首医研究生英语unit 2课文

研究生英语UNIT2Commercialization and changes in sportsThroughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decision about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people，and sports no longer exist simply for the interest of the athletes themselves. Fun and “good games” are now defin ed in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interests in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event’s outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game”or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which therewere a number of excellent or “heroic”performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.Commercialization has mot had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsement and the sale of television rights..Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sports participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. T o make money on a sport, it’s necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it’s made up of many people who don’t have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the events itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players takes risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being, and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunk than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game. Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, na?ve spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involves in the sports often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people in sports may even refer to games or matches as “show time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don’t know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.As the need to please na?ve audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injures, playing with pain, and courage. Some athletes however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientationsand try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports. For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs. These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement. However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports. When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players. In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountant, and agents.The organization that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues. This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved. The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports. Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affecttheir health and well-being.。

Unit TwoText AI. Introduction1. Warm-up activities:a. What is ignorance?b. What is the relationship between ignorance and knowledge?c. Some say ignorance is bliss. Some say ignorance is the root of all evil. State your opinion on it.Reference:a. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.b. If one is overwhelmed by ignorance, he or she would not be able to know more knowledge; if one is equipped with knowledge, he or she would be able to know he or she is vulnerable to ignorance.c. (open)Once upon a time, an old illiterate person asked somebody to write a letter for him. He said, “Please write whatever I am telling you.” He then began to explain his life while the writer was busy writing. He talked about himself and some of his problems. After he finished, he turned to the writer and said, “All right. Now read me all you have writt en.” The man began to read the letter. Little by little the old man, listening to the writer very carefully, started crying. The writer looked at him surprisingly and said, “These are what you have already explained. There is nothing more in this letter. W hy are you crying then?”Still crying hard, the old man said, “I partially knew that I was a poor wretched man, but I didn’t know it so clearly as you told me today!”Quotes:a. Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn.—Benjamin Franklinb. There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action.—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.—ConfuciusThe recipe for perpetual ignorance is: be satisfied with your opinions and content with your knowledge.—Elbert Hubbarde. He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.—V oltaire2. Main idea of the text:The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education：Apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.II. Additional Information for the Teachers’ Reference Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of problem solving, fixing things, or for obtaining knowledge. “Learning doesn’t happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again.” In the field of computer science, the method is called generate and test. In elementary algebra, when solving equations, it is “guess and check”. This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory.Confidence trickster: a confidence trick or confidence game is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence. The victim is known as the mark, and any accomplices are known as shills.Confidence tricksters often rely on the greed and dishonesty of the mark, who may attempt to out-cheat the con artist, only to discover that he or she has been manipulated into losing from the very beginning. This is such a general principle in confidence tricks that there is a saying among con men that “you can’t cheat an honest man.” The confidence trickster often works with one or more accomplices called shills, who help manipulate the mark into accepting the con man’s plan. In a traditional confidence trick, the mark is led to believe that he will be able to win money or some other prize by doing some task. The accomplices may pretend to be random strangers who have benefited from successfully performing the task.III. Language Points1.Just as suddenly, and without premeditation, I found myself reviewing the extent of my knowledge and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew practically nothing about anything.