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Hausdorff Distance based 3D Quantification of Brain Tumor Evolution from MRI Images

Hausdorff Distance based 3D Quantification of Brain Tumor Evolution from MRI Images
Hausdorff Distance based 3D Quantification of Brain Tumor Evolution from MRI Images

Hausdorff Distance based3D Quanti?cation of Brain Tumor

Evolution from MRI Images

Fr′e d′e ric Morain-Nicolier,St′e phane Lebonvallet,′Etienne Baudrier,Su Ruan

Abstract—This paper presents a quanti?cation method which can be used to quantify the evolution of a brain tumor with time.From two segmented volumes,a Local Distance Volume(LDV)based on Hausdorff Distance is computed to show the true physical local distances between them.In the case of tracking a tumor volume during a therapeutic treatment,local variations can thus be shown by the LDV in particular where the tumor has regressed and where it has growed.This information can help radiologists to adapt the current treatment.

I.INTRODUCTION

Accuracy in image segmentation is a nettlesome prob-lem,especially in medical image analysis,where pre-cision in segmentation is a prerequisite for a reliable interpretation of the results.Moreover,many current prob-lems in the medical realm and diagnosis derive bene?t from a precise brain segmentation.Multimodality image registration requires a good brain segmentation:indeed, surface matching techniques need to have a precise def-inition of the segmented volumes[4].As a matter of fact,any image analysis technique has to be validated in an ef?cient way so as to legitimize its use in clinical day-to-day applications.A rigorous de?nition of image quality in terms of algorithm ef?ciency depends on the performance of some observer on some speci?c task;and the mathematical models for these observers have to be designed in order to allow task automation.In particular in the domain of brain tumor segmentation,important information is the evolution of the tumor with respect to a given treatment.Accessing the global variation of the tumoral volume is a?rst step but not necessarily suf?cient.More precise information is the localization of the tumor variations volume.The paper is organized as follows.In the?rst part,we present the three-dimensional distance volume.This volume contains local Hausdorff distances between to references volumes.The obtained measures are robust to small registration error and are made of true physical distances.Thus it is possible localize big and small variations from one volume to the next one.The next part resumes the segmentation method used to extract the tumor.In the last section,we present the results of the local distance volume computed on these The authors are with CRESTIC-URCA,IUT de Troyes,9rue de Qu′e bec,10026Troyes Cedex, frederic.nicolier@univ-reims.fr segmented volume slices.Local variations of the tumor are highlighted,in particular where it has regressed or progressed.

II.3D L OCAL D ISTANCE V OLUME

A.Distance Measure:the Choice of the Hausdorff Dis-tance

Among distance measures over binary images,the Hausdorff distance(HD)has often been used in the content-based retrieval domain and is known to have suc-cessful applications in object matching[5],[7]or in face recognition[11].Let’s have a brief review of the de?nition and of some properties related to the HD.Originally meant as a measure between two point collections,for?nite sets of points,the HD can be de?ned as[5]:

De?nition1(Hausdorff distance):Given two non-empty?nite sets of points A=(a1,...,a n)and B=(b1,...,b m)of R2,and an underlying distance d, the HD is given by

D H(A,B)=max(h(A,B),h(B,A))(1)

where h(A,B)=max

a∈A min b∈B d(a,b)

,(2)

h(A,B)is the so-called directed Hausdorff distance. The interest of this measure comes?rstly from its metric properties:non-negativity,identity,symmetry and triangle inequality.Moreover,the HD is a match method-ology without point-to-point correspondence,so it is ro-bust to local non-rigid distortions.For a small translation, the Hausdorff distance is small,which matches our ex-pectation for a distance measure.

Some Modi?ed Versions of the Hausdorff Distance: the classical HD has good properties but it measures the most mismatched points between A and B,and as a consequence it is sensitive to noise[9].Indeed considering two volumes containing the same pattern and one point added to the?rst volume,far from the pattern,then the HD will measure the distance between the pattern and the point.Several modi?cations of the HD have been proposed to improve the classical HD[12].However,these measures are global and cannot account for local distances.Indeed, the principle of HD is to be a”max min”distance and it means that the value of the HD between two volumes is reached for at least one couple of points.But it doesn’t say if the value is reached in several parts or only for one pair,

Proceedings of the 29th Annual International

Conference of the IEEE EMBS

Cité Internationale, Lyon, France

August 23-26, 2007.

SaP2B1.24

which corresponds to different degrees of distance.These remarks motivate us to design a local and parameter-free HD in the next section.

B.Local HD Measure

The notion of local distance is?rst discussed,then de?nition of a HD measure in a local window is presented. In all this section,A and B design two non-empty?nite sets of points of R2,and W a convex closed subset of R2. Producing locally a distance implies to compare the two volumes locally.It can be done thanks to a sliding window.The parts of both volumes viewed through this window are compared based on a distance measure.The sliding-window size plays an important role:it should?t the local distance so that the distance can give a local measure.Nevertheless,here is the general idea:if the pixels located in the sliding window belong to coarse features,the window should be big enough to grasp the feature’s distances.Similarly,for?ne features,a window ”bigger”than the features will include unwanted infor-mation on distances.These requirements are important to obtain robust local measure.In particular it is important to be robust to registration error.Therefore,it is necessary to adapt the size of the window to obtain precise measures. The local HD de?nition:the restriction of the HD to a window implies to modify its de?nition.It is indeed not available in the case that one of the sets is empty, which can happen in a window.Then the distance to the window border must be introduced(see[2]).With the new de?nition of the windowed HD,it is possible to de?ne an algorithm which makes the window?t the local distance for each pixel(alg.1).It consists of a sliding three-dimensional window whose radius is locally adapted to?nd the local optimal radius.

