分类号: H31 密级：无
学士学位论文
解读《名利场》中的女性主义
An Analysis of Feminism in Vanity Fair
系别专业：西语系英语专业
姓名学号：赵雪娇 1233428
年级班级： 2012级 4班
指导教师及职称：孙桂荣副教授
2016年4月
吉林师范大学博达学院学位论文原创性声明
本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除了论文中特别加以标注的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。申请学位论文与资料若有不实之处，本人承担一切相关责任。
作者签字：赵雪娇
日期：2016 年 4 月 13 日
指导教师签字：
日期：年月日
摘要小说名利场是英国19世纪著名批判现实主义作家萨克雷的成名作品。作品刻画了截然不同的而又相关交连的两位女性人物贝基、夏普和艾米莉亚、赛得利。通过这两个女人的悲欢离合，萨克雷反应的是维多利亚时代一个以男性为主导的社会，当时社会风气的腐化堕落和伦理道德败坏的现状。造就了一种以艾米莉亚为代表的“家中的天使”的女性形象。而另一种则是以夏普为代表的对当时这种父权制的反抗，勇于向维多利亚习俗挑战，敢于追求财富和地位的女性形象。
关键词名利场，女性形象，维多利亚时代，反抗
Abstract The Vanity Fair is a famous novel that was wrote by the critical realism writer Thackeray in 19th century. it describes two different and related girls, Rebecca and Amelia. Thackeray reveals a male-dominated society at Victorian age from the vicissitudes of two women. it’ s a corrupt and immoral social culture. It creates a “angle in the house” female image that represented by Amelia and the other is a brave to rebel patriarchy, to challenge against Victorian customs, to pursuit wealth and position female image that represented by Rebecca.
Key words Vanity fair, Female image, Victorian age, Rebel
1. Introduction
1.1 Thackeray’ s life and his V anity Fair
William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of 19th century. Thackeray was born in July 1811 in Indian Calcutta ,and died in December 1863 in London, he was sent to England to study at six years old and inherited his father’s heritage at adult, but soon squandered, and then he studied law and drawing but not succeed, a series of the experience of failure that make him familiar with all levels of upper-middle-class, and later to practice writing writes for newspapers and magazines, published essays, travel notes, etc. Thackeray is a prolific writer. The works more than 35 volumes. His early works are humorous story and poetry. He created critical realism novel at the middle and published vanity fair in 1848. The book established his position in the English literature, and he is considered the great counterpart to dickens in the mid-Victorian novel. He writes novel try to be objective , not hide and distort the facts in his love or desire. There is not a hero in the story so vanity fair’s sub title is “not hero novels”. This also the innovation of van ity fair . the story originated from the British upper-middle class in the 19th century. The country prosperous , industry and commerce developed by crushing colonies or exploited labors and a rich merchant who is charge of the society. England and France fight the war for title. The upper-middle class all kinds of characters fight for fame and profit , so called “Bustling world, all for profit , and the world, all for reward”. The main plot of vanity fair can be divided into two clues. The one clue is Rebe cca’ s story of desire and the other clue is the romance of pure, short-sighted Amelia and empty shallow George.(Thackeray 2012: XI).The purpose of this paper is to borrow Amelia and Rebecca’ s character image to analyze Victorian women image and position, and to reveal the diffuse the steep profits and selfish nature of capitalism.
1.2 Women’ s image in Victorian England
The social background at that time, the status of women were very low in 19th century. Not only express the dependence of economy and polity, but also is limited by the power of education compared with the men. Women are considered brainless and the
most women all agree that. Virginia, wolf thought the reasons that “in a large extent are laws and customs”caused this situation of England women. Victorian men to confirm their value and status by dominate and control women. They require women must chastity, obedience, kindness and dedication. This is a typical patriarchal society to give women the moral standard chastity: Victorian upper class requires women must be loyal for her husband. Women as men’ s accessories naturally be loyal for her husband even worship. In the patriarchal society of the time, men and women have a big different status. Just as Engels said:”usually women is considered a crime and to cause grave legal and social consequences, for the man was thought to be a glorious, at most however be regarded as a small blemish that can be accept in moral. Rebecca as a opposite teaching material. She seduced the men and got the infatuation of men, therefore promoting to a higher position. As last the amour was found by her husband Rawdon, she all reputation and be a vagabond. On the other hand, Amelia is loyal to her husband, even her husband died in war, every time she want to repay Dobbin. “George’s shadow immediately from the grave stood up and said:” You are mine, can’t belong to others. You’re mine now, you can only belong to me in future.”(1)From the fate of two women was arranged by author. A women spurned by people, a women praised by people. We can know the importance of chastity in that society. Obedience: Whatever the fate, husband or passers by in life, the attitude all different of Rebecca and Amelia. Rebecca disobeyed the poor life and marriage. After marriage, she also disobeyed with Rawdon. She is a representative of feminism, but the seeds of this hint of feminist subjected the attacks of male chauvinism. Therefore, even in the intrigue of fame in the field. She has to pretend to obey, because this is the men’s ideal of “femininity”. It’s the only way to climb the social most high end. Kindhearted: the kindhearted is not only reflected in fame and the attitude of money, it depends more on dealing with things and the relationship of people. Rebecca never contact with the people who don’t have the interest relationship, so when Rebecca left nobody sad but Amelia likes a single round pebbles. when she left, they are all cry. However in the male as the center of society. Men all like Amelia. Dedication: dedication in women is an eternal topic . In the Victorian period, wife, mother should devote everything for her husband. Children and family, Amelia is the typical of this spirit. For her husband’s loyalty is only a small part of the dedication. After the loss of her husband. Amelia treats her son as her life. When her son is not around, she often walks long distance to see her son’s window. She is a great wife and mother.
2. Amelia Sedley —the Victorian Angel in the House
2.1 Obedient and kindhearted Amelia
In the story, Amelia is a obedient daughter, loyal wife. conscientious mother. kindhearted friend. She is a typical representative of “angel in the house” in Victorian age. Amelia was born in a rich family. She had a good education in the child. She studied in the famous Pinkerton’ s female academy in England. She finished all the courses that was required by the upper class society. Including music, dance, orthography, embroidery, sewing, geographical and physical courses. These courses of study to Amelia has a rich knowledge and good moral self-cultivation and she is very friendly to the students. In the school, Amelia is a popular girl, because the family background, hard work and gentle character, she has many admiration and love. Thackeray called her” a lovely little animal” and “ good character”. She cried for a dead canary. Or cried for a mouse was caught by a cat. She was vulnerable. Such as someone said to her not friendly, then this person is very bad for her. Rebecca and Amelia learn in the same Pinkerton’ s female academy. After graduation, the kindhearted Amelia gets the homeless Rebecca to home. Rebecca want to get the wealth and achieve her dream. She was very humble, she quickly won the favor of Amelia’s family and the friendship of Amelia. So Amelia want to help Rebecca and her brother’s marriage. Amelia also sent her things to her friend Rebecca. Thackeray in the novel describes respectively the scene: the two of them devotion to cuddle with, the most pathetic tears, the smelling-bottle, and some of the very best feelings of the heart. A person sincerely, another person do a wonderful false play(Thackeray 2012: 125) .
