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第⼀章并列平⾏结构 英语句⼦最常⽤的⽅法是通过使⽤⼀些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若⼲个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或⼦句连在⼀起组成⼀种并列或平⾏结构的长句，以表达⼀个复杂得多层次含义。
这种句式虽然难度不⼀定很⾼，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当⼤的⽐例的. 从今天开始我们就由浅⼊深，来对这⼀类型的句⼦进⾏练习和攻克。
希望⼤家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的⼀般规律和⽅法。
Exercise It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. One can only guess that if he heard many of them he was only strengthened in his resolve not to allow himself and his bride to be made a spectacle —— not their live selves or their bodies 要点分析和参考译⽂ 要点：基本句型 ” It is important that……” ，that 主语从句的谓语为虚拟语⽓(be)。
英语平行结构:“排偶”,系列语IntroductionThe pursuit of both conciseness and exquisiteness alike is atop the priority of English writing. Albeit the dilemma it seems to be, prominent essayists, with agility of an acrobat and sophistication of an architect, explore, amongst the mist of labyrinth of sentence patterns, a waterway, steering the readers to pass through rocks and reefs of clusters of words and to appreciate the beauty of the language. Parallel structure is the most commonly seen.with agility of an acrobat and sophistication of an architect和steering the readers to pass through rocks and reefs of clusters of words and to appreciate the beauty of the language便是用最为平常的and连接而成。
英语写作中的平行结构有点数学运算中“提取公因式合并同类项”的那么一点儿意思，假设with就是a, 而agility of an acrobat 就假设是b；同理，sophistication of an architect就是c。
and 就是”+”。
则原来的句型形式用数学表达式可以定义为：a*b + a*c, 即with the agility of an acrobat and with sophistication of an architect根据数学合并同类项的法则：a*b + a*c=a*(b + c), 这个就是上文出现的句子。
英文写作中的平行结构是什么？怎么用？英文写作疑难问题之一是语句的平行结构(或称对称性构造parallelism)，换句话说当语句或一个字融合在一起的情况下，务必保证每一个一部分全是「同样使用价值」，也就是务必是一样方式。
平行结构是什么呢?立即举例说明，看着你是不是能发觉在其中的难题。
I like apples,oranges,and going to the zoo.The coach advised that I should eat healthily,exercise regularly,and that joining a gym would make this easier.Mary is a celebrated author,dancer,and writes great songs.有发觉吗?没事儿，大家把在其中有什么问题的地区标出了，而道德底线的地区则是平行结构的起止点。
I like apples,oranges,and going to the zoo.The coach advised that I should eat healthily,exercise regularly,and that joining a gym would make this easier.Mary is a celebrated author,dancer,and writes great songs.了解为何红色字体一部分不对吗?下边剖析句式给你们句一“I like noun,noun,and-ing phrase.”句二“The coach advised that I should:(1)verb;(2)verb;(3)that-ing phrase.句三“Mary is a noun,noun,and verb.”这种语句便是不符平行结构，句中的同样部位的一个字沒有以一样的语法方式展现。
平行结构(parallelism)是英语中最常用的修辞格之一，广泛用于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。
平行结构就是把两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的词、词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。
它不仅表现一组句子里字形的建筑美、形式美；表现语音的节奏美、和谐美、音乐美，而且还表现语义的同中有异、异中有同。
它是使用部分重复的办法将文字的音、形、义都调动起来以表现句型美的一种修辞格。
平行结构不仅能增强语言的表现力、吸引力、感染力，使之易于朗诵、歌唱、记忆、流传，而且具有结构整齐、节奏鲜明、表达简练、语义突出的特点，能有效地增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理，因而广泛地应用在多种文体之中。
本文将简要分析平行结构的类型和英语写作中运用平行结构的修辞效果。
一、平行结构的类型Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子、段落等，平行结构按其语言组织形式可分为以下五种：1.单词平行。
它由单个形容词、名词和动词等词排列而成。
例如：(a)This attitude results in a nation of people com mitted to research，experimenting and exploring. 这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。
(b)An Englishman thinks seated；a Frenchman，standi ng；an American，pacing；an Irishman，after-ward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。
2.短语平行。
它是由介词短语、动词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等词组并列而成，例如：(a)Studies serve for delight，for ornament，and for ability.(Francis Bacon：Of Studies)读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。
英语中的平行结构平行结构是指在句子或短语中使用相同的语法结构来表达相似的意思或重复的内容。
它可以通过使用平行的词、短语或从句来实现。
平行结构在英语中常用于修饰性词组、并列连词的使用等。
以下是一些常见的平行结构的例子：1. 平行的词：- She likes to swim, run, and play tennis.（她喜欢游泳、跑步和打网球。
）- He is a talented actor, singer, and dancer.（他是一个有才华的演员、歌手和舞者。
）2. 平行的短语：- They went hiking in the mountains, swimming in the lake, and camping in the forest.（他们去山里徒步旅行，在湖中游泳，在森林里露营。
