Unit1 Supplementary information
stern adj., noun
adj. (stern?er, stern?est)
1 serious and often disapproving; expecting sb to obey you
STRICT: a stern face / expression / look a stern warning Her voice was stern.The police are planning sterner measures to combat crime.
2 serious and difficult: a stern test of nerves We face stern opposition.
stern?ly adv.stern?ness noun [U]
be made of sterner stuff to have a stronger character and to be more determined in dealing with problems than other people: Many would have given up, but Tim was made of sterner stuff.
noun the back end of a ship or boat—compare BOW1n., POOP see STEM n.
ap?pre?hen?sion /pr hen n/
noun
1 [U, C] worry or fear that sth unpleasant may happen
ANXIETY: There is growing apprehension that fighting will begin again.He watched the election results with some apprehension.There is apprehension about the safety of the missing children. They shivered with apprehension.note at
FEAR
2 [U] (formal) the act of capturing or arresting sb, usually by the police: the apprehension of the terrorists in the early hours of this morning
min?gle /m l/ verb
1 ~ (A) (with B)| ~ (A and B) (together) to combine or make one thing combine with another: [V] The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening air.Her tears mingled with the blood on her face.The flowers mingle together to form a
blaze of colour.[VN] He felt a kind of happiness mingled with regret.note at MIX
2 [
V] to move among people and talk to them, especially at a social event CIRCULATE: The princess was not recognized and mingled freely with the crowds.If you’ll excuse me, I must go and mingle (= talk to other guests).
hold verb, noun
verb (held, held /held/)
IN HAND / ARMS
1 [VN] to carry sth; to have sb/sth in your hand, arms, etc.: She was holding a large box.I held the mouse by its tail.The girl held h er father’s hand tightly.He was holding the baby in his arms.The winning captain held the trophy in the air.We were holding hands(= holding each other’s hands).The lovers held each other
close.
2 [VN] to put your hand on part of your body, usually because it hurts: She groaned and held her head.
IN POSITION
3 [usually +adv. / prep.] to keep sb/sth in a particular position: [VN] Hold your head up.Hold this position for a count of 10.The wood is held in position by a clamp.
I had to hold my stomach in (= pull the muscles flat) to zip up my jeans.[VN-ADJ] I’ll hold the door open for you.
SUPPORT
4 [VN] to support the weight of sb/sth: I don’t think that branch will hold your weight.
CONTAIN
5 [VN] to have enough space for sth/sb; to contain sth/sb: This barrel holds 25 litres. The plane holds about 300 passengers.
SB PRISONER
6 to keep sb and not allow them to leave: [VN] Police are holding two men in connection with last Thursday’s bank raid.[VN-N] He was held prisoner for two years.
CONTROL
7 [VN] to defend sth against attack; to have control of sth: The rebels held the radio station.
REMAIN
8 [V] to remain strong and safe or in position: They were afraid the dam wouldn’t hold.
9 [V] to remain the same: How long will the fine weather hold?If their luck holds, they could still win the championship.
KEEP
10 [VN] to keep sb’s attention or interest: There wasn’t much in the museum to hold my attention.
11 [VN] to keep sth at the same level, rate, speed, etc.: Hold your speed at 70. Interest rates have been held at 8% for a year now.
12 [VN] to keep sth so that it can be used later: records held on computer Our solicitor holds our wills.We can hold your reservation for three days.
OWN
13 [VN] to own or have sth: Employees hold 30% of the shares.
JOB
14 [VN] to have a particular job or position: How long has he held office?Mrs
Thatcher held the post of Prime Minister longer than anyone else last century.
RECORD / TITLE
15 [VN] to have sth you have gained or achieved: Who holds the world record for the long jump?She held the title of world champion for three years.
OPINION
16 [VN] to have a belief or an opinion about sb/sth: He holds strange views on education.She is held in high regard by her students (= they have a high opinion of her).firmly-held beliefs
17 (formal) to consider that sth is true: [V that] I still hold that the government’s economic policies are mistaken.[VN-ADJ] Parents will be held responsible for their children’s behaviour.[VN to inf] These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.This pattern is usually used in the passive.
MEETING
18 [VN] [usually passive] to have a meeting, competition, conversation, etc.: The meeting will be held in the community centre.It’s impossible to hold a conversation with all this noise.The country is holding its first free elections for 20 years.
ROAD / COURSE
19 [VN] if a vehicle holds the road, it is in close contact with the road and easy to control, especially when driven fast
20 [VN] if a ship or an aircraft holds a course, it continues to move in a particular direction
IN MUSIC
21 [VN] to make a note continue for a particular time
ON TELEPHONE
22 to wait until you can speak to the person you have telephoned: [V] That extension is busy right now. Can you hold?[VN] She asked me to hold the line.
STOP
23 [VN] used to tell sb to stop doing sth or not to do sth: Hold your fire! (= don’t shoot) Hold the front page! (= don’t print it until a particular piece of news is available) (NAmE, informal) Give me a hot dog, but hold the (= don’t give me any) mustard. Most idioms containing hold are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example hold the fort is at fort.
hold good to be true: The same argument does not hold good in every case.
hold it(informal) used to ask sb to wait, or not to move: Hold it a second—I don’t think everyone’s arrived yet.
there is no holding sb a person cannot be prevented from doing sth: Once she gets onto the subject of politics there’s no holding her.
hold sth a gainst sb to allow sth that sb has done to make you have a lower
opinion of them: I admit I made a mistake—but don’t hold it against me.
hold sb/sth back
1 to prevent sb/sth from moving forward or crossing sth: The police were unable to hold back the crowd.The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters.