2.2 Spineless and parasitic Amelia
Amelia has some obvious shortcomings. She is weak and timid, dependent on others without the ability to face difficulties or unhappy things. She can’t deal with by herself. She will cry or avoid rather than trying to solve , she won’t to use her brain or advantage in most cases in to yield. Her husband George died in the war. she became a widow, her father go bankrupt. Her father in law old Osborne kept prejudice and hostility to her. Amelia just bear silently. She won’t to change it. Just when her son born that gave her some comfort. Another example also illustrates Amelia’s gentle and incompetent, self deception and self destruction. In a party, Rebecca flirted with her husband. Dancing together. But Amelia sat in a dark corner. Obviously she was
abandoned by her husband but she doesn’t know. Amelia is useless and always to put the hope of life on others. She wants to get assistance and protection from others. The author called her “ weak parasites”. Amelia loves vain, vacuous and rich George with her all energy. In her mind, George is her sun. George goes to play gamble and entertainment, she thought her husband must be busy in the troop and George’s sisters often purposely make difficulties for her. After the bankruptcy of her father, George’s father tore off their engagement, but the lovesick Amelia still refused to give up the love for George. With the help of Dobbin, Amelia and George married secretly. However when George knew his economy was cut off by his father. He very regretful. In the honeymoon, George started to pursue pleasure outside. Amelia was desolated, but her love didn’t change, even after George died, she put him as God. She thought her married to a good man like angel won’t be able to marry anyone, the son is her only hope of wife. She thought her son is most beautiful and smart child in the world, because he is the incarnation of George.
2.3 Sacrificial and vacuous Amelia
Because of her selfish and narrow-minded, she always living in a fantasy world she can’t cherish Dobbin who give her happy. It caused Dobbin very painful. In this full of intriguers, selfish and cruel world. Dobbin is very conscientious, sympathetic, sincere, unprejudiced and generous, but spoony and stupid in love. Dobbin consistently loved Amelia, but in order to Amelia, he put his love to Amelia buried in the heart, to help her and her lover George married secretly. After the bankruptcy of her father, in the property auction. Dobbin bought her beloved piano with a high price in secret and gave it to her. At this time, Amelia thought this her beloved husband bought back to her. After her husband George died. Dobbin took out his own salaries gave her as the cost of living. After the child was born, he took care of her and her child. For more than ten years, Dobbin devoted and waited silently, the hair was white, the heart was also tired. Dobbin said:”You(Amelia) is not worthy of my contribution to your love. So ,in terms of feelings, Amelia is selfish, the life of Amelia is relying on the illusion of survival. So she lives empty, she didn’t want to marry Dobbin, but would like to have his heart forever. Until one day, Rebecca told Amelia the disloyalty of George, Dobbin got his lover. The author also sends out such a sigh:” you this delicate parasitic vine, I would like you to twin a starchy old oak trees, to grown new leaves.” The author didn’t give praise to the perfect model of the society at that time on the contrary, she was satirized as a social victim.
3. Rebecca sharp—the Victorian Rebel
3.1 The expression of masculinity
The brainpower but uninhibited Rebecca let people love-hate relationship for her. It is Thackeray contradictory female views caused Rebecca both the synthesis of femininity and masculinity. This”double body”ideal states in Woolf Virginia’s novel Orlando also has been confirmed. From the domination of the patriarchal system to the radical feminism. The gender opposition from one to other extreme, until the “ double body”beyond the concept of gender can really achieve the ideal states of equality between men and women femininity and masculinity are perfect fusion in Rebecca, because of this, Rebecca has also become a literary works in a unique charm of the role. The ideal masculine temperament has a wide range of powers and abilities: controlling the power of women, controlling the power of other men, controlling their bodies, and the ability to manipulate and control technology. And Rebecca often show a dominant male temperament, it dominates the Rebecca and dominates the men and women around her. Mother’s death makes her lack the femininity of social traditional family, opposite her father lived with her and gave her the enlightenment of masculinity. Although Rebecca’s father is a rogue, but talented. Rebecca thinks his speech is fun more than the gossiping of women, so she never contact with women. Rebecca realized when she following her father, the men beside her can accompany all time, she would rather lose the most lively banquet and dance. But the pride of the young lady who never ignored her, in the Pinkerton women’s school with those children mixed for two years, that didn’t inspire her innately lack of maternal mood. The experiences of teenage has taught the Rebecca the importance of money and status. She is a traitorous girl who unwilling to obey the fate. After she stepped in to society. The others contempt to her as a reason for the pursuit of desire. In the drive of masculinity, Rebecca is the most incisive interpretation of this desire. Rebecca can control herself perfectly, Rebecca of unwilling to obey always holds her own destiny, no matter she is the pursuit of social or abandoned by society. Outspoken against miss Pinkerton to require her labor interests is the first attack of Rebecca. When she graduated from the Pinkerton women school. She was unceremoniously throw the dictionary out the window and made the people under her feet who ever despised her. In order to change her poor fate, she can ignore the people despised or admirable eyes around her. she relied on marriage and cling to the powerful people. she clam to upper class society crazy. Rebecca initiative to seduce bloated cowardly Jos. Proposal setbacks but also let her sad and angry for a while, soon she
began to go to Crawley to try her fortune. Although unfortunately missed the old selfish sir Pitt’s proposal. Rebecca also readily accepted the reality that Rawdon can’t inherit the property from Miss Crawley. Married Rebecca skillfully deal in various dignitaries, living the high life. Although the “amour” of Rebecca and Lord Steyne was found by Rawdon, and caused the unbearable past was revealed, and she was expelled from upper class society forever, but she also had a wonderful life in wandering days. Throughout Rebecca ups and downs of life, she had humble childhood, and had scenery wonderful life of upper class society, and also had wandering miserable life in the middle, but alternately in the fate of ups and downs, Rebecca is firmly control her own life, and had a true life belong to her own. And Rebecca can skillfully control of men, in the marriage Rebecca kept a active dominate position and even let her husband Rawdon automatically relegated to the status of “subordinate male temperament”. After the marriage, Rebbeca’s personal charm to make this wine field Rawdon to become a obedient good husband. The longer the time, he is more dependent on his wife, from the beginning of the love and appreciation to the later worship and admiration. Rawdon vowed to praise his wife, he said her ability of cheat creditors without a person can catch in European women. Rawdon thought to marry such a wife the use is not really small. When Rebecca humorously told her husband that she gets money from Jos with a good method, her husband listened to it happy almost to crazy, He knew in his heart that he is not smart enough, not worthy of her, he willing to listen to her arrangement to obey absolutely. Rawdon adored Rebecca just like Amelia adored George. On the other hand, Rebecca began to despise Rawdon. When they entire the upper class society step by step, in the splendid luxurious palace, Rebecca is regarded as a identity of guest. The Rawdon mixed in the middle of the Duchess and the ladies of the court were bored to yawn, and continues to mixed with his congenial friends. In this period of better days, Rebecca despised her husband get along with those young frank officers in the daily life. Since the birth of her son, Rebecca has been indifferent. Looking at Rawdon so like his son, Rebecca was more despised for her husband. It had the same effect, that George disliked Amelia gets along with shameful women. The scene on the battlefield, the different attitude of Rawdon and Rebecca also proved their roles were exchanged. Rawdon regretted the owe a gambling debt. He afraid it will troubles his wife, he was busy with his troubles, counting the funeral can give her wife how much property. Compared to sentimental Rawdon, Redecca is calm. She joked Rawdon and said sweet words to coax him. Rebecca thought how to begin her new life if Rawdon died in the war. Even in the war, Rebecca still thinking how to get money from Jos. Not only her husband to be docile and obedient, in society, Rebecca is like a duck to water around the men. When
Rebecca presents some places. There are always full of gunpowder of women and coveted eyes of men. Rebecca knows energy and the effect of a beautiful women, she can often effectively use this point to conquer the men. Rebecca is a pretty and charming girl. It won the coveted eyes of men for her. After close contact, we can find her other advantages. She also is a humorous, intellectual and eloquent girl. She is more charm compared with those decent wife and miss. At the appropriate time to express the vulnerability, completely conquered all men’s heart.