Algorithm1Computation of local HD

compute D H(F,G)

for x a voxel do

n:=1{initialization of the window-size}

while HD B(x,n)(F,G)=n and n HD(F,G) do

n:=n+1.

end while

HD loc(x)=HD B(x,n?1)(F,G)=n?1

end for

It is possible to express the local HD with the following

formula

to

allow

fast computations(for details,

see

[2]):

De?nition2(local HD(fast version)):for x a voxel of the images,

HD loc(x)=|B(x)?A(x)|max(d(x,A),d(x,B))

(3)

(a)(b)(c)

(d)(e)(f)

Fig.1.Two images(a)and(b),their textured versions(d)and(e)and their LDMaps.The values of the LDMap(f)are low because of the large pattern pixel ratio in the textured images(d)and(e).The LdMap(c) between images(a)and(b)is representative(quanti?ed and localized information)of their local differences.

The formula is faster to compute than the algorithm based on the windowed HD,but the obtained value interpretation comes from the local-distance window adaptation in the algorithm.

C.The Local Distance Volume

The local HD can be computed for all the points of the space,it results in the following de?nition:

De?nition3(Local Distance Volume(LDV)):Let F and G design two non-empty?nite sets of points of R3, the local distance volume LDV is de?ned by

?x∈R3,LDV(x)= HD B(x,r max)(F,G)if R=?

0if R=?.

(4) The maximum value in the local distance map is the Hausdorff distance between the two input sets.For each pixel x,the formula gives a value that depends on the distance transform of the sets A and B.Fast algorithms have been developed for distance transformation.So the LDV complexity with the formula is a O(m3),which is linear in the pixel number.

Qualitative results:We present in this paragraph two kinds of images on which the a two-dimensional version of the LDV(named LDMap in this paragraph)is applied to evaluate their variation(see?g.1).The given remarks applies equally on volumes.1)The?rst images(a)and(b) are non textured grids.(b)is a locally deformed version of (a).The obtained information is quanti?ed and localized. The values of the LDMap(up to17)re?ect the local distance between the images.Only where the grid-lines are different(between the two images)a non-zero distance is obtained.Morevover,the more important is the local distance,the more different the images are(locally).2) For the second comparison(d)and(e),the images are textured and the pattern pixel ratio is large.The obtained

(a)(b)(c)

Fig.2.Segmented MRI.

values in(f)do not re?ect the similarity in this case.As

a short conclusion,the LDMap is a useful tool for non-

textured and well-de?ned images(or volumes).It is thus

usable for segmented slices.

III.R ESULTS

A.Segmentation Method

MRI images are acquired on a 1.5T GE(General

Electric Co.)machine using an axial3D IR(Inversion

Recuperation)T1-weighted sequence,an axial FSE(Fast

Spin Echo)T2-weighted,an axial FSE PD-weighted se-

quence and an axial FLAIR.For one examination,we

have24slices of the four signals with a voxel size

of0.47×0.47×5.5mm3.All the slices and all the

examinations are registrated using SPM software.

We use the?rst examination for training SVM using

RBF kernel[10].The training set was obtained from one

slice by using mouse to choose ten pixels into the tumour

and ten outside.We perform the?rst segmentation of this

volume by using the SVM model obtained.So,we build

automatically about one hundred points into the tumour

and outside from all the tumoral slices.We retraining a

second SVM and use it for perform a second segmentation

for improve the?rst result.With this last SVM model,

we perform the segmentation of others examinations.At

each segmentation of examination,we use this2steps

process for improve the result.Fig2contains an example

of the obtained segmentation.All the nine slices of two

segmented volumes are given in?gs3and4.

B.Implementation Details

The computation of the LDV is done with a new mageJ

plugin[6].With a2GHz opteron,the comparison of the

two512×512×9volumes is done in39seconds.

C.Results

The LDV is computed between volumes1and2.The

results are presented in?g 5.As the z-resolution is

slightly greather than the x?y resolutions(with a ratio of

11.7),the obtained distance depends only lightly on the

z-axis information.Only when the obtained distance is

greather than11.7mm,the z-information has been taken

into account.Fig6is a three-dimensional representation

of the LDV

.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)(e)(f)

Fig.3.Segmentation of the?rst volume(slices

from18to23,a-f)

using

SVM with RBF

kernel.

(a)(b)

(c)

(d)(e)(f)

Fig.4.Segmentation of the second volume(slices from18to23,a-f)

using SVM with RBF kernel.

As a true distance is used to compute the LDV,the

given scalar are true physical distance in mm.The given

distances histogram indicates there are much more low

distances than high distances.This a coherent fact as non-

zero LDV values are obtained in the intersection of the two

volumes.The intersection is locally?lled with increasing

values,starting from zero up to the maximum local

distance between the volumes.The maximum distance

is15.56mm.This represent the higher straight distance

between the two volumes.

The proposed Local Distance V olume can be used to

track more precisely the variations between two volumes.

The Hausdorff Distance in a window(eq.(3))is de?ned as

the maximum of two directed distance.In the present case

the directed distances carry useful information.h W(A,B)

carry the information on voxels present in vol.1and not in

vol.2.Symmetrically h W(B,A)carry the information on

voxels present in vol.2and not in vol.1.So h W(A,B)

indicates where the tumor has regressed and h W(B,A)

where the tumor has progressed.This is illustrated in?g.

