第一讲词(words)
一）名词的特殊用法
1、集体名词★
(1)作为整体使用时，集体名词视为单数，谓语动词相应用单数：
team, army, audience, class, club, committee, company, crowd, couple, family, group, staff, government, union
(2)强调个体成员时，集体名词视为复数，谓语动词相应用复数。
2、不可数名词：物质名词（paper, water, bread, milk），抽象名词（happiness, quality, information），
专有名词（人名，地名，时间名，报刊名）。
(1)一般无单/复数形式，前面不用加a/an，谓语动词用单数。
如knowledge知识，information信息，furniture家具，equipment设备，advice建议。
(2)不过特定情况下也可作可数名词使用，但意义发生改变：
①当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示“某一种”或“某一方面”的概念时，其前可加a/an。A refrigerator is a luxury here.
②物质名词用于表示“各种不同品种”时，转化成可数名词。This is a store selling many different teas.
③某些物质名词或抽象名词用作复数时，词义往往起变化。
Paper(纸)------a paper (报纸，文件，论文) power(权利，电力)-----a power (大国，强国)
Experience(经验)----experiences（各种经历）beauty(美丽)-------a beauty（美女）
3、复数形式★
(1)合成名词的复数形式
①以不可数名词结尾时，无复数形式，如homework, moonlight。
②以可数名词结尾时，遵循结尾的可数名词的变化规则。
③“可数名词＋介词(短语)”时，在中心名词后加-ｓ，
如mothers-in-law岳母，editors in chief总编辑，board of directors董事会。
④“动词/动词-ed形式＋副词”时，在词尾加-s，如grown-ups成人，trade-ins折扣物，show-offs炫耀。
⑤“动词-ing形式＋副词”时，在动词-ing形式后加-s，如comings-in收入。
⑥含man或woman的合成名词变复数时，前后两个名词均需变为复数，
如woman teacher—women teachers女教师，man cook---men cooks 男厨师。
(2)缩略词的复数形式
①多数缩略词后直接加-s，特别是由大写字母组成的，
如CPA--CPAs (certified public accountant 注册会计师)；IOU--IOUs (I owe you 欠条)
②由小写字母组成并在每个字母后带“.”，在其后加-s或-’s，如c.o.f.s或c.o.d.’s (cash on delivery)交货付款
只在最后一个字母后带“.”，在“.”前加-s，如gals. (gallon加仑)
③表示度量衡单位的，往往不加-s，如in. (inch英寸)，ml. (mile英里)，oz. (ounce盎司)
④有的单/复数都可作为复数形式，如Ib.或Ibs. (pound磅)，yd或yds (码)
(3)数字、符号、单个字母的复数形式
①数字、符号、单个字母变为复数形式时，在其后加-s或-’s。1950---1950’s或1950s
②其他词类名词化后充当名词使用时，其复数形式加-s或-es。Pros and cons优缺点；yeses and noes。
二）动词的特殊用法
1、特殊系动词★
(1)系动词+形容词/介词短语，形成S＋V＋C（主语＋动词＋主补或表语）句式，用来描述主语特征或状况
(2)系动词除be以外，简单归为几类：
①表示“感官、好像”的动词，如：feel感觉，smell闻，appear看起来，seem似乎
②表示“变化、成为”的动词，如：become成为，turn转变成为，come变成，grow变成
③表示“保持某一状态”的动词，如：keep保持，remain保持，stay坚持，stand维持不变，continue继续
(3)有些动词也可用作行为动词（如grow），必须用副词来修饰它们
注意：“系动词＋形容词”“行为动词＋副词”(行为动词=实义动词)
2、动词与主语的一致★
(1)主语是单数时时动词必须是单数形式；主语是复数时动词必须是复数形式。
(2)作主语的词(含单数名词/代词等)或短语(分词/不定式等)由and连接时，谓语动词用复数形式。
(3)由and连接的名词短语指同一人或物时，并列主语作为整体考虑，谓语动词用单数形式。
(4)作主语的词或短语由or，nor，either…or，或neither…nor连接时，就近原则。
(5)作主语的名词前带each或every时，谓语动词用单数形式。★
(6)主语为专有名词(事件/国名/机构名称/书/作品名称)、数量词作为整体或短语(不定式短语/分词短语/名词从句）
时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(7)当主语为none，half，some和one fourth等名词时，视具体情况决定单数或复数。
①单独使用时，谓语动词一般用单数
②后面带有of时，要看of后面的名词或代词(none of, half of, some of, one fourth of)
用法相同的其他短语有：ninety percent of, part of, most of, all of ,a lot of等
3、动词的其他特殊形式
(1)动词不定式：to＋动词原形可用作n./adj./adv.，起主语/宾语/表语/定语/状语的作用。
(2)分词★：现在分词v-ing、过去分词v-ed 充当定语/状语/表语/宾补。
有动词的特征，可有时态/语态，可带状语/宾语，可起形容词/副词作用。
①现在分词：语态上表示主动；时间上表示正在进行，与主句动作几乎同时发生。
②过去分词：语态上表示被动；时间上表示动作完成，过去分词动作早于主句动作发生。
(3)动名词★：①v-ing 兼有动词和名词的特征，句子中起名词作用，充当主语/主补(表语)/宾语。
②一些动词后的宾语只能是动名词。例如：avoid避免，enjoy享受，mind在意，finish完成，resist反
抗，appreciate感谢/赏识，imagine想象，suggest建议，advice劝告等
③在固定结构中的动名词。例如：be worth doing …值得做……，have difficulty in doing…在做……方面
有困难，it be no good/no use/useless doing…做……是没有用的，there be no need/no point doing…没有必
要做……，how/what about doing…做……怎么样等
④动名词和现在分词：
动名词用在应使用动词却因语法限制无法使用的地方，多作主语、动词&介词的宾语。
现在分词表示其逻辑主语的伴随状态，多作状语、定语。
动名词应注意与其搭配的动词和固定结构；现在分词应注意其时态和语态的变化。
注意: ①不定式/分词/动名词都是非谓语动词，不能作谓语动词使用。
②使用时，须注意它们与逻辑主语的一致关系。
不定式/分词作状语时，逻辑主语是句子的主语，即：主语必须是不定式和分词动作的执行者。
不定式/分词作定语时，逻辑主语是所修饰的词。
三）修饰词
