手将故事改编成剧本。直到1874年他才开始认真地扩展故事
情节。《汤姆索亚》于1876年出版后，很快成为美国儿童故事的经典之作。这部描写汤姆的顽皮、勇敢、机智以及他对贝琪莎切尔的天真纯洁的感情的故事几乎像《独立宣言》一样成了今天美国学校里的必读书本。
Mark Twain's own declaration of independence came from another character. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer, he drags in "the juvenile pariah of the village, Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunkard." Fleeing a respectable life with the puritanical Widow Douglas, Huck protests to his friend, Tom Sawyer: "I've tried it, and it don't work; it don't work, Tom. It ain't for me ... The widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell –everything's so awful reg'lar a body can't stand it."
马克吐温本人的独立宣言却是由另一个人物表达出来的。在《汤姆索亚》第六章里，他引出了“村里的流浪少年，镇上酒鬼的儿子哈克贝利费恩”。哈克不愿在清教徒道格拉斯寡妇家过上等人的体面生活，从那里逃出来后对他的朋友汤姆索亚发牢骚说：“我试过了，还是不行；不行啊，汤姆。那不是我过的日子……那寡妇家吃饭要听钟声，睡觉要听钟声，起床也要听钟声，什么事情都得规规矩矩，简直叫人受不了。”
Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was given a life of his own, in a book often considered the best ever written about Americans. His raft flight down the Mississippi with a runaway slave presents a moving panorama for exploration of American society.
《汤姆索亚》风靡美国九年之后，哈克被赋予独立的生命，成为一本被许多人认为是最成功的描写美国人的作品的书中的主人公。他同一个逃跑出来的奴隶一起乘坐木筏沿着密西西比河顺流而下的漂流航程展现了一幅幅揭示美国社会生活全貌的生动画面。
On the river, and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored, from life's regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success.
通过对密西西比河，尤其是对哈克费恩这一人物的描写，马克吐温将自己想从那束缚着自己并常常令自己苦恼的生活步调中摆脱出来，从生活中的各种清规戒律以及为了事业成功而进行的艰苦挣扎中解放出来的愿望表达得淋漓尽致。
Mark Twain suggested that an ingredient was missing in the American ambition when he said: "What a robust people, what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf occasionally and renew our edges."
马克吐温认为，美国人的理想中缺少了一种成分。他说：“我们只消偶尔地躺下来好好放松休息一下，保持锋棱利角，我们将有可能成为一个多么朝气蓬勃的民族，一个多么富有思想的民族啊!”
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12; his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion; the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months. His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis, Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter. Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub.
马克吐温的一生都笼罩在悲剧的阴影之中，自己的亲人一个接一个地去世：他的父亲在他十二岁那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇难；他的儿子朗顿才满十九个月即离开人世。他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎；克莱门斯夫人在佛罗伦萨死于心脏病；而他的小女儿也因癫痫病的发作淹死在楼上的浴盆里。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. He pretended to praise the U. S. military for the massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl of a volcanic, crater. In The Mysterious Stranger, he insisted that man drop his religious illusions and depend upon himself, not Providence, to make a better world.
这位曾令全世界欢笑的人自己却饱尝了人世的辛酸。他早期作品中的道德说教厚厚地包着一层幽默的外衣，现在幽默换成了辛辣的讽刺。对于美国军队在一个火山口上屠杀六百名菲律宾摩洛人的行为，他没有直接进行抨击，而是假装为之高唱赞歌。在《神秘的陌生人》中，他指出人类应该抛弃宗教幻想，依靠自己而不是上帝的力量去创造一个更加美好的世界。
The last of his own illusions seemed to have crumbled near the end. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men's final release from earthly struggles: "... they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed – a world which will lament them a day and for-get them forever.”
他自己的最后一个幻想到后来似乎也破灭了。在晚年口述自传的时候，他以极端绝望的心情谈到人从尘世的苦难中的最终解脱：“……他们从世界上消失了，在这个世界上他们无足轻重，无所成就；甚至他们的存在本身就是个错误，是个失败，是种愚蠢。这个世界上也没有留下丝毫能表明他们存在过的痕迹。这个世界赠给他们的只是一日的哀伤和永久的遗忘。”
Devices of figuration
Metaphor
Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...
main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart
the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States
All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...
Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam
When railroads began drying up the demand...
...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...
Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
Simile:
...a memory that seemed phonographic
Hyperbole:
...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...
Parallelism: Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.
Personification:
life dealt him profound personal tragedies...
the river had acquainted him with ...
...to literature's enduring gratitude...
...an entry that will determine his course forever...
the grave world smiles as usual...
Bitterness fed on the man...
America laughed with him.
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.
Antithesis:
...between what people claim to be and what they really are...
...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...
...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever
Euphemism:...men's final release from earthly struggle
Alliteration:
...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home
...with a dash and daring...
...a recklessness of cost or consequences...
Metonymy:...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe
Synecdoche Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce
翻译中词汇的理解与表达 翻译时，译者只有对原作有透彻的理解，才能用译文语言准确地把它复述出来。理解主要是通过原文的上下文来进行。 一、词汇含义的理解 1．名词：It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East．应对中东战争（×敌对状态）负责的是两个超级大国。有一些名词，特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后，意义是不一样的。“hostility“enmity “ill will“敌意”“敌视”解，但“hostilities“war“战争”解。 2．动词：They were obviously quite impressed by the arguments that the Chinese were advancing．他们对中国人提出的（×正在前进）这种论点显然颇为赞同。 to advance作不及物动词用是“come or go forward“前进”，在这里作及物动词用是“put forward“提出”，宾语是arguments，应译为“提出论点”，that the Chinese were advancing是arguments的定语从句，而不是它的同位语从句。 3．副词：The basketball team was organized two years ago and it has yet to win a single game．这个篮球队两年前成立，还没赢过（×还得赢）一次比赛。这里yet与不定式连用，含有“到目前为止还没有做某事”的意义虚词虽没有实际意义，在句中不能独立担任任何成分，可是由于误解虚词而引起的误译却也不少。 4．冠词：Awoman with child goton the bus．一位孕妇（×妇女带
广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚，深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment
顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一，信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良，疗效显著，誉满全球，欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods
翻译技巧8 名词性从句的翻译 1. 主语从句 * 以what、whatever等代词引导的主语从句，一般可采用直译。 1）What really concerns us is when our order is ready for shipment. 真正让我们担心的是我们的订货什么时候可以准备装船。 2) Whatever you say cannot make us reduce our price any further. 不管你们怎么说，我们不能再减价了。 3) What you should pay attention to is that claim must be made within the term of validity stipulated in the contract. 必须注意的是，索赔必须在合同规定的有效期内提出。 * 以it为形式主语引导的主语从句，翻译较为灵活。 4) From what you say, it is possible that we have made some mistake in the delivery of the goods meant for you. 根据贵方的来函所述，我方有可能在为贵方备货发运时出了差错。 5) It has also been observed that in many countries it is difficult for a foreign company to obtain not only the import license, but also duty relief. 还应该注意到，外国公司在许多国家很难获得出口许可证及关税的减免。 6）It is a matter of regret that we do not have a stock of sufficient quantity to supply you at present. 本公司目前存货不足，无法满足向贵方的供货，这真是非常遗憾。
1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering
新闻英语标题翻译:欣赏及汉译 我们在阅读英语报刊时，不仅要学会看借新闻标题，而且最好还能善于欣赏并翻 译新闻标题，惟有如此，我们才能较正确地理解英语新闻标题的词汇、语法及修辞等 特点，判断出标题的寓意。 欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题时应该兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题，领悟其妙处；适 当照顾译文特点，增强可读性；重视读者的接受能力。欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题，对 于不太熟悉英语国家历史、文化背景的读者来说，有时并不是很容易的。许多妙不可 言的精彩之处，一疏忽就可能从眼皮底下滑过去。因此，这就要求我们平时注意积累，不断熟悉英语国家的历史掌故、文艺作品以及英语的修辞手段等等。一旦真的领会并 译出了英语标题中作者苦心营造的深奥内涵，那份喜悦不亚于数学家攻克一道难题。 一、直译或基本直译 如果英语标题的含义明白、直接，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则可直译或基本直译。如： Looking Back To Look Ahead. 回首往昔展望未来。 America's Careening Foreign Policy. 摇摆不定的美国对外政策。 Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White House As Us President. 比尔，克林顿入主白宫，就任美国总统。（或译：克林顿入主白宫，新总统始掌 大权。） Olympics Begin In Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold. 奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌。
二、添加注释性词语 即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如： Li Elected Cppcc Head. 李（瑞环）当选为全国政协主席。 Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two. 路（易斯）谢（军）当选世界最佳男女（运动员）。 Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties. 天皇访华：（中日）双边关系的里程碑。 Quake Death Toll Tops 5000. （日本限神地区）地震死亡人数己逾五千。 Young Wheelers, Big Dealers. 青年摩托车手成了（保险公司）大主顾。 三、体现原文修辞特点 如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。如： 押韵：After The Boom Everything Is Gloom.