7and?g.8.The augmentation of the central occlusion is

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)(e)(f)

(j)

Fig.5.Slices18to23(a-f)of the Local Distance V olume between

volumes1(?g3)and2(?g4).The distances are absolute according to

eq.(3).(j)is the

distance histogram(logarithmic scale in gray)and the

colormap of images(a-f).

Fig.6.A three-dimensional view of the LDV between volumes1and

2.

clearly seen(by high negative distances).

IV.CONCLUSION

A distance measure between volumes has been pre-

https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,ing local Hausdorff distances,the Local Dis-

tance V olume(LDV)is computed with adaptative size

windows.This method allows to indicates where the

volumes are similar.The LDV has been successfully

applied on segmented MRI volumes containing a tumor.

The evolution of the tumor between two acquisitions can

be quanti?ed by the obtention of true physical distances

between volumes.Moreover,the method allow to track

where the tumor has regressed and where it has pro-

gressed.

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image similarity

measure,to appear in Imaging Science Journal.

(a)(b)

https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,ing the directed Hausdorff Distance to show where the

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directed distances(only slice5is presented corresponding to(b)in3

and4).

(b)is the histogram and the colormap of the directed LDV.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,ing the directed Hausdorff Distance to show where the

tumor has regressed(in black with negative distances)and where is

has progressed(in white with positive distances).

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怎么用经纬度计算两地之间的距离

怎么用经纬度计算两地之间的距离? 1、地球赤道上环绕地球一周走一圈共40075.04公里,而@一圈分成360°,而每1°(度)有60,每一度一秒在赤道上的长度计算如下: 40075.04km/360°=111.31955km 111.31955km/60=1.8553258km=1855.3m 而每一分又有60秒,每一秒就代表1855.3m/60=30.92m 任意两点距离计算公式为 d=111.12cos{1/[sinΦAsinΦB十cosΦAcosΦBcos(λB—λA)]} 其中A点经度,纬度分别为λA和ΦA,B点的经度、纬度分别为λB和ΦB,d为距离。 2、分为3步计算: 第1步分别将两点经纬度转换为三维直角坐标: 假设地球球心为三维直角坐标系的原点,球心与赤道上0经度点的连线为X轴,球心与赤道上东经90度点的连线为Y轴,球心与北极点的连线为Z轴,则地面上点的直角坐标与其经纬度的关系为: x=R×cosα×cosβ y=R×cosα×sinβ z=R×sinα R为地球半径,约等于6400km; α为纬度,北纬取+,南纬取-; β为经度,东经取+,西经取-。 第2步根据直角坐标求两点间的直线距离(即弦长):

如果两点的直角坐标分别为(x1,y1,z1)和(x2,y2,z2),则它们之间的直线距离为:L=[(x1-x2)^2+(y1-y2)^2+(z1-z2)^2]^0.5 上式为三维勾股定理,L为直线距离。 第3步根据弦长求两点间的距离(即弧长): 由平面几何知识可知弧长与弦长的关系为: S=R×π×2[arc sin(0.5L/R)]/180 上式中角的单位为度,1度=π/180弧度,S为弧长。 3、1度的实际长度是111公里。但纬线的距离会越考两端越小,他的距离就会变成111乘COS纬度数,经度不变。 4、南北方向算出两点纬度差,一度等于60海里,1分等于1海里,海里与公里换算关系1海里等于1.852公里。东西方向量出距离到两点间纬度附近量出纬度差,得出海里数,再乘以1.852换算成公里。可按直角三角形原理求出两点间距离。 5、度的实际长度是111公里。但纬线的距离会越考两端越小,他的距离就会变成111乘COS纬度数,经度不变(如果在同一经度)

经纬度计算距离

根据两点经纬度计算距离 这些经纬线是怎样定出来的呢?地球是在不停地绕地轴旋转(地轴是一根通过地球南北两极和地球中心的 假想线),在地球中腰画一个与地轴垂直的大圆圈,使圈上的每一点都和南北两极的距离相等,这个圆圈 就叫作“赤道”。在赤道的南北两边,画出许多和赤道平行的圆圈,就是“纬圈”;构成这些圆圈的线段, 叫做纬线。我们把赤道定为纬度零度,向南向北各为90度,在赤道以南的叫南纬,在赤道以北的叫北纬。 北极就是北纬90度,南极就是南纬90度。纬度的高低也标志着气候的冷热,如赤道和低纬度地地区无冬, 两极和高纬度地区无夏,中纬度地区四季分明。 其次,从北极点到南极点,可以画出许多南北方向的与地球赤道垂直的大圆圈,这叫作“经圈”;构成这 些圆圈的线段,就叫经线。公元1884平面坐标图年,国际上规定以通过英国伦敦近郊的格林尼治天文台的 经线作为计算经度的起点,即经度零度零分零秒,也称“本初子午线”。在它东面的为东经,共180度; 在它西面的为西经,共180度。因为地球是圆的,所以东经180度和西经180度的经线是同一条经线。各国 公定180度经线为“国际日期变更线”。为了避免同一地区使用两个不同的日期,国际日期变线在遇陆地时 略有偏离。 每一经度和纬度还可以再细分为60分,每一分再分为60秒以及秒的小数。利用经纬线,我们就可以确定 地球上每一个地方的具体位置,并且把它在地图或地球仪上表示出来。例如问北京的经纬度是多少?我们 很容易从地图上查出来是东经116度24分,北纬39度54分。在大海中航行的船只,只要把所在地的经度测 出来,就可以确定船在海洋中的位置和前进方向。纬度共有90度。赤道为0度,向两极排列,圈子越小, 度数越大。 横线是纬度,竖线是经度。 当然可以计算,四元二次方程。 经度和纬度都是一种角度。经度是个两面角,是两个经线平面的夹角。因所有经线都是一样长,为了度量 经度选取一个起点面,经1884年国际会议协商,决定以通过英国伦敦近郊、泰晤士河南岸的格林尼治皇家 天文台(旧址)的一台主要子午仪十字丝的那条经线为起始经线,称为本初子午线。本初子午线平面是起 点面,终点面是本地经线平面。某一点的经度,就是该点所在的经线平面与本初子午线平面间的夹角。在 赤道上度量,自本初子午线平面作为起点面,分别往东往西度量,往东量值称为东经度,往西量值称为西

