限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作用，与被修饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：
This is the very pers on that is wan ted by the police
He is the man who /that lives n ext door .
It was a meeting whose importanee I did not realize at the time .
非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先行词关系比较松散，先行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开，从句可略去：
He will not be able to spe nd the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.
The minister , who is to visit our university , is said to be a Qin ghua Uni versity graduate.
The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore , is very useful in impro ving your spoke n En glish.
The bus in essma n, whose suitcase has bee n found by a stra nger , has left for Beiji ng.
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc) 作限定词的名词词组，其后的
定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：
The Thames which is now clea n eno ugh to swim in , was polluted for over
a hun dred years.
My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia , will fly back tomorrow.
All of these books, which have been donated by visiting professors , are to
be used by the children in Hope School.
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。例如：
They say he plays truant, which he doesn 't. [which 指代plays trua nt]
The meeti ng was put off till n ext mon th, as we hoped. [as 扌旨前
面的句子]
下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：
表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
3.2定语从句中的关系代词
321关系代词that, which, who 在定语从句中做主语
在限制性定语从句中，who或that用于指人，that或which用于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：
He is the manwho/that lives here .[不能说：x He is the man who he lives here.]
The bag which /that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong.
3.2.2 who(m), which, that 在定语从句中作宾语
表示人的时候用who(m)或that,它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在口语中常用who代替whom例如：He' s the man whom that I met .
There are some people here who I want you to meet.
表示动物和东西的时候应用which/that:
The pieces of music (that ) he has composedare sung by manypop sin gers.
Taxes consist of money ( that ) people pay to support their gover nment.
They' re the postcards which I sent from America .
3.2.3 who(m), which 或that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。
定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：
He is the person to whom I wrote .［非常正式用法］(但不可以说：x to who).
或：He is the person who (n) I wrote to . /He is the person (whorj)
I wrote to .
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk .［非常正式用法］或：This is the pan which I boiled the milk in . / This is the pan (that/which ) I boiled the milk in
3.2.4 whose + 名词
关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词( my, his, your, her, its 等)，在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以用of which 代替。例如：
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams.
The bicycle whose brake was damagedhas now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired.
Edis on is a great inven tor whose fame is world-wide .
3.2.5 that 的用法
1、that只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。(见 3.2.1、3.2.2 )
2、当先行词是all ，much little, the one, anything, something, nothing,
everything, none 等不定代词时，关系代词只用that。例如：
that can be done about it .
There is little
That's all that I knew about it
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
Have you done everything that is assigned to you ?
3、先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等
词修饰时，关系代词只用that。例如：
It is the most interesting film that I ' ve ever read .
The best thing that he could do at prese nt is to leave.
This is the first time that he has bee n there .
She is the only one that has fini shed her task on time .
At the very beg inning, we have just too muchwork that n eeds to be done.
4、在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which。例如：
There are some people that I ' d like to introduce to you .
There is a very interesting story that every child would like to liste n to .
5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用that o例如：
A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc .
The man and his dog that were n app ing outside the room were photographed by the journ alist.
6、在“ It is + 名词+定语从句1 +定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要用that o例如：
It is always the mouth which talks too muchthat in curs troubles .
（言多必失。）
It is only a man who is quite experieneed that can fulfill this task .
3.2.6 which 的用法
1、which 一般只用于指物（a），有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿（b）。例如：
a: The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage. b: The baby
which the nurse has just brought in is John' s child.
2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用which，不能用that。例
如：
This is the house in which she spent her childhood.
The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.
3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。例如：
This book, which has only been reviewed , was published a year ago.
4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：
The meeting has been put off till next Friday, which is good news to them .（指代整个主句）
She said that her son would becomea scientist , which we thought possible.
（指代that 分句）
She is very attentive in class , which he rarely is.（指代整个短语）
3.2.7 as 的用法
1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连用，构成the
same…as; such…as结构，as用于代替指人或物的先行词。例如：
I have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me .
Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.