1、形容词与副词的混淆
(1)都可以用在动词后面，但系动词后面跟形容词，行为动词后面跟副词。
(2)有时一个副词有两个形式，如slow, slowly, deep, deeply, direct, directly, close, closely等。
前者多表示具体意义，使用比较随便，不太规范；后者则多表示抽象或引申意义，属于正式、规范的用法。
2、比较级和最高级
形容词和副词有比较级和最高级两种形式。最基本的形式为：
(1)比较级与than连用，用于两者之间的比较，意为“比……更……”。通常用much来修饰比较级
(2)the＋最高级＋in /of结构用于三者以上的人或物之间的比较。
Eg: tall---taller---tallest
happy---happier---happiest
thin---thinner---thinnest
fine---finer---finest
near---nearer---nearest
interesting---more interesting---most interesting
difficult---more difficult---most difficult
(3)等比：表示人或物之间有某些相似或相近性质和特征的比较。★
①基本结构为：主语＋谓语＋as＋形容词原形(+名词)/副词原形＋as＋比较对象；
②否定等比用来比较两个人或物之间的差异，其基本结构为：
主语＋谓语的否定形式＋so/as＋形容词原形(+名词)/副词原形＋as＋比较对象；否定等比相当于一个比较级。
(4)其他的比较形式
①“the＋比较级……，the＋比较级”结构，意为“越……越……”。一般是从句在前，主句在后。
②没有比较级的比较结构。-ior, 如：junior，senior，superior，inferior，prior等。
使用它们表示比较时，后面用to而不是用than。
(5)集体内部的比较★
①当一人/事/物与其所属集体的其他成员进行比较时，形成集体内部的比较。
这种比较必须包括other或else，实际上是最高级的一种特殊表达。
a．主语＋谓语＋比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词；
b．主语＋谓语＋比较级＋than＋some of the other＋复数名词；
c．主语＋谓语＋比较级＋than＋anyone/anybody else。
②如果不加other或else，则表示不是同一范围中的人或物进行比较。
3、合成形容词
放在名词之前时，用连字符连接；放在名词之后时，不使用连字符，但合成形容词与名词之间用of连接。如：never-say-die attitude或attitude of never say ing die决不气馁的态度
①用连字符的合成形容词可以把多个不符合作定语语法规则的词并列连接起来前置作定语。
在使用时，出现的名词全部为单数，动词全部用原形。如：a six-year-old boy
②但是用of连接的名词与修饰语必须符合一般语法规则。如：a boy of six year s old
4、绝对修饰词
用来描述人/事/物完善、完美或完全绝对状况或特征，从逻辑上讲不能用于比较的形式中。
但与nearly同时使用时可以表示比较含义，使比较形式变成more nearly, most nearly。
①表示“完全、特别、精确”的形容词，如：complete全部，final最终，universal普遍，absolute绝对，perfect完
美，excellent卓越，accurate精确等。
②表示“极限、主次”的形容词，如：extreme极端，maximum最大极限等。
③表示“几何形状、方位、处所、时间”的形容词，如：square正方形，left左边，future将来等。
④表示“性质、材料、国籍”的形容词。
⑤表示“独一无二”的形容词，如：unique独一无二的，single单一的等。
四）代词的特殊用法
1、人称代词: I, we, you, he, she, it, they等
物主代词: my, his, their, our, mine, hers等(所有格)
反身代词: myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等
相互代词: each other, one another等
指示代词: this, that, these, those, such, same等
疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, that等
不定代词: some, any, no, all, one, every, much, many, little, few, a few, either, both, something, somebody等
(1)人称代词有主格和宾格的不同。主格在句子中一般作主语；宾格则充当动词和介词的宾语★
(2)由and连接的代词的合成用法★：同为主语时，都用主格；同为宾语时，都用宾格。
(3)人称代词作主语补语。通常用在系动词之后，特别是强调句型中。
强调句型为：It＋is/was＋强调部分＋who/that＋句子其他成分。
其中，强调部分可为名词、代词、词组、句子；who修饰表示人的强调部分，that修饰表示人或物的强调部分。
2、不定代词★
(1)单数形式
不定代词anyone, someone, everyone; anything, something, everything; anybody, somebody, everybody视为单数。
形容词修饰something, anything之类的复合不定代词形容词应后置。如：something interesting
(2)复数形式
不定代词both, few, several, others, many等多表示复数，其后的谓语也用复数形式。
(3)单复数皆可的不定代词
不定代词some, most, none, all等的单复数取决于of后面的主体名词。(就近原则)
五）介词的特殊用法
介词一般在名词或代词前，构成介词短语。有些介词，如in，up，down等可用作副词；有些介词，如as，but等也是连词。介词短语在句子中可作主语补语，名词或代词的修饰语和状语。
1、名词从句作介词宾语
介词或介词短语后面的宾语有时不是名词或代词，而是一个从句。
2、其他介词短语
give sth to sb给某人某物learn sth from sb从某人处学到……
feel sorry for…感到内疚be content with对……感到满意
be different from与……不同be indifferent to对……漠不关心
differ with (a person)意见分歧differ from (things)不相同
be accompanied with附带有be accompanied by由……陪同
correspond with信件往来correspond to相一致
agree with sb同意某人agree to (proposal) 同意某事(提议/建议)
be angry with sb对某人生气be angry at sth因某事生气
reconcile with…与……和解reconcile to接受，甘心
talk to告知，向某人谈话talk with与……交谈
第二讲英语的标点符号、大小写和缩写词
1、句号（Period）
①一个陈述句或命令句的末尾；
②某些缩写词后；Mr., Mrs., Dr., Ph.D., F.O.B.