2 to prevent the progress or development of sb/sth: Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better students?We are determined that nothing should hold back the peace talks.
hold sth back
1 to not tell sb sth they want or need to know: to hold back information I think he’s holding something ba ck. I’m sure he knows more than he admits.
2 to stop yourself from expressing how you really feel: She just managed to hold back her anger.He bravely held back his tears.
hold back (from doing sth)|
hold sb back (from doing sth) to hesitate or to make sb hesitate to act or speak:
She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.I wanted to tell him the truth, but something held me back.
hold sb down
1 to prevent sb from moving, using force: It took three men to hold him down.
2 to prevent sb from having their freedom or rights: The people are held down by a repressive regime.
hold sth down
1 to keep sth at a low level: The rate of inflation must be held down.
2 [no passive] to keep a job for some time: He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.
3 [no passive] (NAmE, informal) to limit sth, especially a noise: Hold it down, will you? I’m trying to sleep!
hold forth to speak for a long time about sth in a way that other people might
find boring
hold sth in to not express how you really feel: to hold in your feelings / anger
LET STH OUT
hold off
1 (of rain or a storm) to not start: The rain held off just long enough for us to have our picnic.
2 to not do sth immediately: We could get a new computer now or hold off until prices are lower.[+ -ing] Could you hold off making your decision for a few days?
hold sb/sth off to stop sb/sth defeating you: She held off all the last-minute
challengers and won the race in a new record time.
hold on
1 (informal) used to tell sb to wait or stop
WAIT: Hold on a minute while I get my breath back.Hold on! This isn’t the right road.
2 to survive in a difficult or dangerous situation: They managed to hold on until help arrived.
3 (informal) used on the telephone to ask sb to wait until they can talk to the person they want: Can you hold on? I’ll see if he’s here.
hold sth on to keep sth in position: These nuts and bolts hold the wheels on.
The knob is only held on by sticky tape.
hold on (to sth/sb)|
hold onto sth/sb [no passive] to keep holding sth/sb: Hold on and don’t let go
until I say so.He held onto the back of the chair to stop himself from falling.It’s
very windy—you’d better hold onto your hat.note at HOLD
hold on to sth|
hold onto sth
1 to keep sth that is an advantage for you; to not give or sell sth to sb else: You should hold on to your oil shares.She took an early lead in the race and held onto it for nine laps.
2 to keep sth for sb else or for longer than usual: I’ll hold onto your mail for you until you get back.
hold out
1 to last, especially in a difficult situation: We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out.
2 to resist or survive in a dangerous or difficult situation: The rebels held out in the mountains for several years.
hold out sth to offer a chance, hope or possibility of sth: Doctors hold out little
hope of her recovering.
hold sth out to put your hand or arms, or sth in your hand, towards sb,
especially to give or offer sth: I held out my hand to steady her.He held out the keys and I took them.
hold out for sth [no passive] to cause a delay in reaching an agreement because
you hope you will gain sth: The union negotiators are holding out for a more generous pay settlement.
hold out on sb (informal) to refuse to tell or give sb sth
hold sth over [usually passive]
1 to not deal with sth immediately; to leave sth to be dealt with later POSTPONE: The matter was held over until the next meeting.
2 to show a film/movie, play, etc. for longer than planned: The movie proved so popular it was held over for another week.
hold sth over sb to use knowledge that you have about sb to threaten them or
make them do what you want
hold sb to sth
1 to make sb keep a promise
2 to stop an opposing team scoring more points, etc. than you: The league leaders were held to a 0-0 draw.
hold to gether|
hold sth to gether
1 to remain, or to keep sth, united: A political party should hold together.It’s the mother who usually holds the family together.
2 (of an argument, a theory or a story) to be logical or CONSISTENT: Their case doesn’t hold together when you look at the evidence.—compare HANG TOGETHER at HANG
3 if a machine or an object holds together or sth holds it together, the different parts stay together so that it does not break
hold up to remain strong and working effectively: She’s holding up well under
the pressure.
hold sb/sth up [often passive]
1 to support sb/sth and stop them from falling
2 to delay or block the movement or progress of sb/sth: An accident is holding up traffic.My application was held up by the postal strike.—related noun HOLD-UP
3 to use or present sb/sth as an example: She’s always holding up her children as models of good behaviour.His ideas were held up to ridicule.
hold up sth to steal from a bank, shop/store, etc. using a gun: Masked men held
up a security van in South London yesterday.—related noun HOLD-UP
hold with sth [no passive] (used in negative sentences or in questions) to agree with sth
APPROVE OF: I don’t hold with the use of force.[+ -ing] They don’t hold with letting children watch as much TV as they want.
noun
WITH HAND
1 [sing., U] the action of holding sb/sth; the way you are holding sb/sth
GRIP: His hold on her arm tightened.She tried to keep hold of the child’s hand.Make sure you’ve got a steady hold on the camera.
IN SPORT
2 [C] a particular way of holding sb, especially in a sport such as WRESTLING or in a fight: The wrestler put his opponent into a head hold.The exercise called for the recruits to get out of various holds.