---Just as it happened suddenly, I found myself evaluating the extent of my knowledge without my careful reflection upon this issue beforehand and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew literally nothing-meditation: n. the action or practice of meditatingHis later letters are intense meditations on man’s exploitation of his fellows.He was deeply interested in meditation, the East, and yoga.-practically: adv. virtually; almostAmong the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English.2.I woke from no nightmare, but was in calm and contented possession of my faculties.--- I woke from no nightmare, but remain in a sane state of being calm and contented. faculty: n.a. an inherent mental or physical powerHe is not in full possession of his mental faculties.b. an aptitude or talent for doing somethingHe had the faculty of meeting everyone on the level.c. a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge the faculty of arts; the law faculty3. A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results.--- A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate of equal proportion gives birth to very unpleasing effect.disconcerting: adj. causing one to feel unsettledIf the results of an experiment are too disconcerting, the scientist will check to see whether the experiment was rightly conducted without breach of other conditions. 4.I can play, with a dubious proportion of success, the game of applying to English thoughts and objects the names under which similar thoughts and objects seem to be known in France.---I can play the game of labeling English thoughts and objects with the equivalent thoughts and objects available in France, though whether this works is doubtful. dubious: adj. hesitating, doubting, or questionableHe holds the dubious distinction of being relegated with every club he has played for. It sounds a morally dubious proposal.5. I know- as yet so tentative that no two of them use the same term in the same way.---I know, not so clearly, that the various rival practitioners of a science hold such uncertain views that no two of them use the same term in the same way. practitioner: n. a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicineThe best that a practitioner can do is to have regard to the sort of multiplier which has in the past been adopted by judges in similar circumstances.tentative: adj. not certain or fixed; provisionalIt would be at once the most tentative and most final treaty that Earth had ever signed.6. The acquisition of this inconsiderable store has cost me fifty-six years and myparents a good deal of money.---It took me fifty-years and my parents a good sum of money to acquire such poor store of knowledgeinconsiderable: adj.a. of small size, amount, or extentThe prince avoided such pitfalls by simply chartering private jets and paying for them out of his not inconsiderable private coffers.b. unimportant or insignificantAt the same time, there is a good deal of self-congratulation at attending a good college- they are even inclined to exaggerate its not inconsiderable virtues.7. When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and receive the ticket to Tottenham Count Road, I am not devoured by any desire to know how the miracle is worked.---When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and get the ticket to the stop of Tottenham Court Road from the machine, I did not have a very strong desire to know the way how the machine works.devour: v.a. to eat (food or prey) hungrily or quicklyThe plants grow naturally in impoverished peat bogs, and they devour insects as a source of protein.b. (of a person) to be totally absorbed by a powerful feelingThe grey eyes roamed over her face, and she felt as though she was being devoured by some huge magnetic force.8. As I said, outside of the range of my own immediate experience, and such deductions of cause and effect as seem to be constant when I come into contact with them, I know next to nothing-and that at the end of an elaborate and costly education.---As I said, though I have received a very systematic and costly education, I know literally nothing, except for the range of my immediate experience, and the unchangeable deduction of cause and effect derived from my daily experience.next to: almostThe sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that Shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. elaborate: adj. involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planningAn elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out, and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way.Some, like the British and the French, maintain an elaborate system of personal contacts and have experts constantly studying special areas of the American scene. 9. After all, when we put theories aside, and come down to brass tacks, why should I be?---Anyway, when we ignore theories, and start talking about the basic facts, why should I be?put aside: ignoreIf Palfrey ever had any doubts about the wickedness of slavery, they were put aside after he received an inventory of the slave property he had inherited.See also set aside, brush aside, aside from, stand asidebrass tacks: the most important or basic facts of a situationGet down to the brass tacks , and quit talking round the subject.10. Why should my limited understanding be tossed about on long and short waves, provi ded I can switch over from the program I don’t want to the one I do?---Why should I torture my limited understanding so much, if I can switch over from my disliked program to my liked program?toss about: feel agitated for something that can not be decidedAlmost any topic under the sun was likely to be tossed about in the course of a morning’s talk.Because he was the victim of the unhappy marriage of his parents, tossed about between the two, he lacked a stable and warm background.11. Not long ago, I made an appalling howler through satisfaction at my own knowledge.