（2012重庆卷，34）儿童早期的睡眠问题很有可能在他们长大的时候还会继续这一证据已经在数年研究后被发现了。 Evidence has been found through years of study that children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. （2012天津卷，9）你在十字路口向左转还是向右转都没有关系，每条路都通向公园。 It doesn’t matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing ---both roads lead to the park. （2012四川卷，17）科学家研究人类大脑是如何运作来制作电脑的。 Scientists study how human brains work to make computers. （2012上海卷，34）善良通常是通过坦诚来实现的，这是个很有道理的想法。 There is much truth in the idea that kindness is usually served by frankness. （2012上海卷，38）--- 我们只有这个小书柜，那样可以么？ --- 不行的，我要找的是个更大更结实的东
西。 - We've only got this small bookcase. Will that do? - No, what I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger. （2012陕西卷，20）提供了有多大五个的课程，而且你可以选择任何一个最适合你的课程。 As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whichever suits you best. （2012山东卷，25）在这个店里面，不管你是用现金支付还是信用卡支付都没有关系。 It doesn’t matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store. （2012全国卷I，24）根本不清楚总统能做什么来结束罢工。 It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike. （2012辽宁卷，34）不久前一天，那个新来者去图书馆找关于马克吐温的书。 The newcomer went to the library the other day and
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
新闻英语翻译研究文献综述 新闻英语，即“新闻报道文章中所使用的英语,具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言”（张建，2004），成为了对外宣传的重要工具，特别是进入新世纪以来，对新闻翻译这一领域的关注日益增强，近年来，我国学者关于这方面的研究也逐渐逐渐多元化，从现有文献来看，主要集中在新闻本身的文体特点及翻译方法、新闻翻译理论、新闻翻译原则等方面。 1 新闻文体特点及翻译方法的研究文献综述 徐泉、王婷（2001）总结出新闻文体的如下特点：1.用词新颖，精巧别致；2.句式多样富于弹性；3.巧用时态，布局呼应；4.频繁使用被动语态，重点突出；5.结构合理层次分明；6.善用修辞，讲求效果。就语法层面的翻译而言,李侠（2004）分析了英语新闻句子的四大特点：1.信息量大；2.结构简单； 3.语法手段丰富；4.名词修饰语前置。李认为在翻译英语新闻时,必须遵循汉英两种语言的规律和使用习惯,努力增强译作的准确性和可读性,并提出了英语新闻句子汉译的3种方法: 1.化长为短； 2.调整句子中各部分的顺序与敢减敢删；3.使用四字格结构。曾尼（2010）从新闻英语的标题、词汇和时态及语态的角度，论述了新闻英语的一些文体特征。比如，由于报刊篇幅有限，新闻事件在语法方面的一个重要特点就是句型的高度扩展，结构严谨，句式简短精练，语言简洁是受人们称赞并为人们所追求的风格。郑连勋、郑堃（2011）认为新闻英语的问题与其他形式的新闻问题相同，拥有许多属于自己的独特语言。在理解其用词特点的基础上面，代词、复合词、外来词等应用方式，也是新闻英语用词方面的关键，从英语新闻报道展开分析，以借代词、引申词、复合词、外来词、小词语缩略词、临时造词等方面为例探讨了英语新闻当中的用词特点。 不少学者就这些文体特点的翻译进行了单项阐述。王治江（2001）提出了新闻外来词语音译中应注意的原则，即人名和地名中翻译要统一，不仅要译出指称意义，还要译出联想意义，但要避免产生贬义联想。范晓航（2003）
名词性从句翻译 宾语从句翻译： 1.妈妈经常告诉我an idle youth; a needy age. My mother used to tell me an idle youth; a needy age. 2.不要问你的国家能为你做什么；问你能为你的国家做什么。 Ask not /Don’t ask what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. 3.我很纳闷为什么那么多女孩喜欢王俊凯. I wonder why so many girls are crazy about Wang Junkai. 4.我不知道他是否愿意给我一个机会。 I don’t know if he is willing to give me a chance. 5.你知道张弥曼是谁吗？ Do you know who Zhang Miman? 表语从句翻译： 1.我的愿望是我能成为一个土豪。（rich redneck/ tuhao） My wish is that I could be a tuhao. 2.问题是我怎样才能成为一个土豪。 The problem/thing/point is how I can become a tuhao. 3.事实是很多人想和土豪交朋友。 The fact is that plenty of people want to make friends with tuhaos. 4.那是因为土豪非常乐于帮助朋友。 That is because tuhaos are ready to help friends out. 5.他看起来像个屌丝。(loser/pleb) He looks as if he is/were a loser. 主语从句翻译: 1.习近平是president of China 是众所周知的。 That Xi Jinping is president of China is well-known. 2.那些恐怖分子所做的是没人性的。（terrorist，inhuman） What the terrorists did was inhuman. 3.中段考你能否考好取决于你现在是否努力学习。 Whether you can do well/ score high points in the mid-term exam depends on whether you are working hard now. 4.《最强大脑》为什么那么受欢迎正在被讨论。（“Super Brain”） Why “Super Brain” is so popular is under discussion. 5.如何才能快速减肥是我想知道的。 How can I lose weight quickly is what I want to know. 6.你来自哪里并不重要，重要的是你将去哪里。 What matters is not where you are from but where you are going. 同位语从句翻译： 1.宇宙起源于大爆炸的这个理论被广泛接受。 The theory that the universe began with a big bang is widely accepted.
