70 Standard Practices - Engines
70-00 General
Basic
For the definition of interchangeability, please refer to Chapter 20.
To promote good design practice and reduced maintenance burden, when
possible all components should be designed such that they cannot be fitted
incorrectly.
70-01 Interchangeability
Basic
The following components are interchangeable:
?Removable power plant assembly
?Nose cowl
?Fan cowl doors
?Thrust reverser cowls
?Exhaust nozzle assembly
?Access doors/panels.
71 Power plant
Overview
The A350 XWB is a Family of twin engine aircraft.
A high level of integration between powerplant systems and aircraft has been
achieved to ensure optimum performance.
71-00 General
Basic
The aircraft has two main power plants, one installed under each wing on a
pylon.
Each power plant can be lowered for removal from its pylon.
The A350 XWB is offered with the Rolls Royce Trent XWB engines.
The A350 XWB power plant comprises:
?the engine turbo-machinery and controls
?engine accessories (Engine Build-up Unit (EBU))
?the nacelle (air intake, fan cowls, thrust reverser, exhaust system and
accessories).
Power plant boroscope inspections can be performed without removal of
major components.
Each engine is controlled by one Full Authority Digital Engine Control
(FADEC).
71
71-10 Nacelle
Basic
The nacelle comprises the following assemblies:
?air intake
?fan cowling
?thrust reverser; please refer to Section 78-31
?exhaust system; please refer to Section 78-20.
Air intake
The air intake incorporates the latest generation technologies for drag and
acoustic reduction. The laminar flow contouring provides improved perfor-
mance, and the reduced acoustics levels are achieved by a 360 degrees
acoustic liner.
Fan cowls
The fan cowls are designed for maintainability: a power door opening system
is available to assist in opening the cowls. The cowls have access doors for
fan case-mounted components to minimize servicing and maintenance task
time.
72
72 Engine
72-00 General
General
The aircraft will be equipped with two high-bypass Rolls Royce Trent XWB engines. Thrust ratings
A summary of the engine thrust ratings is shown below, (max takeoff, sea level static, ISA+15°C levels):
Thrust ratings for A350-800
Two additional thrust ratings are offered for hot and high operations and/or increased Maximum T akeoff Weight (MTOW); please refer to Section 03-20.These thrust ratings are:?79,000lbf flat rated nominal thrust at ISA+15°C ?
79,000lbf flat rated nominal thrust at ISA+21.6°C.
Overview
The A350 XWB is equipped with two Rolls-Royce Trent XWB engines.This engine will incorporate the most advanced technologies to provide the best aircraft performance, maintainability, and low environmental impact.
Basic
Model Engine type Nominal thrust A350-800Trent XWB-7575,000lbf A350-900Trent XWB-8484,000lbf A350-1000
Trent XWB-93
93,000lbf
Customization
Option
Model Supplier Status Weight (kg)MWE/OWE/APL
Price (US $)Trent XWB-79
79,000lbf flat rated nominal thrust at ISA+15°C
A350-800
Rolls Royce
SFE
TBD
TBD
Trent XWB-79B
79,000lbf flat rated nomina l thrust at ISA+21.6°C
A350-800Rolls Royce SFE TBD TBD
72
General
Trent XWB engine product strategy provides a single engine type for all A350
XWB variants.
The initial engine configuration will be optimized around the 75,000 to 84,000
lbf thrust requirement of the A350-800 & A350-900.
Technology insertion and fan optimization will be performed to meet the
93,000 lbf thrust requirement of the A350-1000.
Rolls Royce Trent XWB architecture
Additional information
Fan
Lo w noise, lo w h ub-tip
ratio, s w ept titani u m fan
High press u re shaft po w er offtake Pne u matic ca b in b leed system Fan case mo u nted
Combustor
Optimized emission
lo w ering com bu stor
technology
Turbine
Latest materials
and man u fact u ring
technologies
Compressor
Latest aero standards
and materials, incl u ding
b lisk technology
73 73 Engine Fuel and Control
73-00 General
Basic
The entire engine fuel distribution system downstream of the engine inlet con-
nection is integral with the engine and is supplied by the engine manufacturer.
73-20 Controlling
Basic
Each engine is provided with one Full Authority Digital Engine Control
(FADEC) to provide command and monitor functions for:
?gas generator control
?engine limit protection
?power management
?ignition control
?cockpit indications and warnings
?manual and automatic engine starting
?oil and fuel heat management
?engine condition parameter acquisition (partially).
Each FADEC interfaces electrically with the sensors of the corresponding
engine. The FADEC receives signals from the appropriate throttle control
lever and other selected aircraft data sources and transmits engine data to
the cockpit.
Each FADEC incorporates Built-in Test Equipment (BITE) functions to identify
faults. The BITE information are transmitted to the aircraft Onboard Mainte-
nance System (OMS).
Each FADEC incorporates fault identification, isolation and accommodation
logics which permits the FADEC to continue engine control and power man-
agement with no loss in performance or operational capability for any single
malfunction.
