GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理

issue高频题提纲（由无敌神猫提供）"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."孩子们的社会化决定社会的命运。

不幸的是我们还不知道怎样抚养孩子才能使他们对将来的社会有用。

This statement actually consist of two claims. First, the destiny of society is determined by how children are socialized today. Second, we have not yet learned how to raise children to be competent to help bring about a better society. As far as I am concerned,I disagree with both of the two claims.(1) There is no denying that children is the hope of a nation so that how children are socialized is indeed crucial for the future society.(2) However, the socialization of children is only one of the factors that determine the development of children, and yet it may not the most important one.(3) What is the most important, consider the item ―better society‖ as equality, prosperity, stabilization, then we do have ex perienced great improvement and progress during the last decades, the time of those who once were the childern of our society, which means we do actually know how to raise children to contribute a better society. We devote to raise children in health, not only in physical but also in mental. Merits such as honesty, responsibility, persistence, kindness and so on are the core lessons should be taken to children.NO.48 历史与人民3月北京第4"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."历史研究把太多重点放在对某些个人上.历史上一些重大事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的,而可能是由那些已经被淡忘的人制造的。

GRE考试：issue作文重点题目和提纲gre issue 提纲“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”只相信智力是危险的。

【分析题目】拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。

通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。

【提纲1】A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。

(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多其他的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。

(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to succeed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。

We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, combine them with each other.【提纲2】Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.GRE考试：issue字数gre issue 字数要求是怎样的?很多考生担心考试时issue 字数上不去。

GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.1.Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress insociety.2.In democratic countries, when parties and candidates competefor power, the public benefits.3.Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control ofmores and laws, society will suffer.竞争对于社会的优点和缺点------------------------------3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets.1.Naturally, each generation is most concerned about solvingproblems that immediately confront them.2.However, what differentiates human beings from otheranimals is that humans have a sense of future and are morally responsible for the well-being of their descendents.3.Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, eachgeneration should make its own contribution for thewell-being of future generations.当务之急和百年大计的关系------------------------------9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。

学习类1(1). "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。

（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用Topic：虽然从某种程度上来讲，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但这不是理由，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；1）我们很难从观点与我们相同或相似的人那儿获得新知识和受到启发。

2）相反，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上获取新视野，从而找到解决问题的方法eg 与此同时，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上发现自身的不足eg3）历史告诉我们，无论是对个人还是社会，主要是通过不同意见的争论来获取进步，向前发展的。

4）诚然，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但正是这种压力才更好的促使我们去思考。

.2(4). "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。

Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group闭门造车，旁观者清Topic：同意，知识领域的重大进展依赖于各学科的知识和经验，甚至能创造出一个新的学科。

