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新视野大学英语第四册第六单元翻译

新视野大学英语第四册第六单元翻译
新视野大学英语第四册第六单元翻译

新视野大学英语第二版第四册读写教程课文翻译Unit6

2011-02-23 20:16

Unit6_a

商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。

他们通常没意识到在很多国家,形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家,这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。

假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中,贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂,那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多,还可能避免他所说的“程序上的延误”。

现在的问题是:你是被迫掏钱呢,还是坚持原则?

高尚的道德标准说起来容易,但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢?

早些时候,一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿,并进行其他一些可疑运作,如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。

这家汽车公司否认了这些指控,后来指控也被撤销了。

然而,当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说:“瞧,我们这一行竞争激烈,

每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。

如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴,谁会有损失呢?

我们不这样干,别人也会这样干的。”

很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。

的确,这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。

仅举一例:美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露,它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。

这一事实的披露,使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样,向美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出,像贿赂、额外打折等。

为方便讨论起见,我们可将这些支出分为三大类。

第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。

比如,有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查,当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。

后来发现,这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。

这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的顾问所付出的大笔款项。

在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中,一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某“洽谈人”100万英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。

据闻其他国家也是如此,向外国公司施压,要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。

第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。

关于这一点有个有趣的例子:有个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。

后来,他想到了办法。

了解到建工部长收藏珍本书,他买了一本书的珍藏版,在书里夹了两万美元,将其送给部长。部长看了书的内容后说:“我知道这书有两卷本的。”

机敏的销售经理答道:“先生,我们公司买不起两卷本,不过可以给你弄一本带‘前言’的!”

不久,这笔生意获准了。

第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。

中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。

是否有可能制订一套公司法规,防止各种类型的贿赂呢?

国际商会(ICC)赞成用一套行为准则来制止行贿索贿。

这一准则试图区分哪些是真正为服务所付的佣金,哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。

已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。

可惜的是,国际商会委员们就如何实行这一法规的意见不一。

英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司规范行事。

而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。

像国际商会这样的商业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错,而非强制实行什么。

在一家知名英国报纸上,最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网”,人人都“贪赃枉法”。这一说法可能有些夸张。

然而,如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既确保自己的商业利益,又无愧于道德良心。

Unit6_b

每年夏天,总有大约十几名记者聚集在伦敦北部的一个旧军训营,用一整天的时间来观看伦敦特警部队的训练。

特警通常要对付日益增多的携带枪支的犯罪分子。

记者们也有机会在练习场射击。射击似乎并不难,我们的子弹几乎都打到靶上了。

然后我们进入训练的下一步:模拟在街道上实际会出现的一些问题。

场上的灯光暗了下去,我们面对一块大屏幕站着,

手中仍有枪,但子弹是假的。屏幕上演员们在扮演着各种场面。

那个抓着一名妇女挡在身前的人真拿着枪吗?

那个看似要投降的人是否真会投降,还是会举枪射击?

我们必须判断是否该开枪,该何时开枪,就像警察真实地面对此情此景时必须做出判断一样。记者们在这一阶段的表现不太出色。

恐怕我们打死了不少无辜的人,他们手中最致命的东西只不过是一根棍子而已。

多年来,对于是否该给更多的英国警员配枪,人们一直争论不休。

目前的做法是给英国所有的43个警局都配备少数特警,他们定期接受强化训练来保持达标。

但是随着警察遭遇的暴力事件逐渐增多,人们对这一做法是否明智提出了疑问。

通常,遭殃的是在街上巡逻的普通警察,而不是姗姗来迟的武装特警。

为了了解英国警方面临的局面,可以看一下诺森布里亚郡警局的情况。该局负责英格兰东北部5,000平方公里区域内的治安。

所辖的乡村和几个城区内居住着150万人口。

那里的3,600名警察要应付英国20世纪90年代常见的各类事件。

该警局负责人约翰·史蒂文斯最近发表了他对过去几年工作的述评。

例如,1994年,共有61名警员(男性54人,女性7人)由于履行职责时遭受攻击而不得不提早退休。

在因健康原因获准退休前,他们共请病假12,000天,相当于50名警员休假一年。

史蒂文斯这样评论道:“警务的人力成本从未如此之高,

离职的警员中严重伤残的达三分之一,他们因打击犯罪而将在余生中承受痛苦。”

警察的这种遭遇也发生在英国其他地方。不过警局本身仍反对扩大为警员配备武器的范围。去年进行的最新调查表明,赞成者只占46%。

但是普通老百姓赞成这一做法,他们中的67%赞成扩大配发枪支的范围。

但他们自己当然不想带枪,更不会想用枪。

回想一下我自己在练习场射击的经历,我肯定也不想负这个责任。

人人都清楚警察需要更多的保护,以防刀枪。

他们现在所携的警棍较以前的要长,

也有了防利器的上衣和手套。

下一步可能的做法是政府同意试验胡椒喷雾剂,一种从胡椒中提取的有机物质。如果喷在脸上,它能使袭击者丧失行动能力。

运用得当的话,所产生的不适就只是暂时的,尽管很强烈。

只要用水冲洗,几个小时内应可彻底恢复。

这当然是难受的,但比挨子弹要好。

很多英国人不反对警察携带加长的警棍或胡椒喷雾剂。

他们只是想见到警察。

不知多少次,当我们在街上拍摄警察镜头时,总有当地居民过来告诉我们,这是几周以来他们在此地第一次看到警察。

实际上,对传统警察形象和职责构成最大威胁的并不是枪支和武装犯罪,而是我们要求警察做的日益增多的工作。

新的法令和重点警务工作占去了大量时间,结果使得很多警队派不出警员上街巡逻。

官员们要求民众留意街区治安。

在一些繁华地区,居民们雇请私人保安公司。

很多警员认为正是这些额外工作改变了他们的职责,而非担心被枪击。今后,如果你想知道时间,去问警察恐怕会没有用。

要么你连见都见不到他,要么他没有时间回答。

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