POWER / CONTROL
3 [sing.] ~ (on / over sb/sth) influence, power or control over sb/sth: What she knew
about his past gave her a hold over him.He struggled to get a hold of his anger.—see also STRANGLEHOLD
IN CLIMBING
4 [C] a place where you can put your hands or feet when climbing: She put her foot firmly in the hold and pulled herself up.—see also FOOTHOLD, HANDHOLD, TOEHOLD
ON SHIP / PLANE
5 [C] the part of a ship or plane where the goods being carried are stored
catch, get, grab, take, etc. (a) hold of sb/sth to have or take sb/sth in your hands: He caught hold of her wrists so she couldn’t get away.Lee got hold of the dog by its collar.Quick, grab a hold of that rope.Gently, she took hold of the door handle and turned it.
get hold of sb to contact or find sb: Where have you been? I’ve been trying to get hold of you all day.Eventually, we got hold of Dan in New York.Do you know where I can get hold of a good plumber?
get hold of sth
1 to find sth that you want or need: I need to get hold of Tom’s address.It’s almost impossible to get hold of tickets for the final.The police do not know how the boy got hold of the knife.How did the press get hold of the story?
2 to learn or understand sth
no holds barred with no rules or limits on what sb is allowed to do: There will be no holds barred in his interview with the president this evening.
on hold
1 delayed until a later time or date: She put her career on hold to have a baby.The project is on hold until more money is available.The department has placed its plans on hold pending the results of the elections.
2 if a person on the telephone is put on hold, they have to wait until the person that they want to talk to is free
take (a) hold to begin to have complete control over sb/sth; to become very strong: Panic took hold of him and he couldn’t move.They got out of the house just before the flames took hold.It is best to treat the disease early before it takes a hold.—more at WRONG adj.
bull?head?ed /b l hed d/ adj. (NAmE) unwilling to change your opinion about sth, in a way that other people think is annoying and unreasonable obstinate,
stubborn: You’re just being bullheaded now.
bull?head?ed?ness noun [U]
clam?our (BrE) (NAmE clamor) /kl m(r)/ verb, noun
verb
1 ~ (for sth)(formal) to demand sth loudly: [V] People began to clamour for his resignation.[V to inf] Everyone was clamouring to know how much they would get. [V speech] ‘Play with us!’ the children clamoured.
2 [V] (of many people) to shout loudly, especially in a confused way: A crowd of reporters clamoured around the car.
noun [sing., U] (formal)
1 a loud noise especially one that is made by a lot of people or animals: the clamour of the market the incessant clamour of monkeys and birds
2 ~ (for sth) a demand for sth made by a lot of people: The clamour for her resignation grew louder.
clam?or?ous /kl m r s/ adj.
clan /kl n/ noun [C+sing./pl. v.]
1 a group of families who are related to each other, especially in Scotland: the Macleod clan clan warfare
2 (informal, sometimes humorous) a very large family, or a group of people who are connected because of a particular thing: one of a growing clan of stars who have left Hollywood
peer noun, verb
noun
1 [usually pl.] a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you: She enjoys the respect of her peers. A peer review system is being introduced to help teachers who are experiencing difficulty.Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.Peer pressure is strong among young people (= they want to be like other people of the same age).
2 (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY—see also LIFE PEER, PEERESS
verb [V, usually + adv. / prep.] to look closely or carefully at sth, especially when you cannot see it clearly: We peered into the shadows.He went to the window and peered out.She kept peering over her shoulder.He peered closely at the photograph.note at
STARE
cau?tious adj.~ (about sb/sth)| ~ (about doing sth) being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks: He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.The government has been cautious in its response to the report.They’ve taken a very cautious approach.They expressed cautious optimism about a solution to the crisis.
cau?tious?ly adv.: She looked cautiously around and then walked away from the
house.I’m cautiously optimistic.cau?tious?ness noun [U]
Prompt adj., verb, noun, adv.
adj.
1 done without delay
IMMEDIATE: Prompt action was required as the fire spread. Prompt payment of the invoice would be appreciated.
2 [not before noun] (of a person) acting without delay; arriving at the right time
PUNCTUAL: Please be prompt when attending these meetings.
prompt?ness noun [U]
verb
1 to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen
PROVOKE: [VN] The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.[VN to inf] The th ought of her daughter’s wedding day prompted her to lose some weight.
2 to encourage sb to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they could say: [VN] She was too nervous to speak and had to be prompted.(computing) The program will prompt you to enter data where required.[V speech] ‘And then what happened?’ he prompted. [also VN speech]
3 [VN, V] to follow the text of a play and remind the actors what the words are if they forget their lines
noun
1 a word or words said to an actor, to remind them what to say next when they have forgotten
2 (computing) a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer has finished doing sth and is ready for more instructions
adv. exactly at the time mentioned: The meeting will begin at ten o’clock prompt.
un?set?tling adj. making you feel upset, nervous or worried: Seeing Nicky again after so long was an unsettling experience.The country’s economic crisis had an unsettling effect on world markets.
tuck verb, noun
verb [VN + adv. / prep.]
1 to push, fold or turn the ends or edges of clothes, paper, etc. so that they are held in place or look neat: She tucked up her skirt and waded into the river.The sheets should be tucked in neatly (= around the bed).Tuck the flap of the envelope in.
2 to put sth into a small space, especially to hide it or keep it safe or comfortable: She tucked her hair (up) under her cap.He sat with his legs tucked up under him.The letter had been tucked under a pile of papers.
3 to cover sb with sth so that they are warm and comfortable: She tucked a blanket around his legs.
tuck sth a way
1 be tucked away to be located in a quiet place, where not many people go: The shop is tucked away down a backstreet.
