中国社会科学院研究生院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
英语
（A卷）
2016年3月26日
8:30–11:30
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PART I:Cloze(20points)
Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.
Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control.Production workers must be able to do just-in-time inventories.Managers are increasingly shifting from a"don't think,do what you are told"to a"think,I am not going to tell you what to do"style of management.
This shift occurs not because today's managers are more___(1)___than yesterday's managers, but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more___(2)___than the first style of management.But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different models of behavior.
To be on top of this situation,tomorrow's managers will have to have strong background in organizational psychology,human relations,and labor___(3)___.The MIT Sloan School of quickly management attempts to___(4)___our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly bring the___(5)___of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation.
The first three decades after World War II were___(6)___in___(7)___the United States had a huge technological lead___(8)___all the rest in the world.In a very real sense,___(9)___ technological competitive.American firms did not have to worry about their technological competitiveness because they were___(10)___.
But that world has disappeared.Today we live in a world where American firms___(11)___ have automatic technological___(12)___.In some areas they are still ahead,in some areas they are ___(13)___,and in some areas they are behind,but on average,they are average.
___(14)___this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical change in ways___(15)___were not necessary in the past.Conversely,managers from the rest of the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do.
In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically___(16)______(17)___their functional tasks within the firm.They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies,___(18)___they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet on new technologies.If they___(19)___what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box,they___(20)___to make the changes.They will be losers,not winners.
1.a.enlightened b.enlightening c.enlightenment d.enlighten
2.a.sterile b.producing c.productive d.extravagant
3.a.economics b.economic c.economy d.economies
4.a.take b.arouse c.rise d.advance
5.a.results b.evidence c.content d.fruits
https://www.doczj.com/doc/433016086.html,ual b.flawed c.unusual d.unessential
7.a.which b./ c.that d.those
8.a.by b.over c.on d.upon
9.a.was the world not b.the world was not
c.did the world be not
d.was not the world
10.a.superior b.super c.inferior d.junior
11.a.still b.even c.neither d.no longer
12.a.superiority b.inferiority c.majority d.minority
https://www.doczj.com/doc/433016086.html,mon b.average c.ignorant d.exceptional
14.a.How b.That c.What d.Which
15.a.that b.they c.those d.who
16.a.illiterate b.sophisticated c.literate d.omniscient
17.a.regardless b.in spite of c.despite d.regardless of
18.a.and b.likewise c.furthermore d.but
19.a.didn’t understand b.don't understand
c.haven’t understood
d.hadn’t understood
20.a.failed b.would have failed
c.would fail
d.would be failed
PART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)
Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1
The leaders of the mythopoetic men's movement believe that modernization has led to the feminization of men.Mythopoets believe that the rise of the urban industrial society"trapped men into straitjackets of rationality,thus blunting the powerful emotional communion and collective spiritual transcendence that they believe men in tribal societies typically enjoyed".Most importantly,the movement seeks to restore the"deep masculine"to men who have lost it in their more modern lifestyles.Other causes for the loss of the"deep masculine"include:Men no longer being comrades who celebrated their masculinity together.Rather,they had become competitors within their workplaces;Men spending more time in their houses with women than they did with men(in non-competitive terms outside of work).Excessive interaction with women generally kept men from realizing their internal masculinity;Feminism is bringing attention to the“feminine voice.”Through this,the mythopoetic men felt that their voices had been muted(though Bly and others are careful in not blaming feminism for this);The separation of men from their fathers kept them from being truly initiated into manhood,and was a source of emotional damage.Men were suffering further emotional damage due to feminist accusations about sexism.Men should celebrate their differences from women,rather than feeling guilty about them.Men is being discouraged from expressing their emotions.Male inexpressivity is an epidemic and does not correspond to their "deep masculine"natures.Groups of primarily white,middle-aged,heterosexual men from the professional class retreated from their female loved ones in order to join in spiritual rituals that emphasized homosociality,with the central goal of reclaiming the parts of their masculinity that they had lost called the"deep masculine."Because most men no longer perform masculine rituals, mythopoets assert that men have mutated into destructive,hypermasculine chauvinists,or,in the opposite direction,have become too feminized.The mythopoetic men performed rituals at these gatherings,which were meant to imitate those performed by tribal societies when men initiated boys into a deeply essential natural manhood.The movement emphasized the importance of including multiple generations of men in the rituals,so that the men could learn about masculinity from those who were older and wiser.Characteristic of the early mythopoetic movement was a tendency to retell myths,legends and folktales,and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal https://www.doczj.com/doc/433016086.html,ing frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungiananalytical psychology,the
movement focused on issues of gender role,gender identity and wellness for the modern man(and woman).Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music,these acts being seen as a modern extension to a form of"new ageshamanism"popularized by Michael Harner at approximately the same time.The movement sought to empower men by means of equating archetypal characters with their own emotions and abilities.For instance,Michael Messner describes the concept of"Zeus energy"as emphasizing"male authority accepted for the good of the community".Beliefs about the emotional system based in archetypes of great men,mythopoets sought to channel these characters in themselves,so that they could unleash their"animal-males". This group primarily analyzed the archetypes of King,Warrior,Magician,Lover and Wildman.
