A feature -based database evolution approach in the design process

英国文化复习题1)请大家结合所发材料及上课内容把这些习题所在的知识点掌握；不要去死记硬背，尤其不要把答案带到考场，被抓到舞弊，后果自己负责；2)简答题希望同学们自己去看材料并做出总结，不要背别人写好的，如果两位同学考试时答案完全一致，都不能得到该题分数。

写得不好无所谓，我最看重的是大家良好的学习态度；3)古希腊一章主要涉及的是哲学和戏剧这部分，这里我没有给复习题，希望大家自己再去看看所发材料；4)基督教这章我们不做要求；5)希望大家结合复习题，再认真阅读本学期《英国文化》所学知识，毕竟我们学习不是完全为了考试；I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false:1. Britain is no longer an imperial country. T2. The Commonwealth of Nations include all European countries. F3. 1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity. F4. The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied the majority of the British people. T5. Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland, and Wales. F6. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F7. When people outside UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. T8. The Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British. F9. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T10. Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called "Gaelic". F11. Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means. T12. Wales is rich in coal deposits. T13. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F14. The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. F15. Ireland is part of Great Britain. F16. "Ulster", referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish kingdom. T17. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. F18. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. F19. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. T20. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. T21. The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland. F22. Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland. T23. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world. F24. In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the U.S. T25. The oldest institution of government according to the text is the Monarchy. T26. The divine right of kings means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects. F27. While the King in theory had God on his side, it was thought that he should exercise absolute power. F28. The term "parliament" was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns. F29. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. T30. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have. F31. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts. T32. In the U.K., a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances. T33. The parliament can call an election sooner than five years. F34. Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP. T35. Each main party is given some time on national TV to "sell" their policies. The time is not given free and has to be paid by the party. F36. The amount spent in national campaign is not limited other than that on TV. T37. The campaigns are not simply about telling people how good your policies are, but also about telling them how bad your opponents are. T38. Secrecy is not an important part of the voting process. F39. The counting of votes run over a period of a few days. F40. There are two major national parties in the U.K. according to the text. F41. Liberal Democratic Party is the newest of the major national parties. F42. By the 1880's the British economy was dominant in the world. T43. Both the U.S. and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900. F44. In World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the U.S. and France. F45. Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947. T46. In the 1970's, with the souring price of oil and high rates of inflation, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour Party had to step down from the government. T47. The leader of the Conservatives, Margaret Thatcher started a series of reforms. An extensive programme of privatization was carried out but she did not succeed in saving the British economy. F48. Tertiary industries include banking, insurance, tourism, agriculture and the selling of goods.F49. Britain has a large sector of agriculture producing 11.6% of its national wealth. F50. According to the text, the tertiary industry produces approximately 2/3 of the national wealth.T51. The service industry in the U.K. employs 70% of the total work force. T52. The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and other basic skills but also to socialize children. T53. The state seldom interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children aretaught. F54. The enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in school and universities. F55. The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary schools and universities "meritocratic".T56. The public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government.F57. British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government. T58. In Oxford and Cambridge the BA converts to an MA several years later, upon payment of a fee. TII. Choose the correct answer to each of the following.1.__________ is not considered a characteristic of London.(a) The cultural centre(b) The business centre(c) The financial centre(d) The sports centre2. ________________ is not true about the characteristics of Britain.(a) Economic differences between north and south(b) Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales(c) Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker(d) Cultural differences between immigrants and the British3. _______________ can not be found in London.(a) Teahouses(b) Galleries(c) Museums(d) Theatres4. Which of the following is not true about Britain?(a) It used to be an imperial country in the world.(b) It plays an active role as a member of European Union.(c) It is a relatively wealthy and developed country.(d) It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.5. Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the exception?(a) London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the country.(b) London has a larger population than all other cities in England.(c) London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.(d) London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.6. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by___________.(a) King Harold(b) Robin Hood(c) Oliver Cromwell(d) William the Conqueror7.________ were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.(a) The Anglo-Saxons(b) The Normans(c) The Vikings(d) The Romans8. __________ is the largest city in Scotland.(a) Cardiff(b) Edinburgh(c) Glasgow(d) Manchester9. Why did the Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the ninth century?(a) They needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.(b) They felt it necessary to develop their own industry.(c) They were threatened by the Anglo-Saxons' invasion.(d) They had to do it in order to resist the English.10. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?(a) In the Highlands.(b) In the Lowlands.(c) In the Uplands.(d) In the west of Scotland.11. Which of the following statements is not true?(a) Wales was invaded by the Romans.(b) Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons.(c) Wales was conquered by the Normans.(d) Wales was threatened by the English.12. Which of the following parties in Scotland still wants an independent Scotland?(a) The Labour Party.(b) The Liberal Party.(c) The Scottish Nationalist Party.(d) The Conservative Party.13. Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments ________.(a) In 1715(b) In 1688(c) In 1745(d) In 170714. Llywelgn ap Gruffudd is more than a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary hero of Welsh nationalism because___________.(a) he became the first Prince of Wales in 1267(b) he brought the English under his control(c) he led a historic uprising against the English(d) he unified Wales as an independent nation15. In the seventeenth century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because___________.(a) they wanted to increase its control over Ireland(b) they had too many people and didn't have enough space for them to live in(c) they intended to expand their investment(d) they believed that Ireland was the best place for them16. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street. They came first___________.(a) to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland(b) to protect the Catholic people(c) to protect the Protestant people(d) to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social order17. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for___________.(a) its most famous landmark, the "Giant's Causeway"(b) its rich cultural life(c) its low living standards(d) its endless political problems18. Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organised a partition of Ireland, because___________.(a) the British government wouldn't be able to control Ireland any longer by force(b) the British government intended to satisfy both sides─Catholics as well as Protestants(c) Catholics in Ireland demanded a partition of Ireland(d) Protestants welcomed the idea of partition19. Which of the following statements is not true?(a) Sinn Fein is the legal political Party in Northern Ireland.(b) Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain are called Unionists.(c) Social Democratic and Labour Party is a very important political Party in Britain.(d) Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called Loyalists.20. In the early 1970s, the IRA___________.(a) killed many Protestants and Catholics(b) burned down the houses of Catholics(c) murdered individuals at random(d) carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their main target21. 1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because___________.(a) 13 Catholics were shot dead by the police(b) 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland(c) the government carried out a policy known as "internment"(d) Bloody killing of 468 people fortified Catholic opposition to the British presence in Northern Ireland22. Why did the British government decide to replace the Power-Sharing policy with "direct-rule" from London?(a) The Power-Sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of Protestants.(b) The Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the province effectively.(c) The Power-Sharing policy couldn't be carried out.(d) All the above.23. Which of the following statements is not true?(a) In 1981, some convicted IRA prisoners went on a hunger-strike.(b) They demanded for the status of being "political prisoners" by starving themselves.(c) Margaret Thatcher's government gave in to their political demand.(d) The death of prisoners revitalized the political movement of Sinn Fein.24. How many counties do you know there are in Northern Ireland?(a) 26.(b) 6.(c) 32.(d) 20.25. Which of the following is not characteristic of British government?(a) It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.(b) It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.(c) It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.(d) It has no written form of Constitution.26. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?(a) James I.(b) James II.(c) Charles I.(d) Charles II.27. What happened in 1215?(a) It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.(b) Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.(c) Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.(d) King Egbert united England under his rule.28. Which of the following is not true about the Great Council?(a) They included barons and representatives from counties and towns.(b) They were sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money.(c) They later developed into what we now know as the Cabinet.(d) They represented the aristocrats as well as the communities.29. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?(a) James II.(b) William of Orange.(c) Oliver Cromwell.(d) George I.30. Which of the following is not true about the Constitution?(a) It is a document which lists out the basic principles for government.(b) It is the foundation of British governance today.(c) Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.(d) The common laws are part of the Constitution.31. Which of the following about the Parliament is not true?(a) There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.(b) Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.(c) Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.(d) Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.32. Which of the following about the Queen is not true?(a) The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.(b) The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.(c) The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.(d) The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.33. Which of the following about the House of Lords is not true?(a) Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.(b) It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.(c) The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.(d) Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.34. Which of the following about the House of Commons is not true?(a) Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.(b) MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.(c) MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.(d) Most MPs belong to the major political parties.35. Which group of people can not vote in the general election?(a) Members in the House of Commons.(b) Lords in the House of Lords.(c) The UK citizens above the age of 18.(d) The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.36. By whom is a "vote of no confidence" decided?(a) The House of Commons.(b) The House of Lords.(c) The two major parties.(d) The Prime Minister.37. Which of the following is not true about the electoral campaigns?(a) Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.(b) There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in their constituency campaign.(c) Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.(d) Candidates criticize each other's policies to show how good their own policies are.38. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win the election?(a) 651.(b) 326.(c) 626.(d) 351.39. Which of the following party adopts a "fatherly" sense of obligation to the poorer people in the society?(a) The Conservative party.(b) The Liberal Democrats.(c) The Party of Wales.(d) The Labour party.40. Which of the following description about the Conservative party is not true?(a) It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.(b) It prefers policies that protect individual's rights.(c) It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.(d) It is known as a party of high taxation levels.41. Which government lost a vote of no confidence and was forced to resign in 1979?(a) The Conservative government.(b) The Liberal government.(c) The Labour government.(d) The radical government.42. Which period of time in British history was described as "private affluence and public squalor"?(a) The 1940s.(b) The 1970s.(c) The 1980s.(d) The 1990s.43. Which of the following about the "poll tax" is not true?(a) It was introduced by the Conservative government.(b) It was introduced by the Labour government.(c) It was an attempt to change local government taxes.(d) It was criticized by many citizens.44. Who is the leader of the Labour party at present?(a) John Major.(b) Tony Blair.(c) Harold Wilson.(d) Margaret Thatcher.45. Which of the following statements about the UK economy is not true?(a) Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies.(b) Britain has experienced a relative economic decline since 1945.(c) There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.(d) Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita.Answer:46. Which of the following was not the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945?(a) Britain did not invest in modern equipment and new products.(b) Britain spent a high proportion of its national wealth on the military.(c) Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.(d) Britain had carried out the nationalisation of the businesses.47. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?(a) Beef cattle.(b) Dairy cattle.(c) Chicken.(d) Sheep.48. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?(a) In the southeast of England.(b) In the northeast of England.(c) In the southeast of Scotland.(d) In the northeast of Scotland.49. Which of the following is not a company in the energy sector?(a) Shell.(b) ICI.(c) RTZ.(d) British Gas.50. Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK?(a) Ford.(b) Peugeot.(c) Rover.(d) BMW.51. In aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain?(a) The U.S. and Germany.(b) The U.S. and Russia.(c) Germany and Russia.(d) France and Russia.52. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?(a) Imperial Airways.(b) British Airways.(c) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.(d) The British Aircraft Corporation.53. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?(a) He invented the first jet plane.(b) He developed the first jet engine.(c) He made the first powered flight.(d) He made the trans-Atlantic flight.54. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?(a) Boeing.(b) Rolls Royce.(c) McDonnel-Douglas.(d) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.55. British Aerospace was the merger of which two companies?(a) The British Aircraft Corporation and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.(b) The British Aircraft Corporation and Rolls Royce.(c) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation and GEC Avionics.(d) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation and Rolls Royce.56. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to___________.(a) private schools(b) independent schools(c) state schools(d) public schools57. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16___________.(a) can legally receive partly free education(b) can legally receive completely free education(c) can not receive free education at all(d) can not receive free education if their parents are rich58. If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called___________.(a) General Certificate of Education—Advanced(b) General Certificate of Secondary Education(c) the common entrance examination(d) General National V ocational Qualifications59. _____________ is a privately funded university in Britain.(a) The University of Cambridge(b) The University of Oxford(c) The University of Edinburgh(d) The University of Buckingham60. Which of the following is not true?(a) Parents send their children to public schools because they are rich.(b) Parents send their children to public schools because their children can get better jobs when they leave school.(c) Parents send their children to public schools because their children can have a better chance of getting into a good university.(d) Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools.61. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Open University?(a) It's open to everybody.(b) It requires no formal educational qualifications.(c) No university degree is awarded.(d) University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, ect.62. In the examination called "the 11 plus", students with academic potential go to ___________.(a) grammar schools(b) comprehensive schools(c) public schools(d) technical schools63. Which of the following is not included in the National Curriculum?(a) Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.(b) Children must sit in A-level exams.(c) Children must pass national tests.(d) Teachers must teach what they are told.64. Which of the following is not true about the British education system?(a) It's run by the state.(b) It's funded by the state.(c) It's supervised by the state.(d) It's dominated by the state.65. _________________ would admit children without reference to their academic abilities.(a) Comprehensive schools(b) Secondary schools(c) Independent schools(d) Grammar schoolsⅢ.Topics for Discussion1. What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the Empire still felt in Britain and in the international field?2. Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases?3. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain?4. Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales' unification with Great Britain.5. Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?6. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?7. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?8. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.9. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?10. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?11. How did the doctrine of the "divine right of kings", according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?12. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?13. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.14. Why does the author say that parliament is supreme in the British state? What functions does parliament have? What role does the Queen ( King ) and the Prime Minister play in British government?15. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?16. Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless in the election campaign for the formation of a government?17. What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?18. What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic? What is the author's opinion?19. The author says that John Major's conservatives remain unpopular in 1997. What reasons does the author give for this political situation?20. Please define "absolute decline and relative decline" in the UK economy. How does the authorexplain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline?21. What did the Conservative Party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word "reform" in the national economy was also popular when Mrs. Margaret Thatcher formed the government and decided to change the UK economy. What was her radical reform program? Was the program successful according to the author?22. What are the three main areas in national economies? Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.23. The author believes that Britain, like most developed economics, has seen a relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries. Why is it so? Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years? How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?24. What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?25. How does the British education system reflect social class?26. What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.27. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?28. What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?。