The FADEC provides maximum thrust corresponding to takeoff and Go-
Around ratings for a fully forward position of the throttle control levers. There
are discrete throttle control lever positions for maximum continuous, maxi-
mum climb, and idle thrust.
The use of reduced thrust for take-off is possible. Assumed temperature for
Flexible T akeOff is selected from the cockpit.
73
The FADEC provides command and limit signals of engine thrust control
parameter to drive the power management indications. These signals are fed
to the flight management system for use by the autothrust function.
A de-rated takeoff facility and a de-rated climb facility are provided. For both,
selection and de-selection are made from the cockpit.
Each FADEC has a software downloading capability from the cockpit.
Additional information
Engine control
The Trent XWB engine incorporates the latest health monitoring system gen-
eration, to provide operators with an advanced diagnostic capability to mini-
mize unscheduled maintenance. Flexibility of the health monitoring system
will allow a continuous enhancement of its capability during the whole aircraft
life.
73-31 Fuel flow indicating
Basic
Indication of fuel flow rate and fuel used is provided for each engine.
74 Ignition
74-00 General
Basic
Each engine is equipped with a dual ignition system.
The engine ignition system is used for ground and in-flight starting and for
continuous operation as required. Ignition control for both functions is
achieved via the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system.
74-30 Switching
Basic
Ignition control for each engine is integrated with the starter and engine con-
trol to allow automatic sequencing.
In order to maximize igniter’s life, the system alternates igniters between suc-
cessive engine ground starts.
Each engine is equipped with an automatic flame-out protection.
75 Air
75-00 General
Basic
The engine air system is part of the engine and is supplied by the engine
manufacturer.
75-20 Cooling
Basic
A nacelle cooling and ventilating system automatically provides the airflow
required for cooling engine and nacelle accessories and associated structure.
76 Engine Controls
76-10 Power control
Basic
Forward thrust of each engine is controlled by a throttle control lever mounted
on the center pedestal in the cockpit.
Thrust reverser control is by means of a separate lever for each engine.
In the event of inadvertent movement of the thrust reverser the affected
engine automatically returns to idle power.
76-12 Engine master control
Basic
Engine fuel shutoff, providing rapid shut down of the engines by the simulta-
neous closure of the LP and HP valves, is controlled by switches (one per
engine) installed on the center pedestal.
Should a fire warning occur the appropriate switch will be identified by a
nearby warning light.
76-20 Emergency shutdown
Basic
Actuation of the fire controls closes the associated LP valves.
77 Engine Indicating
77-00 General
Basic
Indications for each engine are displayed on the Control and Display System
(CDS) as follows.
Permanent indications are:
?target and actual Airbus Cockpit Universal Thrust parameter
?relevant shaft speed
?turbine gas temperature.
Indications displayed automatically or on manual selection are:
?other shaft speeds
?fuel flow and fuel used
?oil temperature
?oil pressure
?oil quantity
?vibration levels (all rotors)
?nacelle temperature
?starter air valve position and ignitors (during start only).
Warnings are provided for the following:
?exceeding engine limits
?propulsion system malfunction
?dispatch criteria.
The thrust limit modes, including the assumed temperature for flexible take-
off, are displayed in the cockpit.
78 Exhaust
Overview
The A350 XWB features the latest electrical Thrust Reverser Actuation Sys-
tem (TRAS).
The exhaust system is designed to optimize aerodynamics and acoustic per-
formance.
78-20 Exhaust system
Basic
The exhaust system consists of a primary nozzle and a centerbody plug.
They are fabricated mainly from titanium, with weight reduction scalloping on
the forward edge of the centerbody plug.
78-30 Thrust reverser
Basic
The engine thrust reverser consists primarily of a lightweight inner fixed struc-
ture providing optimized aerodynamics and acoustic performance, and an
outer translating sleeve.
The translating sleeve assembly forms the aerodynamic surface (fan duct
outer wall), from the fan case exit to the fan nozzle exit. It also forms the
external aerodynamic surface from the fan cowls to the fan nozzle exit.
The thrust reversers are of the cascade type. The fan exhaust stream is
reversed by the cascades and blocker doors, which form part of the translat-
ing sleeve actuated by an electrical Thrust Reverser Actuation System
(TRAS).
A Power Door Opening System is used to assist thrust reverser cowl opening.
The thrust reverser latching system is designed so that the remote latches
close only when the hooks are engaged.
78
78-31 Thrust reverser control and indicating
Basic
Thrust reverser actuation is monitored and controlled by the Propulsion Con-
trol System (PCS) following thrust reverser lever control command. The Full
Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) limits application of thrust to
approximately idle until the reverser is in the reverse thrust position.
Means are provided to prevent the application of reverse thrust in flight.
Means are provided to latch and secure a thrust reverser in the stowed posi-
tion.
Indication in the cockpit is provided when the thrust reversers are inhibited.
78-35 Thrust reverser opening mechanism
Basic
Means are provided to permit actuation of the thrust reversers without engine
operation, for maintenance purposes.
Means are provided to power the TRAS from outside the cockpit in order to
deploy the thrust reverser for ground maintenance operations, in secured
conditions.
