包容是人类文明进步的标志。中国先秦思想家提出“和而不同”、“和为贵”的理念，这与欧洲先哲“和谐产生正义与善”的思想不谋而合。回望人类发展的历程，虽然东西方文明源头不同，但我们都懂得和谐相处、包容互鉴的可贵。进入21世纪，世界更需要相互包容、共同发展。我们不仅要在一国之内实现就业增加、平衡协调、公平正义的发展，还要推动国家和地区之间实现和平共处、共同增长的发展。包容发展应成为各国共同追求的目标。
Inclusiveness is the mark of human civilization and progress. Chinese thinkers before the Qin Dynasty valued the notion of harmony without uniformity and believed in peace as being the most precious. This coincides with the belief of ancient European philosophers that harmony generates justice and kindness. The history of human development shows that the Eastern and Western civilizations, though of different origins, both appreciated the importance of harmonious coexistence, inclusiveness and mutual learning. Inclusiveness and common development are needed all the more in the 21st century. We need not only to increase employment and promote balanced, coordinated, fair and equitable development within a country. We also need to achieve development that features peaceful coexistence and common growth among countries and regions. Inclusive development should indeed be a common goal pursued by all countries in the world.
国际上十分关注中国，对中国经济发展会有这样那样的看法。中国有古诗说，“横看成岭侧成峰”，说的是看一座山，从不同侧面会有不同印象。看问题角度不同，可能得出不同的结论。英国是最早实现工业化的国家，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，各位的关注，就是对世界能不能实现包容发展的关注。中国走新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化之路，是世界最大的包容发展。
The world is paying great attention to China. There are all kinds of views about China’s economic growth. A line from a Chinese poem reads, “A mountain, when viewed in face, may look like a range; when viewed from the side, it may look like a peak.” That means a mountain, seen from different angles, will leave people with different impressions. What it implies is that different conclusions may be drawn when people see things from different perspectives. The UK is the first to complete industrialization while China is the biggest developing country in the world. I believe your interest in China is actually about whether the world can achieve inclusive development. China’s pursuit of a new type of industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization is a pursuit of inclusive development on the biggest scale in the world.
中国经过30多年改革开放，特别是通过艰苦卓绝的奋斗，实现了13亿中国人的生活不断改善，6亿多人摆脱了贫困，人民的生存权、发展权得到保障。中国的发展是在开放的环境中实现的。13亿人坚定的目标就是要实现现代化，这将是一条比较漫长的道路。虽然中国经济总量位居世界第二，但人均GDP只有6800美元，仍排在世界80位以后，在中国广大中西部和东北地区人均GDP才5000多美元，有些西部省份只有3000多美元。按照世界银行的标准，中国还有2亿人生活在贫困线以下。同时，随着经济快速增长，资源环境约束的矛盾日益凸显。这将是我们长期面临的困难和挑战。实现现代化就其实质而言，很重要的是完成工业化和城镇化，这正是中国人民现在和未来努力的方向。
After more than 30 years of reform and opening-up and through hard work of our people, China has steadily improved the lives of its 1.3 billion people, lifted over 600 million people out of poverty and ensured the people’s right to survival and development. China’s development has been achieved in an open environment. The firm goal of our 1.3 billion people is to achieve modernization, which will be a long journey. China is the second biggest economy in the world, but it ranks after 80th in the world with a per capita GDP of US$6,800. In China’s vast central and western as well as northeastern regions, per capita GDP is slightly over US$5,000 and it is a mere US$3,000 in some western provinces. Some 200 million Chinese still live below the poverty line by World Bank standards. At the same time, fast economic growth has been accompanied by a growing pressure on resources and the environment. These will remain our difficulties and challenges in the long run. To achieve modernization, it is important to complete industrialization and urbanization. This is exactly what the Chinese people are working for at present and for some time to come.
首先，关于中国的城镇化。
First, on China’s urbanization.
