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上海民办上宝中学数学平面图形的认识(一)同步单元检测(Word版 含答案)

上海民办上宝中学数学平面图形的认识(一)同步单元检测(Word版 含答案)
上海民办上宝中学数学平面图形的认识(一)同步单元检测(Word版 含答案)

一、初一数学几何模型部分解答题压轴题精选(难)

1.如图下图所示,已知AB//CD, ∠B=30°,∠D=120°;

(1)若∠E=60°,则∠F=________;

(2)请探索∠E与∠F之间满足的数量关系?说明理由.

(3)如下图所示,已知EP平分∠BEF,FG平分∠EFD,反向延长FG交EP于点P,求∠P的度数;

【答案】(1)90°

(2)解:如图,分别过点E,F作EM∥AB,FN∥AB

∴EM∥AB∥FN

∴∠B=∠BEM=30°,∠MEF=∠EFN

又∵AB∥CD,AB∥FN

∴CD∥FN

∴∠D+∠DFN=180°

又∵∠D =120°

∴∠DFN=60°∴∠BEF=∠MEF+30°,∠EFD=∠EFN+60°

∴∠EFD=∠MEF +60°

∴∠EFD=∠BEF+30°

(3)解:如图,过点F作FH∥EP

由(2)知,∠EFD=∠BEF+30°

设∠BEF=2x°,则∠EFD=(2x+30)°

∵EP平分∠BEF,GF平分∠EFD

∴∠PEF= ∠BEF=x°,∠EFG= ∠EFD=(x+15)°

∵FH∥EP

∴∠PEF=∠EFH=x°,∠P=∠HFG ∵∠HFG=∠EFG-∠EFH=15°∴∠P=15°

【解析】【解答】解:(1)分别过点E、F作EM∥AB,FN∥AB,则有AB∥EM∥FN∥CD.∴∠B=∠BEM=30°,∠MEF=∠EFN,∠DFN=180°-∠CDF=60°,

∴∠BEF=∠MEF+30°,∠EFD=∠EFN+60°,

∴∠EFD=∠BEF+30°=90°.

【分析】(1)分别过点E、F作AB的平行线,根据平行线的性质即可求解;

(2)根据平行线的性质可得∠DFN=60°,∠BEM=30°,∠MEF=∠NFE,即可得到结论;(3)过点F作FH∥EP,设∠BEF=2x°,根据(2)中结论即可表示出∠BFD,根据角平分线的定义可得∠PEF=x°,∠EFG=(x+15)°,再根据平行线的性质即可得到结论.

2.如图1,直线MN与直线AB、CD分别交于点E、F,∠1与∠2互补.

(1)试判断直线AB与直线CD的位置关系,并说明理由;

(2)如图2,∠BEF与∠EFD的角平分线交于点P,EP与CD交于点G,点H是MN上一点,且GH⊥EG,求证:PF∥GH;

(3)如图3,在(2)的条件下,连接PH,K是GH上一点使∠PHK=∠HPK,作PQ平分∠EPK,问∠HPQ的大小是否发生变化?若不变,请求出其值;若变化,说明理由.

【答案】(1)解:AB∥CD.理由如下:

如图1,

∵∠1与∠2互补,

∴∠1+∠2=180°.

又∵∠1=∠AEF,∠2=∠CFE,

∴∠AEF+∠CFE=180°,

∴AB∥CD;

(2)证明:如图2,由(1)知,AB∥CD,

∴∠BEF+∠EFD=180°.

又∵∠BEF与∠EFD的角平分线交于点P,

∴∠FEP+∠EFP= (∠BEF+∠EFD)=90°,∴∠EPF=90°,

即EG⊥PF.

∵GH⊥EG,

∴PF∥G H;

(3)解:∠HPQ的大小不发生变化,理由如下:

如图3,∵∠1=∠2,

∴∠3=2∠2.

又∵GH⊥EG,

∴∠4=90°-∠3=90°-2∠2.

∴∠EPK=180°-∠4=90°+2∠2.

∵PQ平分∠EPK,

∴∠QPK= ∠EPK=45°+∠2.