This document was downloaded from the Penspen Integrity Virtual Library For further information, contact Penspen Integrity:Penspen IntegrityUnits 7-8St. Peter's Wharf Newcastle upon TyneNE6 1TZUnited KingdomTelephone: +44 (0)191 238 2200 Fax: +44 (0)191 275 9786 Email: integrity.ncl@ Website: When is Corrosion Not Corrosion? A Decade of MFL PipelineInspection.Paul Tims, TotalFinaElf Exploration Norge AS, Stavanger, NorwayOwen Wilson, Andrew Palmer and Associates, Aberdeen, UKAbstractTotalFinaElf Exploration UK (TFEEUK), as the technical operator of the twin 32” Frigg gas export pipelines between the Frigg field and the St. Fergus gas terminal regularly inspect the pipelines with intelligent pigs to demonstrate their integrity.Inspections of one of these pipelines found several significant defects that appeared to grow over time, to the point where the pressure at which the pipeline could safely be operated required to be reduced.To restore the pressure-retaining capability of the pipeline to its design level, a section of pipeline was replaced and a sample containing the pressure-limiting defects was recovered to the surface. A physical survey of the corroded pipe joints discovered that the reported “corrosion” was not present but found instead a layer of ferrous debris adhered to the pipe wall. The interpretation of the debris as corrosion highlights the limitations of using an inferred inspection technique in an environment where no complementary inspection is practicable.TFEEUK continue to regularly inspect these pipelines using intelligent pigs to demonstrate their integrity.IntroductionDuring a routine survey in 1990 of one of the Frigg to St Fergus 32” Gas Export pipelines operated by TotalFinaElf Exploration UK (TFEEUK), a Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) inspection tool detected several significant defects. The results and the subsequent analysis and investigation instigated a programme of regular inspection that continued until 1999. On the strength of worsening results, the pipeline’s Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) was down-rated twice in the same period.The opportunity to bring the most severely corroded pipe joints to the surface presented itself when the worst corroded section of pipeline was bypassed in 2001. A physical survey of thecorroded pipe joints discovered that the reported “corrosion” was not present but found instead, a layer of ferrous debris adhered to the pipe wall.This paper discusses:• The results and implications of the inspections.• The work performed to demonstrate the continued safe operation of the pipeline.• The results of a physical survey of the pressure-limiting “corrosion” defects.• The possible origins of the ferrous debris layer.• Work that has been done to assess the effect of the debris on the behaviour of MFL signals.Inspection ResultsThe first inspection of the line, conducted in 1990, highlighted general corrosion of a low level, with 141 significant defects with peak metal loss depth ranging from 20% to 48% wall thickness. Throughout the four successive inspections in 1992, 1996, 1997 and 1999, the number of defects increased, and the worst features became progressively deeper.A summary of the inspection results is presented in Table 1 in Appendix A. The numbers of defects are solely indicative as several of the inspections only reported on selected sections the pipeline rather than the full length. Furthermore, over the 10 year period, detection and reporting thresholds improved considerably resulting in defects being reported that may have been present earlier, but that were either below the detection or reporting thresholds. This is clearly evident in results of the 1996 and 1999 inspections – the only inspections to report on the entire length of the pipeline. The 1996 inspection reported a total of 7863 features, whereas the 1999 inspection reported 43918 features. The distribution of corrosion features (including the worst defects) over a section of the pipeline is shown in Appendix D. Worth noting is the approximate symmetry of the corrosion features around an axis running along the 6 o’clock position in the pipeline. Such corrosion patterns are not uncommon in pipelines and are normally a function of corrosion occurring at a water/product interface, the position of which varies with the vertical profile of the line.1 The 1990 inspection was only of the upstream (Northern) half of the pipeline – some 185 km. The downstream (Southern) half of the pipeline – approximately 175 km in length – was inspected in 1991.20 significant defects with peak metal loss ranging from 10% to 25% of wall thickness were reported in this section of the line.Table 1 also shows that, apart from the first inspection in 1990, the depth of the deepest feature appeared to increase steadily over time. When the data is reanalysed using a consistent analysis and sizing model, however, the depth is of the deepest feature is much more consistent over time.The worst features were, however, consistently detected over the period. One of the significant characteristics of the worst features was their general stability in terms of location and shape. The evolution of the dimensions of the worst feature over time is shown in Table 2 in Appendix A. The effects of the different analysis and sizing models can clearly be seen on the data presented in Table 2 – when analysed using the model in use at the time of each original inspection, the defect dimensions (principally length and depth) are seen to increase steadily over the 10 year period. When analysed using a consistent model (in this case, the model in use at the time of the 1997 inspection), the defect dimensions are much more consistent, particularly with respect to depth, although the defect length still clearly increases over the period from 1990 to 1996.The evolution of the magnetic signal of this defect can be seen in the series of diagrams in Appendix B. Two greyscale images of the more severe features are also presented in Appendix B. The images are broadly similar, but that from the 1999 inspection clearly shows several lower level features adjacent to the main line of features. These are represented graphically in Appendix C.The worst defect was long and thin in shaped and situated in the 6 o’clock position. The analysis of the magnetic flux readings characterised the feature as an initially deep feature, with a step to a shallower plateau, on which further pitting corrosion was identified in the later surveys.The other notable aspect of the corrosion was that the worst features were concentrated in a very small number of pipe joints. As time progressed, the 8 limiting features in terms of the pressure retaining capability of the entire pipeline were confined to 3 pipe joints distributed over an 8 km length of the pipeline. 6 out of the 8 pressure limiting features were contained within the same pipe joint.Corrosion MechanismThis highly localised corrosion led to an investigation of the steel properties of particular pipe joints. The pipeline was constructed with pipe joints from four different manufacturers, so there was speculation that one type of steel was more susceptible to the corrosion being experienced. When the corrosion was cross-referenced with the different steels, there seemed to be a strong correlation between the more severe corrosion and one of thesemanufacturers.The production over time was also investigated to establish whether there were any production upsets that might have introduced a corrosion mechanism into the otherwise apparently innocuous dry gas environment of the pipeline. It turned out that wet condensate had, in the past, been batched in the pipeline, and that the corrosion inhibition of these batches may not have been efficient. Furthermore, a wet buckle had occurred during the installation of the pipeline in the mid-1970’s around the location of the worst corrosion. It was suspected that this may have increased the propensity for linepipe corrosion in this area.The combination of the potentially susceptible steel and a corrosion mechanism gave a plausible explanation of the corrosion being reported.Down-ratingThe survey results in 1997 caused the most significant problem in terms of the integrity of the pipeline. The worst features failed the Line Pipe Corrosion Group Sponsored Project (LCGSP)2 defect assessment criteria (subsequently to become DnV RP F101), so a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) study was performed on the worst feature and the surrounding features to demonstrate the residual pressure retaining capability of the pipeline.The FEA study considered five combinations of potentially interacting defects contained in the worst affected pipe joint. The study also investigated the effects of the inspection tool measurement tolerances on the predicted defect failure pressures. The analyses determined the predicted failure pressures for the various defect combinations and showed that, although interaction between the d efects was predicted to occur, the effects on failure pressure were small – less than a 2% reduction over the predicted failure pressure of the single worst defect. A Von Mises stress distribution for one of the defect combinations analysed is shown in Appendix E.The failure pressures predicted by the FEA study showed that the depth of the worst feature recorded was beyond the limit of what could be demonstrated to be acceptable with the design MAOP. The step was therefore taken to down-rate the pipeline by 20 bar from 148.9 barg to 128 barg.The focus of the 1999 survey was to ensure that the corrosion had arrested (the practice of batching wet inhibitor was stopped before the 1997 survey, however as the growth mechanism was a hypothesis further inspection was required to test it) and the pipeline could2 Total Oil Marine, the Operator of the pipeline at the time, was a member of the LCGSP.continue to be operated safely at the down-rated pressure. To ensure repeatability, the same inspection tool was used as the 1997 survey, with the same sensor array and electronic package. When the inspection reports were delivered, however, a further 3% reduction in the wall thickness of the worst feature was reported (from 48% of wall thickness to 51% of wall thickness, as shown in Tables 1 and 2 of Appendix A).After much discussion with the inspection contractor it was discovered that the analytical process for interpreting the magnetic flux measurements from the sensor had, in fact, been upgraded in the time between the two surveys as this was felt to give a more accurate interpretation of the measurements. The question of whether the feature had physically deepened therefore remained.To answer this question, the 1999 results were re-interpreted with the 1997 analytical model, and the results reported the same defect depth as was previously reported with the 1997 data (as shown in Tables 1 and 2 of Appendix A). This gave confidence that the feature had not grown. Given, however, that the 1999 analytical process was considered more accurate than the 1997 model, the decision was made to re-analyse the fitness-for-purpose of the reported defects using the 1999 feature dimensions. This resulted in the down-rating of the pipeline by a further 5 bar to 123 barg. The results from 1997 and 1999 for the worst defects, and the re-interpreted results from 1999 are shown in Appendix C.Bypass and Pipe Joint Cut-outIn 2001, the installation of a new section of pipeline to be tied in to the existing pipeline presented the opportunity to by-pass the worst areas of corrosion and restore the MAOP of the pipeline to its design level – itself an important consideration in maximising the throughput capacity for new gas.In order to accurately determine the position of the corrosion in the pipeline, it was necessary to establish a common reference between the internal a nd external reference system (the tolerances of internal and external survey systems mean that common points must be used for accurate cross-referencing between different survey types). Powerful magnets were therefore installed on the exterior of the pipeline, using an ROV installed clamping system before the 1999 inspection.Locations for the magnets were chosen bounding the worst area of corrosion to be bypassed, also attempting not to hide significant features under the magnets themselves. The positioning of the magnets and an overall view of the reported corrosion can be seen in Appendix D. These magnets were used as reference points for the bypass tie-in, and were also used to locate the pipe joints for cutting out and recovery to the surface.An important part of the identification of the pipe joints to cut out was the correlation of the pigging weld record and the lay record data. This exercise was done using known construction features that were detailed in the lay record and also detectable by the inspection tool. The magnets could not be used for this purpose, because it was not possible to accurately establish which pipe joints the magnets had been mounted on. The drawback with the construction references was that they were so far apart, and a lso far from the reported corrosion.The most useful data recorded in the pigging and lay records turned out to be the pipe joint lengths. The variation in the lengths of the pipe joints was recorded during the construction of the pipeline and was also quite accurately reported in the pigging record. The comparison of these lengths proved, therefore, to be the basis for the final adjustments for the correlation of the data. An example of the correlation around the cut points can be seen in Appendix F. Another feature of the construction that proved useful was the fact that some of the 12m long pipes were made up of two shorter lengths. These “jointer” pipes showed up well in the pigging record as an extra weld.As both the magnets and corrosion were detected by the 1999 internal inspection, calculating the physical distance from the magnet to the cut points to a high degree of accuracy and certainty was therefore possible. These distances were translated onto the as-found magnet and pipeline positions, and tracked across the seabed. Two pipe joints, one containing the worst corrosion features, were then cut out of the bypassed section of pipeline with a diamond-wire saw and brought to the surface.Investigation of Physical CorrosionThe recovered pipe j o ints were transported to the yard, and an investigation of the internal surface conducted. The original weld number paint markings from construction could still be seen on the external weight coat, and these corresponded to the expected weld numbers, confirming that the correct pipe joints had been recovered.Both pipe joints were examined internally, their size allowing good access for visual inspection. The pipe joint that contained the worst “corrosion” was found not to contain any corrosion features, but instead a layer of apparently rusty material was seen to be deposited on the bottom of the pipeline centred around the 5 – 5.30 o’clock position for a length of approximately 10 m (starting and ending approximately 1 m inward of the ends of the pipe joint). Two white, calcareous deposit lines were visible around the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock running along the length of the pipe (these were later identified as Magnesium Hydroxide). These appeared to be some form of interface mark (essentially a “tide mark”), and confirmedthe original orientation of the joints in the pipeline. The adjacent pipe joint contained no debris layer or apparent corrosion.The layer of rusty material formed a near-solid “sheet” varying in thickness typically around 10 mm, but u p to 20 mm, and up to 220 mm wide (thinner at the upstream end than the downstream end). This “crust” was hard, brittle, and could be kicked off the pipe wall in chunks although it was surprisingly resilient to impact and abrasion. After removal from the pipe and exposure to the atmosphere for a few weeks, the crust would crumble, presumably as binding agents evaporated. No significant corrosion was evident under the debris layer. The volume of material contained in the debris crust was estimated at between 5 and 10 litres.On close examination the material forming the crust was found to be made of tightly packed, tiny spherical metallic balls, typically around 1 mm in diameter, relatively consistent in size and apparently bound together by corrosion products. When sectioned and examined under a microscope, some of the spheres exhibited cracks and some were hollow. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy analyses were performed on samples from various parts of the debris layer. The analyses identified Iron, Carbon and Silicon elements in the metallic spheres. The corrosion product was found to comprise mostly of oxides of iron. Traces of Calcium, Aluminium and Magnesium were also identified.Photographs of the defect crust in-situ, removed from the pipe, and sectioned and magnified are shown in Appendix G.As noted above, the debris crust was surprisingly resilient to impact and abrasion. That the layer had apparently been present in the pipeline for many years is worthy of note - many heavy duty cleaning pigs, some fitted with powerful magnets had been run down the pipeline over its lifetime. Furthermore, several MFL intelligent pigs were also run down the pipeline. Experience with these tools suggests that they are amongst the most efficient cleaning tools available due their weight, brushes and powerful magnets.If a layer of hard debris such as was found in the pipeline had been suspected at any stage during operation, pin-wheel type pigs could have been run to try and remove it. Given the nature of the gas flow through the pipeline and the results of the cleaning pigging, however, there was never any reason to suspect that such debris might be present.It should be noted that the presence of the debris layer in the recovered pipe joint does not, on its own, invalidate the internal corrosion reported elsewhere in the line by the inspection tool.Possible Sources of the DebrisSeveral potential sources have been identified for the debris crust found in the pipeline:• Product from flame cutting.• Weld spatter from burn-through of the weld root during construction.• Iron grit blast.The significant quantity of material found deposited in the pipe length suggests that flame cutting was unlikely – whilst occasional welds may have been cut out, the volume of material suggests a more frequent event.Weld spatter is a possible source of the material, but it is not considered credible that so much material could come from only the welds at either end of the pipe joint.Spent grit blast material from part of the construction process is certainly a possible cause. The detail of the fabrication and construction procedures used during the preparation of the linepipe at the mill and coating yard, and then during construction on the lay-barge have not been investigated, but it is certainly conceivable that shot-blasting was carried at some point, either as a standard operation, or, for example, as part of a frequent repair process.What is likely is that small amounts of material, however they arrived in the pipeline, have been collected and transported along the pipeline by early pigging operations, perhaps during pre-commissioning activities. This material has then been deposited and smeared along the pipe wall. Corrosion within the layer, the drying effects of the gas flow, and further pigging runs combined to compress and bind the layer into the hard crust that was found. The above explanations are neither conclusive nor mutually exclusive.Metallic Crust Laboratory SimulationThe inspection contractor who performed the surveys of the pipeline instigated an investigation into the effects of the debris crust on MFL signals.Samples of the debris crust were broken down, mixed with glue and spread on coupon of test steel. The density of the glue/debris mix was kept consistent with that of the original debris crust.Magnetic flux data was collected from the test coupon using a system that simulated the way in which the inspection tool gathers data. The bare test coupon, containing two artificial defects, was mapped first. The glue/debris mix was then used to fill in one of the defects and the survey repeated. The surveys were further repeated with glue/debris layers of graduallyincreasing thickness, from 2 mm to 10 mm, over a general area, including one of the defects. The results of the work demonstrated that, as expected, the presence of the metallic debris layer had a significant effect on the MFL signals. Any defects under the layer became much less distinct as the thickness of the debris layer increased (a 10 mm thick layer could cause a change in predicted defect depth of as much as 40%).The effects of variations in the debris layer were not investigated. It is believed that local variations in thickness, density and potentially other properties could produce MFL signals that could be falsely interpreted as a pipe wall defect. Features such as a rough edge to the debris crust, or a missing chunk of crust are quite conceivable and their effects on MFL signals need to be investigated. TFEEUK are pursuing this in conjunction with the inspection contractor.ConclusionThe use of MFL technology has been demonstrated to give misleading results in this circumstance. What this highlights is the fact that the technology is an inferred inspection technique, measuring magnetic flux signals that can be misinterpreted. In certain cases, it therefore introduces an element of doubt or risk when using this technology if it is being solely relied on to determine the integrity of a pipeline.Where uncertainty exists, and it is possible and practicable, a complementary inspection method should be employed. For land pipelines, this usually takes the form of an excavation and external inspection method such as ultrasonic tools. In the case of a subsea pipeline, whilst possible, an external inspection is, due to the environment, significantly more hazardous and normally very costly and may therefore not be desirable or practicable.A complementary internal inspection with an ultrasonic tool would have been possible, although again, may not always be practicable in a gas pipeline due to the requirement to run the tool in a slug of liquid. There is also a suspicion that, given the granular nature of the debris crust, the ultrasonic signal would have been attenuated to the point of non-return, resulting in further uncertainty. The only other internal inspection technique that may have highlighted the true nature of the crust is a visual inspection. This technology is becoming available for longer pipelines with the development of digital storage devices.Having said that, the results seemed at the time very conclusive, and all the evidence corroborated the assumption of corrosion, so it seemed unnecessary to pursue any complementary inspection. There was no reason to suspect the presence of the debris layer, and no precedent in either TotalFinaElf operating experience or that of the inspection contractor that raised any suspicions as to the real nature of the reported features. The mainlessons learned from this is to be vigilant of any assumptions, to explore all possibilities, and to bare in mind it may be cost effective to perform complementary inspections in certain circumstances.Magnetic Flux Leakage remains a valid inspection technique that produces generally accurate, reliable and repeatable results in the majority of circumstances. TotalFinaElf, both in the UK and Worldwide continue to employ MFL inspection tools from all the major inspection contractors to assist in ensuring the integrity of their assets, including the pipeline discussed in this paper.Appendix A – Summary of Inspection FindingsYear19901 19922 19963 1997519996 No. of Features > 60% WT 0 0 0 0 0No. of Features > 40% WT 4 3 4 5 14No. of Features > 20% WT 14 319 184 195 242No. of Features < 20% WT N/A 3572 7680 4568 43676Total Number of Features 14 3891 7864 4764 43918Originally Reported Depth of48% 42% 43%4 48% 51% Worst Feature (% WT)Revised Depth of Worst Feature47% 46% 46% 48% 48%(%WT)7Table 1 – Summary of Inspection DataNotes:1. The 1990 inspection only covered the upstream (Northern) half of the pipeline – some 185 km.2. The 1992 inspection only reported on a 10 km section containing the worst defects. This was locatedbetween PK 304 and PK 314 (46 km to 56 km downstream of launch).3. The 1996 inspection reported on the whole 364 km pipeline length.4. A defect with a depth of 53% wall thickness was reported in a thick-walled length of the pipeline. Thedepth noted in Table 1 is the deepest defect reported in the main section of the pipeline.5. The 1997 inspection reported on 7 selected areas. Of the 4764 features reported, 1994 were categorisedas of manufacturing origin.6. The 1999 inspection reported on the whole 364 km pipeline length. Of the 43918 features reported, 12395were categoris ed as of manufacturing origin.7. The previous inspection data was reanalysed in 1997 using the same analysis and sizing models. The1999 data was also reanalysed using the 1997 sizing models.Inspection Data Analysis Model Axial Length(mm)CircumferentialWidth (mm)Depth (% WT)1990 1990 18 65 381990 1997 156 56 47 1992 1992 15 63 42 1992 1997 180 51 46 1996 1996 250 65 44 1996 1997 260 51 46 1997 1997 260 50 48 1999 1999 260 50 51 1999 1997 260 50 48Table 2 – Dimensions of Worst DefectNote : Data in italics is all analysed using the 1997 data analysis and sizing model.Appendix B – Magnetic Signals for the Worst DefectsFigure B1 – Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal, Worst Defects, 1990Figure B2 – Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal, Worst Def ects,1992Figure B3 – Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal, Worst Defects,1996Figure B4 – Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal, Worst Defects,1997Figure B5 – Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal, Worst Defects,1999Figure B6 – Greyscale MFL Signal, Worst Defects,1997Figure B7 – Greyscale MFL Signal, Worst Defects,1999Note: The approximate dimensions of the greyscale plots is 4.0 m (axial length) x 0.8 m circumferential lengthAppendix C – Inspection Results, Worst CorrosionFigure C1 – 1999 Inspection Data, Assessed Using 1999 Sizing ModelFigure C2 – 1997 Inspection Data, Assessed Using 1997 Sizing ModelFigure C3 – 1999 Inspection Data, Re-assessed Using 1997 Sizing ModelAppendix D – FEA Study, Von Mises Stress DistributionFigure D1 – Von Mises Stress Distribution for Worst Defect CombinationAppendix E – Magnet Locations and General Corrosion PlotFigure E1 – General Corrosion Plot and Magnet Positions for Section of PipelineAppendix F – Correlation Between Pigging and Lay RecordsWeld No Piece No Plate No Length (m) Anode/BA Weld No Pig Dist B0247711 44680 12.28344 None 12.3 41220 A 1915B0246136 241406 12.31392 MAGNET 12.3 41230 A 1916B0244830 243170 12.10056 None 12.1 41240 A 1917B0247381 42798 12.16152 BA 12.2 41250 A 1918B0248600 43614 12.31392 None 12.3 41260 A 1919 3.8 41270 B0200236 236200 12.58824 None 8.8 41280 A 1920B0247376 41382 11.7348 None 11.7 41290 A 1921B0248011 41358 12.31392 None 12.3 41300 A 1922B0248286 42288 12.31392 None 12.3 41310 A 1923B0245279 242378 11.85672 None 11.9 41320 A 1924B0246016 241678 11.5824 Anode 11.6 41330 A 1925B0245870 242866 12.00912 None 12.0 41340 A 1926B0248259 43492 12.192 None 12.2 41350 A 1927B0247734 47734 12.31392 None 12.3 41360 A 1928B0244879 243420 12.28344 None 12.3 41370 A 1929B0247509 42296 11.8872 None 11.9 41380 A 1930B0248831 43302 11.91768 None 11.9 41390 A 1931B0245817 243830 12.28344 BA 12.3 41400 A 1932B0246838 243426 11.94816 None 12.0 41410 CUT POINT A 1933B0244745 243476 12.31392 None 12.3 41420 CUT POINT A 1934B0247423 41952 11.70432 None 11.7 41430 CUT POINT A 1935B0248636 43512 12.31392 None 12.3 41440 A 1936B0249059 41384 11.82624 None 11.8 41450 A 1937B0247680 41360 12.31392 None 12.3。