地球上两点的经纬度计算他们距离的公式

假设地球是一个标准球体,半径为R,并且假设东经为正,西经为负,北纬为正,南纬为负, 则A(x,y)的坐标可表示为(R*cosy*cosx, R*cosy*sinx,R*siny) B(a,b)可表示为(R*cosb*cosa ,R*cosb*sina,R*sinb) 于是,AB对于球心所张的角的余弦大小为 cosb*cosy*(cosa*cosx+sina*sinx)+sinb*siny=cosb*cosy*cos(a-x)+s inb*siny 因此AB两点的球面距离为 R*{arccos[cosb*cosy*cos(a-x)+sinb*siny]} 注:1.x,y,a,b都是角度,最后结果中给出的arccos因为弧度形式。 2.所谓的“东经为正,西经为负,北纬为正,南纬为负”是为了计算的方便。 比如某点为西京145°,南纬36°,那么计算时可用(-145°,-36°) 3.AB对球心所张角的球法实际上是求两向量的夹角K。 用公式*=|OA|*|OB|*cosK 可以得到 其中地球平均半径为6371.004 km

假设地球是个标准的球体:半径可以查出来,假设是R: 如图: 要算出A到B的球面距离,先要求出A跟B的夹角,即角AOB, 求角AOB可以先求AOB的最大边AB的长度。在根据余弦定律可以求夹角。 AB在三角形AQB中,AQ的长度可以根据AB的纬度之差计算。 BQ在三角形BPQ中,BP和PQ可求,角BPQ可以根据两者的经度求出,这样BQ的长度也可以求出来, 所以AB的长度是可以求出来的。因为三角形ABQ是直角三角形,已经得到两个边 知道了角AOB后,AB的弧长是可以求的。 这样推出其公式就不难了 关于用经纬度计算距离: 地球赤道上环绕地球一周走一圈共40075.04公里,而@一圈分成360°,而每1°(度)有60,每一度一秒在赤道上的长度计算如下: 40075.04km/360°=111.31955km 111.31955km/60=1.8553258km=1855.3m 而每一分又有60秒,每一秒就代表1855.3m/60=30.92m 任意两点距离计算公式为 d=111.12cos{1/[sinΦAsinΦB十cosΦAcosΦBcos(λB—λA)]} 其中A点经度,纬度分别为λA和ΦA,B点的经度、纬度分别为λB和ΦB,d为距离。至于比例尺计算就不废话了

根据地球上任意两点的经纬度计算两点间的距离

根据地球上任意两点的经纬度计算两点间的距离 地球是一个近乎标准的椭球体,它的赤道半径为6378.140千米,极半径为6356.755千米,平均半径6371.004千米。如果我们假设地球是一个完美的球体,那么它的半径就是地球的平均半径,记为R。如果以0度经线为基准,那么根据地球表面任意两点的经纬度就可以计算出这两点间的地表距离(这里忽略地球表面地形对计算带来的误差,仅仅是理论上的估算值)。设第一点A的经纬度为(LonA, LatA),第二点B的经纬度为(LonB, LatB),按照0度经线的基准,东经取经度的正值(Longitude),西经取经度负值(-Longitude),北纬取90-纬度值(90- Latitude),南纬取90+纬度值(90+Latitude),则经过上述处理过后的两点被计为(MLonA, MLatA)和(MLonB, MLatB)。那么根据三角推导,可以得到计算两点距离的如下公式: C = sin(MLatA)*sin(MLatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB) + cos(MLatA)*cos(MLatB) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 这里,R和Distance单位是相同,如果是采用6371.004千米作为半径,那么Distance 就是千米为单位,如果要使用其他单位,比如mile,还需要做单位换算,1千米 =0.621371192mile 如果仅对经度作正负的处理,而不对纬度作90-Latitude(假设都是北半球,南半球只有澳洲具有应用意义)的处理,那么公式将是: C = sin(LatA)*sin(LatB) + cos(LatA)*cos(LatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 以上通过简单的三角变换就可以推出。 如果三角函数的输入和输出都采用弧度值,那么公式还可以写作: C = sin(LatA*Pi/180)*sin(LatB*Pi/180) + cos(LatA*Pi/180)*cos(LatB*Pi/180)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)*Pi/180) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 也就是: C = sin(LatA/57.2958)*sin(LatB/57.2958) + cos(LatA/57.2958)*cos(LatB/57.2958)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)/57.2958) Distance = R*Arccos(C) = 6371.004*Arccos(C) kilometer = 0.621371192*6371.004*Arccos(C) mile = 3958.758349716768*Arccos(C) mile 在实际应用当中,一般是通过一个个体的邮政编码来查找该邮政编码对应的地区中心的经纬度,然后再根据这些经纬度来计算彼此的距离,从而估算出某些群体之间的大致距离范围(比如酒店旅客的分布范围-各个旅客的邮政编码对应的经纬度和酒店的经纬度所计算的距离范围-等等),所以,通过邮政编码查询经纬度这样一个数据库是一个很有用的资源