∴∠HPQ=∠QPK-∠2=45°,

∴∠HPQ的大小不发生变化,一直是45°.

【解析】【分析】(1)利用对顶角相等、等量代换可以推知同旁内角∠AEF、∠CFE互补,所以易证AB∥CD;

(2)利用(1)中平行线的性质推知°;然后根据角平分线的性质、三角形内角和定理证得∠EPF=90°,即EG⊥PF,故结合已知条件GH⊥EG,易证PF∥GH;

(3)利用三角形外角定理、三角形内角和定理求得∠4=90°-∠3=90°-2∠2;然后由邻补角

的定义、角平分线的定义推知∠QPK= ∠EPK=45°+∠2;最后根据图形中的角与角间的和差关系求得∠HPQ的大小不变,是定值45°.

3.已知AM∥CN,点B为平面内一点,AB⊥BC于B.

(1)如图1,直接写出∠A和∠C之间的数量关系________;

(2)如图2,过点B作BD⊥AM于点D,求证:∠ABD=∠C;

(3)如图3,在(2)问的条件下,点E、F在DM上,连接BE、BF、CF,BF平分∠DBC,BE平分∠ABD,若∠FCB+∠NCF=180°,∠BFC=3∠DBE,求∠EBC的度数.

【答案】(1)∠A+∠C=90°;

(2)解:如图2,过点B作BG∥DM,

∵BD⊥AM,

∴DB⊥BG,即∠ABD+∠ABG=90°,

又∵AB⊥BC,

∴∠CBG+∠ABG=90°,

∴∠ABD=∠CBG,

∵AM∥CN,

∴∠C=∠CBG,

∴∠ABD=∠C;

(3)解:如图3,过点B作BG∥DM,

∵BF平分∠DBC,BE平分∠ABD,

∴∠DBF=∠CBF,∠DBE=∠ABE,

由(2)可得∠ABD=∠CBG,

∴∠ABF=∠GBF,

设∠DBE=α,∠ABF=β,则

∠ABE=α,∠ABD=2α=∠CBG,∠GBF=β=∠AFB,∠BFC=3∠DBE=3α,

∴∠AFC=3α+β,

∵∠AFC+∠NCF=180°,∠FCB+∠NCF=180°,

∴∠FCB=∠AFC=3α+β,

△BCF中,由∠CBF+∠BFC+∠BCF=180°,可得

(2α+β)+3α+(3α+β)=180°,①

由AB⊥BC,可得

β+β+2α=90°,②

由①②联立方程组,解得α=15°,

∴∠ABE=15°,

∴∠EBC=∠ABE+∠ABC=15°+90°=105°.

【解析】【分析】(1)根据平行线的性质以及直角三角形的性质进行证明即可;(2)先

过点B作BG∥DM,根据同角的余角相等,得出∠ABD=∠CBG,再根据平行线的性质,得出∠C=∠CBG,即可得到∠ABD=∠C;(3)先过点B作BG∥DM,根据角平分线的定义,得出∠ABF=∠GBF,再设∠DBE=α,∠ABF=β,根据∠CBF+∠BFC+∠BCF=180°,可得(2α+β)+3α+(3α+β)=180°,根据AB⊥BC,可得β+β+2α=90°,最后解方程组即可得到∠ABE=15°,进而得出∠EBC=∠ABE+∠ABC=15°+90°=105°.

4.如图,点C在线段AB上,AC=8 cm,CB=6 cm,点M、N分别是AC、BC的中点.

(1)求线段MN的长;

(2)若C为线段AB上任一点,满足AC+CB=a cm,其它条件不变,你能猜想MN的长度吗?并说明理由;

(3)若C在线段AB的延长线上,且满足AC﹣BC=bcm,M、N分别为AC、BC的中点,你能猜想MN的长度吗?请画出图形,写出你的结论,并说明理由;

(4)你能用一句简洁的话,描述你发现的结论吗?

【答案】(1)MN=MC+NC= AC+ BC= (AC+BC)= ×(8+6)= ×14=7

(2)MN=MC+NC= (AC+BC)= a

(3)MN=MC-NC= AC- BC= (AC-BC)= b

(4)如图,只要满足点C在线段AB所在直线上,点M、N分别是AC、BC的中点.那么MN就等于AB的一半.

