A further inference was drawn by Pascal,who reasoned that if this “sea of air”existed, its pressure at the bottom(i.e. sea level) would be greater than its pressure further up, and that therefore the height of mercury column would decrease in proportion to the height above sea-level.
【译文】帕斯卡作了进一步推论，他说，如果这种“空气海洋”存在的话，其底部（即海平面）的压力就会比其高处的压力大。因此，水银柱的高度降低量与海拔高度成正比。
【解析】这是个由一个主句和一个定语从句、两个宾语从句、一个状语从句组成的长句，长句体现了科技英语句法的一大特点。像这种句子，首先必须弄清其结构，按照汉语习惯，分割成若干个子句，才能够清晰地表达原意。
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
主干识别：the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community
（the non-commercial tree species are）to be preserved as such
其他成分：In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced状语
within reason状语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Ecologically生态
non-commercial tree species 没有商业价值的树种（非经济类树种）
native forest community 当地森林群落
as such 相应的
within reason 在合理的范围之内
例句：The Clinton campaign has been low in expectations all day and it seems within reason. 克林顿竞选团已经放低了他们这些天的期望,看起来是有道理的.
Preserved 保护
成分点拨：
先翻状语1：
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced
在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，
（将ecologically转译为名词）
再翻主句和状语：
the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community
没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员
to be preserved as such
并得到了相应的保护
参考译文：在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。
In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectivere searchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
主干识别：facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers 其他成分：In theidealized version of how science is done 状语
who usethe scientific method to carry out their work.
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
Idealized理想的
Version 版本（这里可以处理为“情况，状况”）
facts about the world 关于世界的事实
carry out 进行，从事
成分的点拨：
先翻译状语：
In the idealized version of how science is done
直接翻译：在理想的科学怎么被做的状态中,
改进：去掉被动态
科学怎么被做=科学研究
在科研的理想状态中，
再翻主句：
facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers
关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，
最后翻译定语从句：
who usethe scientific method to carry out their work.
研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作
参考译文：在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。
考研中AS 的用法
之前很多同学都在问As的用法，零零星星的在空间和微博中给大家讲过一些，这里给大家梳理一下，当然这个梳理是局限在考研范围之内的，毕竟大家时间有限，掌握考点是当务之急。
一．介词
（一）好像：
They enteredthe building disguised as cleaners.
他们化装成清洁工人的模样进入了大楼。
（二）作为，当作：
I am tempted to define “journalism”as a term of contempt.
我禁不住将新闻业定义为一个蔑视的称谓。
（be temptedto 直译为“被诱惑”，但是用I 做主语的时候最好转译为：禁不住，愿意，会等）
He has elected the activity of thinking as his primary duty.
他已经选择了思考的行为作为他主要的责任
（elect = choose）
His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
他作为音乐评论家的声誉一直饱受争议。
二．副词
(一) 1.As(副词)+形容词或副词+as（介词）+名词(构成比较结构)
The dress is twice as expesive as that one.
(倍数加在第一个as前）
I haven’t known him as long as you.
= I haven’t known him as long as you (have done).
我认识他的时间没有你认识他的时间久。
2.As（副词）+ 形容词或副词+as (连词)+句子（构成比较结构）
（1）He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone.
他的样子和他在电话中说话的声音所反映的病情是一样的。
（2）His eyes aren’t quite as blue as they lookin the film.
他的眼睛不像在电影里见到的那样蓝。
（3）IQ tests are not given as often as theyused to be.
智商测试不像以前那样经常被使用了。
（三）As （副词）：像，如，和…无不同。
As beforehe remained unmoved.
和过去一样，他无动于衷。
三．连词
（一）表时间
I watched her as she combed her hair.
她梳头的时候我一直看着她
（二）表原因（常放在句首）
As you weren’t there I left a message.
因为你不在那里，我留了个信儿。
（三）表示让步（常放在形容词或者副词后）
Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaningbehind it is as deep as ocean.
尽管图画很简单，但是其背后的寓意却非常深刻。
（四）表示方式
They did as I had asked.