7."The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporaryOur life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which prov Yet it’s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents 8."It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information fr Firstly, political leaders, in a democracy regime, will harm the proper right of people as Secondly, withholding information from the public will result in corruption in the governm Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary for political leaders to keep the public from know s 10"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in cultur Similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, 11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to enga Though each social problem appears to be different in different nations, as theft in afflu On the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, s 17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a respo Laws and regulations are set up along with the entrenchment of a government serving as a m 26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's pas i. Historic buildings are irrecoverable resources we should preserve not only for ourselve30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved peopl 36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by t The greatness of individuals cannot be appreciated by their contemporaries in large part i Besides, to test the validity of theories, works and ideas of the great individuals need a 38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can Though each has its advantages, television and books are not capable to win over each othe39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: mo Bill Gates, who quitted from university and did not complete his degree while establish hi As for people who have strong ability of self-management and definite purpose of learning, 41"Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and par We may find out that, people who resort to fortune-telling, astrology and such non-mainstr46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their suc Through competition, one makes himself/herself become eminent, so do the leaders entrench 47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect-that is, on reasoning and other In a sense, intellectual skills and non-intellectual skills are somewhat like skeleton an 48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant even In most historical documents, those significant figures were described as the only decisio Lacking of sufficient materials is another problem.50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all 1. to faculty members of some academic area, working outside the academic world will do li 51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the ind 1. the efficiency of education lies in its generalization ( teacher, student ) 2. over-spe54"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people toHistory is a part of our development, and provides relevant information of present problem History also serves as a source of precedent and predication, which guide us to avoid or l56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than tr Undoubtedly, immediate problems that agonize and afflict people mostly, such as crimes, wa59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should le We have been brought up with the tales and legends of kinds of heroes and heroines, no mat 61"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because th Most of these children farewell these dreams when they grow up for their capability, perso 64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it." 许1. The conception of "success", relatively, is one of narrow sense, not wide-sense.2. Limited personal ability result in failing to make best use of the success furtherly. 3 74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is thr 1. it is much easier for people to understand an idea by vision than by abstract language 80"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no i 1)to the environment's sake, it is necessary to do so . leaving some pristine not polluted 85"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."1.artists, producers of the arts, are mundane beings who can only use objective things as87."In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make importantA. Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, 88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."A. Technologies have radically changed the way we spend holidays.B. The new way of commun93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies 103."The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily li 108."In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at 120."So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past p 127."Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or 130."How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, w 131."The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal me otherwise hidden ideas and imp 136."The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare." A. Our life experie 138"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."A. Mistakes help us find out what is unworkable and hence we can approach the right soluti144."It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." a p147."Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." A 150."Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become famil A. Admittedly, corporate executives should make every effort to increase the profits of th153."Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should questi B. Skepticism is the starting point for creation. C. College campus is a place where teach154."Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too parents hold the ultimately legal authority to make key decisions about what and how their 157."There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective 159."The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of 160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistent 161."'In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to r167."It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Co B. However, as to some cardinal politics, the political leader should always be complete h 173."Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means Originality is a very important factor affecting the success of science, art, technology, 175."It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may ' be wo83."As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more compl 184."It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data." A. A theory conjured up witho 185."Scandals-whether in politics, academia, or other areas-can be useful. They focus our 186."Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything 207."Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of pe A. I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today's world 208."The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can te 212. "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable." B. However, 214."Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and beg 218."In order for any work of art- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song-to have 226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront arc more comple A. On the one hand, the speaker overlooks certain societal problems unique to today's worl 235. "Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty-whether to one's friendo being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written l written documents and become the new domination of documentation field since video record is limit hold information from the public."right of people as they withhold information from the public.tion in the government, and therefore bring detriment to society.public from know something, such as country’s top secrete, which is indispensable and helpful for l support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural t but also in culture. Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibilit being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations ty designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems , as theft in affluent nations may be conducted more for psychological reasons rather than for the v in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. Such a global u society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unj ment serving as a means to control the country. Since laws are built up under the power of governmen f any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners t only for ourselves but for our decendants ii. Historic buildings are valuable records of a societypeople's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."sely improved people’s efficiency, such as assembly-line, robots. Computer, etc.Besides, when peopl fter them, not by their contemporaries."ies in large part is due to their outstanding talent and their transcendental intelligence which sur individuals need a long time even centuries. In a democratic society, individuals have full free to ce was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."win over each other. Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when andastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years th while establish his business of Microsoft which ranks in the top of Fortune, may serve as a good ex urpose of learning, they may obtain more knowledge from self-studying than attending university or cand psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are nd such non-mainstream area of inquiry unusually are ill educated and underclass of the society.Inde attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its y e leaders entrench their successful position. The sense of competition is indispensable for a leader reasoning and other cognitive skills”.at like skeleton and flesh of a body. A society cannot advance without cognitive skills, yet it cannst significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups as the only decision makers. It is natural, however, for historians to do so, or from another aspect iversity level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in p ic world will do little help to their academic ability while distracting them from the research andned to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."udent ) 2. over-specified education will narrow down students’ ken and capability of acclimation toof present problems.de us to avoid or less making false decisions when in face of hard task in present.Admittedly, there oday rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."such as crimes, wars, drag abuse, unemployment and so on, actually need to be addressed by governme s, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for th nd heroines, no matter whether these characters are real persons or fictional ones, these stories se society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."r capability, personal interests and other factors. The remained few, however, by persistently pursu best use of it." 许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用成功；it指“success" 强调成功后如何利用 wide-sense.uccess furtherly. 3. Further success is related to how to make the use of other concerning resource. ps of people is through the use of images, not language."abstract language ( deep impression, straight presentation, etc. ) 2. when large groups of people a n if they have no interest in science." 1.Science as an important comment of modern education, all t istine not polluted surrounding to the posterity, and remain the last resident to the prosecuted and bjective things as brushes, canvas and museums to foster and propaganda their products. All of those t to make important discoveries."to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative. B. Furthermore, beginner s and ethics."e new way of communication brought about by electronic technology have transformed the way we associ Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is la ant to our daily lives." First of all, to study history is to look at a road map of human behavior t view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affe nding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present." A. Understanding the pag,t ca ur inclinations, or the dictates of our passions." A. On an individual level, we all engage in futil y. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better so idden ideas and impulses of a society." A. The art aim at depicting the feelings and attitudes of in A. Our life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day -on a continual basis. Common ch the right solution. B. Fearing making mistakes prevents us from trying new things and taking risk lasting value." a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. Aan now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism w e the profits of their companies. B. Besides making as much money as possible, corporate executivesThey should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively." A. Skepticism, or cri a place where teachers and students get involved in a common pursuit for knowledge and truth.. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."what and how their own children learn-including choice of curriculum and text books, pace and sched ation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires." A. Everyday exp s are only tools of human minds." A. In terms of memory and computing as well as other technical ope o remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly a for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to meth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician." A. It will be impossible lways be complete honest to the public even doing so may cause detriment to himself.t before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways." A. Originality is especially expressed i e, art, technology, and education. Interpretation of this attribute varies for different people. I details may ' be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique pe ble, but more complex and more mysterious." A. The world in the eyes of primitive tribes was much si y conjured up without the benefit of data amounts to little more than the theorist's hope surmise an ul. They focus our attention on problems in ways that DO speaker or reformer ever could." A. On the ust serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world." A. In this p ies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."ny in today's world is to preserve cultural identity. B. Preserving cultural identity cannot be the terests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavi able." B. However, in order to restore peace and social order, individual states or the internationa d abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people." A. In a society where most peop ont arc more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is que to today's world, which are complex and challenging in ways unlike any problems that earlier soc her to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution-is all too oftentraditional written methods. Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influen deo record is limited in several aspects. We cannot say whether video camera or the written document le and helpful for a country in defending aggression and keeping safety.nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."o the responsibility of preserving a nation’s culture traditions. Indeed, in some major cities, whe down be generations.ent social problems."ther than for the value of the issue with regard to its counterpart in poor nations, there is always r. Such a global university asks for the support from all nations of the world.obey and resist unjust laws."power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is q hat modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern develo ecords of a society’s past, and they serve more as travel attractions, city emblems. iii. Some old Besides, when people enjoy relative more leisure time brought by improved efficiency, on the same ti elligence which surpass the common cognition of general public and their peers.s have full free to express their ideas and show their unique talents and characters.e of what, when and to which extent we want to learn.With regard to the appealing traits and easygoi n for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."serve as a good example that people could learn more by studying and reading on their own rather th ing university or college. While, many