3.2 The disguise and deficiency of femininity
The conquest of Rebecca not only threaten the men but also threaten the women. Because these women are all treat the value of male as the standard of life, so Rebecca in other women eyes just a unwomanly and seduce men’s wild woman. A woman who lives in a patriarchal culture long time. Automatically the image of an ideal woman in a man’s heart is internalized in order to realize her own consciousness, hoping to be replaced by the consciousness of the man’s love and appreciation. Men look at the women and women look at themselves. This not only determines the relationship of some men and women, but also provides the relationship between women and their own. Rebecca deprived the men watch the women’s eyes, even is different from Amelia that gentle and virtuous, but naked to seduce, so this is women not permitted. Redecca knows how to ingratiate these ladies. She expresses the gentle modesty and kindhearted, honest femininity properly, naturally to won the traditional women’s approval. When the gentlewoman boasts her French say well, Rebecca’s attitude is very modest, when Rebecca sat at the piano and sang hymns history of lady Steyne early favorite of Mozart, she obeyed to Rebecca and even a little like her; when Lady Jane very like her son, Rebecca kissed his son’s face in front of everyone, although she never do such a thing at home. Mother has the character of love and caring for others is an important symbol of female temperament. While in the treatment of his son’s question Rebecca and Amelia has formed a strong contrast. The absence of her maternal temperament makes her even less than her husband Rawdon. Since his son was born, Rebecca is not with him together. His son had soiled her clothes or was ill for a while, so that she was very bored. Once her son hided in the corner of the staircase to listen to her singing, that was found by Rebecca, Rebecca made him two slaps. After this matter, Rebecca changed the attitude that dislike his son in to hatred. Before this, the son to Rebecca just an unnecessary burden, the son represents her identity of mother. This is a femininity that is required to Love and care for others, it is hidden behind the patriarchy and hegemony. This kind of
temperament is missing in Rebecca, and even can be said to be rejected by her, therefore, Rebecca has been evaded his son deliberately. The life experience of Rebecca’s childhood also makes her can’t accept other people’s kindness, although her son also treated her as a superior angel to worship. But Rebecca can’t really agree this feeling in heart. As long as it is not value to use, the son of her is still unnecessary. When her son peeped her secret inadvertently, Rebecca was very excited, because she feared the “adultery” with Lord Steyne was found by her son. Whenever she thought the child lived with her, her conscience seemed to be condemned, and very bored .Although her son doesn’t understand her mother why not singing to him, but his presence reminded Rebecca that she is a mother, to remind he as a mother not allowed to do this. Her son is a intended ,he will effect Rebecca to climb, so she is intended to avoid her son, even when she saw her son that she is very angry.
3.3The strangler of realistic society
Rebecca cause all kinds of means to achieve her desire. To fool others, to betray her husband, to abandon her son. Such a way that betray social morality, in a sense is Rebecca resists patriarchal society. Her behavior is not only a treat to a traditional family but also a threat to the men .Rebecca can be said to be a woman with man’s heart, namely androgyny. In the face of reality, she never compromise, always maintain a strong energy and full of confidence. After the old Miss Crawley cancelled Rawdon’s inheritance of property, Rebecca taught Rawdon to win the hearts and minds of the old lady. On the one hand, Rebecca helped her husband to negotiate with a large group of creditors; On the other hand, while she clings to power, she has been planning to find a creditable job for her husband. If Rebecca is a man , she will be able to do these things by herself. Even though Rawdon is unworthy, Rebecca still need this identity to prove herself in the upper class society. As for Lord Steyne no matter how much he enjoyed Rebecca, he will not give her any birthright. Rebecca circles round a lot of men, She just want to have a considerable fortune and a rich life .Whatever the Rebecca how smart and capable, she can only use men to achieve her dream, she could not rely on herself to get the true approvement by the people, this is the frustration and sadness of Rebecca as a woman. Beauvior once said that a person as a woman, to say “born”, is better to say “formation”.(2)There is not physical, psychological or economic provement to decide the status of women in the society, but a whole of human culture, so resulting the female. To compare with the traditional women in Victorian age, Rebecca is a terrible special woman. Because the fate of injustice, she rebelled this female destiny role, although she
eventually missed upper class society forever, but she faced such setbacks still positive and active. In the wandering life, she never look back and never regret. The brave woman with man’s heart. She had been rebelled this society enormously. Although sacrifice gloriously in the face of traditional morality, but at least got some positive effect. I believe that with the development of the time, The female just like Rebecca will break the tradition in the one day!
Conclusion
The work describes the hard life of two actress Rebecca and Amelia, and through their love experience and marriage that we can see scrambling for power and profit was the main target of British society. Although the behavior of Rebecca was regarded as immoral and unethical at that time, and even is the scum of female. But at the time that men rule the dark social environment, if viewed it with viewpoint of the modern equality between men and women, so the behaviors of men awe good? Rebecca was added to some dirty titles at that time, because there are some rules of imprisonment. In a state of suppressed for a long time, Rebecca never gave up the pursuit of a better future, in a society that men and women can’t equal treatment, in a society that lack the fairness and justice, so the women’ s ethic and morality is worth to follow? In the social environment of sexual discrimination, women in the state of slavery, they require the liberation of the road is tortuous, the unreasonable behaviors are unavoidable and can be forgiven in the purpose of the process. And Amelia, in the people eyes of the respectable women has become a “Victim”of society at that time, she kept her women’s social morality, but only to return for unfaithful husband, compared with Amelia, Rebecca in all aspects of both independence and not lack initiative; take the initiative to pursue what you want from love and willing to assume corresponding responsibilities; active pursuit of fame and fortune, and look forward to be a successful career; and to accept the ethics advocate by religious in surface, the heart is full of rebellious spirit.
Combined with the social environment at that time, the middle class life, values and the author’s creative purpose of two characters of critical realism analysis: ”Vanity Fair”exposed the evil, greedy and ugly essence of capitalist society, in such a social environment Rebecca and Amelia represents two kinds of women’ s fate has its social inevitability, and eventually can’t escape the tragic fate, the destined fate tortured and tormented with their hearts. Because the society advocated the twisty values and moral values, people’s ideas are distorted. Therefore the novel inevitably arrange the fates of Rebecca and Amelia. Rebecca although struggled at the edge of the cruel society, can’t
be accepted by the society, but still accept the reality full of challenge, and to summarize the approach of Rebecca to reflect the independence of contemporary female develop and awaken in the difficulty. Rebecca represents the rebellious women is women to fight for independence in the process of “thriving”and not “alien”, like Amelia such traditional women are not angles, but women’ s sad.