③语气温和的祈使句或客气的问句之后；
④用作小数点；
2、问号（Question Mark）
问号一般用在直接疑问句的后面。有时语气婉转的祈使句后面也用问号：Open a window, would you?
3、感叹号（Exclamation Mark）
感叹号一般用在感叹词或感叹句的后面，用于加强语气、命令或提起注意，
有时也可以表示赞美、大怒、惊讶、嘲讽或玩笑等强烈感情。
4、逗号（Comma）
①逗号可以用来分隔句子中的并列成分，包括并列的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。
You must be, or have been hungry. We are tired, hungry, and disconsolate.
②在一个并列句中，用逗号分隔两个分句。
如果两个句子很短，并且有and, nor, or连接，就可以省去逗号。
但是由but, for, yet连接的句子则要用逗号分开，以便加强对比的思想。
③逗号用来分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语。
I have to get up early, particularly on Sunday.The financial report, however, is not complete.
④逗号用于分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句。Which pencil do you prefer, the red one or the blue one?
⑤逗号有时也被用来表示省略相同词语。Someone went to the right; Others, to the left.
⑥逗号用于分隔句首的状语或从句。Except for physics, my courses are not difficult.
⑦逗号用以分隔日期、数字、地点。注意:表示日期时，若只说年月，则月份后面不用逗号。
It was on Friday, May 16, 1997 in Los Angeles, California. in October 1964
⑧逗号用以分隔用作独立成分或状语等的下列词语：
§Actually, basically, briefly, fortunately, honestly, hopefully, personally等
§连接性副词：consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;
firstly, secondly, first of all, after all, in other words, for example, for instance等§In short, in fact, in conclusion, as a result, on the contrary, on the other hand
5、分号（Semicolon）
①用于没有连词连接或是只有一个连词性副词的并列分句之间。
②用以分隔已有逗号的并列成分，包括并列的词、短语或分句。
③用于由for example, for instance, that is, in fact等词引出的分句之前。
6、冒号（Colon）
最主要的用法：引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语。
7、引号（Quotation Mark）
1)引号可用来划分直接引语。
2)引号可用来划分俚语、生造的词语和专业术语等。
3)歌曲名、诗歌名、报纸杂志上的文章名、出版或未出版的著作中的篇章名等要用引号划分开。
4)用引号划分开解释另外一个词的词语。
The word design means“a plan or project, ”“a particular purpose, ”and “an artistic work. ”
5)在关闭引号“的前面总要用一个句号或逗号（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外）。
The accountant stated, “Our taxable income is at an all-tin-time high.”
6)在用双引号括住的引文里如果再要引用原文则要用单引号。
8、撇号（Apostrophe）
主要用于表示省略了字母或数字以及表示名词所有格。在表示名词所有格时：
①单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加’s。
②以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’。
③复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加’s。如：an hour and a half’s talk / somebody else’s opinion
④并列名词表示各自的所有关系时要在各个名词之后加’s，当表示共有的东西时仅在最后一个名词之后加’s。
Mary's and Tom's books / Mary and Tom's father
9、连字符（Hyphen）
在打字的一行末尾，如果断字就要用连字符。
由几个词构成的复合形容词中要用连字符。
在拼写的数字中，十位数和个位数之间要用连字符。
10、破折号（Dash）
在话语突然中断、意思突然转折或说话者犹豫不决时要用破折号。用来引出被强调的词语。
用来分隔非限定性定语从句、同位语或附加说明的词语。用来引出概括性词语。用来指出引文出处。
11、删节号（Ellipsis）
用来表示词语省略。用来表示语句中的断续、停顿、犹豫。
12、圆括号（Parenthesis）
用来表示解释、参见、例证、补充说明等解释性文字。
The bank’s current business hours (10 a.m. to 3p.m.) will be extended in the near future (to 6 p.m.).
第三讲写作技巧与语言技能
一）句子的有效性（Effectiveness of Sentences)
1、删除重复的词语和词缀
becoming smaller and smaller →shrinking
In addition, we are also including →In addition, we are including
the auditors →they (重复的主语改为they)
2、删除那些解释明白无误事实的词语
in the color of blue可以简化为in blue
in the year of 1995可以简化为in 1995
In the introduction at the beginning introduction导言都是在书的开头的，因此at the beginning 可删去。
3、删除毫无内容的累赘词语
The more you buy, the more you spend. (the result is that as far as money is concerned多余)
in the event that →if ; plan in advance →plan
4、将从句压缩成短语，短语压缩成单词
The report that discussed the fiscal crisis was read by businessmen, who showed great interest.
修改后：The report on the financial crisis was read with interest by businessmen.
The employee with ambition is in all probability likely to get results that are good.