经纬度距离公式

地球表面两点间距离公式 陕西省榆林市第二实验中学 艾东宁 摘要:本文用几何的方法得出地球表面两点间距离公式。这是地理中的一个基本公式,在许多方面都有应用。 关键词:球面 距离 经纬度 圆心角 已知地球表面两点A ),(11j w 、B ),(22j w ,求两点间球面距离。(w 为纬度,j 为经度。) 解: 如图。 a 、 b 为A 、B 两点所在的经线平面,l 为地轴,MO 、 NO 为赤道平面与此二面角的交线,O 为地心,地球半径 为R 。 过A 作AC ⊥l ,过C 作DC ⊥l ,BD ∥l 。 在△ACD 中, AC=1cos w R ? DC=2cos w R ? ∠ACB=21j j - 据余弦定理可得: 22212 )cos ()cos (w R w R AD ?+?=)cos(cos cos 221212 j j w w R -?- 又21sin sin w R w R BE DE DB ?+?=+= 因△ABD 为Rt △, 故222DB AD AB += =2AB 22R )cos(cos cos 221212 j j w w R -?-212 sin sin 2w w R + 在△AOB 中,知道AB ,且AO=BO=R 。设∠AOB=α 由余弦定理可得:=αcos 212121sin sin )cos(cos cos w w j j w w -- 若经度东为正、西为负、纬度北为正、南为负,则公式为: =αcos 212121sin sin )cos(cos cos w w j j w w +- arccos =α〔212121sin sin )cos(cos cos w w j j w w +-〕 α为A 、B 两点所成的球心角。

经纬度计算距离和方位角

经纬度计算距离和方位角 方位角(azimuthangle):从某点的指北方向线起,依顺时针方向到目标方向线之间的水平夹角,叫方位角。 (一)方位角的种类 由于每点都有真北、磁北和坐标纵线北三种不同的指北方向线,因此,从某点到某一目标,就有三种不同方位角。 (1)真方位角。某点指向北极的方向线叫真北方向线,而经线,也叫真子午线。由真子午线方向的北端起,顺时针量到直线间的夹角,称为该直线的真方位角,一般用A表示。通常在精密测量中使用。 (2)磁方位角。地球是一个大磁体,地球的磁极位置是不断变化的,某点指向磁北极的方向线叫磁北方向线,也叫磁子午线。在地形图南、北图廓上的磁南、磁北两点间的直线,为该图的磁子午线。由磁子午线方向的北端起,顺时针量至直线间的夹角,称为该直线的磁方位角,用Am表示。 (3)坐标方位角。由坐标纵轴方向的北端起,顺时针量到直线间的夹角,称为该直线的坐标方位角,常简称方位角,用a表示。 方位角在测绘、地质与地球物理勘探、航空、航海、炮兵射击及部队行进时等,都广泛使用。不同的方位角可以相互换算。 军事应用:为了计算方便精确,方位角的单位不用度,用密位作单位。换算作:360度=6000密位。 (二)三种方位角之间的关系

因标准方向选择的不同,使得一条直线有不同的方位角。 同一直线的三种方位角之间的关系为: A=Am+δ A=a+γ a=Am+δ-γ (三)坐标方位角的推算 1.正、反坐标方位角 每条直线段都有两个端点,若直线段从起点1到终点2为直线的前进方向,则在起点1处的坐标方位角a12称为直线12的正方位角,在终点2处的坐标方位角a21称为直线12的反方位角。 a反=a正±180° 式中,当a正<180°时,上式用加180°;当a正>180°时,上式用减180°。 2.坐标方位角的推算 实际工作中并不需要测定每条直线的坐标方位角,而是通过与已知坐标方位角的直线连测后,推算出各直线的坐标方位角。因β2在推算路线前进方向的右侧,该转折角称为右角;β3在推算路线前进方向的左侧,该转折角称为左角。从而可归纳出推算坐标方位角的一般公式为: a前=a后+180°+β左 a前=a后+180°-β右 如果计算的结果大于360?,应减去360°,为负值,则加上360?。