【解析】【分析】(1)根据M、N分别是AC、BC的中点,我们可得出MC、NC分别是AC、BC的一半,那么MC、CN的和就应该是AC、BC和的一半,也就是说MN是AB的一半,有了AC、CB的值,那么就有了AB的值,也就能求出MN的值了;(2)方法同(1)只不过AC、BC的值换成了AC+CB=a cm,其他步骤是一样的;(3)当C在线段AB的延长线上时,根据M、N分别是AC、BC的中点,我们可得出MC、NC分别是AC、BC的一半.于是,MC、NC的差就应该是AC、BC的差的一半,也就是说MN是AC-BC即AB的一

半.有AC-BC的值,MN也就能求出来了;(4)综合上面我们可发现,无论C在线段AB 的什么位置(包括延长线),无论AC、BC的值是多少,MN都恒等于AB的一半.

5.在△ABC中,∠A=60°,BD,CE是△ABC的两条角平分线,且BD,CE交于点F,如图所示,用等式表示BE,BC,CD这三条线段之间的数量关系,并证明你的结论;

晓东通过观察,实验,提出猜想:BE+CD=BC,他发现先在BC上截取BM,使BM=BE,连接FM,再利用三角形全等的判定和性质证明CM=CD即可.

(1)下面是小东证明该猜想的部分思路,请补充完整;

①在BC上截取BM,使BM=BE,连接FM,则可以证明△BEF与________全等,判定它们全等的依据是________;

②由∠A=60°,BD,CE是△ABC的两条角平分线,可以得出∠EFB=________°;

(2)请直接利用①,②已得到的结论,完成证明猜想BE+CD=BC的过程.

【答案】(1)△BMF;SAS;60

(2)证明:由①知,∠BFE=60°,

∴∠CFD=∠BFE=60°

∵△BEF≌△BMF,

∴∠BFE=∠BFM=60°,

∴∠CFM=∠BFC-∠BFM=120°-60°=60°,

∴∠CFM=∠CFD=60°,

∵CE是∠ACB的平分线,

∴∠FCM=∠FCD,

在△FCM和△FCD中,,

∴△FCM≌△FCD(ASA),

∴CM=CD,

∴BC=CM+BM=CD+BE,

∴BE+CD=BC.

【解析】【解答】解:(1)解:①在BC上取一点M,使BM=BE,连接FM,如图所示:

∵BD、CE是△ABC的两条角平分线,

∴∠FBE=∠FBM= ∠ABC,

在△BEF和△BMF中,,

∴△BEF≌△BMF(SAS),

故答案为:△BMF,SAS;

②∵BD、CE是△ABC的两条角平分线,

∴∠FBC+FCB= (∠ABC+∠ACB),

在△ABC中,∠A+∠ABC+∠ACB=180°,

∵∠A=60°,

∴∠ABC+∠ACB=180°-∠A=180°-60°=120°,

∴∠BFC=180°-(∠FBC+∠FCB)=180°- (∠ABC+∠ACB)=180°- ×120°=120°,

∴∠EFB=60°,

故答案为:60;

【分析】(1)①由BD,CE是△ABC的两条角平分线知∠FBE=∠FBC= ∠ABC,结合BE=BM,BF=BF,依据“SAS”即可证得△BEF≌△BMF;②利用三角形内角和求出∠ABC+∠ACB=120°,进而得出∠FBC+∠FCB=60°,得出∠BFC=120°,即可得出结论;(2)利用角平分线得出∠EBF=∠MBF,进而得出△BEF≌△BMF,求出∠BFM,即可判断出∠CFM=∠CFD,即可判断出△FCM≌△FCD,即可得出结论.

6.如图1,O为直线AB上一点,过点O作射线OC,∠AOC=30°,将一直角三角尺(∠M=30°)的直角顶点放在点O处,一边ON在射线OA上,另一边OM与OC都在直线AB的上方.