修改后：The ambitious employee is likely to get good results.
The memo that was written by Mary got lost.
修改后：The memo by Mary got lost.
5、将定语从句改为前置定语（前置形容词）
This amount, which is considered to be insignificant, should be written off as a bad debt.
修改后：This insignificant amount should be written off as a bad debt.
Less than half the merchandise that was damaged could be sold.
修改后：Less than half the damaged merchandise was salable.
The workers who produce the most will receive bonuses.
修改后：The most productive workers will receive bonuses.
6、用简单句不用复杂句
A world that is rapidly changing requires education that continues.
修改后：A rapidly changing world requires continuing education.
A business that is local is one that depends upon customers who are steady.
修改后：A local business depends on steady customers.
Communication is, of course, of vital importance to any business that wants to achieve efficiency.
修改后：Communication is vital to business efficiency.
7、句子的连贯性一个句子要表达一个中心思想
It is easy for you to do your Christmas shopping, and we offer three unique catalogs.
修改后：Because we offer three unique catalogs, it is easy for you to do your Christmas shopping.
I certainly appreciate the time you spent with me in our interview last week, and I am enrolling in a computer science
course this summer.
修改后：Certainly appreciate the time you spent with me last week. Because of our interview, I am enrolling in a
computer science course this summer.
8、使用平行结构
表达几种类似的思想或事情时都应使用动词、名词、形容词、-ing 形式或从句，尽量避免交叉使用。
Steel filing cabinets are best for durability, ease of cleaning, and they resist fire better.
修改后：Steel filing cabinets are best for durability, ease of cleaning, and fire resistance.
9、避免修饰语错位
首先明确句中各个词、短语或分句所作的成分及所修饰的对象，然后将修饰语和被修饰对象放在一起。
The recommendation to delay action by the board was approved.
修改后：The recommendation by the board to delay action was approved.
二）商务英语写作的语言技巧（Skills of Language）
1、比较
1)等比：指同等事物之间的无差别比较。
常用的短语有：as…as, the same as, as much of, identical with (与……完全相同), similar to等。
It was as much of a success as I had hoped.
2)比较级和最高级：同事物力之间的有差别比较，即被比较的事物之间是有大小、多少和优劣等之分的。
此类的语言形式和短语有：better, less; the best, the least; -er, the -est; more, less; the most, the least等。
2、因果关系
1)经常用于表示原因的短语有：because of, owing to, due to, be caused by, result from, be attributed to等
2)用于表示结果的短语有：lead to ,cause, result in
3、条件
1)表示普遍的情况（Simple Present +Simple Present）一般现在时+一般现在时
2)表示可能的情况（Simple Present +Will form）一般现在时+will
If he has time, he will come.
3)表示假设的情况（Simple Past+ Would form）一般过去时+would
If he were here, everything would be all right.
4)表示过去的假设情况（Past Perfect+ Would have done）过去完成时+would have done
If you had put on more clothes, you wouldn’t have caught cold.
4、对比
表示对比的词和短语有：however（对比相反情况，“然而，但是”），while / whereas（对比相同情况）
和although / even though（“即使，尽管”，后者比前者语气更重）
5、举例
常用的词和短语有：for example, for instance, such as, like.
should be kept in such a place as
6、先后顺序关系
此类词和短语主要包括：first, secondly, last, before, after, another, next, then, afterwards, later on
也可用基数词one, two, three和阿拉伯数字1,2,3等。应前后一致，即one, two, three和first, second, third不能混7、表示同类关系
最常用的词：and, also, as well, as well as, moreover, furthermore, in addition, in addition to, besides, similarly等。
8、总结概括
此类词主要有：in short, in brief, in a word, in summary, in conclusion, briefly, to summarize, to sum up, to conclude等。
第四讲备忘录(Memorandums)
肯定型备忘录有以下3种具体种类:
1）索要信息的例行请求: 这些包括收发如下的信息：信贷、财务和人事档案、工厂实地和维修，以及存货；
2）要求帮助的例行请求：人力资源经理希望部门经理通知各员工参加某一培训的备忘录（2004.4）；秘书整理部门产品档案上关于某个产品的价格与报价有误，请求销售经理确认信息（2006.4）；请求同事帮忙确认和完成一些重要事宜（2008.4）；请求总经理让其参加一个重要的国际会议（2009.4）；人力资源部经理应IT部门的要求，招聘3个员工，请求她告诉你招聘的时间和地点（2010.4）。
3）发指示开门见山：通常是经理们给下级发布施令：部门经理通过备忘录告知部门员工如何正确使用新修理好的复印机（2005.4）；人力资源经理发布告示关于员工年假的说明（2007.4）；
写备忘录的注意事项
因为备忘录是流通在组织、公司内部的特殊文件，所以应该注意以下几点：
1、考虑清楚和备忘录收件人之间的关系，是平级还是上下级；是较为亲密还是不熟悉或不认识，注意对不同人
要用不同的口气。
2、在一份备忘录中要集中一个主题，不要混进不同的事情。
3、写备忘录要开门见山.
