国际贸易术语英文解释
适用于水上运输的术语四种：
FAS 装运港船上交货
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP
(named port of shipment)
Free Alongside Ship" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.
The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE BUYER TO ARRANGE FOR EXPORT CLEARANCE.
However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale1.
This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
FOB 装运港船上交货
FREE ON BOARD
(... named port of shipment)
“Free on Board" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship''s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship''s rail, the FCA term should he used.
CFR 成本加运费
COST AND FREIGHT
( ... named port of destinaion)
Cost and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship''s rail in the port of shipment.
The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the paned port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, we transferred from the seller to the buyer.
The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
This term can he used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship''s rail, the CPT term should be used.
CIF
COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT
(... named port of destination)
“Cost, Insurance and Freight" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship''s rail in the port of shipment.
The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the pods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. However, in
CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer''s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.
The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obligation insurance only on minimum cover1. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.
The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：
EXW 工厂交货
EX WORKS
(... named place)
“Ex works" means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller'' s premises or another named place ( i. e. wa&s, factory, warehouse, etc. ) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.
This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller, and tile buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved m taking the goods from the seller''s premises.
However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear the risks and all the costs of such loading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale1 . This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out the export formalities directly or indirectly. In such circumstances, the FCA term should be used, provided the seller agrees that he will load at his cost and risk.
FCA 货交承运人
FREE CARRIER
(... named place)
"Free Carrier" means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller''s premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.
Term may he used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport. "Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform orto procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.
If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they me delivered to that person.
CPT 运费付至目的地
Carriage Paid To
(https://www.doczj.com/doc/4416802451.html,d place of destination)
"carriage paid to ..." means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him, but
the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears aft risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
"Carrier"means, who, in a contract of carriage,undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier.
The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport .
CIP 运费/保险费付至目的地
CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO
( ... named place of destination)
?°Carriage and Insurance paid to...?±means that the seller delivers the goods the carrier nominated by him but the seller must m addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. However, in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer''s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.
The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover1. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. "Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.