As a self-help movement the mythopoetic movement tends not to take explicit stances on political issues such as feminism,gay rights or family law(such as the issues of divorce,domestic violence or child custody),preferring instead to stay focused on emotional and psychological well-being.Because of this neutrality,the movement became a site of social criticism by feminists, and was often characterized as anti-intellectual as well as apolitical.Michael Messner once gave a speech at a gathering,in which he addressed the dangers of celebrating the warrior,as instances of rape are higher in countries that glorify war.The mythopoets responded that they were not interested in intellectual or political pursuits,but were primarily concerned with conducting spiritual and emotional work.Additional feminist critique revolved around the movement's absence of women's perspectives,as well as the essentialism in the movement's teachings. Comprehension Questions:
21.The mythopoetic men's movement can best be understood as________________.
a.a men’s literary movement
b.a men's liberation movement
c.a men's rights movement
d.a second-wave feminist movement
22.The mythopoetic men's movement consists of groups of men who retreated from their female
loved ones in order to strive for________________.
a.gay rights
b.same-sex marriage
c.masculinity
d.myths,legends and folktales
23.The idea that modernization has led to the feminization of men means that
_________________.
a.men cannot be themselves
b.men can no longer make friends
c.men’s voices have changed
d.men cannot express themselves
24.The root issue is________________.
a.feminism
b.masculinity
c.sex
d.gender
25.According to the text,the causes for rape must be sought in_________________.
a.the celebration of the archetype of the warrior
b.the unleashing of men’s"animal-males”
c.domestic violence
d.the loss of masculine rituals
Passage2
Although in the novel the millennium has been and gone,there are no references at all to real contemporary American or global political events of the time of writing.Chapstick,Pledge,and Skevener in their study The Endless Loop of History:Space Time in the work of David Foster Wallace(London2001)have already noted the way Infinite Jest divorces itself from history by the use of sci fi elements.They note how compared with the American post moderns,whose works interact with real historical time,Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical,allegorical time.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time,and the renaming of years after products and companies shows the way in which the soul-rotting effects of advertising infect time as well as internal and external space(cf:Phillip K Dick’s adverts projected onto the moon in The Man in the High Castle). Otherwise,the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life is absent from the novel.Actually,this is not correct.The theme of waste management(also the underlying structure of Don DeLillo’s novel Underworld)reflects some of the anxieties of the90s,the decade in which the novel was written:namely,global warming,environmental concerns,nuclear waste management,including its export to third world countries,the trading of carbon emission points, futures swaps in carbon footprints etc.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns;and a Freudian reading of this theme is both unnecessary and not really illuminating,Don Gately’s work as a shit hoser notwithstanding.DFW’s use of spurious knowledge and scholarship(including a spurious academic apparatus at the back of the book)has been amply commented on,especially the doubtful physics of J.O.Incandenza’s work with lenses and nuclear annulation,and the iffey math involved in the Eschaton game.By his use of the spurious DFW is not only satirizing the discourse of academic knowledge,but making a serious point about the extent and typology of knowledge itself.Once knowledge becomes so specialized as to become comprehensible to only a very few –those firmly inside the discourse-what status does that knowledge gain?To those outside the discourse,the knowledge can only be taken on trust,and therefore all manner of hoods may be winked.In this case the boundaries between the fictional and the real become blurred,a matter for argument.We are used to questioning the reliability of the narrative voice in fiction,but not so able to question in the same way the reliability of academic discourse or specialist knowledge.The presence of the spurious next to the real infects the real,inviting us to extend our distrust of fictional narrative to non-fictional exposition,the fiction(le mensonge)and the truth become mirrors of each other.The title of a work stands in metonymic relationship to the content of the work:War and Peace,for example,signifies the two main themes and structuring devices of that novel.For existing books,(real,read books),the title summons up everything we know or remember about the book.Where that work is non-existent(fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread)the title acts as an empty signifier,which we can fill with our imagination, effectively writing the work ourselves in a flash.Barthes calls these bookless titles prolepses; Nabokov creates summaries and detailed commentaries for them(in Pale Fire and The Real life of Sebastian Knight);Borges bases his whole stylistics on this process of metonymic expansion;and Eco fills entire imaginary libraries with these fantastical books.DFW for his imaginary works,like Hoffmann,has a penchant for excessively long and humorous titles,whose length guides us in this process of creation cf:Good Looking Men in Small Clever Rooms that Utilize Every Centimeter of Available Space With Mind-Boggling Efficiency(title of one of J.O.Incandenza’s entertainments), and Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race(title of one of Murr’s books from Hoffmann’s The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr).