79 79 Oil
79-00 General
Basic
The propulsion system has an independent integral oil system that is able to
provide the appropriate quantity of oil, at the temperature necessary for con-
tinuous propulsion system operation, for all achievable conditions within the
propulsion system operating envelope.
A common lubricating oil type is approved for the engine, starter, electrical
generator and the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU).
Means are provided for gravity filling.
It is possible to visually check, and replenish the engine oil level without open-
ing the fan cowl door.
Magnetic chip detectors are installed in the lubrication system.
come 短语总结 come about 发生 come across 遇见……come after 跟随 come along 随同 come and go 来来去去come apart 破碎 come around 来 come at 到达 come away 掉下 come back 回来 come before 优先于……come between 介入……之间come by 走过 come down 降下 come for 来迎接 come forward 挺身而出come in 进来 come into 进入 come of 由……产生 come off 从……掉落 come on 上演 come out 出来 come out of 出自 come through 经过 come to 来，到 come together 和好 come under 归入……类别 come up 上升 come upon 发现…… come up with 想出，找出（答案） 短语 1. come about To take place; happen. 出现；发生 To turn around. 转向 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e across To meet or find by chance: 偶然遇到或找到： 3. come along To make advances to a goal; progress: 进展对一个目标有进步；前进：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e around or come round To recover, revive: 恢复，还原： https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e at To obtain; get: 获得；得到：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e back https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e by占有；取得访问 8. come down 9. come into 10. come off发生，出现： https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e on https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e through https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e to https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e up https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e upon https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e down on https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e down to https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e down with https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e in for https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e true 实现， https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e up against https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e up with
Origin 使用问题集锦 1. 请教怎样反读出 origin 曲线上全部数据点？ 如，我用 10个数据点画出了一条 origin 曲线，并存为 project的.OPJ 格式。但，现在我想利用 OPJ 文件从这条曲线上均匀的取出 100个数据点的数值，该如何做？注：要一切都使用 origin 软件完成，不用其他曲线识别软件。 Answer： ORIGIN 中，在分析菜单（或统计菜单）中有插值命令，打开设置对话框，输入数据的起点和终点以及插值点的个数，OK！生成新的插值曲线和对应的数据表格。 2. 如何用origin 做出附件中的图： 其中标注的三角形、方块是怎么整上去的？ Answer: 选中左侧竖工具条中的 draw tool(显示是几个点，第七个工具），移动到你要标注的位置双击，就产生了一个点，依次标注完方块。再标注三角的第一个点，标注完后改成三角，以后标注的就都是三角了。改动点的类型的方法和正常画曲线方式一样。 3. 如何用origin 做出附件图中的坐标轴（带刻度）？
Answer: 你把刻度改成那样不就行了。 8.0 的具体方法是双击坐标轴，title & format --> 选左边那个 bottom，然后在右边把 axis 改为 at position=。同理，然后选左边的 left，把axis也改为 at position=。 4. origin能否读取导入曲线的坐标？ 一张 bmp 格式的图片，图片内容是坐标系和拟合曲线，但是不知道用什么软件绘制的。请问能否将该图片导入 origin，读出曲线上任意一点的数据？ Answer: (1). 1.ORIGIN 有一个图形数字化插件可完成该任务。 2.有许多专门的图形数字化软件也可完成此任务。个人感觉专门的比插件也用、便捷。推荐 WINDIG25 (2). origin下的数字化插件是digitizer,下载地 址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/fileexchange/details.aspx?fid=8拖入origin即可，但使用不是很方便。比较方便的是un-scan-it。 5. 如何在origin7.5 中标峰值？ 用origin7.5 作的XRD图，怎样直接在峰上标数据？ Answer: Tools/Pick peaks 设置一下点击 Find Peaks 就 OK了。Positive和Negative 是标正负峰值的意思，其他数值改变一下就知道干吗用的了。 6. 关于origin 拟合曲线延长的问题？ 我想把拟合之后的直线向前或向后延长一段距离与坐标轴相交。但是不知道该怎么弄。是不是要改那个范围的最大值和最小值啊？可是怎么改？