If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk
passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier.
The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
This term may he used irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport.
DDP 完税后交货
DELIVERED DUTY PAID
(... named place of destination)
“Delivered duty paid" means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved bringing the goods thereto including, where applicable1 , any "duty" (which term includes the responsibility for and the risk of the carrying out of customs formalities and the payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for import m the country of destination.
Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligation.
This term should not he used if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain the import
licence.
However, if the parties wish to exclude from the seller' s obligations some of the costs payable upon import of the goods (such as value-added tax : V A T), this should he made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale2.
If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of the import, the DDU term should be used. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport but when delivery is to take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should he used.
DA T：delivered at terminal 目的地或目的港集散站交货
DAP：delivered at place 目的地交货
主题: SUV、CR-V、RAV、HRV、MPV、CUV--诠释 SUV——SUV的全称是Sport Utility Vehicle，即“运动型多用途车”，20世纪80年代起源于美国，是为迎合年轻白领阶层的爱好而在皮卡底盘上发展起来的一种厢体车。离地间隙较大，在一定的程度上既有轿车的舒适性又有越野车的越野性能。 CR-V——CR-V是本田的一款车，国产的版本叫做东风本田CR-V，取英文City Recreation Vehicle之意，即城市休闲车。 SRV——SRV的英文全称是Small Recreation Vehicle，翻译过来的意思是“小型休闲车”，一般指两厢轿车，比如上海通用赛欧SRV。 RAV——RAV源于丰田的一款小型运动型车，RAV4。丰田公司的解释是，Recreational（休闲）、Activity（运动）、Vehicle（车），缩写就成了RAV，又因为车是四轮驱动，所以又加了个4。 HRV——源于上海通用别克凯越HRV轿车，取Healthy（健康）、Recreational（休闲）、Vigorous（活力）之意，和上面的“V”不同，纯粹玩的是一个概念。 MPV——MPV的全称是Multi-Purpose Vehicle（或Mini Passenger Van），即多用途汽车。它集轿车、旅行车和厢式货车的功能于一身，车内每个座椅都可调整，并有多种组合的方式。近年来，MPV趋向于小型化，并出现了所谓的S-MPV，S是小（Small）的意思，车身紧凑，一般为5～7座。 CUV——CUV是英文Car-Based Utility Vehicle的缩写，是以轿车底盘为设计平台，融轿车、MPV和SUV特性为一体的多用途车，也被称为Crossover。CUV最初于20世纪末起源日本，之后在北美、西欧等地区流行，开始成为崇尚既有轿车驾驶感受和操控性，又有多用途运动车的功能，喜欢SUV的粗犷外观，同时也注重燃油经济性与兼顾良好的通过性的这类汽车用户的最佳选择。2004年初，欧蓝德正式投放中国市场，由此国内车市新兴起了CUV这样一个崭新的汽车设计理念。 RV——RV的全称是Recreation Vehicle，即休闲车，是一种适用于娱乐、休闲、旅行的汽车，首先提出RV汽车概念的国家是日本。RV的覆盖范围比较广泛，没有严格的范畴。从广义上讲，除了轿车和跑车外的轻型乘用车，如MPV及SUV、CUV等都可归属于RV
. 质量管理体系中英文缩写与其解释Abbreviations and their explanations 缩写与其解释 Engineering 工程 / Process 工序（制程） 4M&1E Man, Machine, Method, Material, Environment 人，机器，方法，物料，环境- 可能导致或造成问 题的根本原因 AI Automatic Insertion 自动插机 ASSY Assembly 制品装配 ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备 BL Baseline 参照点 BM Benchmark 参照点 BOM Bill of Material 生产产品所用的物料清单 C&ED/CAED Cause and Effect Diagram 原因和效果图 CA Corrective Action 解决问题所采取的措施 CAD Computer-aided Design 电脑辅助设计.用于制图和设计3维物体的软件CCB Change Control Board 对文件的要求进行评审，批准，和更改的小组CI Continuous Improvement 依照短期和长期改善的重要性来做持续改善COB Chip on Board 邦定-线焊芯片到PCB板的装配方法. CT Cycle Time 完成任务所须的时间 DFM Design for Manufacturability 产品的设计对装配的适合性 DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 设计失效模式与后果分析--在设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施 DFSS Design for Six Sigma 六西格玛(6-Sigma)设计 -- 设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施并提高设计对装配的适合性 DFT Design for Test 产品的设计对测试的适合性 DOE Design of Experiment 实验设计-- 用于证明某种情况是真实的 DPPM Defective Part Per Million 根据一百万件所生产的产品来计算不良品的标准DV Design Verification / Design Validation 设计确认 ECN Engineering Change Notice 客户要求的工程更改或部所发出的工程更改文件ECO Engineering Change Order 客户要求的工程更改 ESD Electrostatic Discharge 静电发放-由两种不导电的物品一起摩擦而产生的静电可以破坏ICs和电子设备 FI Final Inspection 在生产线上或操作中由生产操作员对产品作最后检查 F/T Functional Test 测试产品的功能是否与所设计的一样 FA First Article / Failure Analysis 首件产品或首件样板/ 产品不良分析 FCT Functional Test 功能测试-检查产品的功能是否与所设计的一样FFF Fit Form Function 符合产品的装配，形状和外观及功能要求FFT Final Functional Test 包装之前，在生产线上最后的功能测试 FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 失效模式与后果分析-- 预测问题的发生可能性并且对之采取措施
名词解释 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4416802451.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.doczj.com/doc/4416802451.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.