2 to hide sth somewhere or keep it in a safe place: She kept his letters tucked away in
a drawer.They have thousands of pounds tucked away in a savings account.
3 (BrE, informal) to eat a lot of food
tuck sb in / up to make sb feel comfortable in bed by pulling the covers up
around them: I tucked the children in and said goodnight.
tuck in|
tuck into sth (BrE, informal) to eat a lot of food, especially when it is done
quickly and with enthusiasm: Come on, tuck in everyone!He was tucking into a huge plateful of pasta.
noun
1 [C] a fold that is sewn into a piece of clothing or cloth, either for decoration or to change the shape of it: We could take a tuck in the waist to give it a more fitted look.
2 [C] (informal) a medical operation in which skin and/or fat is removed to make sb look younger or thinner: a tummy tuck
3 [U] (old-fashioned, BrE, informal) food, especially sweets, etc. eaten by children at school: a tuck shop
crib noun, verb
noun
1 (NAmE) = COT
2 a long open box that horses and cows can eat from
MANGER
3 (BrE) (NAmE crèche) a model of the scene of Jesus Christ’s birth, placed in churches and homes at Christmas
4 (informal) written information such as answers to questions, often used dishonestly by students in tests: a crib sheet
5 = CRIBBAGE
6 (NAmE, informal) the house, flat/apartment, etc. where sb lives
verb (-bb-) [V, VN] ~ (sth) (from sb) (old-fashioned) to dishonestly copy work from another student or from a book
glee?ful /li fl/ adj. happy because of sth good you have done or sth bad that has happened to sb else: a gleeful laugh
glee?ful?ly /f li/ adv.
study noun, verb
noun (pl.-ies)
ACTIVITY OF LEARNING
1 [U] the activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining things in the world: a room set aside for private study academic / literary / scientific, etc. study It is important to develop good study skills. Physiology is the study of how living things work.
2 studies [pl.] (formal) a particular person’s learning activities, for example at a college or university: to continue your studies
ACADEMIC SUBJECT
3 studies [U+sing./pl. v.] used in the names of some academic subjects: business / media / American studies
DETAILED EXAMINATION
4 [U] the act of considering or examining sth in detail: These proposals deserve careful study.
5 [C] a piece of research that examines a subject or question in detail: to make / carry out / conduct a study This study shows / confirms / suggests that ... a detailed study of how animals adapt to their environment scientific studies of fishing grounds and methods of fishing—see also CASE STUDY
ROOM
6 [C] a room, especially in sb’s home, used for reading and writing
ART
7 [C] a drawing or painting of sth, especially one done for practice or before doing a larger picture: a study of Chartres Cathedral a nude study
MUSIC
8 (BrE) (also étude NAmE, BrE) [C] a piece of music designed to give a player practice in technical skills
PERFECT EXAMPLE
9 [sing.] ~ (in sth) (formal) a perfect example of sth: His face was a study in concentration.
see BROWN adj.
verb (stud?ies, study?ing, stud?ied, stud?ied)
LEARN
1 ~ (sth) (at ... )| ~ (for sth) to spend time learning about a subject by reading, going to college, etc.: [VN] How long have you been studying English?[V] Don’t disturb Jane, she’s studying for her exams.My brother studied at the Royal College of Art.
a composer who studied under Nadia Boulanger (= was taught by Nadia Boulanger) [V to inf] Nina is studying to be an architect.
EXAMINE CAREFULLY
2 [VN] to watch, or look at sb/sth carefully in order to find out sth: Scientists are studying photographs of the planet for signs of life.He studied her face thoughtfully. Fran was studying the menu.
3 to examine sth carefully in order to understand it: [VN] We will study the report carefully before making a decision.[V wh-] The group will study how the region coped with the loss of thousands of jobs.note at
EXAMINE
tickle verb, noun
verb
1 to move your fingers on a sensitive part of sb’s body in a way that makes them laugh: [VN] The bigger girls used to chase me and tickle me.I tickled his feet with a feather.[V] Stop tickling!
2 to produce a slightly uncomfortable feeling in a sensitive part of the body; to have a feeling like this: [VN] His beard was tickling her cheek.[V] My throat tickles. a tickling cough
3 to amuse and interest sb: [VN] to tickle sb’s imagination[VN to inf] I was tickled to discover that we’d both done the same thing.
be tickled pink (informal) to be very pleased or amused: She was tickled pink to be given flowers.
tickle sb’s fancy (informal) to please or amuse sb: See if any of these tickle your fancy.If you see something that tickles your fancy, I’ll buy it for you.
noun [usually sing.]
1 an act of tickling sb: She gave the child a little tickle.
2 a slightly uncomfortable feeling in a part of your body: to have a tickle in your throat (= that makes you want to cough) see SLAP n.