Comprehension Questions:
26.According to the author,the use of some of the anxieties of the90s does not contradict the
proposition that the novel Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical time because _______________.
a.the millennium has been and gone
b.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns
c.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time
d.he uses sci fi elements
27.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time exemplifies_______________.
a.the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life
b.the commercialization of American society
c.the endless loop of history
d.American post modernism
28.Following Roland Barthes,which of the following titles would be an example of prolepsis?
a.War and Peace.
b.The Real life of Sebastian Knight
c.Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race.
d.The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr
29.An innovation by DFW to post modern fiction is exemplified by________________.
a.the unreliable narrator
b.the distrust of academic discourse
c.the process of metonymic expansion
d.fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread works
30.The title of the novel suggests that it is________________.
a.an allegory
b.a parody
c.an apophasis
d.a procatalepsis Passage3
According to the Koran,it was on a Tuesday that Allah created https://www.doczj.com/doc/433016086.html,st September11, when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings,I did not have to look to the calendar to see what day it was:Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow across Manhattan and along the Potomac River.I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so trillion dollars that we have spent since1950on what is euphemistically called“defense,”there would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency.
While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North Korea,clearly marked with flags,would rain down on Portland,Oregon,only to be intercepted by our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened to be aboard hijacked airliners.
For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in the
American media.Since I am a loyal American,I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken place,but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens;we simply accuse others of motiveless malignity.“We are good,”G.W.proclaims,“They are evil,”which wraps that one up in a neat https://www.doczj.com/doc/433016086.html,ter,Bush himself put,as it were,the bow on the package in an address to a joint session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam’s wiles and ways:“They hate what they see right here in this Chamber.”I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets.“Their leaders are self-appointed.They hate our freedoms,our freedom of religion,our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.”At this plangent moment what American’s gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait?
A member of the Pentagon Junta,Rumsfeld,a skilled stand-up comic,daily made fun of a large group of“journalists”on prime-time TV.At great,and often amusing,length,Rummy tells us nothing about our losses and their losses.He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not.In any case,never before in our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we,the American people,been treated with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed(those of us who are not rich)and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll.
The Bush administration,though eerily inept in all but its principal task,which is to exempt the rich from taxes,has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia.The Bushites go about their relentless plundering of the Treasury and now,thanks to Osama,Social Security(a supposedly untouchable trust fund),which,like Lucky Strike green,has gone to a war currently costing us$3 billion a month.They have also allowed the FBI and CIA either to run amok or not budge at all, leaving us,the very first“indispensable”and—at popular request—last global empire,rather like the Wizard of Oz doing his odd pretend-magic tricks while hoping not to be found out.Meanwhile, G.W.booms,“Either you are with us or you are with the Terrorists.”That’s known as asking for it. Comprehension Questions:
31.The author believes that America’s defense spending______________.
a.protects the national security
b.is good for humanity
c.primarily fights terror
d.is a misnomer
32.The author uses the term“rigged pole”to______________.
a.cast doubt upon the voting process
b.refer to public opinion polls
c.remind the reader of political corruption
d.add humor to an otherwise serious article
33.In the essay,President George W Bush’s use of dichotomy is portrayed as______________.
a.jingoistic and rational
b.misleading and simplistic
c.well-considered and politically expedient
d.effective rhetoric that will stand the test of time
34.The use of the term“Pentagon junta”indicates the author’s belief that______________.
a.the Pentagon has transformed into a populist political machine
b.the leaders of America’s military establishment were overrepresented in Bush’s White House
d.journalists have not been able to get solid information from the Bush administration
35.When the author mentions the Tresury,Social Security,the FBI,and the CIA,he intends to
highlight the fact that______________.