新產品開發設計名詞解釋 4M Man，Machine，Material, Method 人員,機械,材料，手法AIAG Automotive Industry Action Group 汽車工業活動團體APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期產品管制計劃Certif. Certification 證明 DOE Design Of Experiments 設計實驗 DFMEA Design Failure mode and effects analysis 設計不良模式影響分析DQA Design Quality Assurance 設計品質保證 DV Design Validation / Verification 設計確認 DVT Design Verification Test 設計確認檢驗 EVT Engineering Verification Test 工程確認檢驗 FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 不良模式影響分析JDM Joint Design Manufacturing 連接設計製造 KPC Key Product / Process Characteristics 關鍵特性 MFG. Manufacturing 製造業 MQA Manufacturing Quality assurance 製造品質保證 MVT Manufacturing Verification Test 製造確認檢驗 MSE Measurement System Evaluation 量測系統評估 MSA Measurement System Analysis 量測系統分析 NPD New Product Development 新產品開發 NPI New Product Introduction 新產品介紹 OBM Own Branding Manufacturing 自己設計且有品牌ODM Original Design Manufacturing 自己設計 OEM Origin Equipment Manufacturing 客戶設計只做代工PDCA Plan Do Check Action 查驗活動計劃PFMEA Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 產品不良模式影響分析PPAP Production Parts Approval Process 產品認可程序 SPC Statistical Process Control 製程統計控制 Tech。Technology 技術 TPM Total Productive Management / Maintenance 全面生產管理制度
阿里系各个概念英文缩写名词解释大全！！！ GMV成交笔数：拍下的订单笔数，包括未付款的。 GMV成交金额：拍下的订单总金额，包括未付款的。支付宝成交笔数：通过支付宝付款的订单笔数。 支付宝成交金额：通过支付宝付款的订单总金额（不是指确认收货完成了交易，仅指买家完成了付款的动作，因此可能会因为退款，这个数值比商家实际收到的款项高）。支付宝使用率：支付宝成交金额/GMV成交金额（珠宝66%，饰品82%） 支付宝使用率的辅助参数：支付宝笔数/GMV笔数（当支付宝使用率很低时，可用此参数看是否正常(80%以上)。因为采用限时折扣相关促销工具时，支付宝收到的款项是折扣价，销售记录中显示的是原价，会导致二者比率过低。）IPV：itemPageView，商品详情页面打开数。 IPV_UV：商品详情页面访客数。在线商品数：在线的商品数量（SKU）。
购买UV：通过支付宝付款的访客数。 店铺UV：到达店铺任何页面的独立访客数。 店铺PV：PageView，店铺所有页面的总打开数。 佣金：根据扣点百分比，和当日商家支付宝实际收到的金额实时划扣的佣金金额（确认收货后，卖家支付宝账户实际收到的款项为准）转化率1： IPV_UV/ 店铺UV（到达店铺的访客，有多少进入了商品详情页面。） 体现店铺首页、自定义页、分类页是否具备足够的导购能力。转化率2： 购买UV/ IPV_UV（到达商品详情页面的独立访客，有多少付款购买。）体现店铺单品页面图片、描述等是否能刺激购买。 店铺转化率：购买UV/店铺UV（转化率1*转化率2：到达店铺任意页面的访客，有多少付款购买。目前珠宝平均1.39%；饰品平均3.18%。）客单价：
What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认
AVI 影音文件Audio Video Interleaved 声音图象交叉存取。AVI是一种微软媒体文件格式，类似于MPEG和QuickTime。在AVI中，声音和图象是交叉的存取在一个文件中的每个段的。 ADSL 非对称数字用户线路 非对称数字用户线路。这种DSL叫做非对称DSL，将成为广大家庭和小型商业客户最熟悉的一种DSL。ADSL之所以叫做非对称是因为它的两个双工通道都用来向用户传输数据。仅有很小一部分带宽用来回送用户的信息。然而，大部Internet 特别是富于图形和多媒体Web 数据需要很大的下传带宽，同时用户信息相对比较少，上传的带宽也不要很大。使用ADSL时，下传的速率可以达到6.1 Mbps，而上传速率也可以达到640 Kbps。高的下传速率意味着您的电话可以传输动画，声音和立体图形。另外，一小部分的带宽可以用来传输语音信号，您可以同时打电话而不用再使用第二条电话线。不象电视线路提供的相同的服务，使用ADSL，您不需要和您的邻居争用带宽。有时候，现有的电话线可以使用ADSL，而有时候却要升级，除非电话公司提供了无分离器的ADSL，您就必须安装一个DSL调制解调器。 