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医学文献阅读笔记 英文

医学文献阅读笔记  英文

医学文献阅读笔记  英文

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

常见职务、职位英文翻译

常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师

医学文献检索复习笔记

医药文献检索与利用(zll) 一、检索总论 信息及信息素养 信息:是普遍存在的,是物质的一种基本属性,是物质存在方式及其运动规律、特点的外在表现。 信息定义:事物的运动状态和状态变化的方式。 信息与知识的区别:信息是大家的,独立于行为和决策,独立于环境存在,容易转让,可复制。 情报:传递有特定效用的知识(知识性,传递性,效用性)。 文献:以文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等手段记录和传播知识的载体。 (知识内容、信息符号、载体材料、记录方式) 文献按加工层次划分: 一次文献(原始论文——期刊论文、学位论文、研究报告、专利说明书); 二次文献(目录、索引、文摘,pubmed、web of science、sinomed); 三次文献(综述、年度总结、年鉴、指南、百科全书、annual reviews); 零次文献(未被正式发表的,书信、手稿、笔记、口头交流) 文献按载体形式划分:印刷型、电子数字型、缩微型、声像/视听型 文献按出版类型划分:图书(ISBN号 10位,4段——地域号、出版社号、书号、校验号;本馆订购的电子图书:apabi,超星、读秀、elsevier、karger、Springer)、期刊(ISSN 号 8位,前七位是刊名代号,末位是计算机校验号)、特种文献 整个信息行为:信息需要、信息检索、信息选择、信息利用

信息素养定义:人们在工作中运用信息、学习信息技术、利用信息解决问题的能力。 信息素养的构成要素:信息意识;信息能力;信息道德。 ACRL信息素养能力的评价标准:(5个一级指标,24个二级指标)。 医学文献检索相关概念 指从文献信息集合中查找所需文献或文献中包含的信息内容的过程 计算机检索原理概述 检索提问字符串匹配数据库中特征标识字符串 数据库的构成:文档、记录、字段 常见字段:TI(题目)、AB(文摘)、AU(作者)、MESH(主题词)、 SO(期刊名称)、 AD (作者单位)、DT(文献类型)、PY(出版年) 检索语言 文献外部特征的检索语言:题名、著者、文献序号、引用序号 文献内容特征的检索语言:分类检索、主题检索、代码检索 (1)分类检索:美国国立图书馆图书分类法,杜威十进制、国际十进制、中国图书馆分类、国际疾病分类。 (2)主题检索:是以规范化的词汇来表达文献内容的主题;主题词(叙词)、副主题词(限定词)、关键词。 (3)代码检索:化合物分子式索引等 计算机检策略与步骤 (1)布尔逻辑检索:NOT >AND> OR,括号优先 (2)截词检索:代表一个字母,必须以半角状态输入 %或*代替任意个字符 (3)位置运算检索:(W)、(nW)、(N)、(nN)、(F)、(S)、(L) (4)字段限定检索:“=”或“in” (5)计算机检索的一般步骤:(大题) 分析检索课题(课题所属的学科范围、要求的文献类型、年限、语种、需要的文献量等)选择检索工具(数据库的选择) 确定检索途径(首先选择基本检索方式全字段检索)

如何阅读英文文献

面对海量的文献信息我们往往会感觉无从下手,更不要提阅读外国文献了。但是阅读外国文献 对于把握最新科研动态,扩充自己的知识是非常有必要的,今天我们一起来看看牛人们是怎样 阅读外国文献的~~ 学术牛人1:用自己的话概括和梳理文献及时回顾 心得和经验:我现在每天还保持读至少2-3 篇的文献的习惯.读文献有不同的读法.但最重 要的自己总结概括这篇文献到底说了什么,否则就是白读,读的时候好像什么都明白,一合上就什 么都不知道,这是读文献的大忌,既浪费时间,最重要的是,没有养成良好的习惯,导致以后不愿意读文献. 1.回顾重要内容 每次读完文献 (不管是细读还是粗读), 合上文献后,想想看,文章最重要的 take home message 是什么, 如果不知道,就从abstract,conclusion 里找, 并且从discuss 里最好确认一下. 这样一来, 一篇文章就过关了. take home message 其实都不会很多, 基本上是一些concepts, 如果你发现你需要记得很多,那往往是没有读到重点. 2.扩充知识面的读法 重点读introduction, 看人家提出的问题,以及目前的进展类似的文章, 每天读一两篇,一个 月内就基本上对这个领域的某个方向有个大概的了解.读好的review也行, 但这样人容易懒惰. 3.为了写文章的读法 读文章的时候, 尤其是看discussion 的时候,看到好的英文句型, 最好有意识的记一下,看一下作者是谁,哪篇文章,哪个期刊, 这样以后照猫画虎写的时候,效率高些.比自己在那里半天琢磨 出一个句子强的多. 当然,读的多,写的多,你需要记得句型就越少.其实很简单,有意识的去总结和 记亿, 就不容易忘记. 学术牛人2:根据文献重要程度编号精读综述和摘要 一、先看综述 先读综述,可以更好地认识课题,知道已经做出什么,自己要做什么,,还有什么问题没有解决。对于国内文献一般批评的声音很多.但它是你迅速了解你的研究领域的入口,在此之后,你再看外 文文献会比一开始直接看外文文献理解的快得多。而国外的综述多为本学科的资深人士撰写, 涉及范围广,可以让人事半功倍。 二、有针对地选择文献 针对你自己的方向,找相近的论文来读,从中理解文章中回答什么问题,通过哪些技术手段来 证明,有哪些结论?从这些文章中,了解研究思路,逻辑推论,学习技术方法. 1.关键词、主题词检索:关键词、主题词一定要选好,这样,才能保证你所要的内容的全面。因为,换个主题词,可以有新的内容出现。 2.检索某个学者:查SCI,知道了某个在这个领域有建树的学者,找他近期发表的文章。 3.参考综述检索:如果有与自己课题相关或有切入点的综述,可以根据相应的参考文献找 到那些原始的研究论文。