模具制造业常用英语中文解说作者：佚名来源：不详发布时间：2008-3-9 0:58:18 发布人：admin减小字体增大字体Aabrasive grinding 强力磨削 L3abrasive[E'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的 L2,3absence ['AbsEns] n.. 不在，缺席 L17accesssory[Ak'sesEri] n.附件 L10accommodate[E'kCmEdeit] v. 适应 L5accordingly[E'kC:diNli] adv.因此,从而,相应地 L7,13accuracy['AkjurEsi] n精度,准确性 L1,3actuate['Aktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动 L8adequate['Adikwit] a. 足够的 L13adhesive[Ed'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂 L22adjacent[E'dVeisnt] a. 邻近的 L13adopt[E'dCpt] vt. 采用 L4advance [Ed'vA:ns] n.进步 L7advisable [Ed'vaizbl] adj. 可取的 L20agitate['AdViteit] v. 摇动 L2a large extent 很大程度 L4,13algorithm ['Al^EriTEm] n. 算法 L6align [E'lain] v 定位，调准 L17alignment[E'lainmEnt] n. 校直 L11all-too-frequent 频繁 L17allowance[E'lEuens] n. 容差, 余量 L5alternate['C:ltEnit]v.交替,轮流 L1alternative[C:l'tE:nEtiv] n. 替换物 L3alternatively[C:l'tE:nEtivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许 L5aluminiun[7Alju'minjEm] n.铝 L2ample['Ampl] adj. 充足的 L20analysis [E'nAlEsis] n. 分析 L6ancillary['AnsilEri] a.补助的, 副的 L4angular ['A^julE] adj. 有角的 L20annealing[E'li:liN] n.退火 L2aperture ['ApEtFE] n.孔 L17applied loads 作用力 L1appropriate [E'prEuprieit] a. 适当的 L6,20arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形 L10arise[E'raiz] vi. 出现, 发生 L21arrange[E'reidV] v. 安排 L12article['a:tikl] n.制品, 产品 L21ascertain[7AsE'tein] vt. 确定, 查明 L1assemble[E'sembl] vt.组装 L4attitude ['Atitju:d] n 态度 L17auxiliary [C:^'ziljEri]adj. 辅助的 L8avoid[E'vCid] v.避免 L7axis['Aksis] n.轴 L5axle['Aksl] n.轮轴, 车轴 L1Bbackup['bAk7Qp] n. 备份 L9batch [bAtF] n 一批 L17bearing['bZEriN] n.轴承,支座 L21bed[bed] n. 床身 L5behavior[bi'heivjE] n. 性能 L1bench-work 钳工工作 L4bend[bend] v.弯曲 L1beneath[bi'ni:W] prep在···下 L4bin [bin] n. 仓，料架 L19blank [blANk] n. 坯料 L20blank [blANk] v. 冲裁,落料 L17blanking tool 落料模 L17blast [blQst] n.一阵（风） L18blemish['blemiF] n. 缺点, 污点 L13bolster['bEulstE] n. 模座,垫板 L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进 L9boring['bC:riN] n.镗削, 镗孔 L4,5bracket ['brAkit] n. 支架 L19brass [brAs] n.黄铜 L2break down 破坏 L1breakage ['breikidV] n.破坏 L17bridge piece L16brine[brain] n. 盐水 L2brittle['britl] adv.易碎的 L1buffer [bQfE] n.缓冲器 L8built-in 内装的 L9bulging [bQldViN] n. 凸肚 L22burr [bE:] n. 毛刺 L17bush [buF] n. 衬套 L17bush[buF]n. 衬套 L5by far (修饰比较级, 最高级)···得多, 最 L3 by means of 借助于 L5Ccabinet ['kAbinit] n.橱柜 L7call upon 要求 L17carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物 L10carburzing['ka:bjuretiN] n. 渗碳 L2carriage['kAridV] n.拖板, 大拖板 L5carry along 一起带走 L18carry down over 从···上取下 L21carry out 完成 L17case hardening 表面硬化 L2case[keis] n. 壳, 套 L2cast steel 铸钢 L17casting['ka:stiN] n. 铸造,铸件 L3category['kAtE^Euri] n. 种类 L6,15caution ['kC:FEn] n. 警告，警示 L17cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板 L11cavity['kAviti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞 L4,10centre-drilling 中心孔 L5ceramic[si'rAmik] n.陶瓷制品 L3chain doted line 点划线 L11channel['tFAnl] n.通道, 信道 L8characteristic[kArEktE'ristik] n.特性 L1check[tFek] v.核算 L21chip[tFip] n.切屑, 铁屑 L3chuck [tFQk] n.卡盘 L5,8chute [Fu:t] n. 斜道 L19circa ['sEkE:] adv. 大约 L7circlip['sE:klip] n.(开口)簧环 L22circuit['sE:kit] n. 回路, 环路 L13circular supoport block L5circulate['sE:kjuleid] v.(使)循环 L13clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17clamp[klAmp] n.压板 L12clay[klei] n. 泥土 L2,7clearance ['kliErEns] n. 间隙 L17clip [klip] vt. 切断，夹住 L19cold hobbing 冷挤压 L4cold slug well 冷料井 L12collapse[kE'lAps] vi.崩塌, 瓦解 L22collapsible[kE'lApsEbl] adj.可分解的 L22combination [kCmbi'neiFEn] n. 组合 L18commence[kE'mens] v. 开始, 着手 L16commence[kE'mens]v. 开始 L21commercial [kE'mE:FEl] adj. 商业的 L7competitive[kEm'petitiv] a. 竞争的 L9complementary[7kCmpli'mentEri] a. 互补的 L5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性 L8complicated['kCmplEkeitid] adj.复杂的 L2complication [kCmpli'keiFEn] n. 复杂化 L5,20compression [kEm'preFEn] n.压缩 L1comprise[kEm'prais] vt.包含 L16compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 L13 concern with 关于 L6concise[kEn'sais] a. 简明的, 简练的 L9confront[kEn'frQnt] vt. 使面临 L14connector[kE'nektE] n. 连接口, 接头 L14consequent['kCnsikwEnt] a. 随之发生的, 必然的 L3 console ['kCnsoul] n.控制台 L8consume [kEn'sjum] vt. 消耗, 占用 L7consummate [kEn'sQmeit] vt. 使完善 L6container[kEn'teinE] n. 容器 L11contingent[ken'tindVEnt] a.可能发生的 L9contour['kEntuE] n.轮廓 L5,21conventional[kEn'venFEnl] a. 常规的 L4converge[kEn'vE:dV] v.集中于一点 L21conversant[kCn'vE:sEnt] a. 熟悉的 L15conversion[kEn'vE:FEn] n 换算, 转换 L7conveyer[ken'veiE] n. 运送装置 L12coolant['ku:lEnt] n. 冷却液 L13coordinate [kEu'C:dnit] vt. (使)协调 L8copy machine 仿形(加工)机床 L4core[kC:] n. 型芯, 核心 L2,4corresponding [ka:ri'spCdiN] n.相应的 L7counteract [kauntE'rAkt] vt. 反作用,抵抗 L20 couple with 伴随 L20CPU (central processing unit) 中央处理器 L9 crack[krAk ] v.（使）破裂，裂纹 L1,17critical['kritikl] adj.临界的 L2cross-hatching 剖面线 L16cross-section drawn 剖面图 L11cross-slide 横向滑板 L5CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管 L9crush[krQF]vt.压碎 L1cryogenic[7kraiE'dVenik ]a.低温学的 L1crystal['kristl] adj.结晶状的 L1cubic['kju:bik] a. 立方的, 立方体的 L3cup [kQp] vt (使)成杯状, 引伸 L18curable ['kjurEbl] adj. 可矫正的 L20curvature['kE:vEtFE] n.弧线 L21curve [kE:v] vt. 使弯曲 L20cutter bit 刀头, 刀片 L3cyanide['saiEnaid] n.氰化物 L2Ddash [dAF] n. 破折号 L6daylight ['deilait] n. 板距 L12decline[di'klain] v.下落,下降,减少, L3,9deform[di'fC:m] v. (使)变形 L1,3demonstrate['demEstreit ] v证明 L21depict[di'pikt ] vt 描述 L18deposite [di'pCzit] vt. 放置 L20depression[di'preFEn] n. 凹穴 L12descend [di'sent] v. 下降 L20desirable[di'zairEbl] a. 合适的 L2detail ['diteil] n.细节，详情 L17deterioration[ditiEri:E'reiFEn] n. 退化, 恶化 L12 determine[di'tE:min] v.决定 L16diagrammmatic[7daiEgrE'mAtik].a.图解的，图表的 L10 dictate['dikteit] v. 支配 L12die[dai] n.模具, 冲模, 凹模 L2dielectric[daii'lektrik] n. 电介质 L10die-set 模架 L19digital ['didVitl ] n.数字式数字, a.数字的 L3,6 dimensional[dddi'menFEnl] a. 尺寸的, 空间的 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] n.v. 放电, 卸下, 排出 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] v.卸下 L8discrete [dis'cri:t] adj. 离散的,分立的 L7dislodge[dis'lCdV] v. 拉出, 取出 L12dissolution[disE'lu:FEn] n.结束 L9distinct [dis'tiNkt] a.不同的，显著的 L6distort [dis'dC:t] vt. 扭曲 L20distort[dis'tC:t] vt. (使)变形, 扭曲 L1distributed system 分布式系统 L9dowel ['dauEl] n. 销子 L19dramaticlly [drE'mAtikli] adv. 显著地 L7drastic ['drAstik] a.激烈的 L17draughting[dra:ftiN] n. 绘图 L16draughtsman['drAftsmEn] n. 起草人 L16drawing['drC:iN] n. 制图 L11drill press 钻床 L8drum [drQm] n.鼓轮 L8dual ['dju:El] adv. 双的，双重的 L18ductility [dQk'tiliti ] n.延展性 L1,21dynamic [dai'nAmik ] adj 动力的 L6Eedge [edV] n .边缘 L20e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉] 例如 L12ejector [i'dVektE] n.排出器， L18ejector plate 顶出板 L16ejector rob 顶杆 L5elasticity[ilA'stisiti] n.弹性 L1electric dicharge machining 电火花加工L3electrical discharge machining电火花加工 L10electrochemical machining 电化学加工L3electrode[i'lektrEud] n. 电极 L10electro-deposition 电铸 L4elementary [elE'mentEri] adj.基本的 L2eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除, 除去 L10elongate[i'lCN^et] vt. (使)伸长, 延长 L1emerge [i'mE:dV] vi. 形成, 显现 L20emphasise['emfEsaiz] vt. 强调 L4endeavour[en'devE] n. 尽力 L17engagement[in'^eidVment] n. 约束, 接合 L22 enhance[in'hAns] vt. 提高, 增强 L9ensure [in'FuE] vt. 确保，保证 L17envisage[in'vizidV] vt.设想 L15erase[i'reis] vt. 抹去, 擦掉 L16evaluation[i'vAlju7eiFEn] n. 评价, 估价L1eventually[i'vEntFuEli ] adv.终于 L21evolution[evE'lu:FEn] n.进展 L16excecution[eksi'kju:FEn] n. 执行, 完成 L9 execute ['ekskju:t] v. 执行 L8exerte [i^'zE:t] vt. 施加 L20experience[iks'piriEns] n. 经验 L16explosive[iks'plEusiv]adj.爆炸(性)的 L22extend[eks'tend] v. 伸展 L2external[eks'tE:nl] a. 外部的 L5,11extract[eks'trAkt] v. 拔出 L14extreme[iks'tri:m] n. 极端 L13extremely[iks'tri:mli] adv. 非常地 L12extremity[iks'tmiti] n. 极端 L13extrusion[eks'tru:VEn] n. 挤压, 挤出 L3FF (Fahrenheit)['fArEnhait]n.华氏温度 L2fabricate ['fAbrikeit] vt.制作,制造 L7facilitate [fE'siliteit] vt. 帮助 L6facility[fE'siliti] n. 设备 L4facing[feisiN] n. 端面车削 L5fall within 属于, 适合于 L15fan[fAn] n.风扇 L7far from 毫不, 一点不, 远非 L9fatigue[fE'ti^] n.疲劳 L1feasible ['fi:zEbl] a 可行的 L18feature ['fi:tFE] n.特色, 特征 L7,17feed[fi:d] n.. 进给 L5feedback ['fi:dbAk] n. 反馈 L8female['fi:meil] a. 阴的, 凹形的 L11ferrule['ferEl] n. 套管 L14file system 文件系统 L9fitter['fitE] n.装配工, 钳工 L4fix[fiks] vt. 使固定, 安装, vi. 固定 L11fixed half and moving half 定模和动模 L11 flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术 L9flexibility[fleksi'biliti] n. 适应性, 柔性 L9flexible['fleksEbl] a. 柔韧的 L13flow mark 流动斑点 L13follow-on tool 连续模 L18foregoing ['fC:'^EuiN]adj. 在前的,前面的L8foretell[fC:'tell] vt. 预测, 预示, 预言 L9forge[fC:dV] n. v. 锻造 L3forming[fC:miN] n. 成型 L3four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限 L9fracture['frAktFE] n.破裂 L21free from 免于 L21Ggap[^Ap] n. 裂口, 间隙 L10gearbox['^iEbCks] n.齿轮箱 L5general arrangement L16govern['^QvEn] v.统治, 支配, 管理 L13grain [^rein] n. 纹理 L20graphic ['^rAfik] adj. 图解的 L6grasp [^rAsp] vt. 抓住 L8grid[^rid] n. 格子, 网格 L16grind[^raind] v. 磨, 磨削, 研磨 L3grinding ['^raindiN] n. 磨光,磨削 L3,20grinding machine 磨床 L5gripper[^ripE] n. 抓爪, 夹具 L9groove[^ru:v] n. 凹槽 L12guide bush 导套 L5guide pillar 导柱 L5guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套 L11Hhandset['hAndset] n. 电话听筒 L4hardness['ha:dnis] n.硬度 L1,2hardware ['ha:dwZE] n. 硬件 L6headstock['hedstCk] n.床头箱, 主轴箱 L5hexagonal[hek'sA^Enl] a. 六角形的, 六角的 L11 hindrance['hindrEns] n.障碍, 障碍物 L11hob[hCb] n. 滚刀, 冲头 L4hollow-ware 空心件 L21horizontal[hCri'zCntl] a. 水平的 L16hose[hEuz] n. 软管, 水管 L13hyperbolic [haipE'bClik] adj.双曲线的 L7Ii.e. (id est) [拉] 也就是 L12identical[ai'dentikl] a同样的 L16identify [ai'dentifai] v. 确定, 识别 L7idle ['aidl] adj.空闲的 L8immediately[i'mi:djEtli] adv. 正好, 恰好 L12 impact['impAkt] n.冲击 L1impart [im'pa:t] v.给予 L11,17implement ['implimEnt] vt 实现 L6impossibility[impCsE'biliti] n.不可能 L21impression[im'preFEn] n. 型腔 L11in contact with 接触 L1in terms of 依据 L1inasmuch (as)[inEz'mQtF] conj.因为, 由于L3inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换 L7 inclinable [in'klainEbl] adj. 可倾斜的 L20inclusion [in'kluFEn] n. 内含物 L19inconspicuous[inkEn'spikjuEs] a. 不显眼的 L14 incorporate [in'kC:pEreit] v 合并,混合L17indentation[7inden'teiFEn ] n.压痕 L1indenter[in'dentE] n. 压头 L1independently[indi'peinEntli] a. 独自地, 独立地 L16 inevitably[in'evitEbli] ad. 不可避免地 L14inexpensive[inik'spensiv]adj. 便宜的 L2inherently [in'hiErEntli] adv.固有的 L7injection mould 注塑模 L11injection[in'dVekFEn] n. 注射 L11in-line-of-draw 直接脱模 L14insert[in'sE:t] n. 嵌件 L16inserted die 嵌入式凹模 L19inspection[in'spekFEn] n.检查,监督 L9installation[instE'leiFEn] n. 安装 L10integration [inti'^reiFEn] n.集成 L6intelligent[in'telidVEnt]a. 智能的 L9intentinonally [in'tenFEnEli] adv 加强地，集中地 L17 interface ['intEfeis] n.. 界面 L6internal[in'tE:nl] a. 内部的 L1,5interpolation [intEpE'leiFEn] n.插值法 L7investment casting 熔模铸造 L4irregular [i'regjulE] adj. 不规则的，无规律 L17 irrespective of 不论, 不管 L11irrespective[iri'spektiv] a. 不顾的, 不考虑的 L11 issue ['isju] vt. 发布，发出 L6Jjoint line 结合线 L14Kkerosene['kerEsi:n] n.煤油 L10keyboard ['ki:bC:d ] n. 