excel经纬度转距离公式文库

excel经纬度转距离公式 知道两个点的经纬度,怎么用excel转换成距离?例如:A(118°19'20",35°4'4");B(118°19'56”,35°4’46”) ======================函数分割线========================= A1 : 第一点经度 B1 :第一点纬度 A2 : 第二点经度 B2 :第二点纬度 经纬度格式:118°19'20" (度分秒的字符不要搞错) 如: 118°19'20" 35°4'4" 118°19'56" 35°4'46" 计算结果是:1708.610943 米。当然,将地球视作标准圆球 =6371000*ACOS(COS(RADIANS(SUM(1*LEFT(A2,FIND("°",A2)-1),MID(A2,FIND("°",A2)+1,FIND("'",A2)-FIND("°",A2)-1)/60,RIGHT(LEFT(A2,LEN(A2)-1),LEN(A2)-FIND("'",A2)-1)/3600)-SUM(1*LEFT(A1 ,FIND("°",A1)-1),MID(A1,FIND("°",A1)+1,FIND("'",A1)-FIND("°",A1)-1)/60,RIGHT(LEFT(A1,LEN(A1)-1),LEN(A1)-FIND("'",A1)-1)/3600)))*COS(RADIANS (SUM(1*LEFT(B2,FIND("°",B2)-1),MID(B2,FIND("°",B2)+1,FIND("'",B2)-FIND("°",B2)-1)/60,RIGHT(LEFT(B2,LEN(B2)-1),LEN(B2)-FIND("'",B2)-1)/3600)-SUM(1*LEFT(B1 ,FIND("°",B1)-1),MID(B1,FIND("°",B1)+1,FIND("'",B1)-FIND("°",B1)-1)/60,RIGHT(LEFT(B1,LEN(B1)-1),LEN(B1)-FIND("'",B1)-1)/3600)))) ==========================算法分割线========================= 假设A点经纬度坐标为(a0,a1),B点经纬度坐标为(b0,b1),地球半径为R。则理论上AB两点间的弧长为 R * arccos[cos(b0-a0) * cos(b1-a1)] =======================详细算法分割线======================== 用EXCEL进行高斯投影换算 从经纬度BL换算到高斯平面直角坐标XY(高斯投影正算),或从XY换算成BL(高斯投影反算),一般需要专用计算机软件完成,在目前流行的换算软件中,存在一个共同的不足之处,就是灵活性较差,大都需要一个点一个点地进行,不能成批量地完成,给实际工作带来许多不便。其实用EXCEL就可以很直观、方便地完成坐标换算工作,不需要编制任何软件,只需要在EXCEL的相应单元格中输入相应的公式即可。 下面以54系为例,介绍具体的计算方法。 完成经纬度BL到平面直角坐标XY的换算,在EXCEL中大约需要占用21列,当然读者可以通过简化计算公式或考虑直观性,适当增加或减少所占列数。 在EXCEL中,输入公式的起始单元格不同,则反映出来的公式不同,以公式从第2行第1列(A2格)为起始单元格为例,各单元格的公式如下:

地球的经纬度与球面距离

地球的经纬度与球面距离 [教学科目]数学(《立体几何》) [教学课题]地球的经纬度与球面距离 [教学目标] 1.通过教学使学生掌握地球的经纬度和球面距离的概念,并能够熟练计算同纬度或同经度的球面上任意两点的球面距离,理解既不纬度也不同经度 的球面上任意两点球面距离的计算方法; 2.通过教学培养学生的空间想象能力和计算能力。 [教学重点]球面上任意两点的球面距离的计算方法。 [教学难点]对球面距离概念的理解与球面上任意两点的球面距离的计算。 [教学方法]启发式、讨论式。 [教学工具]常规教学工具。 [教学时间]一课时(45分钟)。 [教学班级]北京四中99级数学B4班 [任课教师]北京四中李建华 [教学过程] 一、课题引入 师:上节课我们研究了球的截面性质,这节课我们继续研究球的问题,研究球面上任意两点的球面距离及其计算。 二、新课 1.地球的经纬度 师:让我们首先回忆一下地球的经纬度的概念。 [学生回答。] 师:通过经纬度我们就能够确定地球球面上的任意一点。可以看到北京的经纬度大约是(N40°,E116°)、南京(N32°,E118°)、石家庄(N38°,E114 °)、银川(N38°,E106°)、南昌(N28°,E116°)。 2.球面距离的概念 师:那么,球面上任意两点间的最短距离是什么?可以凭借直观感受来回答这个问题。 [学生回答,然后给出球面距离的定义。] 师:所谓球面上A、B两点的球面距离,就是指经过经过这两点的大圆的劣弧的长。实际上,这是球面上两点之间的最短距离,为什么最短呢? [学生回答。] 师:我们可以证明过这两点的小圆劣弧Array的长总是大于这两点的球面距离的,但一般 情形的证明却并不容易,我们暂时作为一个问 题留待将来讨论。 3.球面距离的计算 师:下面我们来研究球面距离的计算。 先从简单情形开始。 (1)同经度两点的球面距离的计算 例1.计算北京(N40°,E116°)、南昌 (N28°,E116°)之间的球面距离。 [参考答案:如果设地球半径为R=6378.137km,北京与南昌相差12°,∴ 北京与南昌之间的球面距离为

经纬度计算

经纬度距离计算 同一经线上,纬度每一度的间距是111km 同一纬线上,每一经度的间距是用111乘以纬度数的余弦值 算两地的实地距离时,可以用勾股定理 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++ 在地球仪上,与赤道相平行的圆就是纬线 纬度每差1度,距离相差110千米 在地球仪上,连接南北两极点的半圆就是经线 经度每差1度的实地距离是:110千米*cosa 其中cosa 的 a==该点所在纬度 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++ 经度和纬度都是一种角度。经度是个两面角,是两个经线平面的夹角。因所有经线都是一样长,为了度量经度选取一个起点面,经1884年国际会议协商,决定以通过英国伦敦近郊、泰晤士河南岸的格林尼治皇家天文台(旧址)的一台主要子午仪十字丝的那条经线为起始经线,称为本初子午线。本初子午线平面是起点面,终点面是本地经线平面。某一点的经度,就是该点所在的经线平面与本初子午线平面间的夹角。在赤道上度量,自本初子午线平面作为起点面,分别往东往西度量,往东量值称为东经度,往西量值称为西经度。由此可见,一地的经度是该地对于本初子午线的方向和角距离。本初子午线是0°经度,东经度的最大值为180°,西经度的最大值为180°,东、西经180°经线是同一根经线,因此不分东经或西经,而统称180°经线。(横纬竖经)在地球仪上与赤道平行的都是纬度与赤道垂直的都是经度 纬度是个线面角。起点面是赤道平面,线是本地的地面法线。所谓法线,即垂直于参考扁球体表面的线。某地的纬度就是该地的法线与赤道平面之间的夹角。纬度在本地经线上度量,由赤道向南、北度量,向北量值称为北纬度,向南量值称为南纬度。由此可见,一地的纬度是该地对于赤道的方向和角距离。赤道是0°纬线,北纬度的最大值为90°,即北极点;南纬度的最大值为90°,即南极点。 在地球仪上,由经线和纬线就组成了经纬网;如果把经纬网地球仪展开,就形成了一幅平面的地图。确定位置,在航空、航天、航海以及气象等方面都有作