(1)若将图1中的三角尺绕点O以每秒5°的速度,沿顺时针方向旋转t秒,当OM恰好

平分∠BOC时,如图2.

①求t值;

②试说明此时ON平分∠AOC;

(2)将图1中的三角尺绕点O顺时针旋转,设∠AON=α,∠COM=β,当ON在∠AOC内部时,试求α与β的数量关系;

(3)若将图1中的三角尺绕点O以每秒5°的速度沿顺时针方向旋转的同时,射线OC也绕点O以每秒8°的速度沿顺时针方向旋转,如图3,那么经过多长时间,射线OC第一次平分∠MON?请说明理由.

【答案】(1)解:①∵∠AOC=30°,OM平分∠BOC,∴∠BOC=2∠COM=2∠BOM=150°,∴∠COM=∠BOM=75°.

∵∠MON=90°,∴∠CON=15°,∠AON+∠BOM=90°,∴∠AON=∠AOC﹣∠CON=30°﹣15°=15°,∴∠AON=∠CON,∴t=15°÷3°=5秒;

②∵∠CON=15°,∠AON=15°,∴ON平分∠AOC

(2)解:∵∠AOC=30°,∴∠NOC=∠AOC-∠AON=90°-∠MOC,∴30°-α=90°-β,∴β=α+60°

(3)解:设旋转时间为t秒,∠AON=5t,∠AOC=30°+8t,∠CON=45°,∴30°+8t=5t+45°,∴t=5.

即t=5时,射线OC第一次平分∠MON.

【解析】【分析】(1)根据角平分线的性质以及余角补角的性质即可得出结论;(2)根据∠NOC=∠AOC-∠AON=90°-∠MOC即可得到结论;(3)分别根据转动速度关系和OC 平分∠MON列方程求解即可.

7.如图1,直线CB∥OA,∠A=∠B=120°,E ,F在BC上,且满足∠FOC =∠AOC,并且OE 平分∠BOF.

(1)求∠AOB及∠EOC的度数;

(2)如图2,若平行移动AC,那么∠OCB: ∠OFB的值是否随之发生变化?若变化,找出变化规律或求出变化范围;若不变,求出这个比值;

【答案】(1)解:∵CB∥OA

∴∠BOA+∠B=180°

∴∠BOA=60°

∵∠FOC=∠AOC,OE平分∠BOF

∴∠EOC=∠EOF+∠FOC

= ∠BOF+ ∠F0A

= (∠BOF+∠FOA)

= ×60°

=30°

(2)解:不变

∵CB∥OA

∴∠OCB=∠COA,∠OFB=∠FOA

∵∠FOC=∠AOC

∴∠COA= ∠FOA, 即∠OCB:∠OFB=1:2

【解析】【分析】(1)利用两直线平行,同旁内角互补,易证∠BOA+∠B=180°,即可求出∠AOB的度数;再利用角平分线的定义,可证得∠BOE=∠EOF,从而可推出

∠EOC=∠AOB,代入计算求出∠EOC的度数。

(2)利用平行线的性质可证得∠OCB=∠COA,∠OFB=∠FOA,再结合已知条件可证得∠COA=∠FOA,从而可推出∠OCB: ∠OFB的值。

8.AB∥CD,C在D的右侧,BE平分∠ABC,DE平分∠ADC,BE、DE所在的直线交于点E.∠ADC=70°.

(1)求∠EDC 的度数;

(2)若∠ABC=30°,求∠BED 的度数;

(3)将线段 BC沿 DC方向移动,使得点 B在点 A的右侧,其他条件不变,若∠ABC=n°,请直接写出∠BED 的度数(用含 n的代数式表示).

【答案】(1)∵平分,

∴;

(2)过点作,如图:

∵平分,;平分,

∴,

∵,

∴,

∴;

(3)过点E作,如图:

∵DE平分,;BE平分,

∴,

∵,

∴,

∴.

【解析】【分析】(1)根据角平分线定义即可得到答案;(2)过点作,然后根据角平分线的定义、平行线的判定和性质以及角的和差进行推导即可得解;(3)过点作,然后根据角平分线的定义、平行线的判定和性质以及角的和差进行推导即可得解.