中考英语重点单词和短语用法大总结 (88条) ◆1 。 cost / take / spend / pay 花费 花费时间做某事： It takes sb some time to do sth 。= sb spend some time doing sth 。= sb spend some time on sth 。 某人花钱买某物： sb spend some money on sth 。 = sb pay some money for sth 。 = sth cost sb 。 some money 。 ※ spend 和 pay 主语都是人， cost 主语是物。 ※ spent 还可以指“度过”→ How did you spend your weekend ？ The sweater ________ me 90 yuan 。 = I _______ 90 yuan for the sweater 。=I _____ 90 yuan on the sweater 。 He spent lots of money ________ the mobile phone 。 It ________ her 20 minutes to go home every day 。= He ________ 20 minutes ________ home every day 。 ◆2 。 thanks for为…而感谢 ⑴ ______ inviting me to your birthday party 。 thanks to 多亏/于 第 1 页共 1 页 ⑵______ your help 。I got good grades 。
考点: 1. 掌握可数名词的复数 2. 学会表示不可数名词的量 3. 掌握构词法：名词变形容词 4. 掌握名词所有格的用法 5. 掌握名词做主语、定语的用法 冠词离开名词没有任何意义，因此在学习冠词前，首先要了解名词的分类: '个体名词：人或物所共用的名称 dog, chair 名词可分为：：可数名词v 丄集体名词：集体的名称 class, family, police, 物质名词：物质的名称 p aper, water 抽象名词：抽象的物的名称 happi ness 专有名词：人或物所特有的名称 Tom, China 考点一：可数名词的数 可数名词复数变化规则： (1) 规则变化：a.以-s,-x,-sh, -ch,结尾的名词，在词尾 +es,发音/-Is/ eg : classes, brushes, boxes, watches b. 以辅音字母+ -y 结尾，将y 变i ，再+es ， eg ： parties, stories (注意元音同y 结尾时+s boys ) c. 部分以f 或fe 结尾的词，将变 f/fe 为v+es , eg ： wife-wives 口诀：(妻见小偷加下藏，手拿小刀想杀狼，忽然飘下一片叶，砸在头上一命亡) d. 部分以o 结尾的词，(生物名词，包括动植物，口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)后加 es , 女口： Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, 以o 结尾的无生命的词，一般直接 +s eg : photos , pianos , kilos , tobaccos (2) 不规则变化： a.名词中所含元音字母发生变化 eg: foot-feet; tooth- teeth; man-men; woma n- wome n; b:名词词尾力口 en/ren : ox-oxen ; child-children ; c. 单复数同行： fish; sheep; deer; means; aircraft; d. 关于国家：中日不变，英法荷变，其他后面加 s two Chin ese; five Japa nese;/ En glishme n; En glishwome n; Dutchme n; /Germa ns; America ns e. 有些集体名词用单数形式表达事物总称 ，如hair, fruit,但在 表示"几根头发”，"若 干水果”时，则用复数形式 a few white hairs; several foreig n fruits f. 有些名词形式上是单数的，但实际上是复数的，这一类名词有：cattle 牛, 家畜；people 人 们；vermin 害虫；police 警察；staff 全体职员；clergy 僧侣，神职人员；youth ; mankind ； bacteria ； crew 等 g. 有些集体名词 表示整体时用单数，表示集体中的各个成员时用做复数 ，能这样用的 集体名词有： audienee , club , class, college , crowd , company , couple , department , enemy , family , firm , flock, generation, government, group, herd, navy, party, public, population, press 新闻界 /记者群, staff, team, university 等 (3) 复合名词的复数 a.由man 或woman 为前缀的复合名词，两者都变成复数 a man teacher/ men teachers ； a woman doctor/ women doctors 名词 I 不可数名词
过去分词作状语 一．过去分词作状语的基本用法： 过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。 1. 原因状语 Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the n oise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room. 受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。 2. 时间状语 Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。 Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。 Approached in the dark, the lights looked lonely and purposeless. 在黑暗中走近时。那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。 3. 条件状语 Seen in this aspect, the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose. 如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般预料的那样`严重。 Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。 Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。 4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。 5. 让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance. 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again, he didn’t lose heart. 尽管再次被击败，但他没有灰心。
不定代词总结 一、不定代词 some 与 any 的用法区别 一般说来，不定代词some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any： Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕吗 Why not buy some bread 为什么不买些面包呢 Shall I get some chalk for you 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗 【说明】不定代词any 有时也用于肯定句中，此时表示“任何”： Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 二、不定代词 many 与 much 的用法以及区别 不定代词many 和 much 都表示“许多”，但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数)，与 few(少数)相对；而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数)，与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中： Did you see many people there 你在那儿看见许多人了吗 We don’t have much time. 我们没有许多时间。 Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 You’ve given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 辨析：too much；much too； too many 1、too much常用作副词或代词,也可以用作形容词修饰不可数名词.如： Is watching TV too much good or bad for your health电视看得太多对你的健康有益还是有害 You've given me too much.你给我的太多了. We've had too much rain lately.最近我们这里的雨下得太多了. 2、much too常作副词,后接副词或形容词.如： He drove much too fast.他开车开得太快了. It is much too cold.天实在太冷了. 3、too many常用作形容词,修饰可数名词复数.如：
Unit 4 Global warming全球变暖 一、词汇 about发生；造成 注意：（1）come about是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态，常指情况不受人控制的突然发生。有时用it作形式主语，that从句作真正主语。 （2）表示“发生”的词或短语有：happen,occur,take place,break ① Many a quarrel comes about through a misunderstanding. ② The moon came out from behind the clouds. ③ I’ll let you know if anything comes up. ④ I’ll come over and see how you are coming along. ⑤ I came across an old friend yesterday. ⑥ When she came to, she couldn’t recognize the surroundings. ① I subscribe to your suggestion. ② Which magazine do you subscribe to? ③ He subscribed his name to the paper（文件）. ④ He subscribed a large sum to the poor students. n.量；数量
① It’s cheaper to buy goods in quantity / in large quantities. ② A large quantity of silk is sold in Japan. ③ A large quantity of drugs are found in his home. ④ Large quantities of rain are needed in this area. ① He tends to get angry when others disagree with her. ② His views tend towards the extreme（极端）. ③ He was tending (to) his son when I saw him in the hospital. ④ Jane is nice but has a tendency to talk too much. =Jane is nice but she tends to talk too much. ① The price of the new house in our area has gone up by 1,000 yuan per square meter（平方米）。That is（也就是说）it has gone up to 5,000 yuan per square meter. ② The wind has gone down a little. ④ The country has gone through too many wars.