ASP (Application Services Provider) 应用服务提供商 是指配置、租赁、管理应用解决方案，它是随着外包趋势、软件应用服务和相关业务的发展而逐渐形成的。ASP具有三大特点：首先，ASP向用户提供的服务应用系统本身的所有权属ASP，用户租用服务之后对应用系统拥有使用权；并且，应用系统被集中放置在ASP的IDC（Internet数据服务中心）中，具有充足的带宽、电力和空间保证以及具有专业质量的系统维护服务；ASP定期向用户收取服务费。应用服务提供商将以全新的方式推动应用服务产业的巨大发展。ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 异步传输模式 这是为满足宽带综合业务数据通信，在分组交换技术的基础上迅速发展起来的通信新技术。可以实现语音、数据、图像、视频等信号的高速传输。 AI (Artificial Intelligent) 人工智能 是计算机科学的一门研究领域。它试图赋予计算机以人类智慧的某些特点，用计算机来模拟人的推理、记忆、学习、创造等智能特征，主要方法是依靠有关知识进行逻辑推理，特别是利用经验性知识对不完全确定的事实进行的精确性推理。 AD 网上广告 指一则按规定象素尺寸或字节数设定的标语或图像，通常是以动画表现的。 Baseband 基带 在该方式中，电压脉冲直接加到电缆，并且使用电缆的整个信号频率范围。基带与宽带传输相比较，宽带传输中，来自多条信道的无线信号调制到不同的“载波”频率上，带宽被划分为不同信道，每信道上的频率范围一定。LocalTalk及以太网都是基带网络，一次仅传输一个信号，电缆上信号电平的改变表示数字值0或者1。使用电缆的整个带宽建立起两个系统间的通信对话，然后两个系统轮流传送。在此期间，共享电缆的其它系统不能传送。基带传输系统中的直流信号往往由于电阻、电容等因素而衰减。另外马达、荧光灯等电子设备产生的外部电磁干扰也会加快信号的衰减。传输率越高，信号就越容易被衰减。为此，以太网等建网标准规定了网络电缆类型、电缆屏蔽、电缆距离、传输率以及在大部分环境中提供相对无差错服务的有关细节。 BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子公告板 这是因特网提供的一种信息服务，为用户提供一个公用环境，以使寄存函件，读取通告，参与讨论和交流信息。Bluetooth 蓝牙(一种无线通信的标准) 蓝牙技术涉及一系列软硬件技术、方法和理论，包括：无线通信与网络技术，软件工程、软件可靠性理论，协议的正确性验证、形式化描述和一致性与互联测试技术，嵌入式实时操作系统（Embedded RTOS），跨平台开发和用户界面图形化技术，软/硬件接口技术（如RS232，UART，USB等)，高集成、低功耗芯片技术等。蓝牙的目标是要提供一种通用的无线接口标准，用微波取代传统网络中错综复杂的电缆，在蓝牙设备间实现方便快捷、灵活安全、低成本低功耗的数据和话音通信。因此，其载频选用在全球都可用的2.45GHz ISM（工业、科学、医学）频带。 CA (Certificate Authority）认证中心 是在线交易的监督者和担保人，主要进行电子证书管理、电子贸易伙伴关系建立和确认、密钥管理、为支付系统中的各参与方提供身份认证等。CA类似于现实生活中公证人的角色，具有权威性，是一个普遍可信的第三方。
企业常用英文简写及解说 原来如此。 5S :5S管理 ABC : 作业制成本制度(Activity-Based Costing) ABB : 实施作业制预算制度(Activity-Based Budgeting) ABM : 作业制成本管理(Activity-Base Management) APS : 先进规画与排程系统(Advanced Planning and Scheduling) ASP : 应用程序服务供货商（Application Service Provider） ATP : 可承诺量(Available To Promise) AVL : 认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List) BOM : 物料清单(Bill Of Material) BPR : 企业流程再造(Business Process Reengineering) BSC : 平衡记分卡(Balanced ScoreCard) BTF : 计划生产(Build To Forecast) BTO : 订单生产(Build To Order) CPM :要径法(Critical Path Method) CPM : 每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million) CRM :客户关系管理(Customer Relationship Management) CRP : 产能需求规划(Capacity Requirements Planning) CTO : 客制化生产(Configuration To Order) DBR : 限制驱导式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope) DMT : 成熟度验证(Design Maturing Testing) DVT : 设计验证(Design Verification Testing) DRP : 运销资源计划(Distribution Resource Planning) DSS : 决策支持系统(Decision Support System) EC :设计变更／工程变更(Engineer Change) EC :电子商务(Electronic Commerce)