他们是按照我的要求做的。
四．关系代词（在牛津词典中还是归结在连词中，但是在理解的时候理解为代词更容易，所以一直都用代词词性进行讲解）
As (关系代词指代后面的句子) is shown above, +主句
如上图所示，
现在再来看这个句子：
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his
papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the“odd balls”among
researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
前半句中的as…as…就不再是比较结构了，你识别出来了吗？
这里第二个as是关系代词，指代的是：regularity and conformity to a standard pattern;
调整一下语序就是：
If regularity and conformity to a standard pattern as the writing of scientist’s papers would appear to reflect are as desirable to him，
As desirable 中的as 为副词(3)，如…
如果，科学家的论文写作中所反映出的对于标准模板的一致性和规则性，（如果，科学家的
论文写作中所反映出来的对于标准模板的遵从和一致，）正是他们所想要的话，那么…
后半句顺便再说一下是个倒装：
management is not to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls”among researchers in favor of more
conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
其他的句子记得去复习一下，看能不能对照着总结找出用法来。
108 今天的句子是一个真题翻译的句子，大家试着写写中文了！
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world.
其他成分：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语
that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中latest dates 的定语从句
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
定语从句的处理：可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语；
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
考研英语长难句突破讲义 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。 课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练 第一部分方法论讲解 引子我们为什么要精读句子 1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读） 自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读 2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读） 目标：快速 技能：高职 阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科 Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生 思想：博士 阅读在句子层面的障碍 1．含义 2．语序 简单句的障碍来源 简单句：只有一套谓语的句子 基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表 定语，状语，同位语，插入语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式） 前置定语：adj+名词 后置定语： 形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your future Ving a woman walked on the road Ved a painting painted by Jane n. + to do a way to solve the problem 介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table 表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。 【不定代词定语置后】 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句 引导词物主代词：whose +完整句
考研英语写作三段论：第一段---描述图画或图表 第二段---解释寓意 第三段---给出评论 第一段： 第一句 1、As is shown above , 描述图画（倒装）.There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.报纸上有一张图画引起人们广泛的关注。 描述图画注意： 第一步：寻找图画的中心事物，并确定中心事物的位置。 第二部：描述中心事物，可以从动作和状态两个方面来描述。 第三部; 寻找中心事物周围相关的事物，并进行简单的描述。 模式：在图画中央有------(倒装)，它-------（主谓一致、现在分词、非限定性定语从句），周围有-----（独立主格作状语） 第二句----总结 ①The picture , at the fist glimpse , seems to be simple , but only a penetrating sight can pierce through its superficial meaning.这幅画初看好像很简单，但是只有具有洞察力的人才能看 穿其肤浅的含义。 ②The author’s real purpose is not the fact itself , but to lead us to find what hides behind the ice burg.作者的真实