试比较the same …as 和the same …that :
This is the same book as I read last week .（这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。）
This is the same book that I read last year . （这就是我上周读的那本书。）
如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：
She told me the same story as/that she had told you .
I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year .
在as/so…as结构中，后面的as也是关系代词，例如：
We took as many menas could be permitted to attend the meeting
You can stay here as long as you like .
Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped.
2、引导非限制性定语从句
关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正女如”，相当于and this 或and that 。 as从句位置较之which引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而as从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后面将要提到的内容，which 一般在主句后。例如：
As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students '
ability in a more effective way.
The test is can celled, as you have hoped .
The test, as you have hoped , is can celled.
A semic on ductor material, as the n ame in dicates , has poorer
con ductivity tha n a con ductor.
▲注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：
He failed to pass the exam aga in, as is predicted.
He failed to pass the exam again, which annoyed his mother greatly.
记住以下的as结构：
as is known to all （众所周知），as is often the case （情况常常
女如此），as the nameIndicates /suggests （顾名思义）,as maybe imagined （可以想象得出），as often happens （这种情况常常发生），as has been said before （女口前所述），as has been pointed out （正如已经指出的），as will be shown in （将在…中指出），as is hoped （正如所希望的）
3.2.8 but 的用法
but用作关系代词相当于who…not，which ???not，that…not。but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but本身含“否定”
的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词，女口：（no，not，little ，few，hardly等）.but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：
There is no mother but loves her own children. （二There is no mother that /who does not love her own children.）［主语］
There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen.（二that he has not seen）.［宾语］
There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. ［介词宾语］
Who is there but commits errors ? ［but 间或也可用在疑问句后］
There is no man but errs . =There is no man who does not err.［主
What he saw in those places but was not miserable （but=which was not）
（他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。）［主语］
There are very few but admire his talents. （很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who don' t）［主语］
but结构有时可省略。例如：
（There is） Norule but has exceptions .
（There are ）Fewbooks but have a misprint or two .
329 than 的用法
关系代词than —般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。
例如：
You spent more money than was intended to be spent
She has done much more work than was required of her .
The question is more complicated than appears on the surface .
3.3介词+关系代词
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以是非限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。
3.3.1 “介词+ which /whonpKwhose"
这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：
The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.
Oil , of which there are several different types , is used for many purposes by coun tries all over the world.
The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the police , is coming to our school tomorrow.
介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后用that （人、物）/who（人）代替which /whom 并且that可省略。例如；
Can you lend me a pen or pen cil with which I can write ?
Can you lend me a pen or pencil
that / which I can write with ? Can you lend me a pen or pencil ( that ) I can write with ?
Who is the manto whom you were talking ? Who is the man whomthat / who you were talking to
? Who is the man( that ) you were talking to ?
如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：
Sound is a tool , by mean sof which people com muni cate with each
other .
Wemay be caught by a fire , in case of which we must find ways to
escape .
332 “名词+介词+ which /whom 引导的定语从句
He referred to a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that
moment .
Wehad a discussion the purpose of which was to find a solution
to this problem
在非限定性定语从句中，of which /whom 可用来修饰不定代词 all,
each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both,
several, the latter, the former 等。练习时，应该判断填空的部 分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如： gave satisfactory an swers to our questi ons.
Wehave in terviewed more tha n 50 stude nts,
gave satisfactory an swers to our questi
ons.
Many people came to her graduation party,
former classmates. ［定语从句］
Many people cameto her graduation party, her
former classmates.［ 并歹 U ］ There are 32 students in our class, up to
the south.［定语从句］
We have in terviewed more tha n 50 students , only a few of whom
［定语从句］
but only a few of them ［并列］ most of whomwere her
and most of them were 20 of whom are from
3.3.4 “介词+ which + 名词”引导的定语从句
which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词/代词或句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名
词，女口case, fact, state, time, point 等。例如：
Water boils at 100 °C, at which temperature it changes into gas. He was
about to leave, at which mome nt I came back home .