健盘 L6knock [nRk] v 敲，敲打 L17Llance [la:ns] v. 切缝 L19lathe[leiT] n. 车床 L4latitude ['lAtitju:d] n. 自由 L17lay out 布置 L13limitation[limi'teiFEn] n.限度,限制,局限(性) L3 local intelligence局部智能 L9locate [lEu'keit] vt. 定位 L18logic ['lCdVik] n. 逻辑 L7longitudinal['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L5longitudinally['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L13 look upon 视作, 看待 L17lubrication[lju:bri'keiFEn ] n.润滑 L21Mmachine shop 车间 L2machine table 工作台 L8machining[mE'Fi:niN] n. 加工 L3made-to-measure 定做 L15maintenance['meintinEns] n.维护,维修 L7majority[mE'dVa:riti] n.多数 L21make use of 利用 L2male[meil] a. 阳的, 凸形的 L11malfunction['mAl'fQNFEn] n. 故障 L9mandrel['mAdtil] n.心轴 L22manifestation[mAnifEs'teiFEn] n. 表现, 显示 L9 massiveness ['mAsivnis ] 厚实，大块 L19measure['meVE] n. 大小, 度量 L1microcomputer 微型计算机 L9microns['maikrCn] n.微米 L10microprocessor 微处理器 L9mild steel 低碳钢 L17milling machine 铣床 L4mineral['minErEl] n.矿物, 矿产 L2minimise['minimaiz] v.把···减到最少, 最小化 L13 minute['minit] a.微小的 L10mirror image 镜像 L16mirror['mirE] n. 镜子 L16MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 麻省理工学院 L7 moderate['mCdErit]adj. 适度的 L1,2modification [mRdifi'keiFEn ] n. 修改, 修正 L6 modulus['mCdjulEs] n.系数 L1mold[mEuld] n. 模, 铸模, v. 制模, 造型 L3monitor ['mCnitE ] v. 监控 L6monograph['mCnE^ra:f] n. 专著 L4more often than not 常常 L20motivation[mEuti'veiFEn] n. 动机 L9mould split line 模具分型线 L12moulding['mEudiN] n. 注塑件 L5,11move away from 抛弃 L17multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模 L12Nnarrow['nArEu] a. 狭窄的 L12NC (numerical control ) 数控 L7nevertheless[7nevETE'les] conj.,adv.然而,不过 L11 nonferrous['nCn'ferEs] adj.不含铁的, 非铁的 L2 normally['nC:mli]adv.通常地 L22novice['nCvis] n. 新手, 初学者 L16nozzle['nCzl] n. 喷嘴, 注口 L12numerical [nju'merikl] n. 数字的 L6Oobjectionable [Eb'dVekFEbl] adj. 有异议的，讨厌的 L17 observe[Eb'zE:v] vt. 观察 L2obviously ['CbviEsli] adv 明显地 L17off-line 脱机的 L6on-line 联机 L9operational [CpE'reiFEnl] adj.操作的, 运作的 L8 opportunity[CpE'tju:niti] n. 时机, 机会 L13 opposing[E'pEuziN] a.对立的, 对面的L12opposite['CpEzit] n. 反面 L1 a.对立的,对面的 L12 optimization [Rptimai'zeiFEn] n.最优化 L6orient ['C:riEnt] vt. 确定方向 L8orthodox ['C:WEdCks] adj. 正统的，正规的 L19overall['EuvErC:l] a.全面的,全部的 L8,13overbend v.过度弯曲 L20overcome[EuvE'kQm] vt.克服, 战胜 L10overlaping['EuvE'lApiN] n. 重叠 L4overriding[EuvE'raidiN] a. 主要的, 占优势的 L11Ppack[pAk] v. 包装 L2package ['pAkidV] vt.包装 L7pallet ['pAlit] n.货盘 L8panel ['pAnl] n.面板 L7paraffin['pArEfin] n. 石蜡 L10parallel[pArElel] a.平行的 L5penetration[peni'treiFEn ] n.穿透 L1peripheral [pE'rifErEl] adj 外围的 L6periphery [pE'rifEri] n. 外围 L18permit[pE'mit] v. 许可, 允许 L16pessure casting 压力铸造 L4pillar['pilE] n. 柱子, 导柱 L5,17pin[pin] n. 销, 栓, 钉 L5,17pin-point gate 针点式浇口 L12piston ['pistEn] n.活塞 L1plan view 主视图 L16plasma['plAzmE] n. 等离子 L9plastic['plAstik] n. 塑料 L3platen['plAtEn] n. 压板 L12plotter[plCtE] n. 绘图机 L9plunge [plQndV] v翻孔 L18plunge[plQndV] v.投入 L2plunger ['plQndVE ] n. 柱塞 L19pocket-size 袖珍 L9portray[pC:'trei] v.描绘 L21pot[pCt] n.壶 L21pour[pC:] vt. 灌, 注 L22practicable['prAktikEb] a. 行得通的 L14preferable['prefErEbl] a.更好的, 更可取的 L3 preliminary [pri'liminEri] adj 初步的，预备的 L19 press setter 装模工 L17press[pres] n.压,压床,冲床,压力机 L2,8prevent [pri'vent] v. 妨碍 L20primarily['praimErili] adv.主要地 L4procedure[prE'si:dVE] n.步骤, 方法, 程序 L2,16 productivity.[prEudQk'tiviti] n. 生产力 L9profile ['prEufail] n.轮廓 L10progressively[prE'^resiv] ad.渐进地 L15project[prE'dVekt] n.项目 L2project[prE'dVekt] v. 凸出 L11projection[prE'dVekFEn] n.突出部分 L21proper['prCpE] a. 本身的 L10property['prCpEti] n.特性 L1prototype ['prEutEtaip] n. 原形 L7proximity[prCk'simiti] n.接近 L9prudent['pru:dEnt] a. 谨慎的 L16punch [pQntF] v. 冲孔 L3punch shapper tool 刨模机 L17punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模 L18punched tape 穿孔带 L3purchase ['pE:tFEs] vt. 买，购买 L6push back pin 回程杆 L5pyrometer[pai'nCmitE] n. 高温计 L2Qquality['kwaliti] n. 质量 L1,3quandrant['kwCdrEnt] n. 象限 L9quantity ['kwCntiti] n. 量，数量 L17quench[kwentF] vt. 淬火 L2Rradial['reidiEl] adv.放射状的 L22ram [rAm] n 撞锤. L17rapid['rApid]adj. 迅速的 L2rapidly['rApidli]adv. 迅速地 L1raster['rAstE] n. 光栅 L9raw [rC:] adj. 未加工的 L6raw material 原材料 L3ream [ri:m] v 铰大 L17reaming[ri:miN] n. 扩孔, 铰孔 L8recall[ri'kC:l] vt. 记起, 想起 L13recede [ri'si:d] v. 收回, 后退 L20recess [ri'ses] n. 凹槽,凹座,凹进处 L4,18redundancy[ri'dQndEnsi] n. 过多 L9re-entrant 凹入的 L12refer[ri'fE:] v. 指, 涉及, 谈及 L1,12reference['refErEns] n.参照,参考 L21refresh display 刷新显示 L9register ring 定位环 L11register['redVstE] v. 记录, 显示, 记数 L2regrind[ri:'^aind](reground[ri:'gru:nd]) vt. 再磨研 L12 relative['relEtiv] a. 相当的, 比较的 L12relay ['ri:lei] n. 继电器 L7release[ri'li:s] vt. 释放 L1relegate['relE7geit] vt. 把··降低到 L9reliability [rilaiE'biliti] n. 可靠性 L7relief valves 安全阀 L22relief[ri'li:f] n.解除 L22relieve[ri'li:v ]vt.减轻, 解除 L2remainder[ri'meindE] n. 剩余物, 其余部分 L4 removal[ri'mu:vl] n. 取出 L14remove[ri'mu:v] v. 切除, 切削 L4reposition [ripE'ziFEn] n.重新安排 L17represent[7repri'zentE] v 代表,象征 L11reputable['repjutEbl] a. 有名的, 受尊敬的 L15 reservoir['rezEvwa: ] n.容器, 储存器 L22resident['rezidEnt] a. 驻存的 L9resist[ri'zist] vt.抵抗 L1resistance[ri'zistEns] n.阻力, 抵抗 L1resolution[7rezE'lu:FEn] n. 分辨率 L9respective[ri'spektiv] a.分别的,各自的 L11respond[ris'pCnd] v.响应, 作出反应 L9responsibility[rispCnsE'biliti] n.责任 L13restrain[ris'trein]v.抑制 L21restrict [ris'trikt] vt 限制，限定 L18restriction[ris'trikFEn] n. 限制 L12retain[ri'tein] vt.保持, 保留 L2,12retaining plate 顶出固定板 L16reveal [ri'vil] vt.显示，展现 L17reversal [ri'vEsl] n. 反向 L1,20right-angled 成直角的 L20rigidity[ri'dViditi] n. 刚度 L1rod[rCd] n. 杆, 棒 L1,5rotate['rEuteit] vt.(使)旋转 L5rough machining 粗加工 L5rough[rQf] a. 粗略的 L5,21routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 程序 L7rubber['rQbE] n.橡胶 L3,22runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统 L11Ssand casting 砂型铸造 L3satisfactorily[7sAtis'fAktrili] adv. 满意地 L1 saw[aC:] n. 锯子 L4scale[skeil]n. 硬壳 L2score[skC:] v. 刻划 L14scrap[skrAp] n.废料, 边角料, 切屑 L2,3screwcutting 切螺纹 L4seal[si:l] vt.密封 L22secondary storage L9section cutting plane 剖切面 L16secure[si'kjuE] v.固定 L22secure[si'kjuE] vt.紧固,夹紧,固定 L5,22segment['se^mEnt] v. 分割 L10sensitive['sensitiv]a.敏感的 L1,7sequence ['si:kwEns] n. 次序 L6sequential[si'kwenFEl] a.相继的 L16seriously['siEriEsli] adv.严重地 L1servomechanism ['sE:vE'mekEnizm] n.伺服机构 L7 Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构实验室 L7 servomotor ['sE:vEmEutE] n.伺服马达 L8setter ['setE] n 安装者 L17set-up 机构 L20sever ['sevE] v 切断 L17severity [si'veriti] n. 严重 L20shaded[FAdid] adj.阴影的 L21shank [FANk] n. 柄. L17shear[FiE]n.剪,切 L1shot[FCt] n. 注射 L12shrink[FriNk] vi. 收缩 L11side sectional view 侧视图 L16signal ['si^nl] n.信号 L8similarity[simi'lAriti] n.类似 L15simplicity[sim'plisiti] n. 简单 L12single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具 L5situate['sitjueit] vt. 使位于, 使处于 L11slide [slaid] vi. 滑动, 滑落 L20slideway['slaidwei] n. 导轨 L5slot[slCt] n. 槽 L4slug[slQ^] n. 嵌条 L12soak[sEuk] v. 浸, 泡, 均热 L2software ['sCftwZE] n. 软件 L6solid['sClid] n.立体, 固体 L9solidify[sE'lidifai] vt.vi. (使)凝固, (使)固化 L13 solution[sE'lu:FEn] n.溶液 L2sophisiticated [sE'fistikeitid] adj.尖端的,完善的 L8 sound[saund] a. 结实的, 坚固的) L1spark erosion 火花蚀刻 L10spindle['spindl] n. 主轴 L5,8spline[splain] n.花键 L4split[split] n. 侧向分型, 分型 L12,14spool[spu:l] n. 线轴 L14springback n.反弹 L20spring-loaded 装弹簧的 L18sprue bush 主流道衬套 L11sprue puller 浇道拉杆 L12square[skwZE] v. 使成方形 L4stage [steidV] n. 阶段 L16,19standardisation[7stAndEdai'zeiFEn] n. 标准化 L15 startling['sta:tliN] a. 令人吃惊的 L10steadily['stedEli ] adv. 稳定地 L21step-by-step 逐步 L8stickiness['stikinis] n.粘性 L22stiffness['stifnis] n. 刚度 L1stock[stCk] n.毛坯, 坯料 L3storage tube display 储存管显示 L9storage['stC:ridV] n. 储存器 L9straightforward[streit'fC:wEd]a.直接的 L10strain[strein] n.应变 L1strength[streNW] n.强度 L1stress[stres] n.压力,应力 L1stress-strain应力--应变 L6stretch[stretF] v.伸展 L1,21strike [straik] vt. 冲击 L20stringent['strindVEnt ] a.严厉的 L22stripper[stripE] n. 推板 L15stroke[strouk] n. 冲程, 行程 L12structrural build-up 结构上形成的 L11sub-base 垫板 L19subject['sQbdVikt] vt.使受到 L21submerge[sEb'mE:dV] v.淹没 L22subsequent ['sQbsikwent] adj. 后来的 L20subsequently ['sQbsikwentli] adv. 后来, 随后 L5 substantial[sEb'stAnFEl] a. 实质的 L10substitute ['sQbstitju:t] vt. 代替,.替换 L7subtract[sEb'trAkt] v.减, 减去 L15suitable['su:tEbl] a. 合适的, 适当的 L5suitably['su:tEbli] ad.合适地 L15sunk[sQNk](sink的过去分词) v. 下沉, 下陷 L11 superior[sE'piEriE] adj.上好的 L22susceptible[sE'septEbl] adj.易受影响的 L7sweep away 扫过 L17symmetrical[si'metrikl] a. 对称的 L14synchronize ['siNkrEnaiz] v.同步,同时发生L8Ttactile['tAktail] a. 触觉的, 有触觉的 L9tailstock['teilstCk] n.尾架 L5tapered['teipEd] a. 锥形的 L12tapping['tApiN] n. 攻丝 L8technique[tek'ni:k] n. 技术 L16tempering['tempErN] n.回火 L2tendency['tendEnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向 L13tensile['tensail] a.拉力的, 可拉伸的 L2 拉紧的, 张紧的 L1tension ['tenFEn] n.拉紧,张紧 L1terminal ['tE:mEnl ] n. 终端机 L6terminology[tE:mi'nClEdVi ] n. 术语, 用辞 L11 theoretically [Wi:E'retikli ] adv.理论地 L21thereby['TZEbai] ad. 因此, 从而 L15thermoplastic['WE:mEu'plAstik] a. 热塑性的, n. 热塑性塑料 L3 thermoset['WE:mEset] n.热固性 L12thoroughly['WQrEuli] adv.十分地, 彻底地 L2thread pitch 螺距 L5thread[Wred] n. 螺纹 L5thrown up 推上 L17tilt [tilt] n. 倾斜, 翘起 L20tolerance ['tClErEns] n..公差 L17tong[tCN] n. 火钳 L2tonnage['tQnidV] n.吨位, 总吨数 L3tool point 刀锋 L3tool room 工具车间 L10toolholder['tu:lhEuldE] n.刀夹,工具柄 L5toolmaker ['tu:l'meikE] n 模具制造者 L17toolpost grinder 工具磨床 L4toolpost['tu:l'pEust] n. 刀架 L4torsional ['tC:FEnl] a扭转的 . L1toughness['tCfnis] n. 韧性 L2trace [treis] vt.追踪 L7tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床 L4 transverse[trAns'vE:s] a. 横向的 L5tray [trei] n. 盘，盘子，蝶 L19treatment['tri:tmEnt] n.处理 L2tremendous[tri'mendEs] a. 惊人的, 巨大的 L9trend [trend] n.趋势 L7trigger stop 始用挡料销 L17tungsten['tQNstEn] n.钨 L10turning['tE:niN] n.车削 L4,5twist[twist ] v.扭曲，扭转 L1two-plate mould 双板式注射模 L12Uultimately['Qltimitli] adv终于. L6undercut moulding 侧向分型模 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n. 侧向分型 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n.底切 L12underfeed['QndE'fi:d] a, 底部进料的 L15undergo[QndE'^Eu] vt.经受 L1underside['QndEsaid] n 下面,下侧 L11undue[Qn'dju:] a.不适当的, 过度的 L4,10uniform['ju:nifC:m] a.统一的, 一致的 L12utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v 利用 L17Utopian[ju'tEupiEn] adj.乌托邦的, 理想化的 L21 Vvalve[vAlv] n.阀 L22vaporize['veipEraiz] vt.vi. 汽化, (使)蒸发 L10 variation [vZEri'eiFEn] n. 变化 L20various ['vZEriEs] a.不同的,各种的 L1,20vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算 L7 vee [vi:] n. v字形 L20velocity[vi'lCsiti] n.速度 L1versatile['vEsEtail] a.多才多艺的,万用的 L5,8 vertical['vE:tikl] a. 垂直的 L16via [vaiE] prep.经,通过 L8vicinity[vE'siniti] n.附近 L13viewpoint['vju:pCint] n. 观点 L4Wwander['wCndE] v. 偏离方向 L13warp[wC:p] v. 翘曲 L2washer ['wCFE] n. 垫圈 L18wear [wZE] v.磨损 L7well line 结合线 L13whereupon [hwZErE'pCn] adv. 于是 L19winding ['waindiN] n. 绕, 卷 L8with respect to 相对于 L1,5withstand[wiT'stAnd] vt.经受,经得起 L1work[wE:k] n. 工件 L4workstage 工序 L19wrinkle['riNkl] n.皱纹vt.使皱 L21Yyield[ji:ld] v. 生产 L9Zzoom[zu:] n. 图象电子放大 L9。