people still would like to learning by attending university o man needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."of the society.Indeed, the main reason that why non-mainstream area of inquiry is favored by a few p etter prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."nsable for a leader no matter what areas he/her belongs to. More specifically, cooperation is a kind skills, yet it cannot keep well-being without non-cognitive ones. Both crucial to individual and soc few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."from another aspect, they have to.academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."m the research and instruction work they should concentrate on 2. compulsory working in professions y of acclimation to future career 3. in order to cater individual needs and to enhance interests oftedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without andressed by government as soon as possible since their existence extremely danger the normal living o hat are best for them."s, these stories serve as our primary enlightened materials that instill us virtues and values the spersistently pursuing their original aim, attain it in the end.Admittedly not every one has the opp " 强调成功后如何利用oncerning resource. 许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用“如何获得成功”it指how to attain su groups of people are addressed, language cannot achieve relatively even effect to all, while images rn education, all the student should be required to study it at some suitable level. 2. The skill of the prosecuted and protected animals. (2)for the economics’ sake, reserving the wildness can conseducts. All of those things need money. 2.the integrity of the arts requires the populace’s understarthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their c d the way we associate with each other in our daily lives. C. However, we should not let technology le's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." A. Organizational management of human behavior that has led us to where we are today in the world. For example, the lessons learn he issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings - trials, debates, meeti anding the pag,t can show us inspirational examples of success. B. Studying history can also help us all engage in futile attempts to alter facts-by pretending that certain things are not the way they g about a better society." A. Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends and attitudes of individuals in a society. B. Paintings and music mist vividly embody the spirits an inual basis. Common sense tells us that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of cho ngs and taking risks. C. The right attitude toward mistakes is not to avoid them, but to learn from , paintings, etc. A. critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar witha result, tourism will soon become obsolete." A. As for the claim that television will render touris rporate executives should be aware of businesses’ social responsibilities. C. Taking some social re Skepticism, or critical thinking, helps us uncover bias and prejudice and distinguish between opini e and truth.oks, pace and schedule for learning, and the extent to which their child should learn alongside othe s." A. Everyday experience inform us that different people have different opinion when they observe other technical operations, computers can do much better than human beings. B. In terms of creation, er who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." A. In is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished." A. Media viewers, readers and listenwill be impossible for an effective political leader to maintain his or her good figure while be co ecially expressed in the ability to make connections, to make associations, to turn things around an ifferent people. In my opinion, originality means both (1) thinking something that was never though prise and unique perception of an individual." A. With respect to business innovation, I agree that tribes was much simpler and thus more ‘comprehensible’ in a sense and certainly more backward. B. t's hope surmise and desire-what he or she want to be true or suppose to be true. B. The theorist wi could." A. On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social orld." A. In this practical age, practicality has indeed become a great idol in every field of our l tity cannot be the mere purpose of ritual and ceremony. In fact, isolated cultures that do not need pearance and behavior of its people." A. People of different countries dress differently: the French or the international community has repeatedly used force in history. C. We should be alert to the po xcel in their areas of ability. Otherwise. these talents arc likely to remain undeveloped." A. Unles ety where most people are poorly educated or even uneducated, art is a luxury that most people eithe s. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."ms that earlier societies ever faced. The increasing interdependence-political, military, economic a on-is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force." A. Relationship between spouses andless influenced by the one who took record and the one who interprete it. Another conshe written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits ae major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development ns, there is always a radical key lying beneath.ndividuals, it is quite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority ions, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so t ems. iii. Some old buildings which are of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporar ncy, on the same time, society has encountered other problems, such as the problem of employment. Astraits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.their own rather than pursuing a university or college degree.ending university or college, because the formal education system not only provide students a perfec favored by a few people is that it comforts people who worry about their destiny. Besides, non-main operation."operation is a kind of responsibility bestowed to one who wants to be a leader.individual and society, intellectual and non-intellectural skills, however, receive unfair attentioing in professions outside academic world may cause the college and university to lose their outstan hance interests of students, schools can offer some specifically designed programs to studentsut any precedents in history to refer to, but this does not prevent us from making rigthe normal living of public. However, it is misconception that governments can ignore the anticipate es and values the society cherishes commonly in which we are living.Merely imitating role models may ery one has the opportunity to get any high-profile award. There are many realistical limitations su t指how to attain success（成功过程方法） 1.Many people know how to attain success; But those who are o all, while images can be effective to average, or even those not quick at understanding 3. when it el. 2. The skill of science would be a stepping-stone to other subject. 3. The interest of science n wildness can conserve some of the race that it may perhaps porfitive in the use beyond nowadays our opulace’s understanding of them, without propaganda the proclaimed integrity merely a hollow husk. o establish their career and fame.not let technology to determine our ethics.zational management rests on the basic resumption that individuals should and can take their respect , the lessons learned during all of the past wars can make for more effective wartime leadership by als, debates, meetings, etc. - that are televised, the more society will benefit." One example of th ry can also help us avoid repeating mistakes C. The study of past is important because the relevant e not the way they are because they are inconsistent with our wishes or personal interests. B. Nor c 's destiny depends on how children are socialized. Socialization is only one factor influencing the body the spirits and character of a society. C. By reading literature, we get to know not only the e true absence of choice is very rare. The only possible exceptions -solitary imprisonment or a severe but to learn from them.ho is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those。