a.war-related expenses are like magic tricks
b.America is spending harmful amounts of money on“security”
c.it is difficult to fund the American empire
d.America’s empire is not popular,but it may be necessary to maintain“security”
Passage4
The ground broken by Freud and Breuer’s pronouncement,in the“Preliminary Communication”concerning the psychogenesis of hysteria,that“hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences”brought to view the tangled roots linking the developing concept of a hidden and powerful unconscious with nineteenth century anxieties concerning memory’s absence and excess. Freud’s later emphasis upon fantasy,rather than memory,in his revised writings on hysteria’s aetiology can be regarded,in part,as the vanquishing of memory’s unbiddability by fantasy’s origins in unconscious wishes and anxieties.
Two qualifying currents ran through this new emphasis upon fantasy and desire rather than upon involuntary memory.First,the issue of personal responsibility raised by this new emphasis on unconscious sexual and violent fantasies was mitigated by Freud’s consolation to his earliest hysterical patients that“we are not responsible for our feelings”.Second,the possible association only of fantasy with the determining force of unconscious inner processes.
Hystories,which continues its author’s earlier study of hysteria associates this return with the development of a divisive“survivor”culture characterized by blame and vengeful litigation. Showalter’s fundamentally Enlightenment critique of this culture suggests that only a renewed emphasis upon fantasy can rescue contemporary western culture from the distortions that threaten its stability and limit its capacity for healthy and democratically organized public life.In short, Showalter calls for the nurturing of a psychically enlightened culture within which collective or individual responsibility can be acknowledged for violent,fearful,or sexual fantasies.
The thesis propounded in this polemical and accessible work is that hysteria,despite the views of the psychological establishment,is“alive and well”in the late twentieth century western world, though in transformed guise.Hysteria’s domain has shifted,argues Showalter,from the clinic to the popular narrative,or“history”,in which various arguably“traumatic experiences”take centre-stage. TV,the popular press,and e-mail spread hystories with which growing numbers of troubled individuals are coming to identify.These hystories of ME,Gulf War Syndrome,recovered memory, multiple personality disorder,satanic abuse and alien abduction each provide explanatory narratives that allow somatic or psychical symptoms.
The sub-title of the US version of Hystories and aspects of its argument foreground the part played by the speed and spread of contemporary electronic communications in the escalation of hystories.However,Hystories’argument,in keeping perhaps with the book’s critique of hystories themselves,eschews direct accusation.Nevertheless,the sharpest edge of Showalter’s cultural critique of hystories is directed against their crossing of the line from private narratives that enable therapeutic sense to be made of a life,to media-spurred,public,political and judicial“rituals of testimony”that involve accusation and persecution.In a final chapter that warns—a little
hysterically perhaps—of the coming hysterical plague,Showalter likens the emergence and proliferation of these public discourses to the witch-hunts of the seventeenth century.She concludes that this development,demonstrates the“human propensity to paranoia”.
At base,Hystories calls for a return to those insights and values arguably delivered by Freud’s turn towards fantasy.For Showalter,hystories appear to represent a withdrawal from the hard task enjoined by those insights:that of grasping as our own unconscious fantasies the violent, destructive,or sexual forces that hystories locate and persecute elsewhere and in others. Showalter’s impassioned plea is to return to enlightenment values.“The hysterical epidemics of the 1990s continue to do damage”,she concludes“in distracting us from the real problems and crises of modern society,in undermining respect for evidence and truth,and in helping support an atmosphere of conspiracy and suspicion.They prevent us from claiming our full humanity as free and responsible beings”.It is the recognition of universal human propensities and,in particular,the grasping of responsibility for our own projections that promises to move us beyond a culture of blame inhabited by perpetrators and victims,and towards a freer and a more equal society. Comprehension Questions:
36.Showalter’s interest in to be found mainly in the academic discipline of________________.
a.history
b.sociology
c.psychology
d.the media
37.According to Showalter,soldiers suffering from psychosomatic ailments known as the‘Gulf
War Syndrome’are dealing with________________.
a.repressed memories from the First Iraq War(1991)
b.delusions created by chemical or biological weapons
c.unconscious fears about contact with toxins
d.somatic expression of exposure to depleted uranium
38.The attitude of the reviewer of the book by Showalter may best be described as
_________________.
a.reserved
b.ironic
c.sympathetic
d.convinced
39.According to the researcher,mankind has always had the tendency of________________.
a.externalization of the causes of unhappiness
b.reduction of complexities to simplified stories
c.deification of supernatural phenomena
d.schizophrenic paranoia
40.The analysis and comparison with seventeenth-century witch-hunts by Showalter,successfully
predicts the hysteria and persecution in our day of_________________.
a.paedophiles
b.catholics
c.veganists
d.terrorists
请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。
PART III:Reading and Writing
Section A(10points)
Directions:Some sentences have been removed in the following text.Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks.There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.