《英语》（选修·第一册）Unit 3 On the moveProjectI. Learning objectivesBy the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. revise the important words learnt last period;2. discuss about the futuristic means of transport;3. gather and sort information about a futuristic means of transport;3. do some research about the futuristic means of transport;4. make a leaflet of flying hoverboards through cooperation and exploration.II. Key competence focus1. Promote the students’ imagination.2. Enhance the students’ competence of finding problems and solutions.3. Develop the abilities of cooperation and exploration.4. Train the hands-on power.III. Predicted area of difficulty1. Discussion about the futuristic means of transport.2. Making a leaflet.IV. Teaching proceduresT Greet the class.T: Class begins. Good morning/afternoon!Step 1 Revision of the important words.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the words.1) With the white walls reflecting the light, the room looks bright and ________ (space).1) spacious2) He changed direction ________ (swift), turned into the hallway and headed her off.2) swiftly3) There will be four main runways at the new airport: three vertical and one ________ (horizon).3) horizontal4) Despite being a ________ (vision) architect, he never designed or built a house.4) visionary5) Though their task was a difficult one, their ________ (persevere) carried them through.5) perseverance6) Holiday hotspots have seen a dramatic ________ (revive) in the past three weeks.6) revival7) The police have launched a major ________ (operate) against drug suppliers.7) operation8) During the Spring and Autumn Period steel production technologies made ________ (they)debut.8) their【设计意图：上一节课重要词汇较多，有必要复习一下这些内容。