近几十年来，中国城镇化水平不断提高，但总体发展仍然滞后，目前还有6亿多人居住在农村。已经进城的2亿多农业转移人口，由于财力不足、公共产品提供受限，与过去就生活在城市并已经取得户籍的人相比，还没有享受同等水平的公共服务。到2020年，我们要解决其中1亿人在城镇落户问题，主要是在东部地区。还要引导约1亿农民，自愿在中西部就地城镇化。此外，中国还有1亿人居住在城镇的棚户区，需要加快改造，解决上述现存的“三个1亿人”问题，是中国推进新型城镇化的当务之急。
In the past few decades, China’s urbanization has been advancing, but it is still lagging behind on the whole. Over 600 million Chinese are still living in rural areas. Due to inadequate
financial resources and limited public goods, the 200 million rural migrants cannot enjoy the same public services as those who have been living in cities with urban residency. Between now and 2020, we need to grant urban residency to 100 million of such rural migrants, mainly in eastern China. We also need to encourage another 100 million rural residents in central and western regions to settle down in cities and towns nearby. In addition, there are 100 million Chinese living in run-down city areas, which need to be redeveloped at a faster pace. To address these three problems, each involving 100 million people, is a pressing task for China as it pushes forward the new type of urbanization.
我们的难题还不止于此，即使解决了上述3亿人的问题，未来还有数亿农民需要逐步进城，这没有十几年、甚至更长时间是难以解决的，今后的任务将更加艰巨。任何国家要实现工业化，都必须实现农业现代化，提高农业劳动生产率，一般农业劳动人口占总人口比重都不高，中国也很难例外。让这么多人有序进入城市工作和生活，是一个长期的过程。所以说，中国到本世纪中叶才可能达到中等发达国家水平，最终实现现代化。
But our challenges go beyond that. Even if we had solved all the above-mentioned problems for the 300 million people, we still have several hundred million of farmers who will move to cities in the coming years. This will be difficult to accomplish without over ten years or even longer and the tasks will only be more difficult on our way ahead. For any country to complete industrialization, it has to achieve agricultural modernization, raise agricultural productivity and, on normal cases, keep the percentage of agricultural population low. China will not be an exception. To have so many people move to live and work in cities in an orderly manner will be a long process. That is why we say that China will not be able to become a medium-level developed country and achieve modernization until the middle of the century.
第二，关于中国的工业化。
Second, on China’s industrialization.
工业化是实现现代化的重要方面。发达国家实现工业化用了上百年时间，而中国在短短几十年内就建起了完备的工业体系，许多工业产品产量名列世界前茅。大家都熟悉“中国制造”，但中国目前生产的主要还是中低端产品，产业发展需要向中高端水平迈进。产业升级有利于共同应对全球气候变化，也是中国突破能源资源和环境瓶颈束缚的必然选择。我们将坚定走新型工业化道路，倡导绿色低碳发展，加大节能减排力度，使中国生产的产品更加节能环保，依靠创新驱动实现内生增长。这也将给世界带来巨大商机。今后五年，中国进口商品累计将超过10万亿美元，对外投资超过5000亿美元，出境旅游人数超过5亿人次。中国乐见世界各国分享中国发展的红利。
Industrialization is an important aspect of modernization. It took western countries over 100 years to achieve industrialization, while China has instituted a full-fledged industrial system in just a couple of decades. China now leads the world in the output of many industrial products. You are all familiar with goods “made in China”, but China mainly produces medium- to low-end products. It has to advance to a medium to high level in industrial development. Industrial upgrading will serve our joint response to climate change. It is also a natural choice for China if it is to break energy, resources and environment bottlenecks. China will pursue a new type of industrialization, advocate green and low-carbon development and step up efforts to conserve energy and reduce emissions so that Chinese products will be more energy-efficient and environment-friendly and China will achieve internally-driven growth through innovation. This will also bring huge business opportunities for the world. In the coming five years, China will import more than US$10 trillion worth of goods, and invest over US$500 billion overseas. Outbound visits by Chinese tourists will exceed 500 million. China will be happy to share its development dividends with other countries in the world.