4、在结束时，注意除了表明期待对方行动起来，还要约定一下行动具体时间。
5、因为备忘录要留档备案，所以要用清晰、正确、简明的话语写，使人易读、易懂。因为写备忘录要格外清楚、
简洁，所以撰写时也要注意语态、时态和方式：
●用主动语态，而不用被动语态。
●用简单的行为动词，而不要用过长的词组。
●可以用诸如since, although, if等词来连接句子。
●为了引起读者注意，可以给一些关键词加下划线。
●可以把段落或建议标上序号。
第五讲国际经贸中常用的商务英语应用文
（一）友好社交信(Goodwill and Social Letters)
1、祝贺信（Congratulatory Letters）
祝贺客户就任总经理；祝贺业务伙伴晋升出口部经理；祝贺朋友晋职；祝贺某人获得荣誉等。
祝贺信一般只有两三段:
1）表达得知消息的高兴心情，常用的词语：
?I was delighted to hear that…
?I was very pleased to learn that…
2）表达祝贺之意常用词句：
?I would like to extend my warmest congratulations to you…
?Please accept our heartfelt cong ratulations on your…
3）对未来表示祝愿和期望：
?I wish you every success in your future career.
?Best wishes/Kind regards for your continued success.
祝贺信常用句型：
1）Congratulations on your latest promotion.
I know that you will make good in your new job because you thrive on responsibility.
2）It means more work, more fun, more pay. Good luck to you.
3）I congratulate you on your enterprises, and hope you will succeed in trade.
4）Please accept my heartiest congratulations on…
5）Allow me to congratulate you to on thus great success.
6）What exciting news!
7）I was delighted to hear the news.
8）Hearty congratulation and all good wishes on this milestone in your life.
9）May every happiness be yours on this Wedding Day.
10）Let me offer you my sincerest congratulations upon the arrival of your son.
11）Our best wishes and warmest regards.
2、感谢信(Letters of Appreciation)
感谢在出差地受到的照顾; 感谢在出差地有机会与对方会面; 为在家里招待自己而感谢; 感谢介绍业务关系等
感谢信一般三段：
1）表达感谢之情:
◆I am writing to thank you for…
◆Thank you very much for…
◆Please accept my sincere appreciation for…
2）谈及具体事情带给你的感受（对方的款待、帮助等）
◆I enjoyed the short stay at your home which is both delightful and memorable.
◆The clock you presented to me will serve as a daily reminder of your hospitality during our stay, as well as of the
friendship between us.
3）向对方表达良好祝愿或对未来表示期望回报的意思
◆I look forward to the chance to reciprocate your kindness when you come to Beijing next time.
◆I look forward to meeting you again.
感谢信常用的句型：
1)I shall always appreciate the assistance you gave.
2)Please accept our warmest thanks for what you’ve done for us.
3)I’m deeply grateful to you for your favor.
4)We can never thank you enough for your kindness.
5)Your kindness in our time of need will never be forgotten.
6)I don’t have to tell you that I’m sincerely grateful for…
7)This is to thank you for your wonderful hospitality and to tell you how much we enjoyed seeing you again.
8)I find an ordinary “thank you” entirely inadequate to tell you how grateful I am for your wonderful present.
3、慰问信(Letters of Sympathy)
对他人因事故受伤表示慰问；慰问生病的客户；对商业伙伴的灾难损失表示慰问等。这种信一般都比较简短，但表达的感情必须真挚。
慰问信一般分三段：
1）对收信人的不幸表示同情和关切
We were very sorry to learn of…
I was deeply distressed to hear of…
I was deeply concerned when I learned that…
2）祝愿对方造人恢复健康或脱离困难，
We are all praying for your quick and complete recovery.
I wish you a complete and speedy recovery.
3）如果有必要，可主动提出帮助
Please feel free to contract me if I can be of some help.
If there is anything I can do to help you, please let me know.
慰问信常用的句型：
1)I pray that love, joy and peace will gently heal your wounds of grief pain and separation.
2)I wish I could express in words the fact that I am aching with you during your time of pain.
3)I’d like to send you my best wishes for your quick return to good health.
4)How are the wounds of your brother? I wish he would get well soon.
5)If I can be of any service to you, let me know at once.
4、邀请信（Letters of Invitation）★
邀请他人参加公司晚宴; 邀请参加酒宴等
主要结构及内容如下：
邀请信：
1）说明邀请对方参加的活动以及举行这种活动的目的。
2）说明活动的安排细节：时间、地点等。
3）如果对时间要求得比较严的话，说明要求参加者到达的具体时间以及活动结束的时间。
4）如有必要，请对方在某个确定时间之前确认能否应邀。
邀请信的答复：
1）接受邀请的信：
①感谢对方的邀请并表示愉快接受。
②确认参加活动的时间和地点，以免有误。
2）谢绝要求的信：
①应首先感谢对方的邀请并对不能应邀表示遗憾。
③简单陈述不能应邀的理由（不必很具体）。
④向邀请人致以问候。
3）请柬：（内容必须简短、全面，邀请者用第三人称）
1写出邀请者和被邀请者的姓名全名，包括性别、称呼。
2表达邀请。3活动的形式。4时间。5地点。
6说明。包括举办活动的目的、要求对方答复、对服装的要求、附带说明等。
（二）日常办公信件(Office Routine Letters)★
表达通知的常用句型有：
1) This is to inform you that…
2) We are pleased to inform you that…
3) We have the pleasure informing you that…
4) This is to formally announce that…
（三）就业信写作（Employment Writing）★
1、求职申请信★
求职申请信的正文内容为：★
1）说明写信的目的。
?对于应聘申请信，应说明你所要申请的职位以及你的信息来源，如广告应征或经人介绍等。
?对于自荐信，除此之外，还应适当提及你的个人资历和背景；还可对所应聘单位进行褒奖；还可提出问题。总之，要引起读信人的兴趣及注意。
2）概括本人的经历和特长，表明自己能够胜任所申请的工作。
3）以请求面试做为结尾。
2、辞职信(Letters of Resignation)★
写辞职信时，不管什么样理由，都不要发牢骚，语气要委婉，要表示出感谢之意。内容应包括以下三方面：
①明确提出辞职并说明具体离职时间；
②说明辞职理由（如对工作或公司不满，可巧妙地找些借口）；
③对雇主和同仁表示感谢，表达对原单位的留恋心情等。
（四）推销信(Sales Letters)★
1、语言特色
现代商务活动中，在写推销信时有一个趋向，那就是使信更具人情味（personal）。所以一封好的推销信应该是从买方角度考虑，而不是只从卖方角度一味夸张、炫耀产品或服务。一封好的推销信要有一些语言特色，我们逐条来看：1）具有吸引力Our new products possess a very attractive appearance as well as novel designs.