Come(v.) come about 发生，造成come across （无意中）碰到，找到，想到，越过come along 跟去，一道去，赶快，进行，进展come down 下降，下落，传下来come into power(office) 执政，就职come out 出来，出版，发行，开花 come into being 产生，建立come to 来到（某地），共计，来参加（活动），谈到，恢复知觉come on 赶快，加油come to a conclusion 得出结论come to an end 结束come to nothing(no good) 没有结果（没有好处） come over 过来come round 走过来come true 实现，成为现实come up with 追上，想出（主意） Come(v.) come about 发生，造成come across （无意中）碰到，找到，想到，越过come along 跟去，一道去，赶快，进行，进展come down 下降，下落，传下来come into power(office) 执政，就职come out 出来，出版，发行，开花 come into being 产生，建立come to 来到（某地），共计，来参加（活动），谈到，恢复知觉come on 赶快，加油come to a conclusion 得出结论come to an end 结束come to nothing(no good) 没有结果（没有好处） come over 过来come round 走过来come true 实现，成为现实come up with 追上，想出（主意） Come(v.) come about 发生，造成come across （无意中）碰到，找到，想到，越过come along 跟去，一道去，赶快，进行，进展come down 下降，下落，传下来come into power(office) 执政，就职come out 出来，出版，发行，开花 come into being 产生，建立come to 来到（某地），共计，来参加（活动），谈到，恢复知觉come on 赶快，加油come to a conclusion 得出结论come to an end 结束come to nothing(no good) 没有结果（没有好处） come over 过来come round 走过来come true 实现，成为现实come up with 追上，想出（主意） Come(v.) come about 发生，造成come across （无意中）碰到，找到，想到，越过come along 跟去，一道去，赶快，进行，进展come down 下降，下落，传下来come into power(office) 执政，就职come out 出来，出版，发行，开花 come into being 产生，建立come to 来到（某地），共计，来参加（活动），谈到，恢复知觉come on 赶快，加油come to a conclusion 得出结论come to an end 结束come to nothing(no good) 没有结果（没有好处） come over 过来come round 走过来come true 实现，成为现实come up with 追上，想出（主意）
人人网- 日志分享 1. 请教怎样反读出origin曲线上全部数据点？ 如，我用10个数据点画出了一条origin曲线，并存为project的.OPJ格式。 但，现在我想利用OPJ文件从这条曲线上均匀的取出100个数据点的数值，该如何做？ 注：要一切都使用origin软件完成，不用其他曲线识别软件。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1390313 [1] Answer： ORIGIN中，在分析菜单（或统计菜单）中有插值命令，打开设置对话框，输入数据的起点和终点以及插值点的个数，OK！生成新的插值曲线和对应的数据表格。 2. origin中非线性拟合中logistic模型的疑问？ origin 中非线性拟合中的logistic模型为 y = A2 + (A1-A2)/(1 + (x/x0)^p) 其初始参数设置为 sort(x_y_curve); //smooth(x_y_curve, 2); x0 = xaty50( x_y_curve ); p = 3.0;
A1 = max( y_data ); A2 = min( y_data ); A1 = min( y_data ); A2 = max( y_data ); 而据我看到的logistic的模型都是（自己origin中自定义的） y =A1/(1+(A1/A2-1)*exp(-k*x)) 也就是说 origin 中的logistic有4个数值需要确定，而自定义的有3个数值 从结果来看，没有太大区别，但为什么函数不一样呢？ 不是学数学，高人能否详细说明下。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1391522 [2] Answer: 你可以看一下这个文档，里面有数种不同形式的 logistic 模型： https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/web/packages/drc/drc.pdf [3] 当然，这是一个 R (https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,) 包的文档，但不妨碍你看其中的公式。 R 是开源的啊，以 GPL 发布，可以从 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html, [4]上了解更多。I 3. 如何用origin做出附件中的图：其中标注的三角形、方块是怎么整上去的？https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1393739 [5] Answer:
Come动词短语总结 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e about (1)发生 (2)出现 (3)改变方向 How did this come about? 事情是如何发生的？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e across (1)偶然遇见 (2)拜访 (3)被理解，接受 Have you come across this problem? 你遇到过这个问题吗？ I perhaps come across him tomorrow. 明天我可能会偶遇他。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e along (1)出现 (2)跟随 Come along, will you? 你一块儿来吗？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e around(round) (1)恢复，还原 (2)苏醒 (3)顺便拜访 (4)到来Come round any evening. 晚上有空来串门。 May Day will soon come around.劳动节快来了。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e back (1)回来 (2)回忆起 We will come back later. 我们一会儿回来。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e by (1)经过 (2)得到 He has just come by. 他刚刚走过去。 Wisdom comes by suffering. 吃一堑，长一智。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e down下来 Has his temperature come down? 他退烧了吗？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e off (1)成功 (2)脱落 (3)下班 (4)胡说 (5)远离 Come off the grass! 不要践踏草坪！ The handle has come off. 把手掉了。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e out (1)出来 (2)开花 (3)出版 (4)结果是 His book came out on time. 他的书如期出版了。 How did things come out? 事情的结果如何？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e over (1)经过 (2)被理解 Please come over here. 请这边走。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e up (1)上来 (2)升起 (3)（将要）发生 Has something come up? 出什么事了？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e true变为事实 His words really come true. 他的话真的应验了。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,e up with (1)追上 (2)想出 I had to run to come up with her. 我不得不跑着追上她。 Next, come up with solutions. 下一步，想出解决办法来。