经纬度计算距离的C++程序

#include #include #include #include usingnamespace std; int main() { int No[30]; double x[30],y[30]; constdouble PI=3.1415926; ifstream in("/Users/ligao/Desktop/long.txt"); ofstream out("/Users/ligao/Desktop/distances.txt",ios::binary|ios::out); if(!in) {cout<<"Cannot open!\n"; return1;} if(!out) {cout<<"Cannot create!\n"; return1;} while(in) { for(int i=0;i<30;i++) {in>>No[i]>>x[i]>>y[i]; cout<

根据地球上任意两点的经纬度计算两点间的距离

根据地球上任意两点的经纬度计算两点间的距 离 78、140千米,极半径为63 56、755千米,平均半径63 71、004千米。如果我们假设地球是一个完美的球体,那么它的半径就是地球的平均半径,记为R。如果以0度经线为基准,那么根据地球表面任意两点的经纬度就可以计算出这两点间的地表距离(这里忽略地球表面地形对计算带来的误差,仅仅是理论上的估算值)。设第一点A的经纬度为(LonA, LatA),第二点B 的经纬度为(LonB, LatB),按照0度经线的基准,东经取经度的正值(Longitude),西经取经度负值(-Longitude),北纬取90-纬度值(90- Latitude),南纬取90+纬度值(90+Latitude),则经过上述处理过后的两点被计为(MLonA, MLatA)和(MLonB, MLatB)。那么根据三角推导,可以得到计算两点距离的如下公式:C = sin(MLatA)*sin(MLatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB) + cos(MLatA)*cos(MLatB)Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180这里,R和Distance单位是相同,如果是采用63 71、004千米作为半径,那么Distance就是千米为单位,如果要使用其他单位,比如mile,还需要做单位换算,1千米=0、mile如果仅对经度作正负的处理,而不对纬度作90-Latitude(假

设都是北半球,南半球只有澳洲具有应用意义)的处理,那么公式将是:C = sin(LatA)*sin(LatB) + cos(LatA)*cos(LatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB)Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180以上通过简单的三角变换就可以推出。如果三角函数的输入和输出都采用弧度值,那么公式还可以写作:C = sin(LatA*Pi/180)*sin(LatB*Pi/180) + cos(LatA*Pi/180)*cos(LatB*Pi/180)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)*Pi/180)Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180也就是:C = sin(LatA/ 57、2958)*sin(LatB/ 57、2958) + cos(LatA/ 57、2958)*cos(LatB/ 57、2958)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)/ 57、2958)Distance = R*Arccos(C) =63 71、004*Arccos(C) kilometer = 0、*63 71、004*Arccos(C) mile =39 58、8*Arccos(C)

经纬度两点距离计算

地球是一个近乎标准的椭球体,它的赤道半径为6378.140千米,极半径为6356.755千米,平均半径6371.004千米。如果我们假设地球是一个完美的球体,那么它的半径就是地球的平均半径,记为R。如果以0度经线为基准,那么根据地球表面任意两点的经纬度就可以计算出这两点间的地表距离(这里忽略地球表面地形对计算带来的误差,仅仅是理论上的估算值)。设第一点A的经纬度为(LonA, LatA),第二点B的经纬度为(LonB, LatB),按照0度经线的基准,东经取经度的正值(Longitude),西经取经度负值(-Longitude),北纬取90-纬度值(90- Latitude),南纬取90+纬度值(90+Latitude),则经过上述处理过后的两点被计为(MLonA, MLatA)和(MLonB, MLatB)。那么根据三角推导,可以得到计算两点距离的如下公式: C = sin(MLatA)*sin(MLatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB) + cos(MLatA)*cos(MLatB) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 这里,R和Distance单位是相同,如果是采用6371.004千米作为半径,那么Distance就是千米为单位,如果要使用其他单位,比如mile,还需要做单位换算,1千米=0.621371192mile 如果仅对经度作正负的处理,而不对纬度作90-Latitude(假设都是北半球,南半球只有澳洲具有应用意义)的处理,那么公式将是: C = sin(LatA)*sin(LatB) + cos(LatA)*cos(LatB)*cos(MLonA-MLonB) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 以上通过简单的三角变换就可以推出。 如果三角函数的输入和输出都采用弧度值,那么公式还可以写作: C = sin(LatA*Pi/180)*sin(LatB*Pi/180) + cos(LatA*Pi/180)*cos(LatB*Pi/180)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)*Pi/180) Distance = R*Arccos(C)*Pi/180 也就是: C = sin(LatA/57.2958)*sin(LatB/57.2958) + cos(LatA/57.2958)*cos(LatB/57.2958)*cos((MLonA-MLonB)/57.295 8) Distance = R*Arccos(C) = 6371.004*Arccos(C) kilometer = 0.621371192*6371.004*Arccos(C) mile = 3958.758349716768*Arccos(C) mile