2019英语四级翻译常用词汇：教育词汇 成人夜校 night school for adults 在职进修班 on-job training courses 政治思想教育 political and ideological education 毕业生分酉己 graduate placement; assignment of graduate 充电update one’s knowledge 初等教育 elementary education 大学城 college town 大学社区 college community 高等教育 higher education 高等教育“211 工程” the “211 Project” for higher education 高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university 文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts 理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering 师范学院teachers’ college; normal college 高分低能 high scores and low abilities 高考(university/college) entrance examination 高校扩招 the college expansion plan
教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools 课外活动 extracurricular activities 必修课 required/compulsory course 选修课 elective/optional course 基础课 basic courses 专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule 教学大纲 teaching program; syllabus 学习年限 period of schooling 学历 record of formal schooling 学分 credit 启发式教学 heuristic teaching 人才交流 talent exchange 人才战 competition for talented people 商务英语证书 Business English Certificate (BEC) 适龄儿重入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age 升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate
这里汇聚了计算机和网络技术领域的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 A AAIMS（An Analytical Information Management System）分析信息管理系统 Abacus 算盘 Access security 存取安全 Access time 存取时间 Active 有源的 Ada programming language Ada 程序设计语言 Adapter 适配器 Adapter card 转接卡 Add-on 外接式附件 Address 地址 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字客户线路 After-image record 残留影像记录 Algorithm 算法 Alpha testing ɑ测试 3 Alteration switch 变换开关 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)运算器 Amplitude 幅度 Analog data 模拟数据 Analog cellular 模拟移动电话 Analog signal 模拟信号 Analysis block 分析块 Animation 动画制作 ANSL(American National Standards Label)美国国家标准标号 Answerback memory 应答存储器 Anti-noise coding 反噪声编码 Antivirus software 反病毒软件 APL(A Programming Language) APL 语言 Application development cycle 应用开发周期 Application program 应用程序 4 Application software 应用软件 Arithmetic operation 算术运算 ARP(Automatic Receive Program)自动接受程序 Artificial network 仿真网络 ASCII(American standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交 换用标准代码 Assembler 汇编程序 Assembly language 汇编语言 Asynchronous 异步的
名词性从句翻译练习及答案主语从句： 1. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 2. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 3.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 4. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 5．英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 6．我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 7. 他没来参加这个聚会真是一个遗憾。 8. 很显然，学生应该改为他们的未来做好充分的准备。 表语从句 1. 这就是我想做的 2. 这房子正是他最需要的东西。 3. 问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。 4. 问题是谁能完成这项困难的任务。 5. 今天讨论的话题是未来的学校会是怎样的。 6. 他迟到的原因是交通拥堵。 7. 事实是他对我撒谎了。 8. 这就是Henry 怎样解决问题的。 同位语从句: 1. 他们应该尝试第二次的想法值得考虑 2. 她工作很努力的事实我们都知道