(1)__________________Player1may not know these particular words of wisdom,but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player2some of her$10stake.If she does,the money will be tripled,and her anonymous partner can choose to return none,some,or all of the cash.But why should Player2send anything back?And why should Player1give anything in the first place?Despite the iron logic of this argument,she types in her command to send some money.A few moments later she smiles,seeing from her screen that Player 2has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.
(2)___________________Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player1dismissed,the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers,where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response,the optimal level of trust is zero.Yet despite the economic orthodoxy,the behavior of Players1and2is not exceptional.In fact,over the course of hundreds of such trials,it turns out that about half of Player1s send some money,and three-quarters of Player2s who receive it send some back.
Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics,which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society.It is a hugely ambitious undertaking.By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self-understanding.(3)_________________“As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind,we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange,and the extended order of exchange through markets.”
(4)__________________As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out:“Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health.Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions,which tends to depress the national economy.”
And trust levels differ greatly between nations.The World Values Survey,based at the University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,has asked people in countries around the world,“Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?”the positive response rate varies from about65%in Norway to about5%in Brazil.(5)__________________“Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,”observes Knack.
A.Even more intriguingly,it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows
trust in us is largely outside our control.
B.Crucially for international economic development,what is true for individuals turns out also
to be true for nations.
C.Disturbingly,countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about30%—as is the
case in much of South America and Africa–risk falling into a permanent suspicion-locked poverty trap.
D.“It’s good to trust;it’s better not to,”goes an Italian proverb.
E.They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive
and successful.
F.He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.
G.This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom,it thumbs its nose at economic theory. Section B(10points)
Directions:Write a100—120-word summary of the article in this part.
PART IV:Translation
Directions:Write your translations in your answer sheet.
Section A:Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.(15points)
On the whole,books are less limited than ourselves.(1)Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust—and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one’s pen in motion.
So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won’t be terribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle,as it were,the urns with our returning ashes.After all,what goes into writing a book is,ultimately,a man’s only life.(2)Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one,for by writing a book nobody gets younger.
Nor does one become any younger by reading one.Since this is so,our natural preference should be for good books.The paradox,however,lies in the fact that in literature“good”is defined by its distinction from“bad”.(3)What’s more,to write a good book,a writer must read a great deal of pulp—otherwise he won’t be able to develop the necessary criteria.That’s what may constitute bad literature’s best defense at the Last Judgment.
Since we are all moribund,and since reading books is time-consuming,we must devise a system that allows us a semblance of economy.Of course,there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat,slow-moving,mediocre novel,but in the end,we read not for reading’s sake but to learn.(4)Hence the need for the works that brings the human predicament into its sharpest possible focus.Hence,too,the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.
(5)The role of that compass,of course,is played by literary criticism,by reviewers.Alas,its needle oscillates wildly.What is north for some is south for others.The trouble with a reviewer is threefold:(a)he can be a hack,and as ignorant as ourselves;(b)he can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry,and(c)if he is a writer of talent,he will turn his review writing into an independent art from—Jorge Luis Borges is a case in point—and you may end up reading reviews rather than the books.