Come的短语 ～+介词 come across 偶然遇见 come at 攻击 come by big money 得到许多钱come by boat 乘船来 come from 是…(地方)的人come into 进入 come into being 开始存在come into effect 生效 come into focus 开始明晰come into fortune 继承财产come into sight 出现 come into the open 公开化come into touch 与…取得联系come into use 开始被使用come of age 达到成年 come on duty 开始值勤 come on the scene 登场 come out of 离开,走出 come to 合计,共计 come to an agreement 达成协议
come to an end 结束,告终 come to bat 需要对付(困难、考验等) come to blows 打起来 come to life 振作起来 come to light 显露真相,明朗化 come to no good 弄不好,结果不好 come to nothing 完全失败 come to terms 达成协议 come to the point 抓住问题 come to the same thing 殊途归路 come to time 服从命令 come under 受到 come under fire 遭到枪击 come under sb's influence 受到某人的影响come under sb's notice 引起某人的注意come under this class 归入这一类 ～+副词 come directly 有目的地来 come duly 按时来 come gradually 逐步发生 come honestly 诚实出现 come indirectly 无目的地来
come over]过来,顺便拜访 come off实现,成功,奏效 come to life显得逼真, 苏醒 come across被理解, 遇见 come on来吧,跟着来,赶 come through经历,脱险 come to总计,达到,苏醒,复原 come out出版,出现,显露,结果就是 come up走近,上来,发生,被提出 come from出生于,来自 come round (around)来访,前来,苏醒,复原come to an end结束 come to know知道 come to the point说到要点,扼要地说 come true实现 come up with赶上,提出 in the years to come在即将来临的几年里come out of从……出来 come to oneself苏醒;恢复知觉 come back withouu the coat没有穿衣服回来come from = be from来自于 come to the top of the hill来到山顶
come along＝come with sb、跟上来 come here to do sth、来这儿做某事 come back home回家 come late to迟到 come over to过来 come into existence产生,成立 come back to life复活,苏醒过来 come at袭击;达到;得到 come down on申斥;惩罚 come for来接人;来取物 come into effect开始生效,开始实行 come into use开始被使用 come of出身于;由、、、引起 come out with发表,提出;公布 come to one's mind忽然想起 come under编入,归入(某一项目) come to one's help来帮某人的忙 come for one's help求某人帮助 come to terms with sb、与、、、达成协议 come into collision with与、、、相撞/ 冲突/ 抵触come forth出现,涌现,被公布 come home回家,被完全理解
1．come into…进入……状态 come into being(事物、局面等)产生；形成 Do you know when the universe came into being 继承,获得（遗产）Tom came into a fortune when his uncle died. 汤姆的叔叔去世后,他得到一大笔钱 2 come to an end 结束At last winter came to an end. 3come to/into power 执政/掌权He came to power in 1999. 4come to a decision 做出决定When will they come to a decision 5come in①进来到达；抵达 Please come in. Has the train come in yet 火车到站了吗 ②流行；时髦；上市 When did the short skirt first come in 短裙是什么时候开始流行的 ③进入（比赛）（在比赛中）获得名次 come in third 得第三名 ④可提供，有This dress comes in black, brown and red ⑤参与；获利；有份儿；起作用Where do I come in 我的作用在哪儿呢come in for 得到（权益）；接受（份儿、遗产等） She came in for a fortune 她得到一笔财产。 6come to do 逐渐地… She had come to see the problem in a new light. 她开始用新的角度看待这个问题。 7come to nothing毫无成果/失败Her plans didn’t come to anything. 8how come 怎么发生的/怎样解释 If she spent five years in Paris, how come her French is so bad 9 When it comes to …当涉及到… When it comes to getting things done, he is useless. 10come about 发生 Can you tell me how about the things come about 11come across偶遇，碰到；找到发现了某东西； 讲清楚，被理解;给人以…印象，受欢迎 We've just come across an old friend we haven't seen for ages. 我们刚碰到了一位多年不见的老朋友。 She came across some old photographs in a drawer. He spoke for a long time, but his meaning didn’t come across. She came across well in the interview. Your speech came across very well. 你的演说极受欢迎 12come along①到达/出现；偶然出现 When the right opportunity comes along, she will take it. 适当的机会来临时，她会抓住它。 I got the post because I came along at the right time. 我得到这个职位是因为碰巧遇上好机会。