最新英语名词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择名词 1．According to the bank rules released recently, you have to pay a 25% ________ on each cheque you cash. A．admission B．pension C．allowance D．commission 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据银行最近公布的规定，你每兑现一张支票必须付25%的手续费。A. admission承认；B. pension抚恤金； C. allowance津贴；D. commission佣金；手续费。兑现支票必须付25%的手续费。故答案为D。 2．As an American living in-Tianjin for about 10 years, Chris says that it has been a ________ be a witness to China’s great progress. A．privilege B．preference C．priority D．principle 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词辨析。句意：作为一个在天津生活了大约10年的美国人，克里斯说，能够见证中国的巨大进步是一种荣幸。A. privilege 荣幸；B. preference偏爱；C. priority 优先；D. principle原则。privilege“荣幸”符合句意。故A选项正确。 3．We have found that a boy matching your entered the amusement park just now. A．instruction B．explanation C．description D．application 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们发现一个符合你的描述的男孩刚才进入了游乐园。Ainstruction指示；Bexplanation解释；Cdescription描述；Dapplication申请。match description表示“匹配你的描述”，故C项正确。 4．It can’t be a(n) _______that four jewelry stores wer e robbed in one night. A．coincidence B．accident C．incident D．chance 【答案】B 【解析】 词义辨析。 A.巧合；一致 B. 事故；意外 C.事件；事变 D. 机会。句意：四家珠宝商店在
过去分词用法归纳-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
过去分词用法归纳 Mar 7, 2011 过去分词主要表示被动，可表示发生在过去，所以叫过去分词。也可以无时间概念，只表示被动。过去分词用法：状语、定语、补语、表语。 一．状语 情况 1：表“被动”的状语从句可简化成过去分词做状语。表示条件、时间、让步的连词可保留，如if, when, although。表原因的不保留，如because 等。 1) He won’t go to the party tomorrow, if he is not invited. He won’t go to the party, if not invited. 2) When she was asked about her age, she kept silent. When asked about her age, she kept silent. 3) Once it is formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. Once formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. 进一步练习: 1) If it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. Seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. 2) If it is heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. Heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. 3) The problems, if they are not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. The problems, if not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. 4) Although he was warned of the danger, the boy still went skating on the ice. 2
come和go后接现在分词的用法归纳与对比 一、表示日常生活或娱乐 come 和 go 后接日常生活的某些活动或娱乐活动，表示来做某事或去做某事，此时两者用法基本相同，只是“方向”不同。 1. come doing 的用例 Come dancing. 来跳舞。 Would you like to come sailing? 你愿意来坐船游览吗? Come swimming with us tomorrow. 明天跟我们一起游泳吧。 Why don’t you come ice-skating with us tonight? 今晚来和我们一起溜冰好吗? 2. go doing 的用例 It’s dangerous to go skating on the lake.在湖上滑冰有危险。 I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，其余的人都打网球去了。 Could you look after the kids while I go shopping? 我去买东西，你照管一下孩子，好吗? On Saturdays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing. 我小的时候,我们星期六都一早起床去钓鱼。 还可表示方式或伴随 go后接现在分词可以表示“去”的方式，或者是伴随“去”还有另一个动作同时在发生。如： She slipped and went hurtling downstairs. 她一失足咕噜噜跌下楼梯。 The car went skidding off the road into a ditch. 汽车打滑冲出公路跌进沟里。 说明：在这类用法中，go doing 远比 come doing 用得普通，表示去进行该活动，其用法与上面讲到的“come+现在分词”相似，只是方向不同，一个表示“来”做某事，一个表示“去”做某事。 同时 go doing 的搭配能力也比 come doing 强得多，通常能这样搭配的现在分词有 climbing, cycling, exploring, dancing, fishing, hiking徒步旅行, hunting, riding, roller-skating, sailing, shooting, skating, skiing, surfing, swimming, walking, dancing, shopping, fishing, water-skiing 等。 They are going skiing. 他们要去滑雪。 They are going sailing. 他们要去航行了。 I’ m going shopping this afternoon.今天下午我要去购物。， 二、表示“来”“去”的方式 come 和 go 后面可以跟表示运动的动词的现在分词，可以“来”“去”的方式，含有“……来”“……去”之意，但在具体翻译时应灵活处理。 1. come doing的用例 She came running into the room. 她跑进屋来。 Memories of his childhood came flooding back. 他童年的往事涌上心头。 2. go doing的用例 She went sobbing up the stairs. 她呜咽着上楼去了。 The car went skidding off the road into a ditch. 汽车打滑冲出公路跌进沟里。 三、“go+现在分词”的其他用法
不定代词用法总结-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