Section B:Translate the following sentences into good English.(15points)
1.故宫雄伟、壮丽，是中国古建筑艺术的巅峰之作，其规模和独具特色的风格享誉世界。故
宫内保存着大量珍贵、稀有的古物，它们对研究明、清两代历史和历史艺术具有十分重要的意义。1925年故宫改名为故宫博物馆，成为世界最大的博物馆之一。
2.这一年，我们隆重纪念了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，举行了盛
大阅兵，昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜的真理。我和马英九先生在新加坡会面，
实现了跨越66年时空的握手，表明两岸关系和平发展是两岸同胞的共同心愿。
3.新西兰是发达的高福利社会，并以盛产高质量的水果、肉和乳制品著称于世。服务业，特
别是旅游以及与教育相关的产业，也在经济发展中起着重要作用。每年有很多来自中国的游客和留学生来到新西兰享受它所提供的一切。
2016年上海市高考英语试卷 I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1．（1分）A．It is satisfactory． B．It is luxurious． C．It is old﹣fashioned． D．It is disappointing． 2．（1分）A．On August 5th． B．On August 6th． C．On August 7th． D．On August 8th． 3．（1分）A．A waiter． B．A butcher． C．A porter． D．A farmer． 4．（1分）A．In a theatre． B．In a library． C．In a booking office． D．In a furniture store． 5．（1分）A．She expected to a better show． B．She could hardly find her seat． C．She wasn't interested in the show． D．She didn't get a favourable seat． 6．（1分）A．The woman often eats out for breakfast．
普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 本试卷共12页，三大题，满分135分。考试用时120分钟。 注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号和座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2. 选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案信息点涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案，不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4. 考生必须保持答题卷和答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷、答题卷和答题卡一并交回。 I语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live ——if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die. Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语（全国卷1） 本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。第Ⅰ卷1至12页。第Ⅱ卷13至14页。考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第Ⅰ卷 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好 条形码。请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡 皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。 第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分) 做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A.￡19.15. B.￡9.15. C.￡9.18. 答案是B。 1.How much will the man pay for the tickets? A.￡7.5. B.￡15. C.￡50. 2.Which is the right gate for the man’s flight? A.Gate 16. B.Gate 22. C.Gate 25. 3.How does the man feel about going to school by bike? A.Happy. B.Tired. C.Worried. 4.When can the woman get the computers? A.On Tuesday. B.On Wednesday. C.On Thursday. 5.What does the woman think of the shirt for the party? A.The size is not large enough. B.The material is not good. C.The color is not suitable. 第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6.What can we learn about Mr.Brown?
全国各地高考英语书面表达汇总9套 新课标I卷 假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历（resume）。给外教MS Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（format）。 注意： 1. 词数100左右; 2. 可以适当增加细节，已使行文连贯。 示例1 Dear Ms Jenkins, I'm Li Hua from your English writing class last term. I'm writing to ask for your help. I'm applying for a part-time job at a foreign company in my city during the summer vacation, and I have just completed my application letter and resume. However, I am not quite sure of the lan guage and the format I've used. I know you have a very busy schedule, but I'd be very grateful if you could take some time to go through them and make necessary changes. Please find my application letter and resume in the attachment. Thank you for your kindness! Yours, Li Hua 示例2 Dear Ms Jenkins, I am Li Hua, I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor. In order to get some practical experience, I am planning to take a part-time job in a foreign capital company. I have already finished my job application and personal resume. But this is the first time that I have written an application and the personals resume, so I don’t even know if there are something to pay attention to. So, I’m writing you the letter , hoping you can give me some help. I will be very grateful if you can help me. Looking forward to your reply. And I’d be really thankful. Yours, Li Hua 新课标Ⅱ卷 假定你是李华，你校摄影俱乐部（photography club）将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信。请他提供作品。信的内容包括：
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题 一、选择题:1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合 题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．． 指定位置上. 1、若反常积分01(1)a b dx x x +∞ +?收敛，则 （A ）1a <且1b >. （B ）1a >且1b >. （C ）1a <且1a b +>. （D ）1a >且1a b +>. 2、已知函数2(1), 1,()ln ,1, x x f x x x -
2016普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I） 英语试卷类型A 第Ⅰ卷 第二节（共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分10 分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。 Secret codes (密码)keep messages private。Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitut e a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.”40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently. A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 第三部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和D）中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Heroic Driver Larry works with Transport Drivers, Inc. One morning in 2009, Larry was 41along I65 north after delivering to one of his 42 .Suddenly, he saw a car with its bright lights on. 43 he got closer, he found 44 vehicle upside down on the road. One more look and he noticed 45 shooting out from under the 46 vehicle.