2021575作为脑健康服务的核心部件，在线脑电分类能远程监测和评估脑障碍状态（如癫痫[1]和抑郁症（MDD）[2]）而蓬勃发展。

对于MDD，准确评估脑状态并及时跟踪其发展状态可以将其陷入危险和自杀的风险降为最低[3]。

EEG通常是弱信号、强噪声和非平稳的混合体，对其准确分类仍然是一个亟需解决的问题[4]。

几十年来，其活跃在两个研究领域：（1）预处理；（2）特征提取。

预处理旨在去除脑电信号中的噪声与伪逆。

在大多数情况下，噪声和干扰与患者密切相关，其去除即使理论上可行，也需要昂贵的人工处理[5]；特征提取能够实现降维，并支持对感兴趣信号的有效探索[6]。

在众多特征提取方法中，共有空间模式的精度最高，达到87.4%[7]，矩阵分解方法精度达到86.61%，近年来，作为脑电特征提取的主导方法，时频分析的精度达到87.5%[8]。

传统的预处理卷积神经网络及其分析在抑郁症判别中的应用王凤琴1，柯亨进21.湖北师范大学物理与电子科学学院，湖北黄石4351062.武汉大学计算机学院，武汉435001摘要：在线脑电分类能准确评估严重抑郁症患者的脑状态并及时跟踪其发展状态可以将其陷入危险和自杀的风险降为最低。

然而，在无经验监督条件下，在线脑电分类应用面临更大的挑战：脑电数据往往具有弱信号、高噪声与非平稳特性；缺乏有效解耦脑疾病发作时脑区与神经网路的复杂关系。

为此，设计一个以卷积神经网络为核心的云辅助在线脑电分类系统，该系统直接应用于原始脑电信号，无需进行预处理和特征提取，能精准、快速判别抑郁症状态。

在公开数据集上进行抑郁症评估实验，对健康控制组和抑郁症对照组分类的准确率、敏感度和特异度分别为99.08%、98.77%和99.42%。

另外，通过对神经网络进行定量解释，表明抑郁症病人的左右颞叶脑区与正常人存在明显差异。

关键词：神经网络；模型解释；抑郁症；脑电分类；云计算文献标志码：A中图分类号：TP391doi：10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2008-0261Application of CNN and Its Analysis in Depression IdentificationWANG Fengqin1,KE Hengjin21.School of Physics and Electronic Science,Hubei Normal University,Huangshi,Hubei435106,China2.School of Computer Science,Wuhan University,Wuhan435001,ChinaAbstract：Online EEG classification can accurately assess the brain status of patients with Major Depression Disable （MDD）and track their development status in time,which can minimize the risk of falling into danger and suicide.However, it remains a grand research due to the embedded intensive noises and the intrinsic non-stationarity determined by the evolution of brain states,the lack of effective decoupling of the complex relationship between brain region and neural network during the attack of brain diseases.This study designs an online EEG classification system aided by cloud centering on a CNN.Experiments on depression evaluation has been performed against raw EEG without the need for preprocessing and feature extraction to distinguish Healthy&MDD.Results indicate that MDD can be identified with an accuracy,sensi-tivity,and specificity of99.08%,98.77%and99.42%,respectively.Furthermore,the experiments on quantitative interpre-tation of CNN illustrate that there are significant differences between the left and right temporal lobes of depression patients and normal control group.Key words：neural network;model interpretation;depression;EEG classification;cloud computation基金项目：湖北省教育厅科学技术研究计划指导性项目（B2018142）。