）- The company focuses on innovation, quality, and customer satisfaction.（公司专注于创新、质量和客户满意度。
）3. 平行的从句：- She said that she would study hard, work diligently, and achieve her goals.（她说她会努力学习、勤奋工作并实现她的目标。
）- They are trying to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase productivity.（他们正在努力提高效率、降低成本并增加生产力。
）平行结构不仅可以使句子结构更加平衡，还可以强调相关的信息，使得表达更加清晰和有力。
在使用平行结构时，需要确保使用相同的语法形式或模式，并保持一致性和逻辑连贯性。
英语四级写作技巧英语四级写作技巧写作，是写作者为实现写作功能而运用思维操作技术和书面语言符号，对表达内容进行语境化展开的修辞性精神创造行为。
下面是店铺整理的英语四级写作技巧，希望能帮到大家!Parallelism 排比, 平行这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for,I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1>.He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. (去世)转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的`修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
英语专业四级写作技巧2017英语专业四级写作技巧引导语：为了帮助大家更好地准备英语专业四级考试，以下是店铺为大家整理的英语专四写作技巧，欢迎阅读!技巧一、句子的一致性句子的一致性：指句子结构完整，时态、语态，语气及句式的一致，举重个部分共同表达一个独立、完整的思想。
句子各成分之间的关系应协调，连贯，自然平稳。
下面来看一下句子不统一的几种情况：1)句子意思表达不完整× The lecture was given in such an interersting way.√ The lecture was given in such an inereresting way that everyone enjoyed it very much.2)句子的主从关系模糊× We are going to visit John, and he is our English friend.√ We are going to visit John who is our English friend.3) 连接词使用不当× The main reason he was absent was because he was ill.√ The main reason he was absent was that he was ill.4) 主谓不一致× Every teacher and student were invited to go to the party.√ Every teacher and student was invited to go to the party.5) 中心不明白× I was watching a film last night, I suddenly found Mary sitting in front of me.√ When I was watching a film last night, I suddenly found Mary sitting in front of me.技巧二、句子的简练句子的简练：累赘是写作常见的弊病之一。
英语平行结构的特点及修辞效果
一、英语平行结构的特点
英语中的平行结构是一种具有强烈对比性的句式，即一个句子由多个形式、意义、强度等层次或方面形成的对称句式，以表达同一概念或意思，但前后句式却有着明显的对比效果，使文章增添对比色彩，以明快形象地表现作者的思想意义，具有浓重的艺术质感。
英语平行结构的特点是：
1、句子中的内容应是两个或以上成分，这些成分在语气、位置、音节、句式、形式等方面形成一定对照关系，形成对立、对称或协调的句子；
2、表达的内容可以是同类事物、观点、状态，也可以是相反意义的事物、状态，或是诸多事实、正反意义，他们之间不一定是对比关系，有时对照和协调关系也可以形成平行结构，但他们都具有鲜明的对比色彩；
3、句子中的造句要简洁，以清晰明确的结构、快速的表达和深入语言文字来突出句子的对比关系；
4、有时可以用省略句等句式来代替进一步陈述，表示抽象、凝练、省略的句式，以使表达更加简明、紧凑，加强对比、协调配搭的效果。
二、英语平行结构的修辞效果
1、表达对立观点：平行结构有利于清晰、强调表达对立观点，以增强语言的表达力度，令人印象深刻，更有助于读者理解文章的主
题大意。
2、强调抒情情绪：平行结构中的句子有着协调性，能够强烈表达出作者的抒情情绪，如尖锐的怨言、伤心的悲叹等，以唤起读者的共鸣。
3、加深艺术感染力：平行结构能够赋予句子平衡、协调的性质，使文章更加完美，清晰且有力，表现出深厚的艺术感染力。
总之，英语中的平行结构具有鲜明的对比色彩，有利于表达对立的观点，强调抒情情绪，加深文章的艺术感染力，是一种有效的修辞手段。
大学英语写作中的平行结构大学英语写作中的平行结构所谓平行结构（parallelism），就是把一个句子逻辑上应属于同一句法成分的并列事物用相同的结构来表达。
平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，它不仅能使文章节奏匀称，而且能起篇章纽带作用，这种修辞手段运用得好，能使你的语句表意明确，层次清楚，读之产生一种和谐的感觉。
本文拟将这一修辞手法向读者作以简析，旨在提高学生英文写作的造句能力。
首先让我们来分析一道在TOEFL考题中的改错题：鶷he high school graduate，if he（A）is eighteen or nineteen，has（B）these alternatives （C）：attending college，finding a job，or the army（D）．本文中的错误是（D），因为它不符合英语修辞学中的平等性原则。
我们可以看出句中alternatives后面分别跟着（1）attending college （2）finding a job（3）the army，都是对alternatives的具体说明，逻辑上应属于同一成分的并列事物，可是（1）（2）用的是动宾结构，而（3）却用了the army这个名词，即用了一（2）不同的结构，改正的办法是将the army改为动宾结构joining the army，个与（1）以与（1）（2）结构平行。
所以，平行结构的使用既是一种语法手段，也是一种词汇手段，既有词汇平行（word with word），也有短语平行（phrase with phrase）和从句平行（clause with clause），同时平行结构可以表达句子的各种成分。
现分别阐释如下：一、主语1．Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students．懂得怎样学习，学会合理支配时间是大学生应予重视的问题。
英语写作中的句子结构技巧在英语写作中，良好的句子结构是非常重要的，它能够帮助我们更好地表达思想，使文章通顺流畅。
本文将介绍几个英语写作中常用的句子结构技巧，帮助读者提升英语写作水平。
1. 平行结构（Parallel Structure）平行结构是指在句子中平行使用相同类型的词、短语或从句，使句子结构更加一致。
这种结构常用于列举、并列关系的表达和对比。
例如：(1) We came, we saw, we conquered.我们来了，我们看到了，我们征服了。
(2) The weather is not only hot but also humid.天气不仅炎热而且潮湿。
(3) He likes swimming, hiking, and playing tennis.他喜欢游泳、徒步旅行和打网球。
2. 倒装结构（Inversion）倒装结构在英语写作中可以起到突显和强调的作用，也可以用于修辞和句子平衡。
常见的倒装结构有完全倒装和部分倒装。
例如：(1) Not only did she pass the exam, but she also got the highest score.她不仅通过了考试，而且还得到了最高分。
(2) Little did I know that he was planning a surprise party for me.我并不知道他正在为我策划一场惊喜派对。
(3) Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.我从未见过如此美丽的日落。
3. 并列句（Compound Sentences）并列句使用并列连词（如and, but, or等）将两个独立的句子连接在一起，使句子更加丰富多样，并能够表达并列关系。