目的不是图画本身，而是要引导我们去探求在图画背后究竟隐藏着 什么。 第二段 第一句----观点的提出 (1) The picture tells us that nothing can be compared with the 重要主题 . In no country , other than china ,it has been said , is this phenomenon more obvious . (2) The picture does revel certain disturbing social phenomenon , that is , people tend to overlook the fact that 有害主题 . ( 或 The picture does reveal that 有害主题 is not only harmful , but also damaging .) The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and opening-up policy carried out , bringing some problems at the same time , with the above one being the foremost .在过去的 十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国的经济有了巨大的发展，但 同时带来了一些问题，上面的问题是最严重的。（或In no country other than china , it has been said m is this problem more serous . ） 万能观点： ①图画主题的重要性 Nothing can be compared with··· ···is not only necessary , but also indispensable ··· ···remains to be an integral part in···
2015考研英语复试辅导讲义 主讲：谭剑波
目录 第一讲复试口语和听力在录取中的地位 (2) 第二讲复试口语的几大要素： (3) 一、发音不能太糟糕。 (3) 二、肢体语言（body language）要淡定、优雅。 (3) 第三讲口语常考话题应对 (4) 考研复试英语口语常考话题(一) (4) 考研复试英语口语常考话题(二) (7) 考研复试英语口语常考话题(三) (9) 考研复试常考话题（四） (11) 1.自我介绍内容 (11) 2.自我介绍模板 (11) 3.专业词汇汇总 (12) 第四讲：口语连贯性两大策略 (12) 第五讲考研复试英语听力备战策略 (13) 1.泛听 (13) 2.精听 (13) 3.听写（最有用的方法：培养语感） (14) 附录一 (15) 附录二 (16)
第一讲复试口语和听力在录取中的地位 两种情况： 1.没有背景。 2.背景强大。 第二讲复试口语的几大要素： 一、发音不能太糟糕。 Thank you so much. I appreciate it. It is really my honor to be here. English may be the most important factors in deciding which countries are leaders in deciding which countries are leaders in the future. The language of the most advanced management and technology is undoubtedly English. 二、肢体语言（body language）要淡定、优雅。 不要太夸张。
把握命题命脉，直击选项本质 何凯文 “考研场上我们经常会遇到这样的情况，通过回文章定位，根据对原文的理解我们能很快的排除两个选项，而剩下的两个选项会把我们折磨的死去活来。也就正是这种选项间微小区分度构成了考研英语的特色。每每在甄别选项的时候，我们总会觉得这两个选项都对，并且会觉得自己的答案比给出的正确答案更为合理。而考研英语作为全国人才选拔性的考试，并且会向社会公布标准答案的考试，在答案的设置上一定是合理且正确的，并且这种答案的设置是有一定逻辑线索的。否则，这种人才的遴选是没有意义的。而这种线索就是我们在标题中提到的命题命脉，这种命脉就会体现在选项之上。本文正是要带领考研战士们去探求这种命题命脉在选项上的体现。首先来看几道例题： 2009年考研阅读第四篇文章第一题 The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. 1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England ____. ［A］Puritan tradition dominated political life. ［B］intellectual interests were encouraged. ［C］Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. ［D］intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment. 根据题干中的seventeenth century 和New England 我们不难定位到文章的第一段，选项A 中的Puritan tradition（清教传统）在倒数第一句中出现，但是倒数第一句是这样说道：“大量的文章和书籍都记载道，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识生活中的基本话题，其最关注的就是一直在知识生活中占据主导地位，并不断演进的清教传统。”文中明确说到了in American intellectual life.而不是选项A中的in political life，可以直接排除A。同样，C选项说：政治从学术活动中受益匪浅，而整个段落没有提及学术活动对于政治的影响。同样可以轻松排除。而B和D却相当难排除了。一个说“学术的兴趣被鼓励”，一个说“享用宽松自由的求知环境”。两个选项和段落中所涉及的知识生活话题都有关系。文中只有这样的相关叙述：“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”“知识的追求是如此的受重视”。而就这点来讲我们分别认为B和D都对也是合理的，但是当B和D放在一起的时候，我们就必
背诵句式一：（with）the situation being so serious,it is high time that we took effective measures to... 背诵句式二：ti is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations be introduced and enforced to harness and curb this urgent problem. 背诵句式三:simple as the picture is,the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean. 背诵句式四：in no country other than China,it has been said,is the problem of environment more serious 背诵句式五：there has been a heated discussion about the picture in the newspaper. 背诵句式六：the past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and opening-up policy being carried out,bringing some problems at the same time,with the following one being the foremost 背诵句式七：the picture,at the first glimpse,seems to be simple,but only a penetrating sight can pierce through its superficial meaning. 