经纬度和距离的换算

已知地图上两点的经纬度如何计算距离 地球赤道上环绕地球一周走一圈共40075.04公里 而一圈分成360° 而每1°(度)有60' 每一度一秒在赤道上的长度计算如下: 40075.04km/360°=111.31955km 111.31955km/60'=1.8553258km=1855.3m 而每一分又有60秒 每一秒就代表1855.3m/60=30.92m 任意两点距离计算公式为 d=111.12cos{1/[sinΦAsinΦB十cosΦAcosΦBcos(λB—λA)]} 其中:A点经度,纬度分别为λA和ΦA B点的经度、纬度分别为λB和ΦB,d为距离 我又来补充了; 在经纬网图上,可以根据经纬度量算两点之间的距离。全球各地纬度1°的间隔长度都相等(因为所有经线的长度都相等),大约是111km/1°。赤道上经度1°对应在地面上的弧长大约也是111km。由于各纬线从赤道向两极递减,60°纬线上的长度为赤道上的一半,所以在各纬线上经度差1°的弧长就不相等。在同一条纬线上(假设此纬线的纬度为α)经度1°对应的实际弧长大约为111cosαkm。因此,只要知道了任意两地间的纬度差,或者是赤道上任何两地的经度差,就可以计算它们之间的实际距离。两地间最近距离的判断:若两地经度差等于180o,则过两地的大圆为经线圈,两地最近距离为大圆中过两极点的劣弧;若两地经度差不等于180o,则过两地的大圆不是经线圈,而与经线圈斜交,两地最近距离不过极点,而是过两极地区。 你可以去这个网站看看关于计算经纬度的软件不知道是不是真的希望可以帮上你忙:https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,/Soft/kjsc/200601/97.html https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,/200604/93855.htm

已知经纬度,求两地的距离 - 附“两地距离计算器”

已知经纬度,求两地的距离 - 附“两地距离计算器” 2011-07-26 11:01 式中:α和θ分别是两地的纬度,北纬记为正,南纬记为负;β是两地的经度差;r是地球半径。 忽略各地海拔高度差异,认为地球是理想的球面。求出的L 是两地的直线距离(地球的一条弦长),l 是两地的球面距离(沿地球表面的弧长)。 线性文本:k=√((sin?θ-sin?α )^2+(cos?θ-cos?α cos?β )^2+(cos ?α sin?β )^2;L=rk,l=2r sin^(-1)?〖k/2〗 公式注:arcsin得弧度值 公式是我自己推导的。式中的α和θ地位等价。 公式应用举例:求北京和悉尼之间的距离。 北京:39°54′57″N , 116°23′26″E 悉尼:33°51′35.9″S , 151°12′40″E 则:α=39°54′57″θ=-33°51′35.9″ β=116°23′26″-151°12′40″=-34°49′14″ 代入公式中,查三角函数表,r取地球平均半径6371.004 千米,即可求 得L = 8231.403 km l = 8949.214 km 注意经度差的算法。116°E和151°E相差151°-116°=35°, 116°E和151°W相差360°-151°-116°=93° 经度差35°或-35°或325°是等价的。

附两地距离计算器: 此UI延续我造某的一贯风格。比较易懂,操作说明我就不写了;如有问题可在本文下留言或联系我li.zaodie@https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,。 下载地址: Distance.exe https://www.doczj.com/doc/495410106.html,/self.aspx/z aodiesoft/distance.exe

两点经纬度距离算法

(第二部分)

计算地球上两经纬度点A B间距离 在GIS应用中,计算两点之间距离的公式非常重要,这里仅列出几种计算方法。 假设地球是一个标准球体,半径为R,并且假设东经为正,西经为负,北纬为正,南纬为负,则A(x,y)的坐标可表示为(R*cosy*cosx,R*cosy*sinx,R*siny)B(a,b)可表示为 (R*cosb*cosa,R*cosb*sina,R*sinb) 于是,AB对于球心所张的角的余弦大小为 cosb*cosy*(cosa*cosx+sina*sinx)+sinb*siny =cosb*cosy*cos(a-x)+sinb*siny 因此AB两点的球面距离为 R*{arccos[cosb*cosy*cos(a-x)+sinb*siny]} 注意几点: 1. x,y,a,b都是角度,最后结果中给出的arccos因为弧度形式; 2. 所谓的“东经为正,西经为负,北纬为正,南纬为负”是为了计算的方便。比如某点为西经145°,南纬36°,那么计算时可用(-145°,-36°); 3. AB对球心所张角的球法实际上是求两向量的夹角K。用公式 *=|OA|*|OB|*cosK可以得到; 4. 还有对相同点进行处理等。 参考资料1给出了计算通过两个点的经纬度计算距离; 原理为: 地球赤道上环绕地球一周走一圈共40075.04公里,而@一圈分成360°,而每1°(度)有60,每一度一秒在赤道上的长度计算如下: 40075.04km/360°=111.31955km 111.31955km/60=1.8553258km=1855.3m 而每一分又有60秒,每一秒就代表1855.3m/60=30.92m 任意两点距离计算公式为 d=111.12cos{1/[sinΦAsinΦB十cosΦAcosΦBcos(λB—λA)]} 其中A点经度,纬度分别为λA和ΦA,B点的经度、纬度分别为λB和ΦB,d为距离。c#代码 private const double EARTH_RADIUS = 6378.137; //地球半径 private static double rad(double d) { return d * Math.PI / 180.0; }

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