2）流畅性
写作时务必注意句子的连贯性和流畅性（smooth flow）。一定要以清晰、简单的句子表达自己的思想。
3）避免使用俚语（salang）、陈词滥调和行话（cliches and jargons）。注意应该把你写推销信的对象看作是聪明、成熟
的人。而现代社会上的人们也的确变得更精明，不会接受那些陈旧的吹嘘之词。也不要说一些让人难以理解的行话，这会给人以试图蒙骗顾客的感觉。更不能用俚语或粗俗的话。
Rose has been the hottest salesperson. Hottest也只限于当地人使用的俚语，这里的意思是most successful。
2、推销信的主要内容(AIDA原则)：★
1）引起潜在顾客的注意。(Attention)
读者的注意力通常会带来对这种产品或服务的兴趣和欲望，所以推销信开头一定要吸引注意力。
2）介绍产品或服务，引起读者的兴趣和购买欲望。(Interest)
在引起读者注意力后，要从各方面介绍所推销产品或服务，比如特征、用途、优点等。还可以用一些如专家意见、使用者好评、优惠的价格等来引起读者的兴趣和购买欲。
3）提出令人信服的证据。(Desire)
可以用售后服务保证，不适合可替换或退款，良好的保修记录等来使读者相信推销信里不光是一些空洞的话语。4）激励潜在的顾客采取行动。(Action)
前面说得再多，也是希望读者采取行动购买产品或服务。所以要在最后十分明确地激励潜在的顾客把行动付诸实施。用下面这些方式都可以敦促读者立刻购买。
A012·00097（通卡） 绝密★启用前 2019年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外贸英语写作 （课程代码00097） 注意事项： 1.本试卷分为两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为非选择题。 2.应考者必须按试题顺序在答题卡（纸）指定位置上作答，答在试卷上无效。 3.涂写部分、画图部分必须使用2B铅笔，书写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔。 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.He is more talented and active than in our department. A.anyone B.anyone else C.else anyone D.anybody 2.Most people considerto be responsible citizens. A.themselves B.himself C.they D.their 3.If you write checks，your service charges will decline. A.less B.least C.fewest D.fewer 4.Because of air pollution being greatly reduced，this city is still . A.lived in as a good place B.lived as a good place C.a good place to live in D.a good place which to live 5.Of all the books mentioned in the booklist，none available ecently. A.is B.has heen C.are D.have
2018年考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3. In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twe nty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock th em clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect wit h other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and pho tographs of disgusting insects. The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the ba sic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can back fire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 ,however. In a f inal experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would
●信函1 建立业务关系 1. 告诉对方从什么渠道得知对方的信息。 Owe..to… 承蒙ABC公司的介绍，我方得知了贵公司的名称与地址。 We owe your name and address to ABC company. Transfer sth. To sb.传递…到.. Pass on sth. To sb. Thanks for ABC company who have passed on your name and address to us. 除了别人告知，还可以从信函、网站等方面直接了解到 从你方信函中，我们了解到贵方欲求购… From your letter of …, we know that you’d like to purchase… 从你方10月5号的信函中，我们了解到贵方欲求购1000双皮手套。 From your letter of 5th,October, We know that you’d like to purchase 1000 sets of leather gloves. 2、表达自己写该信的目的 与您接洽，为的是与贵方能建立业务关系。 We are approaching you with a view to establishing business relations with you Enter into/ establish/ build up direct/ friendly/ pleasant/ good business relations with sb. Promote business relationship促进业务关系 Strengthen/enhance business relationship 加强业务关系 We would like to enter into business relationship on the basis of equality, mutual benefit.我们愿在平等互利的基础上与你建立业务关系. 3. 我方的经营范围 We wish to inform you that(兹告你方) we specialize in… Please be informed/advised that…兹通知你方 Specialize/trade/handle/deal in leather bags经营皮包 Trade in VS trade with 我方是中国最大的工艺品出口商 我方是从网站上得知贵公司欲采购10000件工艺品 我们现已与美国和欧洲的多个商户建立了良好的业务关系。 附上产品目录和价格单，希望收到对方的询盘。 Dear sirs, From the internet, we know that you are purchasing 10000 sets of arts and crafts. We are approaching you with a view to establishing business relations with you. Because we are the main exporters of arts and crafts in China, and we have many partners both in America and Europe Union. Enclosed please find our latest catalogue and price list. We look forward to your favorable reply. ●信函2 enquiry询盘 初次询盘信一般包含以下内容：
本文档来源于实惠网外贸论坛(https://www.doczj.com/doc/419876798.html,)你也可以加入外贸交流QQ群：你95545465交流外贸心得 免费外贸b2b平台-实惠网（https://www.doczj.com/doc/419876798.html,）注册轻松获得美金，机不可失。 外贸英语写作试题 Ⅰ.Translate the following: 1.From English into Chinese: CIP IMF Customs Invoice Counter Sample Voyage Charter Gross for Net Repayment Guarantee Optional port Futures Trading 2.Form Chinese into English: 1、银行汇票 2、互购 3、外汇储备 4、知识产权 5、备用信用证 Ⅱ.Choose the best answer:
1.We should be pleased to send you a sample our own expense. A.at B.in C.against D.of 2.Good harvest this year has made it possible for us to supply walnuts last year’s prices. A.at B.in C.against D.on 3.Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines, and the cost of this would be prohibitive you could place an order for more than 5,000. A.until B.with C.unless D.when 4.After studying our prices and our liberal terms, you will understand why we are working capacity to meet the demand. A.on B.to C.for D.of 5.Thank you for your remittance of US $ 2,150.00 the 70% freight due under Invoice No.22B/9 6. A.of paying B.pay for C.for payment for D.in payment of 6.It will be appreciated you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer you receive our L/C. A.when,wnen B.if,as soon as C.when,shich D.will,soon 7. “virtual shops” may lack see-and-feel sampling, the phenomenal growth of catalogue shopping, TV-and-phone marketing and phone-banking in recent years is proof that see-and-feel is not the only way to sell. A.While B.If that C.When D.Which 8. the goods were examined by a public surveyor upon arrival at your port,we cannot but accept your claims as tendered. A.If B.Despite C.Though D.Since 9.The discount of 5% agreed on was granted only no balance was outstanding from previous account. A.on condition B.on condition that C.that D.depends on 10.We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets, we have had some experience.