Wei Hua spe nt four years in the Un ited States, duri ng which period she studied law .
Reader's Digest , to which we have just subscribed , has an eno rmous circulati on.
3.4定语从句中的关系副词
关系副词引导的定语从句(限制性/非限制性)在从句中作状语，意思相当于“介词+which”，常见的引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when
和why等，不常见的如表示时间的关系副词：si nee, after 和before。
3.4.1 关系副词where (= at, in which )引导表示地点的定语从句
This is the place where he' d most like to live the rest of his life .
London is the city where she was born .
That is the place where they met for the first time .
在表示“情况、方面、状况”等有地点含义的抽象名词如case, game, spot, point, con diti ons, situati on, circumsta nces 等作为先行词的定语从句时，也用where引导，其意义相当于under which。例如：
It ' s a kind of game where you can train your eyesight
Every one mayface the situatio n where you have to makea decisi on yourself .
I ' ll show him the point where he failed .
Under the circumstances where food shortage is the most serious problem, we must try our best to seek international aid.
3.4.2 关系副词when (= at, on, during, in which )引导表示时间的定语从
句
I ' ll never forget the day when (=on which) I first came to this uni versity
This is the seas on whe n(=in which) most fishers will be very busy.
That is the time whe n many America ns were out of work .
Most people like to go there in May whenthe flowers are in full bloom.
343关系副词why (= for which )引导表示原因的定语从句
Do you know the reason why he left the party early that night ?
The reason why she missed the train is that she was held up by an accide nt.
344其他关系副词引导的定语从句
I miss you every day since I came here .
On the day before she got married , her mother han ded her the family heirloom.
The month after she took the entrance exam in ati on was spe nt in relax ing herself
3.5关系代词和关系副词的省略
3.5.1关系代词的省略
1、关系代词which, whom, who, that 在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略
Here is the man ( who/that/whom ) you' ve been looking for .
The woman whom/who/that) I was talking to is our English teacher.
Is there any question ( that ) you want to ask me ?
2、当that在从句中作补语时可以省略
George is not the man ( that ) he used to be .
He is all ( that ) a teacher should be .
3、在there be结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be 结构
时，用做主语的关系代词that可省略
There is a man downstairs ( whe) wants to see you .
This is the best dictionary ( that ) there is in the library .
That' s all ( that ) there is to it .(如此而已。)
Have you noticed anything (that ) there is happening in the compa ny?
3.5.2关系副词的省略
1、当先行词是reason ,而且在定语从句中做原因状语时，关系代词可用why 或that，可以省略
The reas on (why/that) he failed was his laz in ess.
That is the reason ( why) I did it .
2、当先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which 或that，可以省略
The way( in which/that ) these comrades look at problems is wrong. That
was the way (in which/that ) she worked the problem ou t. 注意：当关系代
词在定语从句中做主语时，不省略。例如：
I don' t know the waythat/which leads to the top of the mountains .
3、当先行词表示时间时，关系代词可用when或有时用that，有时也可以省略
The second time ( that ) I saw him was in 1980.
I don ' t know the exact time ( when /that ) the sports meet will take
place .
His grandpa still remembers the day ( that/when ) the city was liberated .
4、当先行词表示地点时，关系代词可用where或有时用that，有时也可以省略
This is the village (where/that ) the great man spent his childhood .
Do you know the site (where/that ) this ancient tomb was discovered .
I know the place ( that/where ) she lives .
3.6 what关系代词
3.6.1 “what is ( was)+形容词比较级”结构
what泛指上文或下文，意思是“更 ... ，尤其.... ”。该结构常为插入
语：
She is very in tellige nt, and what's more, very hard-work ing.
Great men are often unknown, or what is worse , misknown. She
decided, what was the only choice , that she would keep it a secret.
3.6.2 what = 先行词+关系词
what 相当于the thing (s) which 或the person (s) that, 既可以指人，也可指物，意思相当于“……的(人或物)”，此种情况的what本身已包含先行词，因而其前不能再有先行词。what在其从句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。例如：
This is what you call fashion ?