在中国这样一个人口大国建设现代化，历史上没有先例，我们面临的挑战很多，仍需要付出艰辛的探索和努力。在经过几十年的快速增长之后，目前中国经济增速有所放缓，与过去的两位数相比，现在转入中高速阶段。有人开始怀疑中国经济能否持续增长，会不会“硬着陆”，我可以负责任地说不会。原因就是有城镇化和工业化两大因素支撑，我们还有较大的城乡差距、地区差距，产业结构也不合理，而这些也是潜力，中国的发展有着巨大的内需空间。只要我们把握好方向，勤奋工作，中国经济就能够在较长时间保持中高速增长。
In the modernization drive of such a populous country like China, there is no example to follow. We face a whole range of challenges and need to make hard exploration and efforts. After decades of fast growth, China’s growth has moderated to a medium-to-high speed compared with the double-digit rate in the past. Some people begin to worry that the Chinese economy will not maintain sustained growth and will head for a hard landing. I can assure you that such things will not happen, because economic growth in China is supported by urbanization and industrialization. What is more, there are big gaps between urban and rural areas and among different regions as well as unreasonable industrial structure. All these mean potential and huge domestic demand for China’s development. As long as we keep to the right direction and work hard, we will be able to maintain medium-to-high growth of the Chinese economy for a long time to come.
今年以来，中国发展虽面临较大下行压力，但经济运行总体平稳。我们继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，不采取强刺激措施，而是进一步创新宏观调控思路和方
式，实行区间调控和定向调控相结合，加强预调微调，确保经济增长不突破保就业的下限，CPI不突破防通胀的上限，使经济运行始终处于合理区间。我们有信心实现今年7.5%左右的预期增长目标，而且也将为未来发展奠定坚实的基础。
Since the beginning of this year, the Chinese economy has maintained stability on the whole despite considerable downward pressure. We will continue to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy. We will not resort to massive stimulus measures; instead, we will further innovate the thinking and model of macro-regulation, combine a ranged approach with a targeted approach in adjustment, strengthen anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, ensure economic growth will stay within a proper range between the minimum rate needed for job creation and the CPI growth ceiling to keep inflation under control. We have confidence in meeting the growth target of about 7.5% set for this year. This will also lay a solid foundation for our future development.
中国经济总量已超过9万亿美元，如果每年增长7.5%左右，再考虑价格因素，增量就达1万亿美元左右，相当于一个中等经济体的经济总量。做到这一点不容易，但它会给中国和世界带来巨大商机。我讲到这么多数字，并不是“数字游戏”，只是想说明一点，中国有条件、有能力促进经济平衡协调和持续健康发展。
China’s economic aggregate has exceeded US$9 trillion. An annual growth of around 7.5%, adjusted for inflation, will be translated to an increment of about US$1 trillion, equivalent to a medium-sized economy. This is no easy job, but it will bring huge business opportunities to China and the world. I have given you so many figures, not to play a game of numbers though, but to show you that China has the condition and ability to promote balanced, coordinated, sustained and healthy economic development.
第三，关于中国的和平发展。
Third, on China’s peaceful development.
在中国这样大的发展中国家搞现代化建设，进而实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，需要和平的国际环境和稳定的周边环境，否则就不可能集中精力来搞建设，这是不容置疑的逻辑。
To achieve modernization in a big developing country like China and to fulfil the Chinese dream of great national renewal requires a peaceful international environment and stable neighbourhood. Otherwise, we cannot focus on development. This is an irrefutable truth.
中华民族是爱好和平的民族。中国古训说，“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”，这些理念已经融进我们的民族血脉，成为中国人的基本处世之道。中国没有扩张的基因，更不接受“国强必霸”的逻辑。
The Chinese people love peace. Our ancestors taught us that we should not do to others what we don’t want others to do to us and that we must help others achieve success if we want to achieve success ourselves. This has been imprinted into the DNA of the Chinese nation and become an accepted code of conduct for the Chinese people. Expansion is not in the Chinese DNA, nor does China subscribe to the logic that a strong country is bound to be hegemonic.
过去30多年中国的发展成就，得益于和平稳定的外部环境。走和平发展道路，让中
国人民尝到了甜头，也让国与国之间能够实现双赢、多赢，这是中国多年来发展实践得出的重要宝贵经验，我们决不会放弃。即使中国将来发展起来了，仍然要坚持包容开放、和平合作。
The achievements China has made through development in the past three decades are attributable to an external environment of peace and stability. The path of peaceful development has benefited the Chinese people and enabled different countries to achieve win-win development. This is the one thing important we have learned from our development over the past decades and we will never give it up. China will remain committed to inclusiveness, openness, peace and cooperation even after it becomes stronger in the future.