考研英语二真题及答案 解析完整版 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
英语二真题： Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who（ 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the （2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who（ 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the （ 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,（5) an average guy ,up（ 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation （7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article（ 8) to soldiers .And Joe A common name for a guy who never （9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has（ 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe. GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives. 1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed 2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal 3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded 4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes 5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence 6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against 7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming 8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down 9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed 10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither
11----------------精选公文范文----------------1 外贸英语函电书写格式要求 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：外贸英语函电写作技巧 外贸英语函电写作技巧 英文信函的信头也称信端，其内容包括发件公司的名称、标志、通信地址、电话号码、传真号、电子邮箱等。书写信头的目的是为了方便收件人了解信函来自何处，并为回复提供联系方式。 很多公司都会印制带信头的信纸。一般来说，人们喜欢将简单的信头放在信纸上端居中，将复杂的信头放在信纸的右侧或上下两端。在使用这种信纸打印信函时，一定要注意为信头留出足够的空间。 对于私人商务信函，如求职信等，
22----------------精选公文范文----------------2 信头通常写在信纸的右上方。 如果信函的长度超过两页，那么从第2页开始就不再需要信头了，只需写上页码、收件人姓名及日期。 英文地址的书写和中文地址的书写有很大区别，应遵循从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文商务信函中称呼的书写有讲究 在英文信函书写中称呼是对收信人的尊称语。一般位于信内地址下方空一行；有Attention时也一样，位于Attention下面空一行。称呼后面一般用逗号（英式），也可以用冒号（美式）。 如果信是写给公司的，并没有直接
33----------------精选公文范文----------------3 的联系人，称呼应为：“Dear Sirs,”（英式）或“Gentlemen:”（美式）。在不能确定收信人性别的情况下，还可以使用To Whom It May Concern或Dear Madam or Sir。不过这两种称呼应尽量避免使用，因为人们觉得它们不能显示足够的友好。在写信给特定的组织时，更愿意使用Dear Member,Dear Customer,和Dear Human Resources Manager这样的称呼。 如果知道收件人的姓名，就应该直接把姓名用入称呼里。 1．商务信函一般用Dear Miss Brown，Dear 。Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。 2．写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时，用Dear或Mydear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名。例如：My dear father，Dear Tom等。
外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文外贸英语写作：进出口类商业书信写作范文 Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure. Yours faithfully 2. 提出询价 Dear Sirs, Jun.1, 2001 We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the U.S.A. Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you soon.. Truly 3. 迅速提供报价 Gentlemen, June 4, 2001 Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you. 4. 如何讨价还价 Gentlemen, June 8, 2001 We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a discount of 10% for a quantity of
全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试 外贸英语写作试题 课程代码：00097 请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上 Part One: Questions 1-20 Directions: There are 20 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. （在下列各题中选择一个最佳答案填空。）20% 1. Customers are understandably angry ______ the delay. A. with B. for C. at D. toward 2. Unless data can be assembled ______, we will lose business to our competitors. A. quicker B. more quickly C. more quick D. much quickly 3. ______ first class was questioned by the auditor. A. His traveling B. He traveling C. His travel D. He travel 4. Y esterday the manager, along with the office secretary and accountant, ______ invited to the conference . A. was B. were C. is D. are 5. Our staff agreed that ______ stand must be unified. A. their B. our C. it’s D. its 6. A serious disagreement between the management and ______ caused ______ dismissal. A. he...him B. he (i) C. him...he D. him (i) 7. Members debated the ______ of decentralization. A. pro and con B. pro’s and con’s C. pros and cons D. pro-and-con 8. ______ you have probably seen in our advertisements in fashion magazines, our products appeal to a wide age group. A. As B. Like C. Since D. Because 9. Send this form to ______ requests it. A. whomever B. whoever C. whom D. who 10. This agreement is applicable to transactions in ______ direction between the two parties.