That is exactly what you are told to do ?
Never pretend to be what you are not . She is what we call an optimist.
3.6.3 “what + 名词” =“all the + 名词+ that ”
what在从句中作定语。例如：
On her death, the old woman gave what property she had to the young man who stayed with her duri ng the last years of her life. (= all
the property that)
We will give you what help we can.(二 all the help that)
He shared what little water he had with his companions. (= all the little water that)
What poems we have learned at present are about love. (=all the poems that)
3.7先行词与其定语从句的分割
有时先行词与其定语从句会被其他的一些语法成分割裂开来，女口：状
语、
定语或谓语等。例如：
Wehave madea numberof creative advances in theoretical research of applied scienee which are up to advaneed world levels.
Do you remember one after noon ten years ago whe n l came to your house and borrowed a diam ond n ecklace ?
During the construction, problems often arise which require desig n cha nges.
3.8定语从句与同位语从句的区别（详见2.5.2 ）
3.9关系代词与关系副词的判断
3.9. 1谓语动词是否及物
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。从句中如果及物动词后面接宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
例如：
The days when we stayed together are unforgettable. （stay 不及物）
I ' II never forget the days which I spent with you in Tokyo .
（spend及物，有宾语）
This is the reas on why he did not come that morning. （come 不及
物动词）
This is the reas on which/ that he found to excuse for himself.
（find及物动词）
3.9.2先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状）
先行词表示时间、地点或原因时，就选用关系副词，用when, where或why,在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用which/that等，that有时可以代替when, where或why,但when, where或why中不能代替that。例如：
1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago?
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
2. Is this the museum the exhibiti on was held.
A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where，that，on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D ;而在句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, an ybody, n obody.
something, anything, everything 或nothing 时，常用there is 来弓丨导。
例如：
I don ' t want to concentrate on anything there is worrying me.
引导条件从句的连词
引导条件从句的连词比较多，我们可以把它们分为以下几个大类：
1、表示“只要、只有”：as, as (so) far as, as (so) long as, only if, only that, but that :
As (So) long as we don' t lose heart , we ' ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
There' s war in so far as there ' s the earth beneath our feet . But that
he is ill , he would stay at home.
2、表示“如果”：if, in case (that), provided/providing (that),
suppose/suppos ing ( that)［仅用在问句中］,i n the eve nt (that):
If you are not too tired , let ' s go out for a walk.
In the eve nt that our team wins, there will be a big celebrati on.
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
Suppose (Suppos ing) we can' t get eno ugh food , what shall we do?
Provided/Providi ng (that) you give me a receipt , I will pay the rent.
3、表示“考虑到”：given /granted(that)［正式用法］,assuming (that),
Given that x=y, then n (x + a) = n (y + a) must be also true.
(多用于论证)
4、表示“除非”：uni ess (=if not)
Let' s go out for a walk unless you are too tired .
5、表示“一旦”：once
Once (=If once) you smoke, you can ' t give up smoking.
Once she beg ins to cry , there is no stopp ing her.
6、各种复杂介词表示“条件是” ：on condition that ，on the
understanding that, on the assumption/ supposition that, with the
proviso/stipulati on that, in case of, i n the eve nt of 等。例如：
I will give him anything he wants on condition that he will show good
mann ers.
Dial 119 in case of fire.
不用连词引导的条件从句
Were I a bird , I would fly to you. （虚拟语气）
Work hard, and you will succeed.（祁使语气）
You do it again, I ' ll kill you. （口语体）
A few days ' rest and you will be all right again.（名词
+and）
Nothing venture ‘nothing have.（没有主语和动词）
Time permitti ng , we will go traveli ng. （分词独立主格结构）
在口语中，真实条件句广泛使用，人们通常用于表示对话语的态度（即起评注性状语作用）。例如：
If you don ' t mind, I ' d like to think about that for a bit.
If I remember rightly , I think I have see n you somewhere.
Take ano ther cup, if you please .