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第5卷第2期2005年06月 江苏科技大学学报(社会科学版) Jour nal of Jiangsu U niver sity o f Science and T echno lo gy(Social Science Editio n) Vo l 5N o 2 Jun.2005 文章编号:1673-0453(2005)02-0076-05 飘的女性主义解读 荆兴梅 (南京师范大学外国语学院,南京210097) 摘 要: 飘在叙事策略上沿袭的是西方文学源远流长的现实主义传统,在内容上却超越了这一传统,具有鲜明的现代性立场。评论界对其女主人公斯佳丽持有两种评价,即!女魔形象?和!女英雄形象?。 用女性主义理论分析得出结论:斯佳丽从!真女性?跃身变为!新女性?是战争和工业化的产物,她最后遭受的悲剧性结局是她在传统道德价值观和生存现实的夹缝中无所适从的具体表现。 关键词:现实主义;现代性;女性主义;真女性;新女性 中图分类号:I106.4 文献标识码:A 真正的女性文学开始于19世纪,而女性主义文学及理论的蓬勃发展则是20世纪的重大事件。!真正意义的西方女性文学产生于19世纪。那是随着人权运动的出现而发展起来的。在法国大革命所倡导的自由、平等、博爱及天赋人权等思想的影响下,从19世纪30年代起,西方开始了一场为女性争取教育、政治、法律和经济等方面权益的女权运动。与此同时,女性的文学创作也进入了黄金时期,涌现出一批优秀的女性作家和作品。?[1] !在思想层面上,女权运动虽然在两次世界大战期间平静下来,但到了60年代,在学生运动和民权运动的激发下,女权运动再度兴起。这次运动不但强调争取女权,更重视男女两性的角色分析,并开始对父权制思想文化本身提出质疑,出现了许多女性主义的理论著作。?[1] 出版于1936年的 飘生逢其时地适应了这一潮流。以时间为脉络,这部作品仿佛是远古时代神话故事的一个现代翻版,它娓娓道来的是在巨大的历史变故之际人物性格和命运的相应演变。它没有用乔伊斯、伍尔夫等现代派大师所青睐的意识流技巧,没有用斯泰因的立体主义小说创作模式,而是循规蹈矩地描摹扣人心弦的场景,讲述惊心动魄的故事,铺呈深邃悠远的感情。一句话,它没有跳出自荷马史诗 奥德赛中奥德修斯勇敢地与残酷命运激战的西方现实主义窠臼,在叙事策略上并未给读者带来多少新颖感。然而在内容上它却对西方的文学传统进行了颠覆性的超越,具有鲜明的现代主义立场。如果说 简#爱表现了女性对自由平等的追求, 觉醒用婚外恋的故事揭示了女性自我意识的张扬,那么 飘就是女权主义旗帜肆意的飘摇。 1927年初,米契尔开始执笔创作 飘,同一时间在另外一个国度里,英国现代派大师伍尔夫不仅把她的意识流小说经营得炉火纯青,而且在世界范围内把女性主义理论提到了一个相当的高度。曾当过四年优秀记者的米契尔如果说不关注国内外文化政治发展的态势那是不可能的,因此她在小说中极力张扬女权意识也就毫不奇怪。斯佳丽的原形是作者的外祖母安妮#斯蒂芬,她实实在在地经历了那次战火的洗礼,同样作为战时新娘从富裕的种植园嫁到了亚特兰大。!她常去见市长和市议会,用一些精挑细选的言语谴责男性的游手好闲与浪费时间,使那些大人物张口结舌无言以对。?[2](P13)作者的母亲也是亚特兰大社会的女性精英,她总是以积极的姿态带领女儿参加各种女权运动集会,并且还经常作慷慨激昂的演讲。在这样的环境下成长起来的米契尔,塑造出斯佳丽那样特立独行的女性形象,真是水到渠成般自然。 飘出版之时正值美国政治经济大萧条,罗 收稿日期:2004-12-16 作者简介:荆兴梅(1969-),女,江苏丹阳人,南京师大在读硕士,主要从事英美文学研究。
外国文学名著简介：名利场 萨克雷的代表作《名利场》作于1847年，副标题是《一个没有主角的小说》。小说女主人公蓓基·夏泼是个穷画家的女儿，出身卑微，倍受歧视，她为此愤懑不平，凭自己的美貌和机智开始投机冒险的生活，不择手段地猎取金钱，力图进入上层社会。小说生动地塑造了这个虚荣好胜、自私自利而又机敏干练的女冒险家形象。小说另一条线索是奥斯本和赛德利这两个资产阶级家庭命运的变化，通过这种变化，深刻地揭示了资产者的思想面貌和心理特征，以及资本主义社会人与人之间冰冷的关系。其创作力求真实，笔下人物性格，采用讲故事的叙述方法，亲切随便，风格独特。它是萨克雷的成名作，确立了萨克雷在英国文坛上的重要地位。 萨克雷，19世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义作家。生于印度加尔各答阿里帕的一个英国官员家庭。幼年丧父，18岁入剑桥大学受到贵族化的教育。成年后，继承父亲遗产，过了一段资产阶级公子哥儿的生活。后自谋生计，学绘画，想以卖画为生，又搞证券交易，协助诉讼代理人经办民事案件，但均不成功。1833年起在报刊杂志发表文章，直到长篇小说《名利场》问世，他才被公认是天才的小说家。由于生活境遇的骤然变化，他开始重新观察生活，看尽世态炎凉，也看破了世俗的浮华。他的文字渗透着幻灭的哀愁。早期作品有
《当差通信》、《凯瑟林》、《霍加蒂大钻石》、《巴利·林登的遭遇》，后期作品有《名利场》、《潘登尼斯》、《亨利·艾斯芒德的历史》、《纽可谟一家》、《弗吉亚人》、《菲力普历险记》等，最后一部小说《丹尼斯·杜瓦尔》仅完成八章。还有一些散文集，以《势利人脸谱》最有名。在文学史上，萨克雷与狄更斯齐名，对世界文学的发展有着重要的影响。 影片改编自英国作家萨克雷的成名作《名利场》。 爱蜜丽亚与贝希同时毕业于英国一间著名的女子学校。善良的爱蜜丽亚将无家可归的贝希带回家。贝希是一位爱慕虚荣、贪图势利的女孩，她利用自己的年轻、美貌赢得了军官司罗迪的欢心，他们结为夫妇。拜金的贝希很快成为上流社会的一朵交际花，在军官与社会名流之间周旋。爱蜜丽亚的丈夫也为贝希着迷，这令爱蜜丽亚十分伤心。当时的社会风气十分败坏，人们赌博成风，罗迪欠下巨额赌债。贝希为了帮罗迪还清赌债，向伯爵借钱，条件是答应伯爵的晚餐约请。由此被罗迪误会而离婚。此后的贝希贫困潦倒，沦为歌舞女郎。爱蜜丽亚不计前嫌与一直对贝希存有爱意的哥哥一起接贝希回家。此时的贝希决定重新面对生活。
Introduction Jane Eyre is such a great novel that it holds an important position in the history of British literature. It is also the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, who is a famous talented realistic woman novelist in English literature history. It has been translated into various languages and adapted for movie, dazzling generations of readers all through the world. This thesis mainly discusses the female doctrine of Jane in the social background of realism. Jane is neither a very beautiful woman, nor rich, but her genuine, selfless love for Rochester, and her good personality strike us deeply. It was written successfully to portray its heroine --Jane Eyre , a independent woman, who takes an positive and progressive attitude toward love, life , society and religions, and who dares to fight for the liberty and equality. Jane's sufferings are the deep reflections of the lives of lower-class people in Britain . The author shaped her heroine as a lower-class, awaken, and new feminine , who resists oppression and social prejudice strongly, fight for independent personality and