---Not long ago, I made a shockingly stupid mistake because of my satisfaction with my own knowledge.appalling: adj. horrifying; shockingIn Mozambique, many are living in appalling conditions without clean water and proper sanitation.howler: n. a very stupid or glaring mistakeThe prospect of making a howler in front of millions of people is a worry, for Television has destroyed some goalkeepers.12. He consults his lawyer before he gives rein to his just indignation.---Before the happily ignorant man let the free go of his anger, he consults his lawyer. give rein to: to give someone the complete freedom of actionShe is highly adept at encouraging people not only to think and give rein to the excitement of ideas, but also to think critically.13. In fact, such a premium has our civilization put upon ignorance, he gets along very comfortably indeed.---In fact, our civilization has regarded ignorance as being so valuable that the happily ignorant man actually gets quite well along his life.put a premium on: to regard or treat as particularly valuable or importantThe practice not only created a dependency culture by reducing the incentive to work, but put a premium on early marriage and on childbirth14. It would be downright discourteous to oppose to his discourse the obstacle of any previous knowledge.---It would be utterly rude to object to his talk, which may be a threat or obstacle to any previous knowledge.downright: adj. (of something bad or unpleasant) utter; complete (used for emphasis) She played a little game with herself, seeing how downright rude she could act to the others, before they’d take offense, threaten to call the manager.discourteous: adj. showing rudeness and a lack of consideration for other peopleThe young man had so little time to learn and he had to be curious he had to find out, so it was not a discourteous question.15. Am I just a surreptitious, disgraceful exception to a rule of enlightenment? Am I just the only one who does not know?---Am I just a shameful guy who keeps the secret of being the only ignorant person to myself？surreptitious: adj. kept secret, especially because it would not be approved ofLow wages were supplemented by surreptitious payments from tradesmen. enlightenment:n. the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insightI gained a good deal of enlightenment from him.Key to ExercisesI. Reading comprehension1. In a morning when he woke up a few minutes earlier than he usually is, and he had not thought it before.2. It is unwise to take hold of the little door in front of a coal range in one’s fingers (learnt at the age of seven), that a mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results (discovered at night)，and that it is socially inexpedient to make jokes about false teeth.3. It means that the author can not be sure that his application of the names of the thoughts or objects of one language to another is successful or not, and thus he thinks that its feasibility is doubtful.4. He thinks that his knowledge is inadequate compared to his lifelong investment and his parents’ money. But he feel reassured that ignorance does no harm to him, for an ignorant person does n’t misquote.5. When people realize the fact that sometimes memory is not reliable, the knowledge they possess will bring them trouble and mistakes. Therefore, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant men seldom make inaccurate judgment without making aninvestigation first.6. He thought that the author of the book he needed to review had neglected some contents in the book, but actually the author had not. He learned from this experience that ignorance can be a great help to him, for his memory may deceive him sometimes.7. The sentence has an ironical tone, which means that under such civilization of valuing ignorance, knowledge is not necessarily so much useful as one requires. One’s knowledge can sometimes be less helpful to him than necessary, for the information can be quickly accessed in various means.8. (open)II. Vocabulary1. expedient2.sane3. impart4. verify5. discourteous6.tentative7. dubious 8. premium 9.tossing 10. devouredIII. Phrases1. give rein to2.bet on3. at a discount4. put a premium on5. in possession of6. gave an account of7. come down to8. a burst ofIV. Error detection and correction1. “express”改为“expressing”:The potters had virtually eschewed freehand drawing and elaborate motifs of the pots, while yet expressing a belief that there was order in the universe.2. “happen”改为“happens”Taxpayers are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white.3. “and”改为“that”This wonderful work of art is such a joy to look at that I can never be sufficiently grateful to you for having given so much of your time in order to give me pleasure.4. “have”改为“have had”Mrs. Thatcher suggested that “had America stayed in Europe after the First World War and we had a NATO then, I do not believe we would have had a Second WorldWar.”5. “manage with”改为“manage”An infectious outbreak among the staff at a time when holidays are at a peak will be more difficult to manage.6. “robbed”改为“robbed off”To escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind, and I left behind me brave men, whom captivity had robbed of all hope.7. “condemn”改为“condemned”One moment he had been looking forward to a happy and wealthy retirement and now, minutes later, he was a condemned criminal with only a few hours left to live.8. “likely”改为“more likely”This finding is consistent with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students.9. “much”改为“as much”He ate what he felt like, slept as much or as little as he pleased, and moved about the draughty rooms of the house, like an elderly tourist in a cathedral.10. “allowing”改为“of allowing”It is a question of allowing the human race to survive, possibly under the domination of a regime which most of us detest, or of allowing it to destroy itself in appalling anguish.V. Cloze1. bitterly2. pitch3. sprawling4. observing5. entitled6. vacuum7. around 8. likely 9.diminish 10. contemplation 11. impose 12. subversion 13. reassessment 14. frazzled 15. rejuvenate参考译文无知的乐趣那天早晨，我突然从睡梦中醒过来，这比往常要早几分钟。