MEANINGS 义项 1.MOVE TOWARDS SB/STH 朝某人/某物移动来；来到；来临 ?Let me know when they come. 他们来了就告诉我。 [+ in/into/out of etc]?There was a knock on the door and a young woman came into the room. 有人敲了一下门，然后一个年轻女人进了房间。 [+ to/towards]?I could see a figure coming towards me. 我看到有个人影向我走来。 [+ across/down/up etc]?As they came down the track, the car skidded. 他们的汽车在小路上行驶时打滑了。 come to do sth?I’ve come to see Philip. 我来看看菲利普。 come and do sth?I’ll come and help you move the rest of the boxes. 我会来帮你搬其余的箱子。 come running/flying/speeding etc?Jess came flying round the corner and banged straight into me. 杰斯从拐角处飞跑过来，和我撞了个满怀。 come to dinner/lunch?What day are your folks coming to dinner? 你爸妈哪天过来吃饭？here comes sb/sth (=used to say that someone or something is coming towards you)某人/某物来了?Ah, here comes the bus at last! 啊，公共汽车终于来了！ 2.GO WITH SB 与某人同行 ?We’re going for a drink this evening. Would you like to come? 今晚我们打算去喝酒，你愿意一起去吗？ [+ with]?I asked Rosie if she’d like to come with us. 我问了罗茜是否愿意和我们一起去。[+ along]?It should be good fun. Why don’t you come along? 应该很好玩。你也一起去怎么样？ 3.TRAVEL TO A PLACE 行至某地 ?Which way did you come? 你从哪条路来的？ ?Have you come far (= travelled a long way ) today? 今天你走了很长的路吗？ ?I’ve come a long way to see you. 我赶了很远的路来看你。 [+ through/across/by way of etc]?They came over the mountains in the north. 他们翻过北边的山来的。 [+ from]?Legend has it that the tribe came from across the Pacific Ocean. 传说这个部落是从太平洋的那一边过来的。 come by car/train/bus etc?Will you be coming by train? 你打算乘火车来吗？ come 50/100 etc miles/kilometres?Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here. 一些鸟飞了数千英里来这里过冬。 4.POST 邮寄 ?A letter came for you this morning. 今天早晨有寄给你的一封信。 ?The phone bill hasn’t come yet. 电话费账单还没寄到。 5.〔时间或事件〕到来；发生
1. 请教怎样反读出origin曲线上全部数据点？ 如，我用10个数据点画出了一条origin曲线，并存为project的.OPJ格式。 但，现在我想利用OPJ文件从这条曲线上均匀的取出100个数据点的数值，该如何做？注：要一切都使用origin软件完成，不用其他曲线识别软件。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1390313 Answer： ORIGIN中，在分析菜单（或统计菜单）中有插值命令，打开设置对话框，输入数据的起点和终点以及插值点的个数，OK！生成新的插值曲线和对应的数据表格。 2. origin中非线性拟合中logistic模型的疑问？ origin 中非线性拟合中的logistic模型为 y = A2 + (A1-A2)/(1 + (x/x0)^p) 其初始参数设置为 sort(x_y_curve); //smooth(x_y_curve, 2); x0 = xaty50( x_y_curve ); p = 3.0; if( yatxmin( x_y_curve ) > yatxmax( x_y_curve ) ) { A1 = max( y_data ); A2 = min( y_data ); } else { A1 = min( y_data ); A2 = max( y_data ); } 而据我看到的logistic的模型都是（自己origin中自定义的） y =A1/(1+(A1/A2-1)*exp(-k*x)) 也就是说origin 中的logistic有4个数值需要确定，而自定义的有3个数值 从结果来看，没有太大区别，但为什么函数不一样呢？ 不是学数学，高人能否详细说明下。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1391522 Answer: 你可以看一下这个文档，里面有数种不同形式的logistic 模型： https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/web/packages/drc/drc.pdf 当然，这是一个R (https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,) 包的文档，但不妨碍你看其中的公式。 R 是开源的啊，以GPL 发布，可以从https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,上了解更多。
Come的用法及短语 短语： come down, come up with, come out, come in, come on, come off, come by, come to, come into play. 1. The rain is coming down. 雨开始下了. 在美国的口语中, 美国人很喜欢用动词片语, 尤其是以get 或是come 开头的片语. 因为这类的动词除了表示出动作之外, 还说出了方向. 像这句话同样也 可以说成, It's raining, 或是It's starting to rain. 但所表达的意思就不如come down 来的丰富. 这句话是有一次去看Football 时学的, 打到一半就下起雨来, 播报员就说, Tha rain is coming down. Come down 还有另一个重要的意思, 就是"下来楼下" 的意思. 比如说你去找一个住在五楼的朋友, 你在楼下的对讲机就可以问他, Do you want to come down? 你想不想下来啊? 2. I came up with a good idea to that question. 对于那个问题我有一个好主意. Come up with something 就是说突然想到一个主意或是其它事情, 光用 come 表达不出那种跑出一个想法的意念, 所以要用come up. 常见的有come up with a solution, 或是come up with a new idea (见笔记四) 3. Don't let the stuff come out. 不要让里头的东西跑出来. 记得有一次请老美来家里包水饺(What a lovely idea!!) 我一直想跟他们说不要让水饺里面的馅跑出来, 可是这个"跑出来" 要怎么讲就是一直想不出来, 总不 会是run out 吧~~ 后来也是听他们说我才知道是用come out. Come out 也可以用在叫大家不要待在家里, 出来走走的意思, 例如我们宿舍每次都会贴出这样的布告, Come out for some foods. 或是Come out and have a good time with us! 所以你要打电话约人家出来, 也可以这样问, Do you wanna come out with me? Come out 也常用于新书的出版, 比如The new magazine just came out. 就是说新的杂志刚刚出版了. 另外若是讲到数学计算时, 老美也常用come out 来 表示结果是多少, 例如你可以说, The total comes out to be forty-five.