3. 他们表达了他们将会再次来拜访中国的希望 4. 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人兴奋。 5. 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。 6. 爸爸许下了我通过英语考试就给我买CD player的承诺 7. 你是从那里得到我不会来的想法? 8. 我们还没有解决我们要去哪里度过暑假的问题. 宾语从句： 1. 我相信他是忠诚的。 2. 我想知道他来还是不来。 3. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 4. 我不知道它是否有意思。 5. 他不在乎天气是否好。 6. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 7. 我们认为你不在这。 8. 我相信他不会这样做。 9. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 10. 请告诉我你需要什么？ 11. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
acceptance policy 核保政策 accounting period 结算期 aggregate limit 累积限额 aggregated loss 累积损失 antiselection 逆选择 ART (Alternative Risk Transfer 新型风险转移balance 所欠款项 barrages 堰坝 captive pools 自保组合 catastrophe risk 巨灾风险 ceiding company 分出公司 cession limit 分保限额 claim-prone 容易出险 claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式 coinsurance 共保 commencement and termination 起讫 cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费 destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋 EPA event limit 事件限额 ex gratia payments 通融赔款 excess loss 超额赔款 exclusion 除外责任 exposed areas 风险承受区域 facultative reinsurance 临时分保 fault zone 断层区 finite risk 有限制的风险 flash floods 骤发洪水 flooding of rivers 洪水泛滥 frame structure 框架结构 full coverage 全额承保 full insurance value 足额保险价值 full liability 全部责任 Geophysics Institute 地球物理研究所health insurance 疾病保险，健康保险sickness insurance 疾病保险 insurance during a period of illness 疾病保险insurance for medical care 医疗保险 "major medical" insurance policy 巨额医药费保险 life insurance 人寿保险 endowment insurance 养老保险 insurance on last survivor 长寿保险 social insurance 社会保险 personal property insurance 个人财产保险insurance of contents 家庭财产保险 险别 Free from Particular AverageF.P.A. 平安险With Particular Average W.P.A. 水渍险 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting 污染险insurance against total loss only (TLO 全损险risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险 risk of inherent vice 内在缺陷险 risk of normal loss (natural loss 途耗或自然损耗险 risk of spontaneous combustion 自然险 risk of contingent import duty 进口关税险insurance against war risk 战争险 Air Transportation Cargo War Risk 航空运输战争险 overland Transportation Insurance War Risk 陆上运输战争险 insurance against strike, riot and civil commotion (SRCC 罢工，暴动，民变险insurance against extraneous risks, insurance against additional risks 附加险
名词性从句的翻译 Substantive Clause Translation 包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句四类。重点讲解同位语从句的翻译。尤其是避免“即”、“：”、“——”之类的译法。 主语从句及翻译 （一）以what, who, whether, that, where, why, how, when等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译。例如： Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem. 金属为什么能导电是一个有趣的问题。 That energy can be neither created nor destroyed is a very important law in physical science. 能量既不能创造也不能消灭是物理学的一条很重要的定律。 Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brains of a biologist. 一种生物是植物还是动物，有时使生物学家很伤脑筋。 When it was first invented is not known. 它最初是什么时候发明的，现在还不知道。 Where the water has gone can easily be answered. 水到哪里去了，这很容易回答。 （二）形式主语it +谓语+ that (whether)引导的从句，汉译时一般先译从句再译主句。例如： It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. 众所周知，物体在水中比在空气中轻。 It is no longer a question whether man can fly to the moon.