Patients Have Rights, but Doctors Have Rights, tooEd Newman1. Anyone who watches any amount of television on a regular basis has noticed that TV commercials repeat themselves. Sometimes tiresomely. Whether it’s cars or burgers, soft drinks or detergents, marketing gurus across America believe that without repetition, their messages will quickly be lost amidst the forty-two zillion other messages competing for our half-attentive minds. And to a large extent they are right. We often need to hear a message repeated, because we often don’t “get it”the first time. Either we failed to notice it, or we failed to realize its significance.2.For this reason, we are returning to the subject of living wills, patient rights and self-determination in terminal health care.3. In December 1991 the Federal Patients Self Determination Act went into effect. In essence, this piece of legislation mandates that all hospitals, nursing homes and home health care providers are required to inform patients of their rights as patients and their ability to make an advance directive (living will) regarding their health care prior to treatment.4. A living will is a document which tells your physician or health care provider what types of treatment you want if you become terminally ill. It can outline the types of treatment you want and what you don’t want. In addition, it can also name a person as a proxy to make these health care decisions for you.5. It is noteworthy, however that while living wills have been widely discussed for years, and that Minnesota has had an Adult Health Care Decisions Act in force since 1989, there are still many questions and concerns about what living wills mean. And many people still have fears about the implications of putting their wishes in writing. Perhaps some clarity can be brought to the situation by understanding when and how these advance directives are used.6. Doug Lemons, Director of Social Services at St. Luke’s Hospital, explained. “Keep in mind the context for which the Living Will was developed. It is not in the emergency room, it is not in the operating room, but it is after the fact,when the patient is perhaps out of intensive care and being kept alive with machinery. It is that situation for which living wills were created.”7. According to the law, a living will becomes legally enforceable when the patient can no longer decide treatment decisions for himself or herself and is terminally ill. This means that the patient is in an incurable or irreversible condition for which treatment would only prolong dying.8. “Some people,”said Mr. Lemons, “fear that if they should have a car accident and they are in the emergency room, the doctor would say, ‘Oh, he’s got a living will. Just let him die.’“That can’t happen and it won’t happen, because as people move into the emergency room, they are there for emergency care. The living will doesn’t apply at that point. The living will applies once the patient gets to his room on a respirator.”9. Another situation where living wills are not enforced is in the realm of surgery. To illustrate, Mr. Lemons shared this example. “Recently someone came into the hospital for surgery who has a terminal condition, and she came in for an operation to relieve some of her pain. In order to get through the operation she was put on a respirator—and her living will says she does not want to be kept alive on a respirator. Her proxy came up into the ICU and here is this person being kept alive on a respirator. Is that a violation of the living will? No. It is a continuation of the surgery. In order to get through the surgery, because the heart had stopped—and this is typical sometimes in this situation—she had to have help in breathing. 24 hours later she was awake, and 72 hours later she was returning to her pre-operative state.”10. “Was the respirator a violation of her living will? No. She came into the hospital to relieve some of her pain. This procedure was necessary to achieve this goal.”11.“If, however, we later could not wean her from the respirator, then the decision would have to be made by her proxy, because she did not want to be kept alive on and on and on and on. So here, at this point, we follow her dictates as specified in her living will.”12.While the trend in health care over the past twenty years has been toward patient empowerment, physicians are still ultimately responsible for thehealth care decisions made in a patient’s treatment. Some people are surprised to learn that a physician is not required to follow the dictates specified in an advance directive. “nder our living will statute your health care provider can choose not to follow all or part of your living will,” said Legal Aid Officer Dale Lucas, senior attorney for the Senior Law Office. “You have two choices then. You can choose to stay with that medical provider or you can choose to find a different one. But that medical provider has to tell you about this right away when you provide a copy of your living will to the medical provider.”13.The reason for this becomes clearer when one recalls the history of physician/patient relationships.14. At one time, the typical model for medical care was the Theocratic Model.