00015英语二试题及答案 发布日期：2016-01-04 10:09 来源：未知阅读：6927 【字体：大中小】 本套单元测试共10 题，共100 分。答题得分：100 分 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [1]I should like to rent a house,modern,comfortable and ___ in a qiuet environment. 得 分： 10分 答：D A before all B first of all C after all D above all 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [2]His few personal belongings make it possible for him to move from place to place __ _. 得 分： 10分 答：C A in ease B at ease C with ease D with easiness 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [3]Could you lend me some money? I'm very ______of cash at the moment.得 分： 10分 答：B A need B short C scarce D empty 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [4]It ______ exactly thirty years since I graduated from college. 得 分： 10分 答：B A was B has been C will be D had been
【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [5]He was completely ______ by her tale of hardship. 得 10分 分： 答：B A taken away B taken in C taking away D taken up 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [6]The team doctor insisted that the route _____ because of the possible danger. 得 10分 分： 答：C A could be changed B would be changed C be changed D might be changed 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [7]Problems can _____ when people have no knowledge of the law. 得 10分 分： 答：C A rise B jump C arise D lift 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [8]The _____ lady is believed to be the thief wanted by the police. 得 10分 分： 答：A A beautifully dressed B dressed beautifully C beautiful dressing D beautiful dress 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [9]The manager did not offer him the job because of his untidy _____.
外贸英语函电写作4大原则 刚接触外贸的小白都立志要好好学外贸英语，但具体落实下来还是发现自己不会写外贸英语函电。他们发出了一连串的疑问：外贸英语类信函有什么特点呢？写这类信函的时候有没有什么标准？我们该把握一个什么样的度呢？看到大家这么手足无措，今天就和大家聊聊写外贸英语信函时应该把握的4个原则。 一、多一词不如少一词 外贸英语函电写作的首要原则是简洁。我们都知道国际贸易的竞争是十分激烈的，所以一封简洁明了的信函可以给读信的人节省很多时间。要做到简洁，可以从3个方面入手。第一，省去那些繁琐的客套话，直接开门见山，直奔主题。如：Could you make us an offer for your newest motors?第二，应该使用简单的句子结构,多用单词少用词组和定语从句，如：We require TV which is of the new type就显得啰嗦了，可以直接写成We require new type TV。第三，适当使用缩略语。外贸英语中有许多既定的专业缩略语，如D/P(付款交单),F.O.B(离岸价),L/C(信用证)等等，要尽量掌握。 二、失之毫厘差之千里 准确性是外贸英语函电写作的另一个要求。由于中西方的文化差异加上思维方式的不同，外贸活动中的交流极易产生误解，所以外贸英语函电措辞的准确性就显得尤为重要。而且外贸英语函电还具有一定的法律效力。为了确保准确性，在选词的时候尽量用含义相对单
一的词，不要用含义太丰富的词。另外，外贸函电专业术语较多，尽量按照惯例来使用这些词。 三、话可不能乱说 这一点要求我们除了词汇、语法上需要准确无误外,还要注意表达恰当、得体。首先是要尊重双方的文化差异，毕竟大家的政治、经济环境、传统习俗、商业价值观、消费心理等都迥然不同。因此我们在表达的时候要小心，防止触犯了对方的文化禁忌。其次是要对写作的对象有一定的了解。除了注意对方的文化背景外,还有留意其他方面,千万不要碰到对方的“雷区”。 四、礼多人不怪 礼貌也是商务英语函电写作中需要注意的一个细节。生意往来向来讲究以和为贵，所以即使是有分歧，礼貌的交流也能为今后的合作打下基础。要做到礼貌，我们需要把握两点：一是信函中尽量少用否定句，因为否定往往会给人消极被动的感觉。二是可以多使用祈使句和疑问句，其中疑问句是首选。疑问的方式客气、委婉，给对方留有余地，让对方有被尊重的感觉。 以上就是诚商新视界小编想要跟大家分享的外贸英语信函写作原则。本着这4个原则，希望大家都能写出出色的外贸英语函电。 文章来源：诚商新视界
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 外贸英语写作试卷 (课程代码00097) 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题l分。共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出. 1.Proposals submitted by were considered. A.her and me B.her and I C.she and I D.she and me 2.Mr.Steward is the one we have selected as supervisor. A.whoever B.which C.whom D.who 3.The training section of this company consists ten staff. A.of B.in C.for D.with 4.The news I heard from my family quite good. A.being B.was C.were D.are 5.Did you go on many ski trips this year? No, . A.not much B.quite less C.very little D.very few 6.Around the world, there may be a million earthquakes in a single year. A.as many as B.so many as C.as much as D.so much as 7. the car seems to be his main hobby. A.Wash B.Washing C.Washed D.To wash 8.Andrew does the work than Paul. A.more slowly B.more slow C.slower D.much slow 9. you take your medicine. you will feel. A.The sooner...better B.Sooner...the better C.Sooner...better D.The sooner...the better 10.George knew he could improve the way of marketing. A.how that B.which C.how D.how to 11.All the report should be complete, concise, and . A.accurate B.accuracy C.writing accurately D.written accurate 12.You can get the loan you offer good security. A.unless B.if C.but D.and 13.Mr.Baron is anxious the big project. A.of winning B.winning C.win D.to win 14.I know he spends as much time reading books as . A.exercises B.doing exercises C.do exercises D.does exercises 15.You were supposed to stay in your seats, keep your eyes on your work, to
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) "The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the We b a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specifi c computer, an d would authenticat e users at a range o f online services. The idea is to8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services. 12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs15 .'" Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would17 be a license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”would still leave much of the Internet19 .They argue that should be20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless https://www.doczj.com/doc/419876798.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder https://www.doczj.com/doc/419876798.html,promise D.proposal