dignity firmly ,and pursue happy life consistently. It is rather rare in the novels of that period. The period when Jane (the heroine in the novel Jane Eyre) lived roughly corresponds with the time of queen Victoria’s ruling. Victoria who ruled over the British Empire for over 60 years was a well known queen in English history. She mounted the throne in 1837 when British literature reached a prosperous period. In the 1940s, British literature reached its peak. The realists were one of the main groups at that time, and the author of Jane Eyre belonged to this group. A brief information about Charlotte Bront? Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was born in the family of a poor country clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire, in northern England. In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend-critical realism. English critical realism of the 19 th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.She
外国语学院 英国文学论文 题目：透过《名利场》探究社会腐化现象 专业：英语 姓名：周xx 学号：200804xxxx 指导教师： 完成日期：2011 年6月13日
Reveal the Reasons of Social Corruption t Through Vanity Fair Specialty: English Direction: Culture Applicant: Zhou Wxxx Advisor: Submitted to College of Foreign Languages For the Certificate of Completion of British literature At Hulunbeier College May 13, 2011
透过《名利场》探究社会腐化现象 摘要：《名利场》是19世纪著名批判现实主义小说家威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷的代表作。小说中塑造了各式各样的人物，自私和虚伪充斥整篇小说。通过分析人物，我们可以得出这样的结论: 19世纪的英国社会已经腐化。本文认为社会腐化首先源于社会经济的迅速发展，巨大的财富是滋生社会腐化的物质基础。其次在于社会主流文化的导向作用，健康向上的主流社会文化能够有效抑制负面文化的滋生。第三，社会生活中人们的精神态度，这里的精神态度指的是人们对于主流文化的主观能动作用，即人们是否推崇社会主流文化。 关键词：《名利场》萨克雷社会腐化主流文化 Reveal the Reasons of Social Corruption t Through Vanity Fair Abstract：Vanity Fair is the famous critical realism masterpiece of William Makepeace Thackeray in the 19th century. Thackeray in the novel created a wide variety of characters; most of the people are full of selfish and hypocrisy. By analyzing the characters, we can come to this conclusion: that his society had corrupted. There are three reasons for social corruption. Firstly, rapid development of social economy, great wealth is the material basis for social corruption. The Second one, the direction of mainstream culture, a healthy mainstream culture can effectively inhibit the negative culture. The last one, people's mental state in social life, mental state here refers to people's subjective dynamic-role to the mainstream culture, namely whether people follow the mainstream culture. Key words: Vanity Fair Thackeray social corruption mainstream culture
该思潮提出了实现男女差异性平等、认同差异、包容差异，并且认为差异并不必然带来性别歧视；呼吁建构女性自我意识，立志铲除地球上所有不平等现象与制度。概括地说，后女性主义思潮一是认为女性主义夸大了男女不平等的问题，是一种“受害者”哲学；二是认为男女不平等的问题原本就不该政治化，是女性主义人为制造出来的；三是认为对男女不平等问题不宜以对立态度提出，而应以寻求两性和谐的态度提出来。 后现代女权主义理论解读 后现代女权主义产生于20世纪80-90年代，是在现代女权主义各大理论派别长达百余年的论争之后，随着后现代主义思潮的兴起，而出现的一个崭新的女权主义理论流派。它是在面对当前的妇女生存状况和妇女问题，在反思现代女权主义的基础上吸收了后现代主义的理论观点，从另一种角度探寻妇女解放的途径而产生的。它试图发展出一套不依赖传统哲学基础的女权主义的社会批判范式。后现代女权主义并不是一个统一的女权主义流派，它自身也充满了矛盾，各种理论侧重点不同，有时相互冲突、歧义百出，政治主张有同有异，缺乏一致性，作为与现代女权主义不同的后现代女权主义，具有如下共同特征：否定所有那些高大宏伟和涵盖一切的现代理论，对关于社会、历史与政治的宏观理论进行彻底批判，并对所谓绝对真理、永恒基础和普遍性提出挑战；反对西方知识结构中最为根深蒂固的二元对立，提倡多元论的模式；反对普遍主义和本质主义，强调注重女性与女性、女性与男性因国家、种族、阶级、宗教的不同而形成的各种差异，呼唤人们注意女性内部千差万别的经验；反对现代社会中的统治关系模式；注重男性话语霸权对女性的压迫，承认主体性和权力的构成性等。 女权主义对后现代理论的吸收主要表现在以下几个方面：p80 1、否定“宏大叙述”或“元话语” 后现代主义理论的要点是反对一切有关人类社会发展规律的大型理论体系，主张只有分散的、局部的小型理论才是有效的。女权主义借鉴了这一理论观点，对以往的女权主义进行了反思，把研究的重点从大一统理论的建构转向了分散的、局部的、小型的理论探讨。因为，从启蒙运动开始，所有的大型理论虽然都标榜其普遍性和性别中立的性质，强调两性差异的理论也自称是性别中立的，但在女权主义者看来，这些理论都是以男性为标准的，完全忽视了女性的存在。在思维方式上，女权主义反对二元对立的思维模式，例如，总要把事物分成不是这样就是那样、你与我、好与坏、高与低等，提倡重视他人、重视差异以及多元论的思维模式等。 2、话语即权力 后现代主义大师福柯拒斥所有那些认为权力仅停泊与宏观结构或统治阶级手中，并认为权力本质上是压迫性的现代理论，他提出了一种关于权力的心的后现代观点，认为权力是生产性的、分散的、不确定的、形态多样的，它构造了个人的认同。 福柯指出，所有的权利都是生产性的，它产出知识，反过来知识又生产权力，知识和权力是一回事，没有什么区别。女性主义从福柯那里获得的启示是：福柯的权力形成学说不是告诉我们应该做些什么，也不是为我们提供一个更美好的社会蓝图，而是为我们提供如何看待既存理论的视角，以及从权利作用的角度来分析它们的方法。它使女权主义认识到，人们的思维方法和行为方式是如何为统治他们自己服务的，人们又是如何通过制造真理的过程管制他们自己的。受后现代主义“话语就是权力”理论的影响，女权主义的抱负之一就是要发明女性的话语。 3、标准化或正常化以及惩戒凝视 福柯认为,权力作用的重要方式是标准化或正常化(normalization) 及惩戒凝视(disciplinary