“It was as if the physician was God,” says Carolyn Schmidt, “and had all the answers. That became somewhat more gentle as care became more sophisticated. We entered what might be called the Paternal Period, where the physician was like a father who knew what was best for his patient.”15.As medical care became still more technical, the model changed to what we might call an Engineering Model. In this scenario, the physician was approached in much the same way as one would contract an engineer. Because the engineer has more knowledge than you, you trust him to take over and do what is correct.16.More recently, said Ms. Schmidt, “a realization has been made—especially among the younger doctors who are graduating from medical schools now—that health care consumers are much more sophisticated and aware due to the spread of knowledge through the media. The ideal model has now become a Cooperative Model where the physician and the patient both have input about the nature of that care.”17.In this new approach to health care, patient and physician work as a team. The benefit to health care consumers is an empowerment to a degree that has never been experienced before. However, just as there are limits to free speech—we are not permitted to shout ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theater—so there are limits to patient rights.18.In the Cooperative Model, Ms. Schmidt said, “you are working in ateam. And whenever you work in a team, you are two persons, and both of those persons have rights. Patients know what they want done to their own bodies, and those are very real rights. But the physician knows what he is able or willing to do, both in accordance with his own personal morality and with his knowledge of the practice of sound medicine. It would do real violence to him to have to go against either of those.”19.The bottom line is that there are times when the expressed directives in a living will cannot be carried out in good conscience by one’s physician, and the physician is not obligated to do so. It is the doctor’s right to refuse a particular service.20.Nevertheless, if this were to happen, the law states that your doctor is required to indicate this. “The medical provider has to tell you and document this in his file that he can’t follow all or part of the living will,” said Mr. Lucas. THE DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY OPTION21.Some people have wondered if a living will is necessary at all, since Durable Powers of Attorney are a legitimate option for health care decisions. (A durable power of attorney is a signed, dated and witnessed paper naming another person to make decisions for you. Any competent person over 18 can be chosen. The person does not have to be attorney.)22.According to Dale Lucas, one advantage of the durable power of attorney is that you don’t have to be terminal for it to go into effect. However, since the durable power of attorney was created chiefly for financial matters, Mr. Lucas adds, “I wouldn’t feel totally secure that the durable power of attorney for medical care would be followed.” The purpose of this document is specifically for appointing someone to be an agent on your behalf.23.Why, then, have a living will? “The reason people have a living will,” said Mr. Lucas, “is that they don’t want to place that tremendous burden of responsibility on a loved one to make that decision. Other people think they do want a proxy decision maker. So there are two schools of thought on that. It’s an individual decision that has to be made. I, for instance, have a living will and did not name a proxy decision maker.”HOW DOES ONE MAKE A LIVING WILL?24.In Minnesota, there is a Living Will Form which has been approved by law and should be available from your doctor, health care provider or attorney. This form asks questions to help you clarify what you want and do not want in the realm of terminal health care.25.You are not required to have all the statements filled out. For example, if desired you may skip everything and simply indicate the name of your proxy, the person who will speak on your behalf should become incapable of making your treatment decisions known.26.After the living will is completed, it must be signed by you and two witnesses or a notary public to become legal. Witnesses who will benefit from your estate are not valid. Finally, you must give your living will to your doctor or health care provider and you should ask your doctor to write out an order to carry out the terms of your living will.MISCELLANEOUS CONCERNS27. A lot of people equate a living will with “pulling the plug.” But according to Mr. Lemons, “A living will does not mean ‘Pull the Plug.’ It can also mean Tape the Plug to the Wall, put the tubes in, do everything possible, because it’s your will.”28.Another concern being raised has to do with the effect one’s living will might have on insurance premiums. Can one’s insurance rates go up if they request total care instead of minimal care during their final days? Will insurance companies have a low option plan that encourages people to request No Code Blue or DNR on their charts? “In the state of MN the law says no insurance company can adjust their rates based upon a living will,”said Mr. Lemons. “That’s good news.”29. A living will does not have to be complicated. It may, in fact, be a simple statement such as this: “If in the opinion of two doctors I am brain dead I do not want to be kept alive.” Having one’s intentions spelled out in black and white helps clarify what one truly believes.30.You may feel that a living will is not for you at all. It’s not, in fact, required by law. It is simply a tool to help ensure that you get the kind of health care you want. If you do not have a living will, your nearest of kin will beconsulted. In any case doctors are still committed to utilizing their training and experience toward making the best decisions possible in every aspect of your care. Whether you wish to use this tool is an option, only you can decide.。