1. 请教怎样反读出origin 曲线上全部数据点？ 如，我用10个数据点画出了一条origin 曲线，并存为project的.OPJ 格式。但，现在我想利用OPJ 文件从这条曲线上均匀的取出100个数据点的数值，该如何做？注：要一切都使用origin 软件完成，不用其他曲线识别软件。 Answer： ORIGIN 中，在分析菜单（或统计菜单）中有插值命令，打开设置对话框，输入数据的起点和终点以及插值点的个数，OK！生成新的插值曲线和对应的数据表格。 2. 如何用origin 做出附件中的图： 其中标注的三角形、方块是怎么整上去的？ Answer: 选中左侧竖工具条中的draw tool(显示是几个点，第七个工具），移动到你要标注的位置双击，就产生了一个点，依次标注完方块。再标注三角的第一个点，标注完后改成三角，以后标注的就都是三角了。改动点的类型的方法和正常画曲线方式一样。 3. 如何用origin 做出附件图中的坐标轴（带刻度）？
Answer: 你把刻度改成那样不就行了。 8.0 的具体方法是双击坐标轴，title & format --> 选左边那个bottom，然后在右边把axis 改为at position=。同理，然后选左边的left，把axis也改为at position=。 4. origin能否读取导入曲线的坐标？ 一张bmp 格式的图片，图片内容是坐标系和拟合曲线，但是不知道用什么软件绘制的。请问能否将该图片导入origin，读出曲线上任意一点的数据？ Answer: (1). 1.ORIGIN 有一个图形数字化插件可完成该任务。2.有许多专门的图形数字化软件也可完成此任务。个人感觉专门的比插件也用、便捷。推荐WINDIG25 (2). origin下的数字化插件是digitizer,下载地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/fileexchange/details.aspx?fid=8拖入origin即可，但使用不是很方便。比较方便的是un-scan-it。 5. 如何在origin7.5 中标峰值？ 用origin7.5 作的XRD图，怎样直接在峰上标数据？ Answer: Tools/Pick peaks 设置一下点击Find Peaks 就OK了。Positive和Negative 是标正负峰值的意思，其他数值改变一下就知道干吗用的了。 6. 关于origin 拟合曲线延长的问题？ 我想把拟合之后的直线向前或向后延长一段距离与坐标轴相交。但是不知道该怎么弄。是不是要改那个范围的最大值和最小值啊？可是怎么改？ Answer: (1). 有那个选项，你可以选择延长布满坐标轴，大概这么翻译吧，我也翻译不好。在analysis里呢，找找，我的卸载了。。。。 (2). 自己按照方程作图，就是先在一定范围内选一系列点`，然后求出对应的y，然后做曲线图把点连起来。 (3). 拟合之前在设定参数的时候就把坐标范围设定好，拟合出来的曲线就是你要的范围的。拟合好以后的曲线好像是不能修改参数的，只有重新拟合才行。 7. 我用origin 画的图，过了一段时间，不知道怎么的，就只有图，看不到数据窗口了，怎么能把数据窗口调出来呢？ Answer: Veiw---project explorer；或者Alt+1。如果你是从拷贝的图进去，是看不到数据框的啊！所以建议要保存原始的图谱啊！
come up 走近；上来；提出 The little boy came up to the stranger and showed him how to get to the police station. 小男孩向陌生人走去，并告诉他去警察局的路。 We won’t forget the day when we watched the sun come up on top of the Tai Mountain. 我们不会忘记一同在泰山顶看日出的那天。 It is certain that the question will come up at the meeting. 这个问题在会议上一定会被提出来的。 The snowdrops are just beginning to come up. 雪莲花刚刚开始长出地面。 I am afraid something urgent has come up. 恐怕发生了什么急事。 联想拓展 come true 变成现实，成为现实come across 邂逅 come about 发生 come at 向……扑来,攻击 come from 来自 come out 出版;开花；结果是 come up with 想出
come round 绕道而来；苏醒 come down 落下,塌下 come over （从远处）来到；横过 come into use 开始使用 how come ...?(表示理解)……怎么回事？ when it comes to sth.当涉及某事时 How come her French is so bad if she spent 5 years in pairs? 她在巴黎待了5年，但她的法语怎么这么糟糕。 When it comes to getting things done, he is useless. 一涉及到做事，他便不中用了。 高手过招 （1）单项填空 They aren’t afraid when they the difficulties in their study. （2010·河南镇平质量检测） A. come up B. come to C. come about D. come out （2）用come构成的短语填空（原创） ①The hunter walked across the forest when suddenly a bear him. ②The magazine once a month. ③I wish you can to England on your holiday. ④The engineers have new ways of saving energy.