背诵句式八：according to one of the latest survey conducted by a certain international organization,...(money spent on pets in the city of Beijing is as much as ...,which can feed all the Japanese in the world for a whole year.) 背诵句式九：our human histoy/society/the past decade has been filled with a variety of examples of ...,with the following one(具体语境要更改如above)being the foremost. 背诵句式十：i can think of no better examples other than... 背诵句式十一：(好的主题)were there no sth,never would we do sth. 背诵句式十二：（不好的主题）were the situation to continue as it is,we would pay the high price./were the tendency to continue as it is,our future generation would not bother to think of excuse for us. 背诵句式十三:（个人评价段——好的情况）ti is imperitive that the essence be absorbed and the drawbacks be neglected,during this process,especially in the times of knowledge explosion,when the news,facts,opinions even rumors have been bombarding us from every corner of the world.(坏的情况：背诵句式一，二) 背诵句式十四：with a proper law and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time before
文都教育：考研英语同根词汇--G G gage-vow誓约 ★engage［in5geidV］ v.（in）从事,着手;约定;使订婚;保证;雇用（en使+gage誓约→使立下誓约） engaged ［in5geidVd］ a.忙碌的，被占用的（engag+ed形容词后缀）● engagement ［in5geidVm nt］ n.约会,约定;婚约,订婚（engage+ment名词后缀） gen,geni,gener-birth,produce基因；出生；产生 gene［dVi:n］ n.基因 ★genetic［dVi5netik］ a.遗传（学）的n.［-s］遗传学（gen+etic形容词后缀） gender［5dVendE］ n.（生理上的）性；（名词、代词等的）性（名词、代词等的）性（gen+der名词后缀） ★genius［5dVi:ni s］ n.天才（geni+us名词后缀→生出就有→天才） ingenious［in5dVi:nj s］ a.机敏的;有独创性的;精致的;精巧制成的（ in内+geni+ous形容词后缀→自内心产生→聪明的） ★ingenuity［7indVi5nju:iti］ n.机灵；设计新颖（ingenue+ity名词后缀）● genuine ［5dVenjuin］ a.真正的,名副其实的（genu+ine形容词后缀→产生→来源清楚→真正的） ★generate［5dVen reit］ vt.产生,发生;生殖（genner+ate动词后缀→产生电等） generation［dVen5reiF n］ n.产生,发生;一代（人）（（gener+ate +ion名词后缀→一代） generator［5dVen reit］ n.发电机,发生器（generate+or名词后缀→产生电的东西→发电机） general ［5dVen r l］ a.一般的,普通的;总的,大体的n.将军（gener+al形容词后缀→出生一般→普通的）generally ［5dVen r li］ ad.一般, 通常, 一般地● generalize ［5dVen r laiz］ v.（generalise）归纳,概括;推广,普及（general+ize动词后缀） generalization［7dVen r lai5zeiF n］ n.一般化（gener+al+ization名词后缀→一般化）● generous［5dVen r s］ a.宽宏大量的,慷慨的（gener+ous形容词后缀→不断产生的→丰富的，慷慨的）degenerate［di5dVen r t7 -reit］ v.衰退,堕落,蜕化a.堕落的n.堕落者（de坏+gener+ate→坏的东西产生→堕落）homogeneous ［7hCm5dVi:ni s］
何凯文考研英语十五大背诵句
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大作文（1２到１6分) 三段论 第一段（３0——60）描述图画。第一句：万能开头句(6，７）；第二句:图画描述句；第三句:总结句（2)。 Ps：可以用代词、ｓuch、ｏne、tｈe one mentiｏneｄａboｖe代替主题词 图画描述句：Ａｓis shｏwn aｂove， Sｔeｐ1：对中心对象位置的描述iｎthe mｉddｌｅｏf ; iｎｔhｅsunshine ;iｎthe ｄａrｋｎｅss Ｓtep2:对中心对象动作和状态 Steｐ3：对中心对象周围事物 见另外一份讲义！ 第二段(100——1２0）阐述含义。 段落展开 1、科学论据法 2、举例法(Ｎｕmerｏｕs cａses exiｓt ｔｏillustrａte thiｓpoｉnt.) 3、虚拟语气 第一句：提出观点。 第二句：强调观点(背诵５,7)。 第三句：表明公众的主题。 第四局:强调态度。 第五局:上论据(句群）。 第六句:结尾句 第二句背诵5,７适当修改
第五局: Ｃhina Daｉly inｔeｒvieweｄfour people from fｏur ｐrｏfｅｓsions——a ｓurｇeon, a civilｓervａnt, ａlawｙｅr and a steｅlｗoｒｋｅr. The sｕrvｅy diｓcovｅｒs thａt all ｏf tｈem are oｆthe ｉｄeａthat 主题很重要。Accｏｒdiｎg toａsuｒveｙconducteｄbｙChinａAｃａdｅｍｙof(Sｏcial）Sｃｉence(ＣAS)/（CASS)，主题很重要。 第三段（30——6０)评论或举例。 1、正面话题 第一句:取其精华,去其糟粕。 第二句：如何面对
大作文（12到16分） 三段论 第一段（30——60）描述图画。第一句：万能开头句（6,7）；第二句：图画描述句；第三句：总结句（2）。 Ps：可以用代词、such、one、the one mentioned above代替主题词 图画描述句：As is shown above, Step1：对中心对象位置的描述 in the middle of ; in the sunshine ; in the darkness Step2：对中心对象动作和状态 Step3：对中心对象周围事物 见另外一份讲义！ 第二段（100——120）阐述含义。 段落展开 1、科学论据法 2、举例法(Numerous cases exist to illustrate this point.) 3、虚拟语气 第一句：提出观点。 第二句：强调观点（背诵5,7）。 第三句：表明公众的主题。 第四局：强调态度。 第五局：上论据（句群）。 第六句：结尾句