UNIT 2 课文译文Text A结婚礼物伊莉莎白·埃科诺莫我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。

那个咖啡馆就像凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。

然而，我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生问镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。

我已经上40岁，是该轮到我了。

我已经体面地让开，眼看着孪生妹妹还有小妹在我之前出嫁。

我做过女傧相7次，伴娘3次。

我的淡颜色塔夫绸衣服比寄物店都多。

我的未婚夫乔治和我都是希腊裔美国人，但是我们想办一个简朴、大方的婚礼。

不需要很多伴娘伴郎。

也不放映幻灯片，展示求婚的细节，那太傻了。

这会是一次很温馨的聚会，请的人不多也不铺张，100个左右的宾客吧。

在我们的家族，那算是小圈子内的聚会。

我为一位偏执狂的管弦乐队指挥做公关刚刚结束，因而我有很多时间投入到我这个新的项目上。

乔治是药剂师，每周工作60小时，现在又有一份工作：听我抱怨婚礼一事。

这毕竟是我表现的时候，得由我说着算。

但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。

没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。

我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。

我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离在新加坡的某个地方。

眼看婚礼也就没有几个礼拜了，我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。

之后，我接到妈妈的电话。

她个头娇小，68岁却依然精力饱满。

几天前还为我即将举行的婚礼感到兴奋不已。

她刚去医院做例年的身体检查。

虽然感觉还不错，但被诊断是胃癌。

接下来的几天，问题不再是“举行什么样的婚礼?”，而是“还办婚礼吗?”我把这看成是我的大喜日子。

我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。

爸爸已经在三年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。

但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我觉得无法忍受。

几天后，我从纽约市搬回西雅图，延迟了婚礼。

我从操办婚礼转向指导保健。

我已经挑选好歌曲，准备作为我们夫妻的首个舞曲，但现在压力那么大，我已经记不起来是哪首了。

Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。

我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。

我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。

有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。

如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。

有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。

奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。

她有点超重。

她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。

她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。

她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。

尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。

总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。

以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。

她做了血液化验，这是好事。

血糖好点了。

胆固醇不是很好。

可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。

她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。

我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。

糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。

我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。

我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。

也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。

研究生英语课文原文加翻译学习上第1第2单元Unit 101 Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. We hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to explore; we like to make rules but refuse to follow them. But in this age it’s hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。

我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。

在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。

02 There is such a place: cyberspace. Formerly a playground for computer fans, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency: schoolchildren, flirtatious singles, Hungarian-Americans, accountants. Can they all get along? Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown?确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。

这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。

问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?03 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate.2 Real estate, remember, is an intellectual, legal, artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall, between red-light zone3 and school district, between church, state and drugstore.首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。

Text NotesUnit 2 Art of the TableReadin‎g FocusCulina‎r y Deligh‎t s in ChinaPara. 11. scatte‎r vt. & vi.1) cause to separa‎t e widely‎/ separa‎t e and go in variou‎sdirect‎i ons: disper‎s e 使散开∕驱散；散开∕四散2) sow by castin‎g in all direct‎i ons: strew 撒，撒播The wind scatte‎r ed the pile of leaves‎.风把那堆树叶‎吹散了。

The marble‎s scatte‎r ed across‎the floor.那些玻璃球在‎地上滚散开来‎。

She scatte‎r ed the books on the table.她把那些书摊‎开在桌子上。

Scatte‎r the grass seed over the lawn.把草籽撒到草‎坪上。

2. …, while today there are …while conj. wherea‎s (used to contra‎st two things‎)…而，…然而The south of the countr‎y contin‎u es to grow richer‎, while the north grows poorer‎. 这个国家的南‎部越来越富，而北部却越来‎越穷。

Para. 23. underg‎o ne: gone throug‎hunderg‎o vt. experi‎e n ce (a change‎, sth unplea‎sant, ect.) 经历，经受（变化、不快的事等）underg‎o sugery‎/ a trial / a test4.…, as almost‎…, and as the differ‎e nt …“as”here is used as a conjun‎cti on to introd‎u ce an adverb‎i al cause of time, means “along with the proces‎s of / while”.as conj. while sth else is happen‎i ng; while 当…时；随着He sat watchi‎n g her as she got ready.他一直坐着看‎着她准备停当‎。