come 的短语 come about 发生 come across 遇见…… come after 跟随 come along 随同 come and go 来来去去 come apart 破碎 come around 来 come at 到达 come away 掉下 come back 回来 come before 优先于…… come between 介入……之间 come by 走过 come down 降下 come for 来迎接 come forward 挺身而出 come in 进来 come into 进入 come of 由……产生 come off 从……掉落 come on 上演 come out 出来 come out of 出自 come through 经过 come to 来，到 come together 和好 come under 归入……类别 come up 上升 come upon 发现…… come up with 想出，找出（答案）短语及例句 come about To take place; happen. 出现；发生 To turn around. 转向 Nautical 【航海】 To change tack. 改变航向 come across
To meet or find by chance: 偶然遇到或找到： came across my old college roommate in town today. 今天在镇上遇到我大学的老同学 Slang 【俚语】 To do what is wanted. 做所想做的 To pay over money that is demanded: 付要求的钱： came across with the check. 开支票支付 To give an impression: 给予印象： “He comes across as a very sincere, religious individual”(William L. Clay) “他给人的印象是一个很虔诚的、笃实的人”(威廉L.克莱) come along To make advances to a goal; progress: 进展对一个目标有进步；前进： Things are coming along fine. 事情进展顺利 To go with someone else who takes the lead: 跟随与另一个带头的人走： I'll come along on the hike. 我将徒步旅行来 To show up; appear: 表现；出现： Don't take the first offer that comes along. 不要采取他人的第一个提议 come around or come round To recover, revive: 恢复，还原： fainted but soon came around. 昏迷但马上苏醒 To change one's opinion or position: 改变某人意见或立场： You'll come around after you hear the whole story. 你听到整个故事之后你会明白 come at To obtain; get: 获得；得到：
郑重声明：本人水平有限，不足之处望大家海涵，本教程 非专业人士编写，倘若用于商业用途出现任何损失后果自 负！ 一．到origin官网上下载一个切线插件（该插件适用于很多版本7.5和8.0亲测） https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c3117194.html,/fileexchange/details.aspx?fid=106 二．打开origin8.0（7.5也可）双击该插件，自动安装。三．安装完后有提示 四．输入数据，这里我为了示范就随便输入几个
五．画线（不要告诉我你不会。。。。。。） 六．点击插件，在图上找到一个点，双击---奇迹就出现了
看，有切线了，图的上方还有斜率slope=210 有些同学可能觉得实验采集的点太少，很多地方画不了切线，而且切线的斜率不太可靠，不要紧，下面我就教你画曲线上任一点的切线 一．输入数据（我还用刚才的数据） 二．多项式拟合（你如果要拟合直线那肯定不存在画切线问题，废话了：） Analysis / Fitting / Fit Polynomial / Open Dialogue
我选择二项式拟合所以 要根据你具体的试验的数据，有的是指数拟合，有的是反 比例拟合，选择正确的你和方式最重要了
拟合完后在原图上出现了一条新的曲线，这时你再用切线工具发现做不了切线了，很多人在这里就放弃了，千万不要气馁，经过多次尝试我终于发现了问题所在，这条拟合的新曲线不是真正的曲线，他有很多不连续的点（具体有多少个点可以设置，这里不再熬述）组成，所以不能画出切线，那总得想个办法吧- _ - 其实很简单，只要把刚才拟合所生成的点再当做实验数据输入一遍就行了，哈哈，我真是太聪明了（不要喷，是真的^o^） 三．在book1里找到这些点的数据
( 1．come into…进入……状态 come into being(事物、局面等)产生；形成 Do you know when the universe came into being 2 come to an end 结束At last winter came to an end. 3come to/into power 执政/掌权He came to power in 1999. 4come to a decision 做出决定When will they come to a decision 5come in 可提供/有/到达 This dress comes in black, brown and red. ; The train is coming in now. 6come to do 逐渐地… She had come to see the problem in a new light. 她开始用心的角度看待这个问题。 7come to nothing毫无成果/失败Her plans didn’t come to anything. 8how come 怎么发生的/怎样解释 If she spent five years in Paris, how come her French is so bad 9 When it comes to …当涉及到… | When it comes to getting things done, he is useless. 10come about 发生 Can you tell me how about the things come about 11come across偶遇；碰到；讲清楚;被理解;给人以…印象 He spoke for a long time, but his meaning didn’t come across. She came across well In the interview. She came across some old photographs in a drawer. 12come after 追赶/追随 ` 13 come along到达/出现；过来；快点进展；成功；一道走 When the right opportunity comes along, she will take it. 适当的机会来临时，她会抓住它。 I am glad you came along. Your French has come along a lot recently.(法语进步很大) Come along, we are late already. 14 come round/around再现；恢复知觉；改变看法;短暂访问（优指家） Your mother hasn’t come around. . My birthday seems to come around quicker every year. 我的生日似乎一年比一年来得快。 Do come around and see us sometime. He will never come around to our way of thinking. 15. come at 扑向She came at me with a knife. 16 come by 做短暂的拜访She came by the house. 17 come out出来；出版结果是;开花 When is her novel coming out ： 18 come to sb 被想出；come to sth 共计 The bill came to $100. It suddenly came to her that she had been wrong . 19 come up 长出地面；发生；被讨论；走向前 I am afraid that something urgent has come up . The question is bound to come up at the meeting. 这个问题必定会在会上讨论。 20．come true实现 . 21．come back to life苏醒过来 22．come to the point说到要点，触及问题实质 Let’s come to the point ,otherwise ,we will never reach an agreement. 23 come to light为人所知，显露 It came to light that he was an honest person.