英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)

NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and

常见职务职位英文翻译

常见职务职位英文翻译 希望对你有帮助哦!总公司Head Office分公司Branch Office营业部Business Office人事部Personnel Department(人力资源部)Human Resources Department总务部General Affairs Department财务部General Accounting Department销售部Sales Department促销部Sales Promotion Department国际部International Department出口部Export Department进口部Import Department公共关系Public Relations Department广告部Advertising Department企划部Planning Department产品开发部Product Development Department研发部Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室Secretarial PoolAccounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师

医学文献综述写法

一、综述概述 1.什么是综述:综述,又称文献综述,英文名为review。它是利用已发表的文献资料为原始素材撰写的论文。 综述包括“综”与“述”两个方面。所谓综就是指作者必须对占有的大量素材进行归纳整理、综合分析,而使材料更加精炼、更加明确、更加层次分明、更有逻辑性。所谓述就是评述,是对所写专题的比较全面、深人、系统的论述。因而,综述是对某一专题、某一领域的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状与发展前景等方面,以作者自己的观点写成的严谨而系统的评论性、资料性科技论文。 综述反映出某一专题、某一领域在一定时期内的研究工作进展情况。可以把该专题、该领域及其分支学科的最新进展、新发现、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术比较全面地介绍给读者,使读者尤其从事该专题、该领域研究工作的读者获益匪浅。因此,综述是教学、科研以及生产的重要参考资料。 2.综述的类型: 根据搜集的原始文献资料数量、提炼加工程度、组织写作形式以及学术水平的高低,综述可分为归纳性、普通性和评论性三类。 (1)归纳性综述:归纳性综述是作者将搜集到的文献资料进行整理归纳,并按一定顺序进行分类排列,使它们互相关联,前后连贯,而撰写的具有条理性、系统性和逻辑性的学术论文。它能在一定程度上反映出某一专题、某一领域的当前研究进展,但很少有作者自己的见解和观点。 (2)普通性综述:普通性综述系具有一定学术水平的作者,在搜集较多资料的基础上撰写的系统性和逻辑性都较强的学术论文,文中能表达出作者的观点或倾向性。因而论文对从事该专题、该领域工作的读者有一定的指导意义和参考价值。 (3)评论性综述:评述性综述系有较高学术水平、在该领域有较高造诣的作者。在搜集大量资料的基础上.对原始素材归纳整理、综合分析、撰写的反映当前该领域研究进展和发展前景的评论性学术论文。因论文的逻辑性强,有较多作者的见解和评论。故对读者有普遍的指导意义,并对读者的研究工作具有导向意义。 二、综述的书写格式 综述与一般科技论文不同。科技论文注重研究方法的科学性和结果的可信性,特别强调阳性结果。而综述要写出主题(某一专题、某一领域)的详细情报资料,不仅要指出发展背景和工作意义,而且还应有作者的评论性意见,指出研究成败的原因;不仅要指出目前研究的热点和争论焦点,而且还应指出有待于进一步探索和研究的处女领域:不仅要介绍主题的研究动态与最新进展,而且还应在评述的基础上,预测发展趋势和应用前景。因此,综述的书写格式比较多样化,除了题目、署名、摘要、关键词(这四部分与一般科技论文相同)以外,一般还包括前言、主体、总结和参考文献四部分,其中前三部分系综述的正文,后一部分是撰写综述的基础。 1、前言:与一般科技论文一样,前言又称引言,是将读者导人论文主题的部分,主要叙述综述的目的和作用,概述主题的有关概念和定义,简述所选择主题的历史背景、发展过程、现状、争论焦点、应用价值和实践意义,同时还可限定综述的范围.使读者对综述的主题有一个初步的印象。这部分约200~300字。 2、主体部分:综述主体部分的篇幅范围特别大,短者5000字左右,长者可达几万字,其叙述方式灵活多样,没有必须遵循的同定模式,常由作者根据综述的内容,自行设计创造。一般可根据主体部分的内容多寡分成几个大部分,每部分标上简短而醒目的小标题。部分的区分标准也多种多样,有的按年代,有的按问题,有的按不同论点,有的按发展阶段。然而,不管采用何种方式,都应该包括历史发展、现状评述和发展前景预测三方面的内容。 (1)历史发展:按时间顺序,简述该主题的来龙去脉,发展概况及各阶段的研究水平。 (2)现状评述:重点是论述当前国内外的研究现状,着重评述哪些问题已经解决,哪些问题还没有解决,提出可能的解决途径;目前存在的争论焦点,比较各种观点的异同并作出理论解释,亮明作者的观点;详细介绍有创造性和发展前途的理论和假说,并引出论据,指出可能的发展趋势。 (3)发展前景预测:通过纵横对比,肯定该主题的研究水平,指出存在的问题,提出可能的发展趋势,指明研究方向,提示研究的捷径。 3.总结部分:总结部分又称为结论、小结或结语。书写总结时,可以根据主体部分的论述,提出几条语言简明、含义确切的意见和建议;也可以对主体部分的主要内容作出扼要的概括,并提出作者自己

商业建筑外文文献翻译)

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