ISSUE 作文提纲-By William1.As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, theability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.1)Machines are superior to human in some aspects, can facilitateworking efficiency, and free us from repetitive works. Computer, assembling line.2)Machines rely on human mind to function. Thus, we human stillhave to think and instruct properly so that our purpose will be satiated.3)Relying excessively on technology appears together with indolent.It is controversial what causes what.2.To understand the most important characteristics of a society, onemust study its major cities.1)Cities do have some major cultural essence and can represent thesociety to certain extend. Like Beijing and Athens.2)Most cities are multi-cultural, and the traditional thing may besubstituted by influx of fresh culture. New York, Shanghai, and Tokyo.3)To fully understand a society, a more holistic view must be taken.Study both the cities and the rural areas.cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade studentsfrom pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.1)It is educational institutions’ responsibility to enable students tobe qualified for future competition and help they form a comprehensive view about themselves as well as the field they want to enter.2)Whether it is likely to succeed involves various factors. Such astalent, interest, and perseverance.3)It is the students themselves to make the decision what to do inthe future.4.Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems inways that no speaker or reformer ever could.1)Scandals do reveal some drawbacks of entertainment celebritiesand political leaders. In this sense, scandals help inform the public.2)Motivated by profitability, small or even famous presses fabricatescandals in order to promote sales. If this is the case, scandal will confuse the public and defame those celebrities with thing they have never done.3)People should distinguish defaming from debunking beforedrawing any conclusion about whether scandals are useful or not.5.Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive thefinancial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation’s cultural traditions are preserved and generated.1)Major cities do need financial support in order to incite theeconomic development rather than preserve the traditions.2)It is equally possible that traditional essence will be found in ruralarea. People there are more pristine and preserve the custom better.3)Culture is representation of most of people in a society, so thefund should be invested to places where most people reside.Judge by city or rural area is a false standard.6.A nation should require all of its students to study the samenational curriculum until they enter college.1)It is true that certain courses are essential if the students want tofurther their education. For example, math, physics and computer.2)All the same curriculum would somehow suppress the students’interests and make them less motivated to learn.3)School should provide a combination of compulsory courses withselective courses.7.Some people believe that government funding of the arts isnecessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.1)Art is never supposed to be accessible to all people because of itsintrinsic nature of spiritual product.2)Money should be used for more important issue as hunger andaccess to clean water.3)Government itself is not a proper entity to support art since artwill be restrict and utilized for political purpose and lose its purity of aesthesis.8.Claim: in any field-business, education, politics, government-thosein power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.1)Rotating-presidency is an efficient way to prevent corruption andincite competition among the potential leader which in turn ends up more productive.2)However rotating would impair the consistency within agovernment or company, and this will undermine the policy durability and no long-term consideration will be available.3)It would be a favorable choice to make an eclectic choice.Implementing a strict supervision mechanism and evaluation system that guarantee that company function properly and suitable for creative ideas.9.In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significantcontribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.1)It is necessary to master the previous knowledge about a certainfield in order to further its study and make significant contribution to that field. Like Newton, Bill Gates.2)However it is the preoccupied ideas that restrain our creativethinking and limit our innovation ability. Literature and design.3)There are some fields that pre-knowledge never ranks first on thepriority list. Singing-talent’s role may appear more prominent. 10.N ations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wildernessareas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.1)Human should bear some responsibility to preserve some of thenature habitat for wilderness. Conservatives for panda and Yellow Rock National Park.2)Extinction of wilderness areas and species could be explain awayby Darwin’s Selection Theory that it is normal to have species disappear from this planet and people should not try to protect them in sacrifice of everything.3)Conservation and economic gain never mutually contradict eachother. Establish Nature Park to stimulate tourism that benefits both nature and human.11.P eople’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their ownmaking.1)Motivation. People could be motivated by numerous stimulationsfrom human natural desire to moral and ethical sense.2)Regulation. Not all our will are legitimate and we have to obey therule as long as we are in this society. Want to do but cannot do.3)Obligation. Required to sate the responsibility and be a strong linkin the social circle. Do not want to do but have to do.12.G overnment should offer a free university education to any studentwho has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.1)It would be a favorable suggestion that students can obtaineducation without worry about the money they have to pay.2)Certain drawbacks are clear. How to define that who is qualifiedto acquire the support and those in power may have the chance to manipulate the money so that those in need do not have the money.3)Money should be given to solve more crucial issue such as hungerand access to clean water.13.U niversities should require every student to take a variety ofcourses outside the student’s field of study.1)Having various knowledge about several subjects is conducivethat inter-subject knowledge will help to broaden the horizon and improve working efficiency.2)Prepare them better for future careers since no career issingle-related and a broad view will help them stand out.3)Whether or not to choose a variety of courses should be studentsown choice and it is university’s responsibility to provide them with diverse courses rather than command them to go.14.A nation should require all of its students to study the samenational curriculum until they enter college.See 6.15.E ducational institutions should actively encourage students tochoose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.1)It is reasonable to take earning ability into account when choosingthe field of study. Family support, social status.2)Happiness is more important than money.3)Educational institution should focus more on enabling students tobe qualified for future competition and inculcating them knowledge rather than suggesting them what to do and what to be in the future.16.S ome people believe that in order to be effective, political leadersmust yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.1)Political leaders should remain on some of their judgment andimplement the policy consistently. They know the information that cannot be exposed to public, so their decision is more likely to be farsighted.2)Yielding to public opinion may lead to decrease in workingefficiency, because there will always be endless controversies.3)It is part of the leader’s role to serve the public. In this sense,leaders should take public opinion into consideration.17.F ormal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather thanset them free.1)Formal education is necessary because it enables most of theordinary people to have access to knowledge. University education.2)Creative mind and innovation instinct will voluntarily makesomeone to acquire knowledge wherever possible. From mass media, from daily life.3)Formal education does not restrain us, but on the contrary, itestablishes a sound foundation for further creation.18.T he well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its peoplequestion authority.1)Being reasonably skeptic is conducive in helping society todevelop. Because it provide different ideas from the orthodox andmight incite creative thinking.2)Over-skeptic will impede the productivity and impair the trustamong a society. Inter-individual relationship is undermined and upset the stability of society.3)Excessive skepticism may even contribute to commotion andupheaval which are devastating to a society and civilization.People will be eager to subvert the government and establish an alleged more equal and more democratic one.19.G overnments should focus on solving the immediate problems oftoday rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.1)Immediate problem ask for action for its exigent nature. Caraccidents, wars, and earthquakes.2)Long term problems are also crucial to be taken care of. Globalwarming and soil erosion.3)Government should value the significance of the problem ratherthan when or where does it happen. Solving immediate problems and anticipated problems are not mutually contradictory.20.S ome people believe that college students should consider onlytheir own talents and interests when choosing a field of study.Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.1)Interest and talent are significant because they are the bestmotivation that can make a student persistent about the field he chooses to enter. Bill Gates dropped out from university to develop Microsoft.2)Availability of jobs is also important because one has to beresponsible to support the family, maintain the social net work.That all need money which will be paid from the job.3)Choosing field of study is far more than considering solely oneaspect. It is indeed a multi-factor issue. Access to that field, prospective development.21.L aws should be flexible enough to take account of variouscircumstances, times, and places.1)Laws are not supposed to be omnipotent when dealing withdifferent cases. Laws are just a reference for judges.2)If laws are flexible which means the material and idea are morelikely to be substituted or revised, laws will lose their consistency and authority. Even worse, they will be easily interfered by power.3)It is reasonable to require justice rather than laws to be moreflexible and consider the motivation and circumstances under which the incident occurred.22.C laim: the best way to understand the character of a society is toexamine the character of the men and women that the societychooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society’s highest ideals.1)Heroes are the highest ideals of a society and it represents partlythe society. They stand for the best characteristic and ideal model of the society. Yao Ming, excellent but not average.2)Heroes and ideal models are always disguised when facing thepublic, so what people see might not be true. Good at some aspects but not omnipotent.3)Impossible to be someone like a national hero, so the hero in turndoes not represent the general public’s characteristic.23.G overnment should place few, if any, restrictions on scientificresearch and development.1)Scientific research is supposed to be disinterested and aiming atbenefit all mankind. In this sense, government not only should not restrict but also encourage and provide support for scientific research. Medical research.2)In the actual world, some researches are designed to devastateand disrupt others’ basic human rights. Weapons.3)Even if the initial purpose is beneficent, it might turn out to beundesirable after some other applications have been discovered.Nuclear power.24.T he best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignorenegative ones.1)Praising positive actions indeed will encourage conducting thisdeed again, and thus cultivating a favorable habit.2)Praising too often will make one feel proud or even supercilious.So it is a desirable way to teach that help one form a habit of committing positive actions.3)On the other hand, ignoring negative action may lead to severeconsequence. If one is not punished for having done bad things, he will take it for granted that it is reasonable doing such deed.Bullying-abuse-murder.25.G overnments should offer college and university education free ofcharge to all students.1)Free of charge education is undoubtedly a favorable solution tosolve the undesirable drop-out and will enhance the basic human rights as receiving education.2)Supporting education to the degree like free education is not anappropriate choice under certain circumstance where money could have been used to solve more crucial problems. Hunger, access to clean water.3)Government can support education without upsetting otherimportant issues that ask for money simply by providing tuition loan rather than free education.26.T he luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent peoplefrom developing into truly strong and independent individuals.1)It is how we define independent and strong that matter in thisissue. Conveniences of contemporary life indeed impede some of our abilities such as strength and speed. We no longer need to hunter or fight against each other on the battle using sword and spear. In this sense, we do retrograde some of our ability.2)Being inter-dependent is a more productive way for a society andthat benefits all the members living in it. People are more professional at what they do and with the help of technology. This state of a society is much more stable and solid.3)Now we are mentally strong and are capable of tasks that used tobe impossible even for ancient people. We can now observe galaxy and supernova under the help of telescope.27.I n any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert tomake important contribution.1)It is true that beginners are more likely to be innovative andcreative because they are less restricted by the pre-known knowledge. It is easier for them to think out of the box.2)Beginners have their drawbacks in making significantcontributions. Without knowing basic rules about a certain field, the laity’s voice may be as ridiculous as suggesting sending a manto the sun.3)Experts with certain traits are far more likely to makecontributions. Such as perseverance, innovation and talent.28.T he surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by theachievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.1)General welfare in by all means a significant indicator of thewell-being of a nation.2)Taking an insightful perspective, welfare of the general is merelythe side effect of the upper level’s contribution. Technology and regulation.3)The rulers, artists, or scientists not only made prominentcontribution to the society in the past, they will also determine where the society will go. Environmentalists predicting the global warming, physicists determine the prospective possible energy source.29.T he best way to teach –whether as an educator, employer, orparent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.See 2430.T eachers’ salaries should be based on their students’ academicperformance.1)Academic performance is a crucial exponent when evaluating aschool’s achievement and assessing a teacher’s capability. Noble laureate alumni are always mentioned to attract more and better prospective enrollment for a university.2)It could be unfair for certain teachers teaching certain courseswhich are extremely hard to learn. In these classes students are not likely to acquire high scores as do in other classes, and such a relatively low academic performance is due to the subject itself, not the teacher’s ability to teach. For example quantum physics and topology.3)Relating academic performance to salaries may be misleading andcounterproductive to improving the education quality. Teachers will deliberately give higher scores to students in order to earn more money.31.S ociety should make efforts to save endangered species only ifpotential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.1)There are some species extinctions are attributed to humanactivities. We have deteriorated their natural habitat, disturbed the food chain and caused global warming.2)Undeniably is that there are extinctions which are not results ofhuman activities. According to Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory, it is normal to have animals extinct.3)We save the endanger species not because we are the cause oftheir extinction, but by accomplishing such action, we are able to maintain the diversity of nature, which in turn benefit human ourselves.32.C ollege students should base their choice of a field of study on theavailability of jobs in that field.See 2033.A s we acquire more knowledge, things do not become morecomprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.1)By acquiring more knowledge, the accumulation casts light uponnumbers of