第二句背诵5,7 适当修改 第五局： China Daily interviewed four people from four professions——a surgeon, a civil servant, a lawyer and a steelworker. The survey discovers that all of them are of the idea that 主题很重要。According to a survey conducted by China Academy of (Social)Science(CAS)/(CASS),主题很重要。 第三段（30——60）评论或举例。 1、正面话题 第一句：取其精华，去其糟粕。 第二句：如何面对 第三局：展望未来 Uttermost. 2、负面话题 第一句：背诵3 第二句：句群1、背诵句4；2、专家学者想办法；3、大众提升意识
Word list 9 Commemorate _____________________________ Commence _____________________________ Paradise ______________________________ Commend _______________________________ Paradox _______________________________ Comment _______________________________ Parade _______________________________ Commerce _______________________________ Commercial _______________________________ Orientation _______________________________ Origin _______________________________ Original _______________________________ Originate _______________________________ Reveal _______________________________ Revelation _______________________________ Conscious _______________________________ Paralyze _______________________________ Breach _______________________________ Ornament _______________________________
2017.07.22 今年的句子： Rupert Murdoch’s 21st Century Fox has declined to table a new offer to protect the editorial independence of SkyNews, almost certainly triggering a full inquiry by the British competition authorities into the US media group’s￡11.7bn takeover of satellite broadcaster Sky. 词汇突破： 1.decline拒绝 2.table搁置 3.editorial编辑的；社论的 4.trigger触发 5.inquiry询问 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4418708103.html,petition竞争 7.takeover收购 8.broadcaster电视台 确定主干： Rupert Murdoch’s 21st Century Fox has declined to table a new offer 切分成分： 1.to protect the editorial independence of SkyNews 2.almost certainly triggering a full inquiryby the British competition authorities into the US media group’s￡11.7bn takeover of satellite broadcaster Sky 参考译文：鲁伯特?默多克的21世纪福克斯拒绝搁置新的收购要约，也没有要去保护SKY新闻的编辑自由。这几乎肯定会触发英国竞争管理当局对这家美国媒体集团之于Sky电视台价值117亿美元的收购进行全面调查。 明天的句子： An attractive scientist is outgoing and engaging—which means he or she isn’t slaving over data in the lab, as a good empiricist should be. That conclusion, Gheorghiu and her co-authors point out, squares with evidence that attractive scholars receive higher marks as teachers but aren’t more successful in their research careers.
何凯文2016考研英语每日一句（11.29—12.7） 274句（11.29） 首先，昨天的题目就是真题； 答案选B； 答案来源句：Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. distorting perception 就是harmful to health 第四个选项中： the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups 这三种类型的物质通常“成组”使用， 这是在文中没有依据的。 同学们要习惯这种陌生词汇多的文章。 今年如果遇到了就用ABC来代替就好了。 不要害怕。 今天给大家一些思路的点拨，看看大家能不能有句子可以写。 “个人成长与社会结合“的话题。 比如大学生心理健康的问题。 和这个话题相关的单词有： mental health 心理健康 psychological health 心理健康 intense pressure 巨大的压力 anxiety 焦躁 depression 压抑 disorder 紊乱 physical health 身体健康 mental problem 心理问题 detrimental 有害的 adverse effect 有害影响 写作思路 第一段描述图画 第二段 1.图画展现了一个值得关注的场景，揭示了一个问题。 2.这个问题确实有害 3.调查表明有害 4.没人否认有害 5.幸运的是人们关注了 6.这是好的开始 第三段 1.行动 2.解决 3.展望.