NEWS AND VIEWS13 July 2018Much of evolutionary biology is motivated by the principle that you cannot understand one species without comparing it with another. When nineteenth-century naturalists compared the anatomies High-quality genomes reveal new differences between the great apesHigh-quality genome sequences for some of the great apes have been assembled using state-of-the-art sequencing tools. The assemblies provide an unbiased comparison between humans and their closest evolutionary relatives.Figure 1 | A Sumatran orangutan and her baby. Kronenberg et al.5 assembledhigh-quality genome sequences for a chimpanzee and an orangutan, and compared these with the human genome to look for evolutionary differences.Credit: Fiona Rogers/Minden Pictures/FLPAof humans and other apes, it became clear that these species shared many features and had evolved from a common ancestor. More recently, developments in DNA sequencing — which enabled assembly of the human genome1 in 2001, followed by lower-quality ‘draft’ genomes for other great apes2–4— have transformed our understanding of this evolutionary process. Writing in Science, Kronenberg et al.5 describe new great-ape genome assemblies, generated using a technology that surpasses previous methods. This work marks a new stage in our ability to study and compare these species.Genome assembly is often likened to piecing together a jigsaw puzzle — a huge jigsaw for which the box has been lost and we have only a vague idea of what the whole should look like. The analogy holds because sequencing technologies cannot sequence an entire chromosome in one go. Instead, they fragment the genome into many separate pieces, called reads, which have to be matched, overlapped and placed together.Previous generations of sequencing machines produced reads that were only about a hundred base pairs long, or perhaps a thousand base pairs but at exorbitant cost. Curren t machines such as Pacific BioScience’s single-molecule real-time (PacBio SMRT) sequencer produce reads tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Even with this improvement, hundreds of thousands of reads are needed to span a genome of three billion base pairs such as that of humans, Moreover, in practice, a large excess is used (typically more than 30 genomes’ worth) to mitigate errors and resolve overlap ambiguities. A further complication arises from the fact that genomes are filled with stretches of DNA in which the same pattern is repeated many times, either in series or scattered throughout the genome. In apes, such repetitive DNA comprises a substantial fraction of the genome.Because of these difficulties, the first great-ape genome projects used the human genome as a scaffold to help assemble genomic regions that are structurally similar to those of humans — that is, in which corresponding stretches of DNA lie in the same order and are present in a similar number of copies. This strategy enabled better assembly in such regions. But in regions where genome structure has evolved very differently in humans and other great apes, the great-ape draft assemblies tended to be more fragmented, and the resulting variation in assembly quality effectively constituted a bias towards the human genome. These assemblies provided many evolutionary insights, but there has nonetheless been a deficit in our understanding of the genomic elements that make humans unique.One reason why structural variation is important, particularly on the short evolutionary timescale that separates humans and other great apes, is that it provides a way for genomes to evolve rapidly. When a whole chunk of DNA is removed or duplicated, its molecular function can be inhibited or enhanced in one step, rather than through successive mutations at individual bases. Indeed, much of the great-ape genome seems to be modular in nature, and is therefore susceptible to the kind of building-block alteration that structural variation allows. It is also thought that gene loss is a key mechanism for evolutionary change6,7. This might seem counterintuitive, but genes often act to constrain, rather than promote, a particular function. Disabling them by removing, duplicating or relocating a chunk of DNA might be the simplest way to confer beneficial effects.Kronenberg et al. used PacBio SMRT to assemble high-quality genomes for a chimpanzee and an orangutan, along with two human genomes for comparison (Fig.1). The long reads enabled them to do away with the human-genome scaffold used previously, and to increase the typical distance between gaps by about 100-fold compared with previous assemblies. The authors found about 600,000 structural differences between these genomes and that of humans, including more than17,000 differences specific to humans. Of these, many changes disrupt genes in humans that are not disrupted in other apes. Genes whose activity is suppressed specifically in humans are more likely than other genes to be associated with a human-specific structural variant.Many genes produce multiple versions, called isoforms, of the protein they encode, each of which can have a different role. Kronenberg and colleagues found evidence that one human-specific structural change — a large deletion in the gene FADS2—might have altered the distribution of isoforms the gene produces. These isoforms are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids needed for brain development and immune response8, and are difficult to obtain from a purely herbivorous diet. Correspondingly, FADS2 has been a target for natural selection associated with dietary changes towards or away from animal fats in recent human evolution8. Chimpanzees eat a small amount of meat, so it is not known what (if any)human-specific traits might have resulted from this deletion, but it does suggest that shifting dietary patterns could have been a feature of human evolution over long timescales.Structural variation also seems to have had a role in brain evolution. Human brains are much larger than those of other apes, and it is plausible that genes involved in brain growth and development were key to the evolution of this trait. The authors analysed the sequences of genes that are active in radial glial cells, which are progenitors for neurons and other cells in the brain’s cortex, and compared protein production by these genes in humans and chimpanzees using cortical organoids —3D models of brain tissue grown in vitro. These analyses revealed that 41% of genes whose activity is suppressed in human radial glial cells are associated with a human-specific structural variant. Again, this is consistent with structural genomic changes causing disruption or loss of gene function during great-ape evolution. Intriguing as Kronenberg and colleagues’ findings are, there is also a broader significance to their work. Several groups and consortia are applying new sequencing technologies to different organisms. Ultimately, researchers want accurate,high-resolution assemblies for all species, and to compare these genomes on an equal footing. This will improve evolutionary analyses and reveal complex mutation processes that have hitherto been obscured. Large genome assembly currently remains hugely expensive, and even state-of-the-art sequencing tools struggle to resolve repetitive sequences on scales above a few hundred thousand base pairs, making assembly of certain genomes challenging. But tools to read whole genomes with negligible errors on inexpensive hardware are not far away, and are almost available for small bacterial genomes9.It is clear that we are leaving behind the initial period of evolutionary genomics, in which analy ses involved comparing a genome of interest to a few ‘gold standard’ genomes, such as human, mouse or zebrafish. Instead, we are moving towards a more complete and equable genomic view of life.Nature559, 336-338 (2018)doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05679-9Nature BriefingSign up for the daily Nature Briefing email newsletterStay up to date with what matters in science and why, handpicked from Nature and other publications worldwide.Sign Up。

DatasheetHP Prime Graphing Calculator Touch-enabled.Full color.Revolutionaryfunctionality.Experience handheld calculating in the age of touch with the HP Prime Graphing Calculator.This full-color, multi-touch calculator has touchscreen or keypad interaction,powerful math applications,formative assessment tools,wireless connectivity1,and a long-life, Li-ion rechargeablebattery.College Board and IB approved.Rest easy with a calculator that’s College Board-approved for use on the PSAT/NMSQT®,SAT®,SAT®Subject Tests in Mathematics,and select AP®Exams;and InternationalBaccalaureate®-approved for use on IB Diploma Programme examinations.So many applications in such a small package.Easily switch between symbolic,graphical,and numerical table views with dedicated buttons.Explore math concepts with Dynamic Geometry,CAS,Advanced Graphing,and spreadsheetapplications.The calculator you’ll want to hold on to.Say hello to the evolution of handheld calculating in a sleek,slim,brushed metal design thatlooks great and performs even better.Keep the calculator protected when it’s not in use withthe slide-on protective cover.Enjoy a feature-rich calculating experience with a familiar HP keypad and l arge3.5-inchdiagonal, multi- touch display.Featuring:●We don’t stop at hardware.You also get an integrated tool suite.HP Equation Writer supports multiple linear andnon-linear equation solving.HP Solve is a time-saving application that allows you to store equations and solve forvariables.●Be productive longer with the lithium-ion rechargeable battery.When you need to charge up,the convertible chargerworks with the USB connection on your PC or a standard AC wall plug.●Create a formative assessment bundle by using the HP Prime Wireless Kit1and HP Connectivity Kit2to wirelesslyconnect an HP Prime Graphing Calculator to a PC and enable teachers to poll students and view their work in real-time.●Turn the calculator into a testing tool with a test-mode configuration that makes only pre-approved functionsavailable.1Compatible only with HP Prime Graphing Calculator SKU G8X92AA.The HP Prime Wireless Kit is sold separately and includes one PC antenna and30wireless modules,with bi-directional transmission range up to15 meters.2The HP Connectivity Kit is included with the HP Prime Graphing Calculator(G8X92AA only).Keypad or touchscreen. You decide.HP Prime Graphing CalculatorPart number G8X92AADisplay320x24016-bit TColor Touch Screen(10lines x33characters+menus+header)Display type TFTEnclosure material PlasticEntry system logic RPN;Algebraic;TextbookMenus/Prompts YesKeyboard AlphanumericBest used for Engineering;Computer science;Surveying;Trigonometry;Statistics;Geometry;Biology;Chemistry;PhysicsGraphing Functions2-D Function,Polar,Parametric Plot;Differential Equation,Bar Plot;Histogram,Scatter Plot;Find:Intersect,Extremum,Slope,Area;Zoom,Trace, Co-ordinates,ShadeMath functions+,-,x,÷,?,1/x,+/-,In,ex,x?y;yx,LOG,10x,x2,%,?,n!;Fractions;Degrees,radians,or grads mode;Trigonometric functions/inverses;Hyperbolics/inverses;HP Solve application(root finder);Numeric Integration;Symbolic Integration;Numeric differentiation;Symbolic differentiation;Complex number of functions;Polynomial root finder,Taylor series;Absolute value,round;Integer,&fractional part of a number;Modulo function,floor,ceiling;CAS systemExpansion features USBMemory256MB flash memoryPower supply Lithium Ion rechargableAuto power off User selectable,default5minutesWeight228g(8.04oz)Dimensions18.23x8.58x1.39cm(7.13x3.38x.55in)Warranty Limited1-year warranty(may vary by region)What's in the box Calculator;Hard Cover;Quick Start Guide;CD(connectivity software and User Guide);USB cable;USB power supplyThe product could differ from the images shown. © 2015 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to changewithout notice. Specific features may vary from model to model. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical oreditorial errors or omissions contained herein.Learn more at 4AA5-9099ENUS, June 2015。

英国文化复习题1) 请大家结合所发材料及上课内容把这些习题所在的知识点掌握；不要去死记硬背，尤其不要把答案带到考场，被抓到舞弊，后果自己负责；2) 简答题希望同学们自己去看材料并做出总结，不要背别人写好的，如果两位同学考试时答案完全一致，都不能得到该题分数。