中国是一个负责任的大国，主张国家间应相互尊重、平等相待、和平共处，坚持联合国宪章和国际关系基本准则，倡导通过和平方式和外交渠道解决分歧与争端，反对诉诸武力和干涉别国内政。中国将始终坚定不移走和平发展道路，奉行互利共赢的开放战略，愿与世界各国一道致力于创造持久和平的国际环境。
China is a major responsible country. China stands for mutual respect, equality and peaceful coexistence among countries and acts in accordance with the UN Charter and the norms governing international relations. China calls for peaceful settlement of disputes and conflicts through diplomatic channels and opposes the use of force or interference in other countries’ internal affairs. China is steadfast in pursuing the path of peaceful development and follows a win-win strategy of opening-up. China is ready to work with other countries to foster an international environment of enduring peace.
长期以来，中国为维护亚洲地区和平稳定作出了重要贡献。正是由于中国与周边国家凝聚起合作共赢的共识，共同营造了通过协商谈判处理分歧的良好氛围，东亚地区才有了今天的繁荣发展。中国始终奉行“与邻为善，以邻为伴”的周边政策，愿与所有邻国和睦相处。但对于挑起事端、损害和平的行为，也必须采取有力措施予以制止，防止局势失控，促使事态回到对话谈判轨道上来。相信只要地区国家之间能够真诚对话、理性协商，就能继续保持和平安宁的环境。
China has over the years contributed significantly to peace and stability in Asia. Thanks to the common ground China reached with neighboring countries for cooperation and win-win progress, a sound atmosphere has been created for handling differences through negotiations and consultations, hence the prosperity and development of East Asia today. China follows a neighbourhood policy of building friendship and partnerships with surrounding countries and wants to live in peace with all its neighbors. But for those acts of provoking incidents and undermining peace, China will have to take resolute measures to stop them so as to prevent the situation from getting out of control and bring the situation back to the track of dialogue and negotiations. I believe as long as countries in the region could engage in dialogue and negotiations with sincerity and in good faith, the environment of peace and tranquility will be maintained.
历史昭示我们，战争是人类智慧的失败，和平是反思灾难痛苦的结晶。英国前首相丘吉尔曾说，“历史藏着一切智慧，不学习历史注定要重蹈覆辙”。我们应当汲取历史教训，正视历史，面向未来，推进国际和地区事务政治解决，共同应对传统和非传统安全挑战，协力促进世界繁荣与发展。
History tells us that war means the failure of human wisdom. Peace is the result of reflection on disasters and sufferings. As the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said, “In history lies all the secrets of statecraft. Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” We must learn lessons from the past, face history squarely and be forward-looking. We need to seek political settlement of international and regional issues, and work together to counter traditional and non-traditional security challenges and advance prosperity and development of the world.
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
读写任务常见话题/论述素材（1） 一、面对挑战的感悟 Looking back on this, I realize that whatever challenges I am faced with, I will spare no effort and never give up. I’m sure to achieve final victory and become what I shoule be. 回过头来看此事，我认识到无论遇到什么样的挑战，我都将不遗余力，永不言弃。我肯定会取得最后的胜利，成为我应该成为的那个自己。 三、对交友的看法 In my view, it takes time to build good relationship with others. You can’t expect to become good friends with someone soon after you meet him. You also can’t expect to become good friends with others if you do not spend time with them. 依我看来，与他人建立良好的关系是需要时间的。你不能期望遇见到某人之后马上跟他成为好朋友，也不可能期望不花时间和其他人在一起就能和他们成为好朋友。 四、对心理问题的看法 As far as I’m concerned, mental problems are serious problems both in universities and middle schools. I believe physical and mental health is more important than good grades. Therefore, parents and teachers should
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
中国美食小吃的中英文翻译对照 中式早點 烧饼Clay oven rolls 油条Fried bread stick 韭菜盒Fried leek dumplings 水饺Boiled dumplings 蒸饺Steamed dumplings 馒头Steamed buns 割包Steamed sandwich 饭团Rice and vegetable roll 蛋饼Egg cakes 皮蛋100-year egg 咸鸭蛋Salted duck egg 豆浆Soybean milk 饭类 稀饭Rice porridge 白饭Plain white rice 油饭Glutinous oil rice