不定代词用法总结 1) some, any, no的用法 a. some和any通常用于表示不定数或不定量，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。some表示“几个；一些；部 分”，多用于肯定句；而any表示“一些；什么；任何；”，对用于否定句或疑问句中。如： * He asked me some questions. (他问了我几个问题。) * Some of the bread has been eaten. (面包已吃了一些。) * Are there any stamps in this post office (这个邮局里有邮票吗？) * I didn’t have any cigarettes, so I went out to buy some. (我没有香烟了，所以出去买了一些。) b. 刚才我们说some一般用于肯定句而any一般用于否定句和疑问句。但有时也有例外。这要根据句子意思来 看。 * I could not answer some of his questions. (我不能回答他的某些问题。) (some用在否定句中表示“一些；部分”。如果说成：I could not answer any of his questions.意思就变了，它表示“我不能回答他的任何问题。”) * Will you get me some apples on your way back (你回来的路上能给我带一些苹果吗？) (some用在疑问句中大多表示“请求” 或“建议”) * Let me know if you hear any news. (如果你有任何消息请告诉我。) (any用在条件从句中表示“任何”) * “What would you like to drink” “Any will do.” (“你想喝什么？”“哪种都行。”) (any在这里表示“任何”) c. no在句子中作定语，表示否定，意思是“没有；不是”，它可以修饰可数名词的单数和复数形式或不可数名 词。 * There are no letters for you today. (今天没有你的信。) * I have no money at the moment. Could you lend me some (我现在没有钱。你能借我一些吗？) 2) 复合不定代词的用法 a. 不定代词some, any, no与-one, -body, -thing可以组成九个复合代词。它们是： someone anyone no one somebody anybody nobody something anything nothing 这些复合不定代词只有名词的性质，可以作主语、宾语等。 b. 因为some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句或疑问句，no表示完全否定，因此由some, any, no与-one, - body组成的复合代词的用法也一样。 c. 第二部分为-one和-body的复合代词只用于表示人，它们的形式是单数形式，但有时可以用they或them指 代。 * There is someone in your office. Can you hear them talking (你办公室里有人。你听见他们说话了吗？) d. 第二部分为-thing的复合代词只能用于指物。如： * There was something wrong with the car so he had to stopped it. * He looked at me and didn’t say anything. * Nothing can be done to save her life. e. 这些复合不定代词如果有其它的形容词修饰，形容词必须后置。如： * Somebody important has arrived, I’m sure. (important修饰somebody) 3) one和none的用法 不定代词one指代可数名词的单数，即指人，也指物。它的复数形式是ones。在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语等。 * He is not the one who is easily cheated. (one指人) * I’ve made some cakes. Would you like one of them (one指物) * I prefer red roses to white ones. (ones指物) * Are they the ones who moved here a few days ago (ones指人) 4) all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both a. every只有形容词的性质，在句中作定语。常用于修饰单数的可数名词。表示“每个；各个”，还可以表示“一 切”。 * After the strong wind every flower in the garden was gone. every还可以和-one, -thing, -body构成复合不定代词，即：everyone, everything, everybody。其中，everyone和everybody用于指人，意思一样，都是“每人；大家”，形式上表示单数意思上可以表示单数也可以表示复数。everything用于指物，意思是“每件事；一切”，形式上表示单数意思上可以表示单数也可以表示复数。如：* One can’t have everything. * Everything goes well with me. * The town is so small that everybody knows everybody else. 注意：在使用everyone时要注意和every one相区别。everyone是一个不定代词而every on是一个词组，前者只能指人而后者既可以指人也可以指物。请注意下列例句： * Everyone will be here except Patrick. (everyone 指人) * Every one of the children will get a gift. (every one也指人) *We played several matches against the visitors, but unluckily lost every one. (every one指物)
中考必考的重点词汇总结 在初中阶段，实验探究的类型主要有以下四类： 1.对基本技能和观察水平的考查；（仪器的使用和实验基本操作）；对氧气、二氧化碳以及与它们性质类似的未知气体制备、检验、收集、除杂、干燥、性质实验。 2.C、Fe、Cu、Fe2O3、CuO等物质综合应用的还原反应及金属活 动性的探究题。 3.CaO、Ca(OH)2、CaCO3、NaOH、Na2CO3性质相关的探究题。 4.对未知物或非初中常见物质的研究，主要采用提供信息的方式，考查快速提取有效信息，使用知识解答问题的水平，这种题型难度较大。 1考点一常用的仪器 初中化学实验常用仪器（仪器名称不能写错别字） 1.试管 (1)用途： a、在常温或加热时，用作少量试剂的反应容器。 b、溶解少量固体。 c、收集少量气体的容器 d、用于装置成小型气体的发生器。 (2)注意事项： a、加热时外壁必须干燥，不能骤热骤冷，一般要先均匀受热， 然后才能集中受热，
防止试管受热不均而破裂。 b、加热时，试管要先用铁夹夹持固定在铁架台上（短时间加热 也可用试管夹夹持）。 试管夹应夹在的中上部（或铁夹应夹在离试管口的1/3处）。 c、加热固体时，试管口要略向下倾斜，且未冷前试管不能直立，避免管口冷凝水倒流 使试管炸裂。 d、加热液体时，盛液量一般不超过试管容积的1/3（防止液体受热溢出），使试管与桌面 约成45°的角度（增大受热面积，防止暴沸），管口不能对着自己或别人（防止液体喷出伤人）。反应时试管内的液体不超过试管容 积的1/2。 2.烧杯 用途：①溶解固体物质、配制溶液，以及溶液的稀释、浓缩 ②也可用做较大量的物质间的反应 注意事项：受热时外壁要干燥，并放在石棉网上使其受热均匀 （防止受热不均使烧杯炸裂）， 加液量一般不超过容积的1/3（防止加热沸腾使液体外溢）。 3.烧瓶：有圆底烧瓶，平底烧瓶 用途①常用做较大量的液体间的反应 ②也可用做装置气体发生器 4.锥形瓶 用途：①加热液体，