第一部分：强化期间总体复习思路 一、单词：真题单词 二、句子结构：主干 三、翻译： 理解句子结构=保证句子理解正确 掌握翻译技巧=保证句子表达正确 掌握词组用法=保证句子翻译正确 四、句子间的关系：通过句子间的关系解题 五、段落间的关系：论点+论据 六、文章结构：论点+论据线性结构+扇形结构 第二部分：考研阅读总论 一、体材：议论文 二、四大题材：商业经济、人文社科、文化教育、科普议论 三、考察八大能力： 1、理解主旨 2、理解作者观点、意图或态度 3、理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系 4、理解文章中的概念性的含义 5、理解文中的具体信息 6、区分论点和论据 7、进行有关判断、推理和引申——表达方式的改变、取非（正话反说）
（1）总量不变、构成不变、此消彼长 （2）相反的 （3）时间前后，事实相反 例子：在电视出现之前，候选人很难有机会出现与大众直接交流的机会→电视出现后有机会 8、根据上下文推理生词词义 四、六大题型：主题题、例证题、推理题、细节题、词义题、态度题 五、做题步骤： 1、阅读题干，确定题型，猜测大意 2、通读全文，抓住重点，确定中心 3、再读题干，回文定位，精度线索 （1）段落首末 （2）转折 （3）结论 （4）观点 4、比对选项，同义替换，合理排除 第三部分：考研阅读具体题型解题方案 一、细节题 （一）识别：题干中不包含其他题型特征的题是细节题 （二）考察内容： 1、事实识别→分析句子能力 2、因果识别→分清原因结果因果表达方式 3、观点识别→问观点，找观点
4、Which题型→一一比对的能力 （三）分类： 1、事实识别：问题中只出现了本文的具体相关信息，有明显的定位词汇 2、因果关系：问题中除开具体的定位词之外，还有表示因果的词汇：in that，dut to，attribute（认为……是；把……归于） 3、观点识别：问题除开具体定位词之外，还出现了表示观点的词汇：think、believe、maintain、hold、advocate 4、Which题型（except题型） （四）解题思路： 1、定位 （1）寻找题干中的定位词（能缩小搜索范围）时间、地点、人名、数字、专有名词、 因果词、观点词 定位词可能是原文词的替换（同近义词、上下义词） （2）回文包含定位词的句子，线索句 2、读取 （1）分析线索句的主干，将其与各项比对（表达方式不同，意思最为接近正确选项）（2）必要时需要分析线索句的上一句或下一句。上一句或下一句叫做支持句，当线索 句为段落首末句时，支持句可以是段落其他所有句子。 3、注意事项 （1）顺序原则，出题顺序与行文顺序保持一致 （2）段落原则，一个段落对应一个细节题，细节题通常不夸段，排除段落之间指代、重复、转折、因果等明显逻辑关系。 （3）比较的内容：对象、内容、结果 观点词： Think、thought （思想；思考；想法；关心）、believe、belief（相信）、maintain（维持；继续；维修；主张；供养）、suspect（猜想）、suspicion（怀疑）、insist（坚持、
何凯文推荐背诵·考研 英语阅读真题10篇-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
1、2003 Text 2 科学家应该对动物保护主义的错误言论作出回应 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scienti sts will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a f ather’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
考研英语写作——何凯文版
考研英语写作 三段论：第一段---描述图画或图表 第二段---解释寓意 第三段---给出评论 第一段： 第一句 1、As is shown above , 描述图画（倒装）.There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.报纸上有一张图画引起人们广泛的关注。 描述图画注意： 第一步：寻找图画的中心事物，并确定中心事物的位置。 第二部：描述中心事物，可以从动作和状态两个方面来描述。 第三部; 寻找中心事物周围相关的事物，并进行简单的描述。 模式：在图画中央有------(倒装)，它-------（主谓一致、现在分词、非限定性定语从句），周围有-----（独立主格作状语） 第二句----总结 ①The picture , at the fist glimpse , seems to be simple , but only a penetrating sight can pierce through its superficial meaning.这幅画初看好像很简单，但是只有具有洞察力的 人才能看穿其肤浅的含义。 ②The author’s real purpose is not the fact itself , but to lead us to find what hides behind the ice burg.作者的真实目的
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④···is not only necessary , but also indispensable ······remains to be an integral part in··· ①图画主题的有害性 Nothing is more harmful or damaging. ···is not only harmful , but also damaging. ···in large measure detrimental. 第二句----进一步讲解人们的态度（重视/不重视） (1) The public fails to attach due attention to 有害主题. (2) The public attach due attention to 重要主题. give priority to···优先考虑··· attach attention to···对··注意 emphasize the importance of···强调···的重要性stress the fundamental role of···强调···的根本作用 第三句---对主题进行展开（3-4句） By doing so , 十一个角度平行展开···（也可用科学论据法或举例法） (一)、十一个万能理由（角度） 物质回报： ①主题can provide (offer) people with not only delicious food but fashionable clothes and such benefits as comfortable dwellings and handsome automobiles. ②The industrious and insightful people will never fail to