9.已知直线AB//CD,P是两条直线之间一点,且AP⊥PC于P.

(1)如图1,求证:∠BAP+∠DCP=90°;

(2)如图2,CQ平分∠PCG,AH平分∠BAP,直线AH、CQ交于Q,求∠AQC的度数;

【答案】(1)证明:过P作PQ∥AB,

∴∠BAP=∠APQ

∵AB//CD

∴PQ//CD

∴∠DCP=∠CPQ

∴∠BAP+∠DCP=∠APQ+∠CPQ=∠APC

又∵AP⊥PC于P

∴∠APC=90°

∴∠BAP+∠DCP=90°

(2)解:过Q作QM∥AB,

∵CQ平分∠PCG ,AH平分∠BAP,

设∠PCQ=∠QCG=a ,∠BAH=∠HAP=b,

∵QM∥AB,∠BAQ=180° b

∴∠BAQ=∠AQM=180°

又∵AB//CD,

∴MQ//CD,

∴∠CQM=180° a

∴∠AQC=(180° b)(180° a)=a b

又∵由(1)得∴∠BAP+∠DCP=90°

∵∠DCP=180° 2a ,∠BAP=2b

∴2b+180° 2a=90°

∴a b=45°

∴∠AQC=45°

【解析】【分析】(1)过P作PQ∥AB,根据平行线的判定定理得出PQ//CD,由平行线的性质,得到∠BAP=∠APQ,∠DCP=∠CPQ,结合AP⊥PC,即可得到答案;

(2)过Q作QM∥AB,由平行线的性质和角平分线的性质,得到角度之间的关系,即可得到答案.

10.如图1,CE平分∠ACD,AE平分∠BAC,∠EAC+∠ACE=90°.

(1)请判断AB与CD的位置关系,并说明理由;

(2)如图2,在(1)的结论下,当∠E=90°保持不变,移动直角顶点E,使∠MCE=∠ECD.当直角顶点E点移动时,问∠BAE与∠MCD是否存在确定的数量关系?并说明理由;(3)如图3,在(1)的结论下,P为线段AC上一定点,点Q为直线CD上一动点,当点Q在射线CD上运动时(点C除外),∠CPQ+∠CQP与∠BAC有何数量关系?直接写出结论,其数量关系为________.

【答案】(1)解:AB∥CD;理由如下:

∵CE平分∠ACD,AE平分∠BAC,

∴∠BAC=2∠EAC,∠ACD=2∠ACE,

∵∠EAC+∠ACE=90°,

∴∠BAC+∠ACD=180°,

∴AB∥CD

(2)解:∠BAE+∠MCD=90°;理由如下:

过E作EF∥AB,如图2所示:

∵AB∥CD,

∴EF∥AB∥CD,

∴∠BAE=∠AEF,∠FEC=∠DCE,

∵∠AEC=90°,

∴∠BAE+∠ECD=90°,

∵∠MCE=∠ECD

∴∠ECD=∠MCD

∴∠BAE+∠MCD=90°

(3)∠BAC=∠CPQ+∠CQP

【解析】【解答】解:(3)∠BAC=∠CPQ+∠CQP;理由如下:

∵AB∥CD,

∴∠BAC+∠ACD=180°,

∵∠CPQ+∠CQP+∠PCQ=180°,

即(∠CPQ+∠CQP)+∠ACD=180°,

∴∠BAC=∠CPQ+∠CQP.

故答案为:∠BAC=∠CPQ+∠CQP.

【分析】(1)由角平分线的性质得出∠BAC=2∠EAC,∠ACD=2∠ACE,推出∠BAC+∠ACD=180°,即可得出结论;

(2)过E作EF∥AB,则EF∥AB∥CD,得出∠BAE=∠AEF,∠FEC=∠DCE,由∠AEC=

90°,推出∠BAE+∠ECD=90°,∠ECD=∠MCD,得出∠BAE+∠MCD=90°;

(3)由平行线的性质得出∠BAC+∠ACD=180°,由三角形内角和定理得出∠CPQ+∠CQP +∠PCQ=180°,即可得出结果.