【英语】英语名词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择名词 1．Actively involve yourself in voluntary work and you will see what a(an) ________ it will make to your future life. A．influence B．contribution C．difference D．variety 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 本题考查固定短语。解题步骤：1.确定各项意思：A. influence影响；B. contribution贡献； C. difference不同； D. variety多样化；2.确定答案：固定短语make a difference有影响。句意：积极地参与志愿者的工作，你就会看见它对你未来的生活有多么大的影响。故选C。 2．An advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise building is that you can get a good _________. A．scene B．scenery C．sight D．view 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词辨析。句意：住在高楼大厦顶层的优点是你能看很好地欣赏风景。A. scene 情景B. scenery景色 C. sight 景象 D. view风景。view“风景”普遍用语,指从某个角度所看到的风景。根据句意，故D选项正确。 【点睛】 Scene:1. 某地的景色、风景，指展现在眼前的情景，也可以指scenery的一部分 3．Only when women are enabled to become strong will our families, our economies, and our societies reach their fullest . A．distinction B．innovation C．potential D．appreciation 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词。A. distinction区别； B. innovation创新； C. potential潜能； D. appreciation 欣赏。句意：只有当妇女能够变得强大时，我们的家庭、经济和社会才能充分发挥其潜力。结合句意可知答案为C。 4．With the help of the English teacher, he has made in his English writing. A．a great progress B．much progress C．little progress D．many progresses
英语分词的用法 英语中的分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。及物动词的现在分词表示正在进行和主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成和被动意义。现将常用的英语分词的用法归纳如下: 1.作定语 分词可用来修饰名词或代词，并和所修饰的词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 (1)前置定语 单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰名词之前，作前置定语。例如： What exciting news it is! 这是多么令人振奋人心的消息! There were a lot of excited people at the concert．演奏会上，很多人兴奋不已。 (2)后置定语 a、少数单个分词(尤其是过去分词为多)作定语时，也可作后置定语。例如： Make sentences with the words given ．用所给的词造句。 The goods ordered will be delivered soon. The money left is far from enough. Many people are dubious about the announcement from the authorities concerned. b、单个分词作不定代词的定语时，要放在被修饰代词之后，作后置定语。例如： Is there anything unsolved ? 还有没解决的问题吗? There is something missing ． 有东西丢失了。 c、分词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰名词之后，作后置定语。这时的分词短语相当于一个定语从句。例如： Do you know the old woman sitting under the tree ?(=Do you know the old woman who is sitting under the tree ?) 你认识坐在树下的那个老太太吗? There comes a girl dressed in red ．(=There comes a girl who is dressed in red ．) 一个穿红衣服的女孩走过来了。 2.作表语 分词作表语，相当于形容词。现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的性质或特征，含有“令 人……的”意思。过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的情形或状态，含有“感到……的”意思。例如： The match was very disappointing ． 这场比赛令人失望。 They were very disappointed ． 他们都非常失望。 3.作补语 (1)作宾语补语 a、分词作宾语补足语，宾语和现在分词(主动意义)有逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语和过去分词 (被动意义)有逻辑上的动宾关系。 分词通常用在see，hear, watch，notice，feel，find等感官动词或have，get，make
2017中考英语必会的60组重点单词/短语/句型用法大 总结 1. cost / take / spend / pay 花费 花费时间做某事： It takes sb some time to do sth . = sb spend some time （in）doing sth .= sb spend some time on sth . 某人花钱买某物： sb spend some money on sth .= sb pay some money for sth.= sth cost sb . some money .注意： ⑴cost 和pay 只指花费钱，take 只指花费时间，spend 可以指花费钱也可以指花费时间。 ⑵spend 和pay 主语都是人，cost 主语是物，take 一般用于It takes sb some time to do sth. 句型中。 2. thanks for 为…...而感谢 Thanks for inviting me to your birthday party . 谢谢你邀请我来你的生日聚会。 thanks to 多亏/由于 Thanks to your help. I got good grades . 幸亏你的帮助，我才取得好成绩。 3. 多么…... what + 名词；how + 形容词/ 副词 What bad weather ！多么糟糕的天气啊！ How hard he works ！他工作多么努力啊！
What fresh vegetables ！多么新鲜的蔬菜啊！ How cute a monkey it is ！它是一只多么可爱的猴子啊4 . 因为......；由于...... because（连词）+从句 because of（介词短语）+ 名词（短语） I didn’t go to school because I had a headache. 因为我头疼，所以我没去上学。 He was late for class because of the bad weather . 由于糟糕的天气，他上课迟到了。 注意：because和so不能同时连用。 5 . 来自 be from = come from Where are you from ？ = Where do you come from？你来自哪里？ 6 . How often 多久一次（对频率提问） How long 多久（对一段时间提问） How soon多久以后（对将来时间提问） How far 多长（询问多长距离） — How long have you been collecting the kites ？ 你收集风筝多长时间了？ —For ten years. 十年了。 — How often do you go shopping ？
过去分词的用法 一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。 二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作 三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义 例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。 例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成， 例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.