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东A卷） 英语 Ⅰ. 语言知识及应用(共两节。满分35分) 第一节完形填空(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes, The 1 has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual (智力的) growth by 2 situation that has designed for the 3 children. There can be little doubt that 4 classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. However, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems. I observed a number of 6 children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class. In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgment, relying 8 on their teachers? directions. In the regular class, having no worry about keeping up, they began to reflect 9 on many problems, some of which were not on the school program. Many are concerned that gifted children become 10 and lose interest in learning. However this 11 is more often from parents and teachers than from students, and some of these 12 simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are 13 . Some top students do feel bored in class, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school. Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious. The gifted child whop is bored is an 15 child. 1. A. principle B. theory C. arguments D. classification 2. A. designing B. grouping C. learning D. living 3. A. smart B. curious C. mature D. average 4. A. regular B. special C. small D. creative 5. A. children B. programs C. graduates D. designs 6. A. intelligent B. competent C. ordinary D. independent 7. A. separate B. regular C. new D. boring 8. A. specially B. slightly C. wrongly D. heavily 9. A, directly B. cleverly C. voluntarily D. quickly 10. A. doubted B. bored C. worried D. tired 11. A. concern B. conclusion C. reflection D. interest 12. A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachers 13. A. talented B. worried C. learned D. interested 14. A. believe B. think C. say D. feel 15. A. outstanding B. intelligent C. anxious D. ordinary 第二节语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16～25的相应位置上。 One Sunday morning in August I went to local music festival. I left it early because I had an
2016年研究生入学考试西医综合考试真题—医教园 一、A型题：1-90题，每小题1.5分；91-120小题，每小题2分；共195题。在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。 1.下列关于机体环境稳态的描述，错误的是 A. 稳态是指细胞液理化性质基本恒定 B. 稳态是一种动态平衡 C. 稳态的维持是机体自我调节的结果 D. 稳态调节中都有一个调节点 【正确答案】A 【考点还原】（P5）“生理学中将围绕在多细胞动物体细胞周围的体液，即细胞外液，称为机体的环境”（P5）“稳态也称自稳态，是指环境的理化性质，如温度、pH、渗透压和各种液体成分等的相对恒定状态”（A错，为本题正确答案）。（P5）“环境理化性质的相对恒定并非固定不变，而是可在一定围变动但又保持相对稳定的状态，简言之，是一种动态平衡”（B对）。（P5）“稳态的维持是机体自我调节的结果”（C对）。（P5）“人体的负反馈极为多见，在维持机体生理功能的稳态中具有重要意义”（P5）“负反馈控制都有一个调定点”（D对）。 【答案解析】稳态为机体环境即细胞外液（A错，为本题正确答案）理化性质的基本恒定。环境稳态的维持是机体自我调节的结果（C对），稳态并非固定不变，而是可在一定围保持动态平衡（B对）。维持稳态最重要的调节方式是负反馈调节，负反馈调节都有一个调定点（D对）。 2.在引起和维持细胞外Na+、K+不对等分布中起作用的膜蛋白是 A. 通道 B. 载体 C. 离子泵 D. 膜受体 【正确答案】C 【考点还原】（P15-P16）“钠泵每分解一分子ATP可逆浓度差将3个Na+移出胞外，将2个K+移入胞，其直接效应是维持细胞膜两侧Na+和K+的浓度差，使细胞外液中的Na+浓度达到胞质的10倍左右，细胞的K+浓度达到细胞外液的30倍左右”（C对）。 【答案解析】维持细胞外Na+、K+不对等分布中起作用的膜蛋白为钠泵，钠泵是哺乳动物细胞膜中普遍存在的离子泵（C对）。 3.神经细胞的静息电位是-70mv，钠离子的平衡电位是+60mv，钠离子的电-化学驱动力为多少 A. -130mv B. -10mv C. +10mv D. +130mv 【正确答案】A 【考点还原】（P31）“如图2-14所示，当细胞（以神经细胞为例）处于安静状态时，根据静息膜电位（Em = -70mV）以及Na+平衡电位（ENa= +60mV）和K+平衡电位（Ek= -90mV）的数值，可分别求得 Na+和K+受到的电-化学驱动力，即Na+的电-化学驱动力=Em-ENa= -70mV-（+60mV）= -130mV（向）”（A对）。 【答案解析】钠离子的电-化学驱动力=静息电位－钠离子的平衡电位=-70mV-（+60mV）= -130mV（A对）。 4.风湿热时，红细胞沉降率加快的原因是 A. 血浆纤维蛋白原、球蛋白含量增高 B. 红细胞本身发生病变 C. 红细胞表面积/体积比增大
2016年高考全国卷一英语真题及答案 2016普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I） 英语试卷类型A 第Ⅰ卷 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分） 做题时，现将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A. ￡ 19. 15 B. ￡ 9. 18 C. ￡ 9. 15 答案是C。 1. What are the speakers talking about? A. Having a birthday party. B. Doing some exercise. C. Getting Lydia a gift. 2. What is the woman going to do? A. Help the man. B. Take a bus. C. Get a camera. 3. What does the woman suggest the man do? A. Tell Kate to stop. B. Call Kate，s friends. C. Stay away from Kate. 4. Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a wine shop. B. In a supermarket. C. In a restaurant. 5. What does the woman mean? A. Keep the window closed. B. Go out for fresh air. C. Turn on the fan.
