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语言学练习 Exercises for chapter 1

语言学练习    Exercises for chapter 1
语言学练习    Exercises for chapter 1

Exercises for chapter 1

Exercise I

For the following English sentences, please judge whether they are acceptable or unacceptable, well-formed or ill-formed. How do you know they are the cases you judge ?

a.Tom seems asleep

b.Tom seems sleeping

c.John wants Bill to go.

d.John wants Bill go.

e.Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

f.Colorless sleep green furiously ideas.

g.地球围着太阳转。

h.太阳围着地球转。

i.太阳转围地球着。

j.I knew that she was ill, but I was wrong.

k.My goldfish thinks that I’m a very bad cook.

l.My wife is not my wife.

m.My toothbrush is pregnant again.

Exercise II

The following statements about human language may be appropriate or inappropriate, please give your judgments according to what we have explained in the text.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is a symbolic system for communication.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is mainly for thinking, not necessarily for communication.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is also a biological product and has biological properties.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is outside(external to) the human body.

e.There are constraints on what can be a language. It is not true that any

symbolic system can serve as a human language.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is a social product.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b2906230.html,nguage is inside the human body.

h.Knowing a language undergoes a biological process. Knowing a language

is a biological process rather than a social process.

Exercise III

Discuss the following sentences, some of them may have two different interpretations, give an appropriate paraphrase for each interpretation.

a.He loves me more than you.

b.Who do you want to / wanna help?

c.Visiting relatives can be a nuisance.

d.The president is eager/easy to pleas

e.

e.They are hunting dogs.

f.Who would you like to visit?

g.Do Americans call cushions what the British call pillows?

Exercise IV

Are the following sentences grammatical? If they are, how to interpret these sentences? What kind reasons make them difficult to understand?

a.The milk that the rat that the cat killed ate lay in the house.

b.The rapidity that the motion that the wing that the bird has has has is

remarkable.

Exercise V

Are the following sentences well-formed? If they are, please paraphrase them. Do you have any difficulties in interpreting them? What reasons make you feel difficult?

a.The horse raced past the barn fell.

b.The cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississippi.

c.The glass shattered into pieces was useless.

d.The soldiers marched across the parade ground are a disgrac

e.

Exercise VI

Why should the linguists distinguish the concepts of Competence and Performance in their language study? What’s the main study scope for theoretical linguists: Competence or Performance ?

Exercise VII

Define the following terminologies:

Language merging operation

creativity discrete infinity

well-formed competence

grammar metalanguage

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英语语言学练习题[1]学习资料

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英语语言学练习题 Supplementary exercises Chapter 1 Introduction Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.

语言学补充练习(1-3)

第一章语言学入门知识: I. 名词解释 1.cultural transmission (as a defining property of language) Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 2.descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguistics Answer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Linguistic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive. II. 判断正误(T for True and F for False) 1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function. Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).

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信息的传递就是人与人之间交流的基本方式。通过信息的交流,人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知,更好地分工协作。 三、语言可以建立或保持某种社会关联,就是语言的人际互动功能。互动包括两个方面,一个是说话者在说话中表达自己的情感、态度、意图,另一方面这些又对受话者施加了影响,得到相应的语言或者行动上的反馈,从而达到某种实际效果。 2、语文学研究有哪些特征? 答:语文学是从文献角度研究语言文学学科的总称,它以文献评审为主,目的在于解释、注疏和考订。 3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类?如何看待它们之间的关系? 答:分类: 一、具体语言学和普通语言学; 二、共时语言学和历时语言学; 三、理论语言学和应用语言学; 四、微观语言学和宏观语言学; 五、内容语言学和外部语言学; 六、结构语言学和建构语言学; 4、为什么说语言学是一门基础学科? 答:语言学和多种学科有着密切的联系,语言学是一门领先的科学,是沟通社会科学和自然科学的桥梁。 第一章语言的功能 一、名词解释 信息传递功能人际互动功能思维儿童语言习得 答:信息传递功能:语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能,这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达,信息的传递是社会中人与人交的基本方式。通过信息的交流,人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知,更好地分工协作。人类社会能够建立起如此辉煌的文明,是以语言的信息传递功能为基础的。 人际互动功能:语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联,这可称为

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