糯米饭Glutinous rice 卤肉饭Braised pork rice 蛋炒饭Fried rice with egg 地瓜粥Sweet potato congee 面类 馄饨面Wonton & noodles 刀削面Sliced noodles 麻辣面Spicy hot noodles 麻酱面Sesame paste noodles 鴨肉面Duck with noodles 鱔魚面Eel noodles 乌龙面Seafood noodles 榨菜肉丝面Pork , pickled mustard green noodles 牡蛎细面Oyster thin noodles 板条Flat noodles 米粉Rice noodles 炒米粉Fried rice noodles 冬粉Green bean noodle 汤类
鱼丸汤Fish ball soup 貢丸汤Meat ball soup 蛋花汤Egg & vegetable soup 蛤蜊汤Clams soup 牡蛎汤Oyster soup 紫菜汤Seaweed soup 酸辣汤Sweet & sour soup 馄饨汤Wonton soup 猪肠汤Pork intestine soup 肉羹汤Pork thick soup 鱿鱼汤Squid soup 花枝羹Squid thick soup 甜点 爱玉Vegetarian gelatin 糖葫芦Tomatoes on sticks 长寿桃Longevity Peaches 芝麻球Glutinous rice sesame balls 麻花Hemp flowers 双胞胎Horse hooves
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
越来越多的接触英文，许多设计现在都离不开英文字体的设计，所以很有必要介绍一下一些英文设计的基础。也有很多人问，但是我也不是专业做英文字体，刚好看到这篇文章介绍的比较实用而且基础，最重要有图，直观，就翻译来，大家分了……O(∩_∩)O~哈哈，脑子有点蒙，有什么翻译不好的，大家看原作吧，呵呵。希望对你有帮助吧！ ............................................................................................................................................................ 100%实用。在工作室做字体设计的案例时，手绘可以帮助我们解释一些基本的事情。在设计新字体时，手绘可以帮助我们指出一些问题所在。这里，我们就用手绘这种方式来谈一些关于字体的很基础的东西，不深谈。 .................................................................... 第一部分：视觉平衡 视觉平衡！我们把所有字母在视觉上保持水平对齐，但是我们发现他们并没有绝对意义上的相同高度。比如，这个三角形比矩形要高，否则，三角形肯定会看上去比矩形要小。而创造一种字体，你当然想要所有的字母。 同样，圆形也需要超出基准线而达到视觉上的对齐。如果圆形和矩形高度相同，那肯定会看起来比矩形小。这不仅适用于三角形、圆形、矩形这些基本行状，而是可以应用在字体设计中的每一个字母，是很重要的一条法则。甚至你设计拉丁文、希腊文都可以应用。这是一条适用于任何形状的基本法则。
比较全的食物英文翻译 水果类（fruits）： 西红柿tomato 菠萝pineapple 西瓜watermelon 香蕉banana 柚子shaddock （pomelo）橙子orange 苹果apple 柠檬lemon 樱桃cherry 桃子peach 梨pear 枣Chinese dat e （去核枣pitted date ）椰子coconut 草莓strawberry 树莓raspberry 蓝莓blueber ry 黑莓blackberry 葡萄grape 甘蔗sugar cane 芒果mango 木瓜pawpaw或者papay a 杏子apricot 油桃nectarine 柿子persimmon 石榴pomegranate 榴莲jackfruit 槟榔果areca nut （西班牙产苦橙）bitter orange 猕猴桃kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry 金橘cumquat 蟠桃flat peach 荔枝litchi 青梅greengage 山楂果haw 水蜜桃honey p each 香瓜，甜瓜musk melon 李子plum 杨梅waxberry red bayberry 桂圆longan 沙果crab apple 杨桃starfruit 枇杷loquat 柑橘tangerine 莲雾wax-apple 番石榴guava 肉、蔬菜类： 南瓜（倭瓜）pumpkin cushaw 甜玉米Sweet corn 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 生菜莴苣lettuce 白菜Chinese cabbage （celery cabbage）（甘蓝）卷心菜cabbage 萝卜radish 胡萝卜carrot 韭菜leek 木耳agarics 豌豆pea 马铃薯（土豆）potato 黄瓜cucumber 苦瓜balsam pear 秋葵okra 洋葱onion 芹菜celery 芹菜杆celery sticks 地瓜sweet potato 蘑菇mushroom 橄榄olive 菠菜spinac h 冬瓜（Chinese）wax gourd 莲藕lotus root 紫菜laver 油菜cole rape 茄子eggpla nt 香菜caraway 枇杷loquat 青椒green pepper 四季豆青刀豆garden bean 银耳sil very fungi 腱子肉tendon 肘子pork joint 茴香fennel（茴香油fennel oil 药用）鲤鱼c arp 咸猪肉bacon 金针蘑needle mushroom 扁豆lentil 槟榔areca 牛蒡great burdock 水萝卜summer radish 竹笋bamboo shoot 艾蒿Chinese mugwort 绿豆mung bean 毛豆green soy bean 瘦肉lean meat 肥肉speck 黄花菜day lily （day lily bud）豆芽菜bean sprout 丝瓜towel gourd (注：在美国丝瓜或用来做丝瓜茎loofah洗澡的，不是食用的) 海鲜类（sea food）： 虾仁Peeled Prawns 龙虾lobster 小龙虾crayfish（退缩者）蟹crab 蟹足crab claws 小虾（虾米）shrimp 对虾、大虾prawn （烤）鱿鱼（toast）squid 海参sea cucumber 扇贝scallop 鲍鱼sea-ear abalone 小贝肉cockles 牡蛎oyster 鱼鳞scale 海蜇jellyfish 鳖海龟turtle 蚬蛤clam 鲅鱼culter 鲳鱼butterfish 虾籽shrimp egg 鲢鱼银鲤鱼ch ub silver carp 黄花鱼yellow croaker 调料类（seasonings）： 醋vinegar 酱油soy 盐salt 加碘盐iodized salt 糖sugar 白糖refined sugar 酱soy sauce 沙拉salad 辣椒hot（red）pepper 胡椒（black）pepper 花椒wild pepper Chin ese prickly ash powder 色拉油salad oil 调料fixing sauce seasoning 砂糖granulated sugar 红糖brown sugar 冰糖Rock Sugar 芝麻Sesame 芝麻酱Sesame paste 芝麻油Sesame oil 咖喱粉curry 番茄酱（汁）ketchup redeye 辣根horseradish 葱shallot （S