problems. Physics enable us to master construction and biology makes vaccine or even organ transplantation possible.2)While being able to solve more problems, it is indisputable thatwe come up with more questions asking for answers. Where is the edge, if exist, of the universe? Where is worm hole? Can we travel through time? Is superluminal possible?3)Things are complicated as their innate characters. Whataccumulating knowledge enabled us is not making things more elusive and impenetrable, but to equip us with the ability to find more questions that we seldom notice before.34.I n any situation, progress requires discussion among people whohave contrasting point of view.1)People share the same view will work efficiently with each other,and the group will be harmonious. Clubs summons people with the same interest and same ambition to be together, so they will work towards the same target like families.2)Different voices are valuable in groups. Because they are morelikely to be creative and innovative, and such characteristics are increasingly valuable in modern society.3)However on the other hand, being too stubborn to cooperatealways impede the development and far from being conducive. So on learn to tolerate the different view and cooperate for the maximum benefit.35.E ducational institutions should dissuade students from pursuingfields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.See 336.G overnment should not fund any scientific research whoseconsequences are unclear.1)Few researches can be anticipated before being carried out, andwhether the consequences are clear or not is not a favorable standard.2)Even the consequences are unclear or negative, researches stillworth funding for, because the valuable experience will benefit the coming generation and direct later researches. Noble’sresearch about safer explosive.3)Though some researches may bear clear and accessible fruit,funding for them categorically is still open to doubt.Clone-antihuman, nuclear weapon-devastating.37.S ociety should identify those children who have special talents andprovide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.1)Undeniable is that special training will make it easier for childrenwith talents to succeed. It is a waste to leave those talents dormant forever.2)Distinguishing talented children from ordinary children may be adiscriminating action. This action will have negative impact on both the talented and ordinary. The talented are more likely to be pompous and never take pains to do something, while the ordinary just feel abandoned.3)There are much more than talent to be taken into considerationthan talent, such as moral sense, social skill, and correct values. 38.I t is primarily through our identification with social groups that wedefine ourselves.1)It is our intrinsic nature to be part of a group in which we sharethe same trait with others. Boys like to hang out with boys and keep away with girls since primary school, and people love to join the interest clubs and fraternities.2)People share within the same social group help each other andstimulate each other to become better. Top students in high schools like to form study groups in which they have the approximate academic performance, and in these groups, students are inspired by each other to work hard.3)As we grow up and accumulate more experience, we are morelikely to be distinguished by characteristics other than interests and gender, which divide us into different social groups. We are more likely to be self-independent and define ourselves by the occupation, family background, and personality.39.C ollege students should be encouraged to pursue subjects thatinterest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.See 2040.C laim: When planning courses, educators should take into accountthe interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.1)Students are less likely to voluntarily sign up for difficult courses ifnot required to. However, these courses may be important.Physics, math and computer programming.2)Students’interests do count when arranging the curriculum.Motivation is indeed a significant role in stimulating a student to be persistent and fanatic. Bill Gates is crazy for computer programming and that devotion for numbers and structures in turn helped him build Microsoft.3)Being too extreme about either of the options, absoluteinterest-based or absolute experienced-based, is not a desirable choice. Educators should arrange some compulsory courses together with some selective courses which satiate the students’interests.4)Such suggestion helps professors to improve their teaching skillsand being up to date. Subsequently, the overall benefits or university and students will be satiated.41.T he greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who liveafter them, not by their contemporaries.1)Some great ideas are so advanced that cannot fit in thecontemporary society. Because the theory or idea is based on principle that are not pervasively acknowledged. Albert Einstain.He established a theory of relativity, which expended the frontier of physics tremendously. But such a theory was not comprehensively understood by more than ten people at that time.2)Some reasonable and conducive ideas are repudiated becausethey contradict the basic benefit of the ruling class. Copernicus’s theory about solar-centered universe instead of the pervasive earth-centered universe was more approximate to the truth, if not correct. Nevertheless, it offended the interests of the ruling class, the pontiff in this case.3)Undeniable is that there do exist some ideas that are appreciatedby the contemporaries. Bill Gates’s contribution to personal computer and Larry Page’s to internet searching engine.42.S tudents should always question what they are taught instead ofaccepting it passively.1)Skepticism is what enhances the acquired knowledge. Byquestioning the established theory, we scrutinize the equations and descriptions again and again.2)Help to establish new theories, and help form critical creativethinking. Copernicus’s heliocentrism.3)However, being too fascinated about skepticism will end up withcounterproductive result. Skepticism should be based on relatively reasonable questioning rather than innocent disturbance. America suspected the existence of weapons of mass destruction, so they invade Iraq without finding any such weapons.43.T he increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems thanit solves.1)Rapid pace of life is a hallmark of industrialization and issomehow inevitable. And such a development really improved certain aspects about our lives. We are capable of accomplishing things that were impossible and we significantly promoted the productivity and precision of our work.2)Serious problems that come with the advancement of society alsoappear prominent. Working pressure lead to headache or even suicide. In this sense, such a shift adds to the instable factors of society and upset our tranquil lives.3)Dealing with such a development and shift in lifestyle is more asubjective issue than a objective one. We should adjust our mental condition and adapt ourselves to this very rapid pace. 44.C laim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living manor woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.1)It is reasonable to claim that media has negative impact on thereputation of heroes. Medias are so dedicated to scrutinize every drawback of celebrities and heroes.2)Sometimes, media also plays a positive role in promoting a heroespecially when stability of society is at stake. After 911,earthquake.3)People are more reasonable and well-educated today, so theyunderstand that even heroes are ordinary people executed certain marvelous deed. The peccadillo does not really impair their reputations.45.C ompetition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learningat all levels of education.1)It does have positive impact on students. Since dedicated to gethigh scores in exam, students will work harder and improve their efficiency voluntarily. This competition will enhance their mastery of basic principles and rules of science and art.2)The fanatic pursuit of high score will post much pressure onstudents which in turn end up with serious mental disease.Solitary, amnesia, or even delirium.3)Purely devotion for high score will impede other developmentsuch as communication skills and health. Thus, a highly respected mastery of knowledge cannot be applied to reality. Meaning that this competition will not improve the productivity, if not hamper, of science and society.46.U niversities should require every student to take a variety ofcourses outside the student’s field of study.1)A significant separation between art literature and science has。