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书 编号： 论文（设计）题目：在女性主义视角下解读《名利场》 学院： XXX学院专业：英语教育班级： XXXX级英语教育X班 学生姓名： XX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师： XX 职称 XX 1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务 本论文主要从女性主义的角度入手，去解读萨克雷的代表作《名利场》，其中主要以小说的女主人公蓓基·夏泼作为切入点，通过分析她对独立、平等、自由的追求，探究女性主义思想给女性带来的积极改变，从而鼓励现代女性自强、自立、自尊。 2、论文（设计）的主要内容 本论文内容主要包括：著名小说《名利场》的基本情节介绍，对女性主义理论的简单概括，历来对此问题的相关研究说明，《名利场》女主人公蓓基·夏泼对独立、平等、自由这些女性主义核心思想的追求的具体表现，以及这种积极向上的女性主义思想给广大女性带来的重要启示。 3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线 通过对英国文学史的学习，我了解到了萨克雷这位著名作家以及他的成名作《名利场》，后来又观看了由这部小说改编的同名电影。我对这部“没有英雄的小说”以及里面特立独行的女主人公蓓基·夏泼产生了浓厚的兴趣。后来我查阅了相关文献，发现大家对这部经典小说的赏析多从女性主义及男权社会角度入手，因此本人决定以此作为自己的论文研究方向，借助女性主义核心思想的关键词独立、平等、自由来分析蓓基·夏泼的积极一面，并启示当代女性应该如何追寻自己的幸福美好生活。 4、主要参考文献 Thackeray, W.M. Vanity Fair. Beijing: Peoples Literature Publishing House, 1998. 王贵云，2009，谈《名利场》中蓓基·夏普的积极一面。学院派批评，2009年第4期，第76-77页。 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃，1998，《第二性》，陶铁柱译。中国书籍出版社。 张静，2011，寻找失落的自我-略论波伏娃《第二性》中的存在主义女性观。 作家杂志，2011年第5期，第162-163页。等 教师：年月日 教研室主任：年月
当代艺术中的女性主义分析 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ 导言 从20 世纪60 年代末开始，随着“男性主义”的逐渐衰落，在西方艺术领域中出现了一个全新的艺术流派——女性主义。在美国和欧洲率先兴起后，女性主义艺术已经迅速发展成为一种全球性的艺术现象，它以明确的自我意识和鲜明的政治立场以势如破竹的势头迅速崛起。她们首先否定了战后的女性就要回到家中的观点，因为她们在二战中已经获得了工作的机会。继而是争取选举权，这是摆脱边缘状态争取平等的权利和机会的必要之举。 一、女性的身体政治性 (一)性别地位所决定的身体语言 无论是浏览中世纪的绘画和雕塑还是欣赏当代的波普艺术，不难发现在关于人体艺术的作品中，女人体的比例要远远大于男人体。这是因为女性的身体蕴含更大的能量或表现力吗?上世纪20 年代初，德国的法尔亨博士从社会学的角度提出了《男女特征比较论》这样一种理论。他认为：“人类发展是男性优势与女性
优势之间的无数次交替。由一性优势发展到两性平权，再由两性平权转化为一性优势——由无数次轮回构成了人类历史。而这种性别优势也直接影响了人体艺术的发展。当一性占优势时，另一性往往成为人体艺术的表现中心。”如产生在古埃及女子专政时代的纸莎草纸画，画中的女子皆着衣而男子却赤裸身体。而到了父权时期情况则翻转过来。马奈的名作《草地上的午餐》中女子皆是赤裸而男子却是穿戴整齐，罗丹的代表作《青铜时代》首次展出时，作品中毫无遮掩的男裸体遭到当时社会舆论的毁谤非议。希腊的神话中有很多血淋淋的抢夺少女的故事，这些故事多多少少的反映了那个时代的社会生活，文艺复兴时期很多画家致力于绘画这种题材的作品，画面中多是体格强壮彪悍的男人掠夺柔弱面带恐惧的少女，从而画面中产生强烈的艺术效果。可见这些都是性别胜利的一种体现，无形中包含着鲜明的自我肯定意识。 (二)女性们反对“被观看” 当今时代男性无疑是中流砥柱，因此，男性艺术家关于人体艺术的性别选择再次指向了女性，其中不乏一些艺术家的作品是以情色、女性为创作语言，尽管我们不能盲目的以摄影师的性别来判断其作品的倾向，但作为社会中的强势性别，一些男性摄影家的确
劳伦斯的小说特质与女性主义 【摘要】劳伦斯的的小说在学术界历来引起诸多争论。要理解他的小说特质和历史贡献，要在多维视野中把握。劳伦斯对文学史上最大的贡献就是从两性关系的视角去揭示工业文明的罪恶。其小说的三大特质就是社会批判、文化批判和性心理探索。对于劳伦斯小说特质的理解，主要是通过分析作品《查泰来夫人的情人》、《虹》等。分析劳伦斯的小说，还可以从很多方面入手，如精神分析理论、后殖民批评、女性主义。在这里，主要是通过探讨劳伦斯小说与女性主义的关系来从深层次理解其小说内涵。劳伦斯对女性主义的态度，经历了一个发展阶段，由支持到矛盾，后期开始产生一种恐惧心理。 【关键词】劳伦斯；小说特质；两性关系；女性主义 D.H.劳伦斯是英国文学中倍受指责的作家之一。他的小说从对两性关系的考察出发，揭示资本主义工业文明与人的对立和冲突，深刻展现了现代人悲剧性的生存状况。他的出现，是20世纪英国文坛的“一场强烈地震”。 劳伦斯的小说有三个特质，即社会批判、文化批判和性心理探索。在其作品中，处处体现了作者对自然力量的向往和对工业文明的厌恶与批判。资本主义发展下的工业文明扭曲了人性，破坏了人与人之间的和谐关系。劳伦斯在《查泰莱夫人的情人》中以在战争中下半身残废的克利弗男爵象征腐朽堕落的工业文明，正是对工业文明社会的一种批判。在其第一部作品《儿子与情人》中，劳伦斯通过对矿工家庭生活图景的描写，真实地揭示了他们在工业社会中的恶劣的劳动条件与贫困的生活状况，以及他们对矿工家庭生活的破坏和感情上的摧残，这也是对工业文明的批判。 作家塑造的诸如康妮、厄秀拉等一系列对性爱大胆追求、追求个性与自由、要求男女平等的女性形象，正是对陈旧的束缚女性性追求、认为女性处于从属地位的文化、思想观念的批判。《查泰来夫人的情人》中的女主角康妮，因为自己的丈夫失去了性功能，使她完全生活在一个毫无人性的环境当中。她无法忍受这种非正常的生活，与矿工梅勒斯发生关系并相爱，且决心与他共同生活。且不说小说对性爱描写的尺度非常大，康妮这样一个大胆主动追求和谐幸福的性爱关系的女性形象，正是对多年以来把女性放在男性附属地位的文化传统的突破，批判了这样一种带有浓重的性别歧视态度的文化。 在《查泰莱夫人的情人》中康妮与“自然之子”梅勒斯的结合，在《虹》中
《飘》的女性主义解读 摘要：玛格丽特.米歇尔在其代表作《飘》中所塑造的女主人公斯佳丽这一形象，可谓家喻户晓。斯佳丽的魅力之所以经久不衰，在于作家对人物性格的成功塑造。《飘》蕴涵了浓厚的女性意识，小说通过对女主人公郝思嘉成长历程的描述，结合战争背景，体现出女性意识的觉醒和它的时代进步性，既是对男权社会的反叛，又是女性意识的觉醒，这种浓厚的女性意识赋予了《飘》强劲的生命力。本文将从爱情、生活和事业两方面分析斯嘉丽的女性主义思想。斯嘉丽在爱情方面所表现出来的的女性主义思想又可以从四个方面入手：一是少女时期的斯嘉丽与阿希利的爱情；二是与查尔斯的第一次婚姻；三是与弗兰克的第二次婚姻，四是与男主角瑞德的第三次婚姻。 关键词：女性主义；《飘》；斯嘉丽；女性 Unscramble of the feminism of Gone with the wind Abstract: Margaret mitchell's famous novel Gone with the wind modeled the visualize of Scarlett is widely known by every barber.The reason that Scarlett's enchantment became enduring,is the outher's successfully modeled of character nature. Key Words: feminism ;Gone with the wind ;scarlett ;femininity