2018年全国各地高考英语试题及答案解析 全国Ⅰ卷 第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分) 第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1．What will James do tomorrow? A．Watch a TV program. B．Give a talk. C．Write a report. 答案：B 2．What can we say about the woman? A．She's generous. B．She's curious. C．She's helpful. 答案：C 3．When does the train leave? A．At 6：30.B．At 8：30.C．At 10：30. 答案：C 4．How does the woman go to work? A．By car. B．On foot. C．By bike. 答案：B 5．What is the probable relationship between the speakers? A．Classmates. B．Teacher and student. C．Doctor and patient. 答案：A 第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分) 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6．What does the woman regret? A．Giving up her research. B．Dropping out of college. C．Changing her major. 答案：B 7．What is the woman interested in studying now? A．Ecology. B．Education. C．Chemistry. 答案：A 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。 8．What is the man? A．A hotel manager.
2016研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二) Section 1 Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too. Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future. The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. __7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality. __17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.
2016高考全国II卷英语 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） A What’s On? Electric Underground 7.30pm－1.00am Free at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know who’s playing in your area? We’re bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He’s going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music. Gee Whizz 8.30pm-10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He’s the funniest stand-up comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00pm for drinks and snacks(快餐). Simon’s Workshop 5.00pm-7.30pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years’ experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny. Charlotte Stone 8.00pm-11.00pm Pizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs
2017年全国高考英语试题分类汇编（共23份） 目录 2017全国高考汇编之定语从句 (2) 2017全国高考汇编之动词+动词短语 (13) 2017全国高考汇编之动词时态与语态 (30) 2017全国高考汇编之非谓语动词 (47) 2017全国高考汇编改错 (68) 2017全国高考汇编之交际用语 (82) 2017全国高考汇编之介词+连词 (96) 2017全国高考汇编之名词性从句 (112) 2017全国高考汇编之完型填空 (187) 2017全国高考汇编之形容词+副词 (330) 2017全国高考汇编之虚拟语气+情态动词 (341) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之广告应用类 (355) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之广告应用类 (375) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之科普知识类 (409) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之人物传记类 (456) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之社会生活类 (471) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之文化教育类 (552) 2017全国高考汇编阅读新题型 (658) 2017全国高考汇编阅读之新闻报告类 (712) 2017全国高考汇编之代词+名词+冠词 (740) 2017全国高考汇编之状语从句 (761)
2017全国高考汇编之定语从句 The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. When B. where C. why D. which 【考点】考察定语从句 【答案】D 【举一反三】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream. A. when B. where C. that D. which 【答案】A 二I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates recommended to me.. A.who B. which C. when D. Where 【考点】考察定语从句 【答案】B 【举一反三】The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
绍兴市柯桥区教师发展中心柯桥区2016年中高考考前复习专题视频评比结果公示 各初中、高中： 经过学校选拔推荐、柯桥区教师发展中心组织评选，2016年中高考考前复习专题视频评比结果已经揭晓，现予以公示。如有异议， 请于4月20日16：00之前电话联系： 区一等奖 学校作品名称作者初中/ 高中 所属学科 实验中学2016年中考课外古诗赏析复习策略陈李初中语文柯岩中学中考英语书面表达复习指导安利强初中英语华甫中学新定义阅读理解何银美初中数学实验中学地理复习金中元初中科学华舍中学2016中考语文考前复习刘洋初中语文湖塘中学木块一族在浮力复习中的应用钟良初中科学实验中学九年级思品总复习包月娟初中社会鲁迅中学高考实验中的平衡摩擦问题任建方高中物理钱清中学高考小专题：虚拟语气詹霞高中英语鲁迅中学观点评论类作文指导朱小敏高中英语豫才中学生长素的两重性曲线解析及应用吴解冰高中生物钱清中学生物实验简答题答题策略许红芳高中生物 区二等奖 学校作品名称作者初中/ 高中 所属学科 兰亭镇中学化学除杂专项复习林芳初中科学 鲁迅外国语《由“形”动到“型”动》——2014 年绍兴中考数学卷第23题演示及拓 展 裘建龙初中数学 夏履镇中学中考科学专题复习--电路故障分析马利君初中科学
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