UNIT 1 What Are Polymers? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是络合物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种（分子量）化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独立的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同(分子量)化合物组成的聚合物。 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） 因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)。1例如，固态苯，在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。 固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯 加热，5.5℃加热，80℃ 固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯——→各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯 加热加热 图1.1 低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点（叫饱和点）溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。2同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。3总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是典 型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。 氯化钠晶体加入到水中→晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌 水的粘度→形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶 解 聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中→碎片开始溶胀→碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状 充分搅拌→形成粘稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚合物的溶解
Center Lathe 4.1 INTRODUCTION Lathe is the oldest machine tool invented, starting with the Egyptian tree lathes. In the Egyptian tree lathe, one end of the rope wound round the workpiece is attached to a flexible branch of a tree while the other end is pulled by the operator, thus giving the rotary motion to the workpiece. This primitive device has evolved over the last two centuries to be one of the most fundamental and versatile machine tools with a large number of uses in all manufacturing shops. The principal form of surface produced in a lathe is the cylindrical surface. This is achieved by rotating the workpiece while the single point cutting tool removes the material by traversing in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation and termed as turning as shown in Fig.4.1.The popularity of the lathe due to the fact that a large variety of surfaces can be produced. Different types of lathes are used in manufacturing shops. Some of them are: (a)Centre lathe (b)Tool room lathes (c)Special purpose lathes (d)Copying lathe (e)Gap bed lathe (f)Capstan and turret lathes (g)Automatic lathes The centre lathe is the most common lathe which derives its name from the way a workpiece is clamped by centres in a lathe, though this is not the only way in which the job is mounted. This is sometimes also called as engine lathe in view of the fact that early lathes were driven by steam engines. This is generally used for more general applications and thus the construction of the machine tool is more rigid. The tool room lathe is generally meant for applications of tool making, where the accuracy desired is much higher than that is normally required for general production
包容是人类文明进步的标志。中国先秦思想家提出“和而不同”、“和为贵”的理念，这与欧洲先哲“和谐产生正义与善”的思想不谋而合。回望人类发展的历程，虽然东西方文明源头不同，但我们都懂得和谐相处、包容互鉴的可贵。进入21世纪，世界更需要相互包容、共同发展。我们不仅要在一国之内实现就业增加、平衡协调、公平正义的发展，还要推动国家和地区之间实现和平共处、共同增长的发展。包容发展应成为各国共同追求的目标。 Inclusiveness is the mark of human civilization and progress. Chinese thinkers before the Qin Dynasty valued the notion of harmony without uniformity and believed in peace as being the most precious. This coincides with the belief of ancient European philosophers that harmony generates justice and kindness. The history of human development shows that the Eastern and Western civilizations, though of different origins, both appreciated the importance of harmonious coexistence, inclusiveness and mutual learning. Inclusiveness and common development are needed all the more in the 21st century. We need not only to increase employment and promote balanced, coordinated, fair and equitable development within a country. We also need to achieve development that features peaceful coexistence and common growth among countries and regions. Inclusive development should indeed be a common goal pursued by all countries in the world. 国际上十分关注中国，对中国经济发展会有这样那样的看法。中国有古诗说，“横看成岭侧成峰”，说的是看一座山，从不同侧面会有不同印象。看问题角度不同，可能得出不同的结论。英国是最早实现工业化的国家，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，各位的关注，就是对世界能不能实现包容发展的关注。中国走新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化之路，是世界最大的包容发展。 