目录 一、超越时代的爱情观 1 （一）少女时期的斯嘉丽 1 （二）斯嘉丽的第一次婚姻 4 （三）斯嘉丽的第二次婚姻 4 （四）斯嘉丽的第三次婚姻 4 二、战后事业的崛起 6 三、战后新生活14 参考文献19 后记20 参考文献18 后记20 女性主义由来已久，它的的理论更是千头万绪，但是归根结底就是一句话:在全人类实现男女平等。所有的女性主义理论有一个基本的前提，那就是:女性在全世界范围内是一个受压迫、受歧视的等级，即女性主义思想泰斗法国著名存在主义作家、女权运动的创始人之一--让.保罗.萨特的终身伴侣波伏娃所说的"第二性"。女性的第二性地位是如此普遍，如此持久。在这样一个跨历史跨文化的普遍存在的社会结构当中，女性在政治、经济、文化、思想、认知、观念、伦理等各个领域都处于与男性不平等的地位，即使在家庭这样的私人领域中，女性也处于与男性不平等的地位。基于这一现实，女性文学也随之蓬勃发展。"真正意义的西方女性文学产生于19世纪。那是随着人权运动的出现而发展起来的，在法国大革命所倡导的自由、平等、博爱及天赋人权等思想的影响下，从19世纪30年代起，西方开始了宜昌为女性争取教育、政治、法律和经济的各方面权益的女权运动。与此同时，女性的文学创作也进入黄金时期，涌现出一批优秀的女性作家和作品。"[1]"在思想层面上，女权运动虽然在两次世界大战期间平静下来，但到了60年代，在学生运动和民权运动的激发下，女权运动再度兴起。这次运动不但强调争取女权，更重视两性的角色分析，并开始对父权制思想文化本身提出质疑，出现了许多女性主义的理论著作。"[2] 出版于1936年的玛格丽特.米歇尔的成名作《飘》正是适应了这一潮流。作者以经历了那次战火的洗礼的外祖母安妮.斯蒂芬为原型，"她常去见市长和市议会，用一些精挑细选的言语谴责男性的游手好闲与浪费时间，使那些大人物张口结舌无言以对。"[3](13)，以亚特兰大及附近的种植园为背景，描写了内战前后美国南方人的生活。小说中虽有对战争恢弘场面的描写，如亚特兰大破城当日五角广场的遍地伤兵，惊心动魄的逃难，枪杀等等，而其中最吸引人心的莫过于斯嘉丽和瑞德之间马拉松式的爱情。女作家始终以细腻的人物心理性格刻画见长，一个个色彩斑斓的文学人物在作者流畅的文字作用下，栩栩如生。不仅展现了南方种
对杨必的《名利场》译本的一些建议摘要：vanity fair well reveals the english culture in 19th century, and yang bi’s translation on vanity fair won a wide-spread reputation for her good job on transferring culture elements. however, due to the difference between cultures, the loss of culture elements is certain to happen during the process of translation. adopting the domestication strategy, yang bi’s version of vanity fair is very successful in dealing with the translation of cultural elements. yet, there are some translations arose author’s second thoughts so some suggestions come into being. 关键词：vanity fair；religious elements；names；social habits 中图分类号：h059 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2012）07-0319-02 1.on vanity fair vanity fair is regarded as thackeray’s masterpiece. according to li funing, “vanity fair is thackeray’s best novel, and it is always regarded as the best english novel between 1832 and 1848.” (李赋宁, 2001:273) the novel’s name originates from john bunyan’s the pilgrim’s progress in which there is a town fair held in a village named vanity. also there
名利场论文开题报告 名利场是英国小说家萨克雷小说作品，也能够作为英语论文的选题。 《名利场》中利倍加与爱米丽亚的形象开题报告?? 选题论证 萨克雷的名著《名利场》中有两个要紧人物，一对好友，利倍加和爱米丽亚。利倍加和爱米丽亚日子在十九世纪上半期的英国，利倍加出身贫寒，是个孤儿，从小受到各种卑视，立志要进入上流社会，为了到达目的，她别择手段，出卖友谊和婚姻，最终被社会唾弃。她的朋亲爱米丽亚出身富豪家庭，端正善良，忠于爱情，最后嫁给了暗恋自己多年的都宾获得幸福。 在萨克雷的《名利场》，没有好人，坏人。两位女主人公都有值得称赞之处，并且也有令人贬低之处。利倍加尽管为了进入上流社会而别择手段，但也有她积极向上的一面，她别向社会低头，努力进取。爱米丽亚尽管温和可人，但逆来顺受，承受一切，依靠他人，对待都宾得方式，表现了她自私的一面。 经过两位主人公别同的出身，别同的人一辈子记忆，作者想要揭示社会的别公平，对英国的上流社会进行了无情的讽刺。 国内外有不少的学者都对《名利场》中利倍加和爱米丽亚的形象进了研究和分析。认为利倍加和爱米丽亚的命运是当时的社会造就的。 从《名利场》探析维多利亚时代女性的虚荣观开题报告篇二 学生姓名：某某某 学号： 班级： 指导教师：某某某 开题报告书The Analysis Of Victorian Womens Vanity from W.M. Thackerays Vanity Fair 07031522051045 000级本二十班职称：说师2011年11月 1，选题目的和意义： 《名利场》是十九世纪英国批评现实主义作家萨克雷的代表作，这部伟大的作品具有鲜亮的艺术特色，以幽默，讽刺，旁白等叙事手法陈述故事，经过愉快爽朗的对话刻画人物，采纳现实主义表现手法揭露当时英国上流社会尔虞我诈的种种丑态，使作品产生了独特的艺术魅力，从而奠定了萨克雷在英国文学史上的重要地位，萨克雷在夏普身上灌注了他对新革命主义和新资本主义的考虑：她集十九世纪西方世界的种种虚荣，虚伪于一身，滑稽剧似的展示了一具野心勃勃，追逐名利的形象。经过分析，对照《名利场》中的女性人物来揭露十九世纪女的的虚荣观，我们能够得出她们是当时时代和社会风气的产物的结论。 2，国内外的研究状况和进展趋势 萨克雷是与狄更斯齐名的英国19世纪批评现实主义小说家、评论家，被夏洛蒂.勃朗特亲切称为一位犀利而无情的讽刺家。他的巨著《名利场》颇受社会关注，它深刻的了反映了日子中的种种丑态，它的许许多多方面引起了国内外学者的关注。在国内，高丽萍(2002)对《夏泼与艾米莉亚两个女性形象比较---重读名利场》中看女性地位;吴伟仁(2003)《英国文学史及选读》揭示了19世纪资本主义社会的现状。在国外，Ferris(1983)在《萨克雷》中认为《名利场》是对资本主义社会腐败的批评。他歌颂了善良的维多利亚天使-艾米利亚，鞭策了阴险虚伪的女冒险家-贝基.夏普。William Elkins(1990)《萨克雷的名利场》指出萨克雷关怀的主角是贝基.夏普别是艾米利亚。但是。Dyson(1964) Vanity Fair: An irony against Heroes 认为《名利场》是世上最别正直的作品，它的别正直之处体如今对人物的刻画、犀利的讽刺、明确的说教。对《名利场》内涵的探究与趋于多元化，从《名利场》揭示的社会咨询题如女性的虚荣观对在当今社会具有现实意义。在如今物欲横流的社会，对人们抵制享乐主义、拜