4.2 让步从句（Clause of Concession）
让步是对比的一个特殊变体，表达的意义是“Yes, but…”，使用让步连接词时，说话人/作者希望表达在承认一个命题正确和确信另一个命题也正确的情况下，削弱第一个命题的重要性，主句中的意思往往是最重要的中心意思，正是让步连接词能让读者或听者做出这样的推论。它有“虽然，尽管，即使”之意，主要由以下引导词构成：
1、though, although
Although it ' s raining, they are still working in the field.
He still works hard though he is very old.
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may rema in.
▲注意：当有though, although 时，后面的从句不能有but，但是though
和yet可连用。例如：
Though he is rich , yet he is not happy.
though还可以用做副词，放在句末。例如：
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. = It was hard work, but
I enjo yed it.
2、ever if, even though “即使”
We ll make a trip even though the weather is bad .
3、........................... w hether…or…“不管都”
Whether you believe it or not , it is true.
4、“no matter + 疑问词(what, who, whe n, where, which, how ) ”或“疑问词
+ 后缀ever ( whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever,
whichever, however ) ”
No matter what happe ned , he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
No matter what I say or how I say it , he always thinks I ' m wrong. Don t let them in, whoever (二no matter who) they are.
▲注意：no matte叶疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(x) No matter what you say is of no use now.
(V) Whatever you say is of no use now. ( Whatever you say 是
主语从句)
(x) Prisoners have to eat no matter what they ' re given.
(V) Prisoners have to eat whatever they ' re given . (whatever 引导宾语从句)
5、be it eve r so/ let it be ever so ?…(二no matter how ?…)
Be it ever so /Let it be ever so humble, there is no place like home. (=No matter how humble it may be, …) The en terprise, be it as small as it may , requires great ability.
Let the con seque nces be what they may , he rema ins firm.
6、while, whereas
while引导的让步从句，一般放在句首，含有前后对照之意：
While we don' t agree we continue to be friends.
whereas要求两个情境之间有对偶关系：
Some study the secret of Iongevity, whereas others study the method of killi ng.
1、介词短语+ 名词/ 女口：for, in spite of/ despite/irrespective of/regardless
of/no twithsta nding the fact
that
For all their differences , the couple were developing an
obvious and genuine affecti on for each other.
In spite of the fact that his father abandoned him when he was still very
young, Victor took good care of him after knowing that he was
seriously ill in bed.
8 as引导的让步从句必须使表语或状语(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词等)前置
Youngas he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he
was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Much as I would like to come , I can' t.
Much as she hated cruelty, she couldn ' t help watching the fight.
▲注意：这种用法中，though/that可以替换as,但although没有这种用法，句首名词不能带任何冠词，句首如果是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后，如果实义动词有宾语和状语，要一起放在主语之前。例如：
Child as/that/though he is , he can speak five foreign Ianguages.
=Though he is a child,
Try hard as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he n ever seems …
除when和whereas之外，其他让步从句的连词可引导-ing/-ed 和无动词从句。例如：
While not wanting to seem obst in ate , I in sisted on a defi nite reply.
Even though given every opportunity , they would not cooperate with us.
Though well over eighty , he can walk faster tha n I can.
方式从句(Clause of Manner)
方式从句与比较从句不同。比较从句通常由as和than引导，不修饰动词，常有一些成分省略。而方式从句由as, (just) as …so…，as if ，as though , the way等引导，修饰主句中的动词，只在少数情况下有些省略(例如下面方括
号中的词)：
Do the work as I have told you [to do it] .
Men fear death as (= in the same manner as) childre n fear the dark.
Food is to men what/as oil is to machine.
As water is to fish , so air is to man.
The meat tastes as if it were bad.
He went in a hurry as though (as if) he had somethi ng urge nt
to do
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
as…so…结构经常用于谚语中：
As a man lives , so he dies.
As you sow , so you will reap .
As fire tries gold, so does adversity try friendship .
As in war , so in love.
As is the fathe r, so is the son.