绿色黄色蓝色共20篇1、As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. + 不同情况讨论观点：有限否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：杂交corps 人和livestock都提供了足够的粮食,大多数现代人甚至完全不用考虑去哪获得食物。

思考减少了。

2、但是科技在带来解决方式的同时也带来了新的问题。

比如汽车带来的空气污染，北京有300万辆车，noxious气体block the sun并且给所有物体蒙上了shadow,科学家和政治家正在diligently work on it。

类似的还有nuclear issue,尽管带来了能源，也带来了erased human in the history的可能，因此要研究找到safeguard.科技带来的新问题不比解决的旧问题少,因此人类思考的能力不会下降.3、additionally，采用科技会inspire创新，利大于弊（outweigh）。

比如，给医生和患者提供了交流的platform,病人可以了解自己的健康，并得到简单的treatment。

是internet提供的便利使laymen也能接触到knowledge of highest achievement of human science。

结论:尽管科技解决了某些问题让我们不用再去contemplating,但由于带来了新的问题，同时foster创新思维。

因此科技发展不会impair人类思考的能力，只要正确运用.2、To understand the most important characteristics of a society，one must study its major cities. + 不同情况观点：有限否定1、历史上人们常常用technology and art来衡量一个社会是否先进。

二十六次Issue13/46/70/102/112 (Old4+94) 教育(3)46. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, des cribe specific circumstance s in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.1every subject does not exist independently对学好本学科有说明，因为知识在逻辑体系上是互通的，各个学科之间的相互交织。

研究经济学的适当学习数学知识有利于对经济学的更深理解，如philosophy is the foundation of all subject达芬奇Da Vinci即是科学家也是艺术家，他对人体解剖anatomy的深入了解，才使得他的油画十分优美，传神。

Since various disciplineswere interrelated, the study of courses outside the students’ own field may benefit the study oftheir own major.如：力学中的理论可用于美术；如：公共行政学生需要了解心理学、管理学、政治学的发展2 在全球化进程的今天，只学习某个专业内的知识已经不能满足需要了In today’s technologically advanced society it is impossible for those who focus their attention on the concerning fields to satisfy the needs for the future society.首先，广泛的学习各种知识能够拓宽视野。

GRE ISSUE题目分类第二类行为类/教育类12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."18.★“Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does o ne really discover the value of that idea.”只有通过被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并把它与其他观点进行比较/排除异己，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。

同意与异议。

科学的每次进步以及社会的每次进步几乎都是在质疑中进行的。

如，哈维William Harvey敢于质疑盖伦，使得医学又一次进步。

William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. 又如Vesalius维萨里, Michael Servetus塞尔维特是肺循环的发现人。

静脉血液只能朝着心脏方向运行的论证，成为生理学由蒙昧走向科学的例子。

只有当出现相反观点的时候我们才有动力去继续深入研究，同时也丰富了观察角度。

同时防止懒惰的思想统治思维，不再满足于对某一想象以往的单一认识。

GRE作文题库所有244道Issue 题目的写作提纲GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.1.Generally speaking, competition contributes to progressin society.2.In democratic countries, when parties and candidatescompete for power, the public benefits.3.Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control ofmores and laws, society will suffer.竞争对于社会的优点和缺点------------------------------3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets.1.Naturally, each generation is most concerned aboutsolving problems that immediately confront them.2.However, what differentiates human beings from otheranimals is that humans have a sense of future and aremorally responsible for the well-being of theirdescendents.3.Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, eachgeneration should make its own contribution for thewell-being of future generations.当务之急和百年大计的关系------------------------------9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。