第1章概述 习题 二．简答题 1．什么是计算机系统？ 计算机系统是一种能够按照事先存储的程序，自动、高速地对数据进行输入、处理、输出和存储的系统，由计算机硬件系统和计算机软件系统两大部分组成。 2．请解释冯?诺依曼所提出的“存储程序”概念。 把程序和数据都以二进制的形式统一存放在存储器中，由机器自动执行。不同的程序解决不同的问题，实现了计算机通用计算的功能。 3．控制器的主要功能是什么？ 控制器基本功能就是从内存中取出指令和执行指令，即控制器按程序计数器指出的指令地址从内存中取出该指令进行译码，然后根据该指令功能向有关部件发出控制命令，执行该指令。另外，控制器在工作过程中，还要接受各部件反馈回来的信息。 4．简述CPU和主机的概念。 通常把运算器、控制器做在一个大规模集成电路块上称为中央处理器，又称CPU(Central Processing Unit)。 通常把内存储器、运算器和控制器合称为计算机主机，也可以说主机是由CPU与内存储器组成的，而主机以外的装置称为外部设备，外部设备包括输入/输出设备，外存储器等。 5．什么是计算机软件？计算机软件的分类有哪些？ 软件是指用来指挥计算机运行的各种程序的总和以及开发、使用和维护这些程序所需的技术文档。 计算机软件系统分为系统软件和应用软件。计算机系统软件由操作系统、语言处理系统、以及各种软件工具等组成，指挥、控制计算机硬件系统按照预定的程序运行、工作，从而达到预定的目标。应用软件是用户利用计算机软、硬件资源为解决各类应用问题而编写的软件，包括用户程序及其说明性文件资料。 6．计算机有哪些主要的特点？ (1)运算速度快、精度高 计算机的字长越长，其精度越高，现在世界上最快的计算机每秒可以运算几十万亿次以上。一般计算机可以有十几位甚至几十位(二进制)有效数字，计算精度可由千分之几到百万分之几，是任何计算工具所望尘莫及的。 (2)具有逻辑判断和记忆能力 计算机有准确的逻辑判断能力和高超的记忆能力。能够进行各种逻辑判断，并根据判
从女性主义视角分析影片《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》 [摘要] 《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》这部影片关注了当代女性生存与自我身份认同困境这一热点问题，导演迈克·尼维尔通过电影特有的光影叙事方式，为我们展示了女性主义先驱如何思考与践行的生活轨迹。《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》作为表达女性自身诉求的电影，它所呈现出的对女性命运的关注、对女性解放道路的探索都是具有深远意义的，即使是女性社会地位有所提升的今天，这部影片对于女性如何发现自我、寻求自我发展之路无疑具有启示意义。 [关键词] 《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》；女性主义；失语；觉醒；反抗 《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》作为一部“星光熠熠”的女性电影，云集了朱莉娅·罗伯茨、斯黛尔斯、克莉斯汀以及“蝙蝠侠女友”玛姬·葛伦哈尔众多美女明星，茱莉亚·罗伯茨在这部影片中继续延续了以往美丽、智慧、独立的电影形象。故事发生在坐落于美国马萨诸塞州被誉为“没有男子的常青藤”——卫斯理女子学院中，而这个学院并不是单单以治学文明，而是以培养名媛淑女出名，由朱莉娅·罗伯茨饰演的女主人公凯瑟琳·沃森作为一个刚刚从加州柏克莱大学毕业的美学博士，在大学里接受了女性自由改革的思想，她个人胸怀宏愿立志成为一名出色的教授，满怀理想的凯瑟琳受聘来到久负盛名的卫斯理女子学院担任艺术史教授。20世纪50年代的美国女性虽然在一定程度上得到了解放，社会地位也逐渐受到重视，但在上流社会女性所受到的封建思想禁锢现象仍旧非常严重，在卫斯理这座著名的女子大学里，女学生们大都来自上流社会家庭，从小接受优秀的教育，但教育的目标并不是使其个人得到良好的发展而是将她们塑造成千篇一律的上流名媛，并且以嫁入豪门做个上流贵妇为终极目标。对学院的这种腐朽教育思想令凯瑟琳无法忍受，她作为一个有理想的知识女性，力图在教育过程中散播自由种子，鼓励女学生们摆脱思想的桎梏，勇敢追寻个人理想之路。影片即以师生互动关系为主轴，讲述了女主人公凯瑟琳在女校中如何传播自由思想、如何帮助女学生找到属于自己的人生之路以及在这一过程中出现的各种阻挠和挑战。 一、失语 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃在女性主义巨著《第二性》中给从古至今的女性做出了定位——“第二性”。相对于占据主导地位的男性来说，女性永远处于被动和附属的次要位置上，甚至是到了现代的精神分析学派，创始人弗洛伊德尽管第一次把性别问题提升到了社会结构的高度，但在其理论中仍然是“将男人定义为人，将女人定义为雌性——每当她的行为举止像人时，她实际上是在模仿男人。”女性在人类社会之中长久作为“他者”的身份存在。正如波伏娃所指出的，从来没有男人有这样一种意识去表现男人的特殊地位和处境，也同样没有人关注这种由性别而引发的问题，这是一种长久以来男权社会造成的集体无意识，同样也是约定俗成的社会常态，而这种常态背后的不合理，这是本文所要探讨的关键所在。迄今为止，女性主义小说、电影层出不穷，在一定程度上代表了觉醒的女权主义者对女性的社会角色、身份的思考。 在影片《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》中，卫斯理女子学院所进行的教育实际上是为男权社会输送高质量的贤妻良母，而对女性自身的发展是极度忽视的，在这里所有女性的行为标准是统一的，所有的人生目标是统一的，女性的自身需求是完全被忽视的，女性不是作为一个有思想的人存在，而是作为男性华丽的附属品存在的。在男权社会的主导下，女性处于失声缄默的状态，而这种生存困境是完全被粗暴的男权制度所漠视的，更重要的是，生活于其中的女学生成长环境中完全受到男权思想的灌输，她们自身是无法意识到这种看似常态实际上却完全
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4210824097.html, 小说《飘》的女性主义思想与读后感分析 作者：戚凯琳 来源：《知识文库》2017年第14期 《飘》是以美国内战为故事背景，对美国南方人民生活进行描绘的小说。在作品中，米切尔夫人透过斯佳丽对个人爱情、生活、理想的执着追求表达了自己对女性主义的独特理解，通过一系列的故事向人们描述了一个坚强、勇敢女强人的人生经历。文章在简单解读女性主义 思想的基础上，结合米切尔女性意识形成原因，从思想价值观、对待爱情和婚姻、对待家庭的态度、对待金钱和事业、男女两性平等追求几方面具体分析斯佳丽的女性主义思想，并结合故事内容表达自己对《飘》的理解，从小说和斯佳丽个人本身反观实际生活，为自己的生活提供更多的指导。 女性主义是是在上个世纪六十年代兴起的一种文学批判理论和哲学社会思潮，女性主义思想的产生对以男性为主的社会话语阵地产生了深刻的冲击。这种思潮在文学创作领域的表现则是开始出现了女性视觉角度的文本创作，透过这些文本创作进一步揭露出在男性社会被扭曲的女性形象，对那些用于反抗男权社会的勇敢女性进行讴歌。《飘》就是以独立的女性视角描述了当时美国内战时期的女性奋斗故事，将当时历史时期的故事展现给读者，描述了以独立女性为代表的一代人的奋斗历史。《飘》作为一部从女性角度描述美国内战的小说，米切尔主要描述了在后方家园里女性之间的苦痛和感受，在对战争怀有敬畏之心的同时也展现了在战争中人们为重建家园的勇气和决心。斯佳丽作为一名女性，以其独特的坚强和勇敢执着追求自己离线风格的爱情和家庭生活，成为这部小说独特的亮点。为此，文章结合《飘》的内容，具体分析小说《飘》的女性主义思想。 一、女性主义理论发展概述 关于女性主义的内涵，不同的学者和思想家有着不同的认识。西蒙波娃认为女性主义是区别于阶级战争的，专门以女性问题进行奋斗的主义。吉尔曼则认为女性主义是全世界妇女的社会觉醒。在历史的发展演变中，对于女性主义的认识各不相同，但是所有女性主义的重要前提是在全世界范围内受压迫、受歧视，并希望得到解放的群体。 二、米切尔女性意识发展的原因 在一部小说创作中，作者会将其自身的经历、认识、思想通过小说人物的思想言行表现出来。米切尔的女性意识在《飘》的女主人公斯佳丽的身上得到了完美的体现，具体表现在两个方面：第一，女性觉醒和废奴运动的推动。十九世纪的英国将女性角色定位成贤良淑德，女性在家中要服从服务于自己的父亲或者丈夫。在美国废奴运动的发展中，妇女的地位得到了提升，妇女在这场运动中开始得到了更多的支持。这种变化对米切尔的创作产生了深刻的影响，米切尔在自己的创作中开始注重女性意识的觉醒。第二，女权运动发展和美国文化的影响。在十八世纪法国革命之后提出了自由、平等、博爱的口号，对自由的追求影响了当时社会的女