[1] triumph crucial inevitable intellectual intelligence compare contrast attain dread introduce glowing relieve prosperousdiverge correspond primary approach sensation rectify anonymous parallel ratio feature foremost edge casualty propositionapprehensive add analogy charity chronic estate underlie late assimilate appreciate embrace distinct elect fundamental launch imperative mechanicalinitiative purchase terrify partial illusion campaign enhance temper morality monotonous Latin occur vulnerable susceptibleinsidious subtle horizon privilege justify acknowledge mechanism acquisition visible fade flaw entail safeguard relevant profile ingredient [2] remedy abstract assault proceed process pursuit range rank rebel simulate sincere tactics terminal tentative vicinity volunteer alienate anecdote amiable blur candidate cautious characteristic chemical cherish decline dedicate detect deviate discreet dissolve distinguish emotion explicit fatigue feasible generous gratitude hierarchy homogeneous ideology illegal immune judicial juvenile kin legacy liability maintain merit misery notorious optional participate pathetic performance philosophy physical pledge radiant recreation sarcastic saturate segregate shift similar arbitrary arouse articulate ascertain infrastructure ingenious inhabit inhabitant lately [3] advance hostile implicit imply solidarity spacious stalk striking available auction attribute participate substitute drought migrate seminar temptation exceed excel excerpt executive marginal nasty pessimistic plead precise predominant recede shelter sophisticated sponsor sympathy inspiration interference legitimate legislation magnify maneuver summarize surgery technique vacant vertical voluntary charm certify characterize collision figure fine gigantic resign shield thoughtful tolerance violence vigorous vacation turbulent deliver delegate deduct deduce cultivate courtesy corrupt convenience convenient contaminate continuous consensus challenge lateral massive match [4] analyze appropriate disposal distribute dramatic exclusive extract fault feminine feeble formulate hatred honor image imagine sequence severe shove slippery deceive decisive declare decade deed rate reciprocal recur rein scorn shabby spirit spur steady temperament territory wander wild controversial contrive convert continent contemplate conspicuous conscientious property prudent punctual purify qualitative quantitative racial renovate reproach retention smooth sphere status straightforward stun subordinate analogue abound acute administration adolescent aesthetic petition pet phenomenon pilgrim material moral occupy reliable reliance [5] pity plagueplight ponder postpone practitioner precious raise reckless refute remote resumeroyalty（皇族，专利权，使用费）sanction security（pl.证券，抵押品）slight acid address adjacent adjective advisable advocate adventure advent affect affiliate agony agitate airline corporation correlate degenerate deprive descend design desirable desperate detachmetropolitan minus miracle reproduce restore routine ruin rumor solution sparkle spray starve strenuous stubborn submitsummon supreme adequate adhere allocate alter amaze ambiguous amplify invent invisible literacy lofty loyalty manifest margin profound