Quattro-全时四轮驱动系统 Tiptronic-轻触子-自动变速器Multitronic-多极子-无级自动变速器ABC-车身主动控制系统 DSC-车身稳定控制系统 VSC-车身稳定控制系统 TRC-牵引力控制系统 TCS-牵引力控制系统 ABS-防抱死制动系统 ASR-加速防滑系统 BAS-制动辅助系统 DCS-车身动态控制系统 EBA-紧急制动辅助系统 EBD-电子制动力分配系统 EDS-电子差速锁 ESP-电子稳定程序系统 HBA-液压刹车辅助系统 HDC-坡道控制系统 HAC-坡道起车控制系统 DAC-下坡行车辅助控制系统 A-TRC--车身主动循迹控制系统 SRS-双安全气囊 SAHR-主动性头枕 GPS-车载卫星定位导航系统 i-Drive--智能集成化操作系统Dynamic、Drive-主动式稳定杆 R-直列多缸排列发动机 V-V型汽缸排列发动机 B-水平对置式排列多缸发动机 WA-汪克尔转子发动机 W-W型汽缸排列发动机 Fi-前置发动机(纵向) Fq-前置发动机(横向) Mi-中置发动机(纵向) Mq-中置发动机(横向) Hi-后置发动机(纵向) Hq-后置发动机(横向) OHV-顶置气门,侧置凸轮轴 OHC-顶置气门,上置凸轮轴 DOHC-顶置气门,双上置凸轮轴 CVTC-连续可变气门正时机构 VVT-i--气门正时机构 VVTL-i--气门正时机构 V-化油器
ES-单点喷射汽油发动机 EM-多点喷射汽油发动机 SDi-自然吸气式超柴油发动机 TDi-Turbo直喷式柴油发动机 ED-缸内直喷式汽油发动机 PD-泵喷嘴 D-柴油发动机(共轨) DD-缸内直喷式柴油发动机 缸内直喷式发动机(分层燃烧/均质燃烧) TA-Turbo(涡轮增压) NOS-氧化氮气增压系统 MA-机械增压 FF-前轮驱动 FR-后轮驱动 Ap-恒时全轮驱动 Az-接通式全轮驱动 ASM 动态稳定系统 AYC主动偏行系统 ST-无级自动变速器 AS-转向臂 QL-横向摆臂 DQL-双横向摆臂 LL-纵向摆臂 SL-斜置摆臂 ML-多导向轴 SA-整体式车桥 DD-德迪戎式独立悬架后桥 VL-复合稳定杆式悬架后桥 FB-弹性支柱 DB-减震器支柱 BF-钢板弹簧悬挂 SF-螺旋弹簧悬挂 DS-扭力杆 GF-橡胶弹簧悬挂 LF-空气弹簧悬挂 HP-液气悬架阻尼 HF-液压悬架 QS-横向稳定杆 S-盘式制动 Si-内通风盘式制动 T-鼓式制动 SFI-连续多点燃油喷射发动机 FSI-直喷式汽油发动机 PCM - 动力控制模块~
质量管理体系中英文缩写与其解释 Engineering 工程 / Process 工序（制程）Man, Machine, Method, Material, 人，机器，方法，物料，环境- 可能导 4M&1E Environment 致或造成问题的根本原因AI Automatic Insertion 自动插机ASSY Assembly 制品装配ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备 BL Baseline 参照点 BM Benchmark 参照点 BOM Bill of Material 生产产品所用的物料清单 C&ED/C Cause and Effect Diagram 原因和效果图 AED CA Corrective Action 解决问题所采取的措施电脑辅助设计.用于制图和设计3维物体 CAD Computer-aided Design 的软件对文件的要求进行评审，批准，和更改CCB Change Control Board 的小组依照短期和长期改善的重要性来做持续CI Continuous Improvement 改善COB Chip on Board 邦定-线焊芯片到PCB板的装配方法. CT Cycle Time 完成任务所须的时间DFM Design for Manufacturability 产品的设计对装配的适合性设计失效模式与后果分析--在设计阶段 Design Failure Mode and Effect DFMEA 预测问题的发生的可能性并且对
之采取 Analysis 措施六西格玛(6-Sigma)设计 -- 设计阶段预 DFSS Design for Six Sigma 测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措 施并提高设计对装配的适合性DFT Design for Test 产品的设计对测试的适合性实验设计-- 用于证明 某种情况是真实DOE Design of Experiment 的根 据一百万件所生产的产品来计算不良DPPM Defective Part Per Million 品的标准 Design Verification / Design DV 设计确认 Validation 客户要求的工程更改或内部所发出的工ECN Engineering Change Notice 程更改文件 ECO Engineering Change Order 客户要求的工程更改静电发放-由两种不导电的物品一起摩ESD Electrostatic Discharge 擦而产生的静电可以破坏ICs和电子设备在生产线上或操作中由生产操作员对产FI Final Inspection 品作最后检查F/T Functional Test 测试产品的功能是否与所设计的一样 FA First Article / Failure Analysis 首件产品或
01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.