例如：(1) She is studying hard for the exam, but she also finds time to relax.她为了考试而努力学习，但她也找到时间放松。
大学英语四级写作技巧：平行结构精典范例:Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe1 alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and that sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.Now the trumpet summons us again - not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need2; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are3; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, a year in and year out rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation, a struggle4 against the common enemies of man: 5 tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you6; ask what you can do for your country.--美国前总统John F. Kennedy注意：(1)划线部分为平行结构(2)例1.头韵;例23. We need arms和We are embattled为倒装结构;例4.同位语;例5.见冒号的用法。
在句中使用and 或on时, 须连接结构相同的部分。
总的原则是：词与词相配, 短语和短语相配,从句和从句相配,句子则和句子放在一起。
所有这些搭配必须是平行结构，它们应采用相同的形式。
No: My parents went to Tibet, to Mongolia, and they even saw Hong Kong and Macau.Yes: My parents went to Tibet, to Mongolia, and even to Hong Kong and Macau.No: Jonathan noticed the way Stephanie talked and how she kept fidgeting with her fingers.Yes: Jonathan noticed how Stephanie talked and how she kept fidgeting with her fingers.一些连词，如both/and, either/or, neither/nor,和not only/but also.常用于连接平行结构。
No: That conference was both helpful and contained a lot of information.Yes: That conference was both helpful and informative.No: Here we either turn left or right, but I forget which.Yes: Here we turn either left or right, but I forget which.No: Fu Chong, the pianist, was heavily influenced both by his mentor and his parents.Yes: Fu Chong, the pianist, was heavily influenced by both his mentor and his parents.No: Elizabeths overcoat is at either the theater or her dormitory.Yes: Elizabeths overcoat is either at the theater or in her dormitory.(主谓一致结构)What makes me different from other job applicants?Ability to converse in English, Japanese in addition to my native MandarinCompletion of two-month customer satisfaction trainingImpeccable medical report cardOutgoing personality and eager desire to help(名词平行结构)Awkward: At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in all types of injury cases one can think of. Other areas we handle are wrongful death, automobile accidents and medical malpractice. If you slip and fall in a public building, we can represent you in filing a law suit against the owner. Also, our clients come to seek our help in handicap discrimination and denial of insurance claim cases.Better: At Yi Xin Associates, we have 15 years of combined legal experience in:All injury casesWrongful deathAutomobile accidentsMedical malpracticeSlip and fallHandicap discriminationDenial of insurance claims Incorrect: The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committee are:To take minutes of all meetings (不定式短语)The Executive Secretary answers all the correspondence; and (句子)Writing of month reports. (话题)Correct: The duties of the Executive Secretary of the Administrative Committee are:To take minutes of all meetings;To answer all the correspondence; andTo write monthly reports.(名词平行结构)No: The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but alsoadultery.Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.(并列介词短语)为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。
Awkward: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not his style.Improved: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not for his style.Awkward: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they are obscure.Improved: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but because they are obscure.Awkward: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had increased more than forty per cent, and additional capital was sorely needed.Improved: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business had increased more than forty per cent, and that additional capital was sorely needed.在商业和正式文件写作中，越来越多的用到圆点散句。