11.如图,在△ ABC中,∠ ABC、∠ ACB的平分线交于点O.

(1)若∠ABC=40°,∠ ACB=50°,则∠BOC=________

(2)若∠ABC+∠ ACB=lO0°,则∠BOC="________"

(3)若∠A=70°,则∠BOC=________

(4)若∠BOC=140°,则∠A=________

(5)你能发现∠ BOC与∠ A之间有什么数量关系吗?写出并说明理由.

【答案】(1)135°

(2)130°

(3)125°

(4)100°

(5)解:BO平分∠ABC, CO平分∠ABC ∴∠OBC=0.5∠ABC ∠OCB=0.5∠ACB ∴∠OBC+∠OCB=0.5∠ABC+0.5∠ACB= 0.5(180-∠A)=90-0.5∠A ∴∠O=180-(∠OBC+∠OCB)=180-(90-0.5∠A)=90°+0.5∠A

【解析】【解答】解:(1)∵∠ABC=40°,∠ACB=50°,在△ABC中,∠ABC、∠ACB的平分线交于点O.

∴∠OBC= ∠ABC=20°,∠OCB= ∠ACB=25°,

∴∠BOC=180°-∠OBC-∠OCB=180°-20°-25°=135°,

故答案是:135°;

( 2 )在△ABC中,∠ABC、∠ACB的平分线交于点O.

∴∠OBC= ∠ABC,∠OCB= ∠ACB,

∴∠OBC+∠OCB= (∠ABC+∠ACB)=50°,

∴∠BOC=180°- (∠ABC+∠ACB)=180°-50°=130°,

故答案是130°.

( 3 )在△ABC中,∠ABC、∠ACB的平分线交于点O.

∴∠OBC= ∠ABC,∠OCB= ∠ACB,

∴∠OBC+∠OCB= (∠ABC+∠ACB)=55°,

∴∠BOC=180°- (∠ABC+∠ACB)=180°-55°=125°,

故答案是125°;

( 4 )∵∠BOC=140°,

∴∠OBC+OCB=40°,

∵∠OBC= ∠ABC,∠OCB= ∠ACB,

∴∠ABC+∠ACB=2(∠OBC+OCB)=80°,

∴∠A=100°,

故答案是:100°;

【分析】根据角平分线的性质以及三角形内角和定理得出∠OBC和∠OCB与∠A之间的关系,然后根据△BOC的内角和定理得出∠BOC与∠A的关系.

12.已知:直线AB与直线CD交于点O,过点O作OE⊥AB.

(1)如图1,OP为∠AOD内的一条射线,若∠1=∠2,求证:OP⊥CD;

(2)如图2,若∠BOC=2∠AOC,求∠COE的度数;

(3)如图3.在(2)的条件下,过点O作OF⊥CD,经过点O画直线MN,若射线OM平

分∠BOD,请直接写出图中与2∠EOF度数相等的角.

【答案】(1)解:∵OE⊥AB ∴∠AOC+∠1= ∵∠1=∠2 ∴∠AOC+∠2=

∴OP⊥CD

(2)解:∵∠AOC+∠BOC= ,且∠BOC=2∠AOC ∴∠AOC= ∵OE⊥AB ∴∠AOE= ∴∠COE= - =

(3)∠AOD、∠BOC、∠FON、∠EOM

【解析】【解答】解:(3)由(2)知:∠AOC=

∵射线OM平分∠BOD

∴∠BOM=∠DOM=∠AON=∠CON=

∵OE⊥AB,OC⊥OF

∴∠AOE=∠COF=

∴∠AOC=∠EOF=

∴∠AOD=∠BOC=∠FON=∠EOM= =2∠EOF

∴与2∠EOF度数相等的角是:∠AOD、∠BOC、∠FON、∠EOM.

【分析】(1)直接根据等量代换即可证明.(2)先根据平角的定义可得∠AOC= ,再利用垂直的定义可得∠AOE= ,从而得出结论.(3)根据(2)中∠AOC= ,分别计算各角的度数,得其中∠EOF= ,根据各角的度数可得结论.

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