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
新闻英语与翻译美 新闻传媒已经成为当今世界文化传播、信息交流的重要途径，是人们生活中不可或缺的部分。新闻报道的现实性、真实性、时效性特点决定了该文体的特殊性，使得新闻翻译与文学、科技和商务等方面的文字翻译存在诸多差异。 新闻英语是英语中常见的实用文体之一。它用词范围广，变化多；题材涉及社会政治生活、金融商业、军事冲突、科技发展、外交斗争、文体动态以及宗教、法律、家庭等各方面。目前对新闻英语及其翻译的研究多基于新闻传播学、文体学、语言学等的理论，从普通语言学和文体学的角度研究较多，却很少涉及翻译美学的理论。本文拟从翻译与美学的关系入手结合新闻英语的特点对其汉译过程中的审美和审美再现进行研究。 翻译与美学。纵观中西方的翻译理论史，不难看出，多数不同的翻译理论背后，都有与之同时代的哲学——美学思潮的影响，有学者指出，在中国传统的翻译理论研究中，“几乎所有的议论命题都有其哲学——美学渊源”，认为“历史定势和文化整体形态的发展促使翻译学与哲学尤其是与美学联姻”。 新闻英语翻译中的审美再现。新闻翻译作为一种语际间的交际行为，涉及新闻原文、译者、译文三方面。译者要做的不仅仅是简单的文字转换，还要把新闻原文中美学要素转嫁到译文中去。刘宓庆提到过翻译中表象要素或者是非表象要素的转换：表象要素，是语言的形式，而非表象要素是语言的内容，不仅包括语音、语义语言所反映的现实，还包括语言中所隐含的情态、韵味、意境等。所以，审美价值的吸收与再造就成了不可或缺的艺术实践。 英语重形合，从构词、构语、构句到语段的连接都偏重于使用形式或形态因素，句型结构严谨、界限分明，表达讲究简洁流畅和准确严谨；而汉语则重意合，句子疏于结构，重在达意，表达风格上，多用“四言”“八句”，多对仗。修辞手法形式美主要体现为：英语中，对照均衡美，比喻形象美、简洁美，排比气势美，诗歌的韵律美等；而汉语对偶、排比等，比英文更显突出。 所以从语言美学角度来看，忠实通顺而措辞无法展现原文风采的译文，就没有达到审美的要求，算不上好译文。下面结合实例，从形象美、形式美和修辞美三个方面探讨新闻英语汉译中的美学分析和审美再现。 形象美。形象思维是翻译中对源出语联想所产生的鲜明意象的形象感受，形象美的再现要求译文能生动形象地进行等值转换。一般应遵循下列三条原则：保留原文形象直译，寻求形式对等；更改原文形象换译，寻求信息内容对等；省略形象补偿意译，寻求功能对等。 1.Palestine, a tiny place, straddles one of the world's political faultline.The crack from the small point threatens the peace of larger nations，the economy of every oil importer.——巴勒斯坦这块弹丸之地，坐落在世界政治的某个断层之上。断层上的一小点裂缝，就会威胁许多比它大的国家的和平，威胁每个石油进口国的经济。“faultline和crack”具有生动的视觉形象，可使读者产生视觉美，直译出其喻义即可实现形象美。 2. "The Chinese are nation of merchants." said a Japanese diplomat，with distain mixed with fear that the no-holds-barred Chinese brand of commerce eventually could overwhelm the more controlled Japanese model.——一位日本的外交官轻蔑地说：“中国人很有商业头脑。”话语中流露着害怕中国人那无孔不入的经商方法最终会压倒较拘束的日本经商模式的语气。“no-holds-barred”的原意是“没有船舱被关闭的”，若此句比喻直译成“没有船舱被关闭的经商方法”，读者将不知所云，显然有悖汉语表达习惯。因此，翻译时替换喻体为“无孔不入的经商方法”，传神达意，使形象美的信息内容对等。 3.I do not have a crystal ball. I cannont predict how long it will take. ——我不能预见将来的情况，所以不清楚会谈将持续多久。“crystal ball”指的是水晶球，含有丰富的文化内涵，如果将其译成“我没有水晶球。我无法预计它会持续多久”，不了解文化背