The world is paying great attention to China. There are all kinds of views about C hina’s economic growth. A line from a Chinese poem reads, “A mountain, when viewed in face, may look like a range; when viewed from the side, it may look like a peak.” That means a mountain, seen from different angles, will leave people with different impressions. What it implies is that different conclusions may be drawn when people see things from different perspectives. The UK is the first to complete industrialization while China is the biggest developing country in the world. I believe your interest in China is actually about whether the world can achieve inclusive development. China’s pursuit of a new type of industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization is a pursuit of inclusive development on the biggest scale in the world.
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性
Engineering C:/Program%20Files%20(x 86)/Youdao/Dict/7.2.0.0703/resultui/di ct/?keyword=Design Qualification C:/Program%20Files%20( x86)/Youdao/Dict/7.2.0.0703/resultui/ dict/?keyword=Certificate License Registration Number: 注册号 Expiry Date: 有效期至 Company Name ：公司名称 Qualification Grade: Class A in Construction Engineering Available to undertake construction decoration, engineering design, building curtain wall engineering design, light steel structure engineering design, intelligent building system design, lighting engineering design, fire control facilities engineering design, and the corresponding design business within the qualification certificate scope. Available to undertake the construction of a plant and general contracting business and that is related to technology and management services of project management within the qualification certificate scope. 2
"There" is no better than "Here"知足常乐 Many people believe that they will be happy once they arrive at some specific goal they set for themselves. However, more often than not, once you arrive " there" you will still feel dissatisfied, and move your " there" vision to yet another point in the future. By always chasing after another "there," you are never really appreciating what you already have right "here." It is important for human beings to keep soberminded about the age-old drive to look beyond the place where you now stand. On one hand, your life is enhanced by your dreams and aspirations. On the other hand, these drives can pull you farther and farther from your enjoyment of your life right now. By learning the lessons of gratitude and abundance, you can bring yourself closer to fulfilling the challenge of living in the present. Gratitude To be grateful means you are thankful for and appreciative o f what you have and where you are on your path right now. Gratitude fills your heart with the joyful feeling and allows you to fully appreciate everything that arises on your path. As you strive to keep your focus on the present moment, you can experience the full wonder of "here." There are many ways to cultivate gratitude. Here are just a few suggestions you may wish to try: 1. Imagine what your life would be like if you lost all that you had. This will most surely remind you of how much you do appreciate it. 2. Make a list each day of all that you are grateful for, so that you can stay conscious daily of your blessings. Do this especially when you are feeling as though you have nothing to feel grateful for. Or spend a few minutes before you go to sleep giving thanks for al l that you have. 3. Spend time offering assistance to those who are less fortunate than you, so that you may gain perspective. Ho wever you choose to learn gratitude is irrelevant. What really matters is that you create a space in your consciousness for appreciation for all that you have right now, so that you may live more joyously in your present moment. Abundance One of the most common human fears is scarcity. Many people are afraid of not having enough of what they need or want, and so they are always striving to get to a point