写得不好无所谓，我最看重的是大家良好的学习态度；3) 古希腊一章主要涉及的是哲学和戏剧这部分，这里我没有给复习题，希望大家自己再去看看所发材料；4) 基督教这章我们不做要求；5) 希望大家结合复习题，再认真阅读本学期《英国文化》所学知识，毕竟我们学习不是完全为了考试；I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false:1. Britain is no longer an imperial country. T2. The Commonwealth of Nations include all European countries. F3. 1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity. F4. The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied the majority of the British people. T5. Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland, and Wales. F6. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F7. When people outside UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. T8. The Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British. F9. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T10. Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called "Gaelic". F11. Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means. T12. Wales is rich in coal deposits. T13. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F14. The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. F15. Ireland is part of Great Britain. F16. "Ulster", referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish kingdom. T17. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. F18. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. F19. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. T20. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. T21. The British government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland. F22. Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland. T23. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world. F24. In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the U.S. T25. The oldest institution of government according to the text is the Monarchy. T26. The divine right of kings means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects. F27. While the King in theory had God on his side, it was thought that he should exercise absolute power. F28. The term "parliament" was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns. F 29. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. T30. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have. F31. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts.T32. In the U.K., a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances. T33. The parliament can call an election sooner than five years. F34. Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP. T35. Each main party is given some time on national TV to "sell" their policies. The time is not given free and has to be paid by the party. F36. The amount spent in national campaign is not limited other than that on TV. T37. The campaigns are not simply about telling people how good your policies are, but also about telling them how bad your opponents are. T38. Secrecy is not an important part of the voting process. F39. The counting of votes run over a period of a few days. F40. There are two major national parties in the U.K. according to the text. F41. Liberal Democratic Party is the newest of the major national parties. F42. By the 1880's the British economy was dominant in the world. T43. Both the U.S. and Canada overtook Britain in economy by 1900. F44. In World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the U.S. and France. F45. Another reason for British decline is the loss of its colonies, especially India, which gained its independence in 1947. T46. In the 1970's, with the souring price of oil and high rates of inflation, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour Party had to step down from the government. T47. The leader of the Conservatives, Margaret Thatcher started a series of reforms. An extensive programme of privatization was carried out but she did not succeed in saving the British economy.F48. Tertiary industries include banking, insurance, tourism, agriculture and the selling of goods.F49. Britain has a large sector of agriculture producing 11.6% of its national wealth. F50. According to the text, the tertiary industry produces approximately 2/3 of the national wealth.　T51. The service industry in the U.K. employs 70% of the total work force. T52. The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and other basic skills but also to socialize children. T53. The state seldom interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught. F54. The enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in school and universities. F55. The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary schools and universities "meritocratic".T56. The public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government.F57. British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government. T58. In Oxford and Cambridge the BA converts to an MA several years later, upon payment of a fee. TII. Choose the correct answer to each of the following.1.__________ is not considered a characteristic of London.　(a) The cultural centre　(b) The business centre　(c) The financial centre　(d) The sports centre2. ________________ is not true about the characteristics of Britain.(a) Economic differences between north and south(b) Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales(c) Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker(d) Cultural differences between immigrants and the British3. _______________ can not be found in London.　(a) Teahouses　(b) Galleries　(c) Museums　(d) Theatres4. Which of the following is not true about Britain?　(a) It used to be an imperial country in the world.　(b) It plays an active role as a member of European Union.　(c) It is a relatively wealthy and developed country.　(d) It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.5. Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the exception?(a) London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the country.(b) London has a larger population than all other cities in England.(c) London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in theworld.(d) London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.6. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by___________.(a) King Harold(b) Robin Hood(c) Oliver Cromwell(d) William the Conqueror7.________ were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.　(a) The Anglo-Saxons　(b) The Normans　(c) The Vikings　(d) The Romans8. __________ is the largest city in Scotland.　(a) Cardiff　(b) Edinburgh　(c) Glasgow　(d) Manchester9. Why did the Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the ninth century?(a) They needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.(b) They felt it necessary to develop their own industry.(c) They were threatened by the Anglo-Saxons' invasion.(d) They had to do it in order to resist the English.10. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?　(a) In the Highlands.　(b) In the Lowlands.　(c) In the Uplands.　(d) In the west of Scotland.11. Which of the following statements is not true?　(a) Wales was invaded by the Romans.　(b) Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons.　(c) Wales was conquered by the Normans.　(d) Wales was threatened by the English.12. Which of the following parties in Scotland still wants an independent Scotland?(a) The Labour Party.(b) The Liberal Party.(c) The Scottish Nationalist Party.(d) The Conservative Party.13. Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments ________.(a) In 1715(b) In 1688(c) In 1745(d) In 170714. Llywelgn ap Gruffudd is more than a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary hero of Welsh nationalism because___________.(a) he became the first Prince of Wales in 1267(b) he brought the English under his control(c) he led a historic uprising against the English(d) he unified Wales as an independent nation15. In the seventeenth century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because___________.(a) they wanted to increase its control over Ireland(b) they had too many people and didn't have enough space for them to live in(c) they intended to expand their investment(d) they believed that Ireland was the best place for them16. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland Street. They came first___________.(a) to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland(b) to protect the Catholic people(c) to protect the Protestant people(d) to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social order17. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for___________.(a) its most famous landmark, the "Giant's Causeway"(b) its rich cultural life(c) its low living standards(d) its endless political problems18. Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organised a partition of Ireland, because___________. (a) the British government wouldn't be able to control Ireland any longer by force(b) the British government intended to satisfy both sides─Catholics as well as Protestants(c) Catholics in Ireland demanded a partition of Ireland(d) Protestants welcomed the idea of partition19. Which of the following statements is not true?(a) Sinn Fein is the legal political Party in Northern Ireland.(b) Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain are called Unionists.(c) Social Democratic and Labour Party is a very important political Party in Britain.(d) Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called Loyalists.20. In the early 1970s, the IRA___________.(a) killed many Protestants and Catholics(b) burned down the houses of Catholics(c) murdered individuals at random(d) carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their main target21. 1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because___________.(a) 13 Catholics were shot dead by the police(b) 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland(c) the government carried out a policy known as "internment"(d) Bloody killing of 468 people fortified Catholic opposition to the British presence in Northern Ireland22. Why did the British government decide to replace the Power-Sharing policy with "direct-rule" from London?(a) The Power-Sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of Protestants.(b) The Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the province effectively.(c) The Power-Sharing policy couldn't be carried out.(d) All the above.23. Which of the following statements is not true?(a) In 1981, some convicted IRA prisoners went on a hunger-strike.(b) They demanded for the status of being "political prisoners" by starving themselves.(c) Margaret Thatcher's government gave in to their political demand.(d) The death of prisoners revitalized the political movement of Sinn Fein.24. How many counties do you know there are in Northern Ireland?　(a) 26.　(b) 6.　(c) 32.　(d) 20.25. Which of the following is not characteristic of British government?　(a) It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.　(b) It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.　(c) It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.　(d) It has no written form of Constitution.26. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?　(a) James I.　(b) James II.　(c) Charles I.　(d) Charles II.27. What happened in 1215?　(a) It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.　(b) Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.　(c) Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.　(d) King Egbert united England under his rule.28. Which of the following is not true about the Great Council?　(a) They included barons and representatives from counties and towns.　(b) They were sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money.　(c) They later developed into what we now know as the Cabinet.　(d) They represented the aristocrats as well as the communities.29. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?　(a) James II.　(b) William of Orange.　(c) Oliver Cromwell.　(d) George I.30. Which of the following is not true about the Constitution?(a) It is a document which lists out the basic principles for government.(b) It is the foundation of British governance today.(c) Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.(d) The common laws are part of the Constitution.31. Which of the following about the Parliament is not true?　(a) There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.　(b) Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.　(c) Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.　(d) Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.32. Which of the following about the Queen is not true?　(a) The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.　(b) The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.　(c) The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.　(d) The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.33. Which of the following about the House of Lords is not true?　(a) Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.　(b) It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.　(c) The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.　(d) Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.34. Which of the following about the House of Commons is not true?　(a) Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.　(b) MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.　(c) MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.　(d) Most MPs belong to the major political parties.35. Which group of people can not vote in the general election?　(a) Members in the House of Commons.　(b) Lords in the House of Lords.　(c) The UK citizens above the age of 18.　(d) The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.36. By whom is a "vote of no confidence" decided?　(a) The House of Commons.　(b) The House of Lords.　(c) The two major parties.　(d) The Prime Minister.37. Which of the following is not true about the electoral campaigns?(a) Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.(b) There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in theirconstituency campaign.(c) Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.(d) Candidates criticize each other's policies to show how good their own policies are.38. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win the election?(a) 651.(b) 326.(c) 626.(d) 351.39. Which of the following party adopts a "fatherly" sense of obligation to the poorer people in the society?(a) The Conservative party.(b) The Liberal Democrats.(c) The Party of Wales.(d) The Labour party.40. Which of the following description about the Conservative party is not true?　(a) It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.　(b) It prefers policies that protect individual's rights.　(c) It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.　(d) It is known as a party of high taxation levels.41. Which government lost a vote of no confidence and was forced to resign in 1979?(a) The Conservative government.(b) The Liberal government.(c) The Labour government.(d) The radical government.42. Which period of time in British history was described as "private affluence and public squalor"?(a) The 1940s.(b) The 1970s.(c) The 1980s.(d) The 1990s.43. Which of the following about the "poll tax" is not true?　(a) It was introduced by the Conservative government.　(b) It was introduced by the Labour government.　(c) It was an attempt to change local government taxes.　(d) It was criticized by many citizens.44. Who is the leader of the Labour party at present?　(a) John Major.　(b) Tony Blair.　(c) Harold Wilson.　(d) Margaret Thatcher. 45. Which of the following statements about the UK economy is not true?(a) Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies.(b) Britain has experienced a relative economic decline since 1945.(c) There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.(d) Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita.Answer:46. Which of the following was not the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945?(a) Britain did not invest in modern equipment and new products.(b) Britain spent a high proportion of its national wealth on the military.(c) Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.(d) Britain had carried out the nationalisation of the businesses.47. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?　(a) Beef cattle.　(b) Dairy cattle.　(c) Chicken.　(d) Sheep.48. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?　(a) In the southeast of England.　(b) In the northeast of England.　(c) In the southeast of Scotland.　(d) In the northeast of Scotland.49. Which of the following is not a company in the energy sector?　(a) Shell.　(b) ICI.　(c) RTZ.　(d) British Gas.50. Which of the following used to be the last independent car company inthe UK?(a) Ford.(b) Peugeot.(c) Rover.(d) BMW.51. In aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain?　(a) The U.S. and Germany.　(b) The U.S. and Russia.　(c) Germany and Russia.　(d) France and Russia.52. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?　(a) Imperial Airways.　(b) British Airways.　(c) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.　(d) The British Aircraft Corporation.53. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?　(a) He invented the first jet plane.　(b) He developed the first jet engine.　(c) He made the first powered flight.　(d) He made the trans-Atlantic flight.54. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?　(a) Boeing.　(b) Rolls Royce.　(c) McDonnel-Douglas.　(d) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.55. British Aerospace was the merger of which two companies?　(a) The British Aircraft Corporation and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.　(b) The British Aircraft Corporation and Rolls Royce.　(c) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation and GEC Avionics.　(d) Hawker-Siddeley Aviation and Rolls Royce.56. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to___________.　(a) private schools　(b) independent schools　(c) state schools　(d) public schools57. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16___________.　(a) can legally receive partly free education　(b) can legally receive completely free education　(c) can not receive free education at all　(d) can not receive free education if their parents are rich58. If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called___________.(a) General Certificate of Education—Advanced(b) General Certificate of Secondary Education(c) the common entrance examination(d) General National Vocational Qualifications59. _____________ is a privately funded university in Britain.　(a) The University of Cambridge　(b) The University of Oxford　(c) The University of Edinburgh　(d) The University of Buckingham60. Which of the following is not true?(a) Parents send their children to public schools because they are rich.(b) Parents send their children to public schools because their children can get better jobs when they leave school.(c) Parents send their children to public schools because their children can have a better chance of getting into a good university.(d) Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools.61. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Open University?　(a) It's open to everybody.　(b) It requires no formal educational qualifications.　(c) No university degree is awarded.　(d) University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, ect.62. In the examination called "the 11 plus", students with academic potential go to ___________.(a) grammar schools(b) comprehensive schools(c) public schools(d) technical schools63. Which of the following is not included in the National Curriculum?(a) Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.(b) Children must sit in A-level exams.(c) Children must pass national tests.(d) Teachers must teach what they are told.64. Which of the following is not true about the British education system?　(a) It's run by the state.　(b) It's funded by the state.　(c) It's supervised by the state.　(d) It's dominated by the state.65. _________________ would admit children without reference to their academic abilities.(a) Comprehensive schools(b) Secondary schools(c) Independent schools(d) Grammar schoolsⅢ.Topics for Discussion1. What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the Empire still felt in Britain and in the international field?2. Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases?3. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain?4. Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales' unification with Great Britain.5. Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?6. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?7. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?8. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have differentsolutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.9. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?10. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?11. How did the doctrine of the "divine right of kings", according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?12. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?13. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.14. Why does the author say that parliament is supreme in the British state? What functions does parliament have? What role does the Queen ( King ) and the Prime Minister play in British government?15. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?16. Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless in the election campaign for the formation of a government?17. What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?18. What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic? What is the author's opinion?19. The author says that John Major's conservatives remain unpopular in 1997. What reasons does the author give for this political situation?20. Please define "absolute decline and relative decline" in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline?21. What did the Conservative Party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word "reform" in the national economy was also popular when Mrs. Margaret Thatcher formed the government and decided to change the UK economy. What was her radical reform program? Was the program successful according to the author?22. What are the three main areas in national economies? Describe thedevelopment of each of the three areas in the UK economy.23. The author believes that Britain, like most developed economics, has seena relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries. Why is it so? Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years? How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?24. What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?25. How does the British education system reflect social class?26. What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.27. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?28. What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?。

QUIZ 1Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) : (1*10=10)1.Britain is no longer an imperial country. _____2.The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries. ____3.When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes.______4.Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. _____5.Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means.______6.Ireland is part of Great Britain. _______7.“Ulster”, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom.____8.Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.____9.The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. _____10.Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions: that of Republic of Ireland and thatof Great Britain.______Multiple choices and filling blanks: (1*20=20)1.Which of following is NOT considered a characteristic of London?A. The cultural centerB. The business centerC. The financial centerD. The sports center2. Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain?A. Economic difference between north and south.B. Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales.C. Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.D. Cultural differences between immigrants and British.3. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Normans.C. The Vikings.D. The Romans.4. Which is the largest city in Scotland?A. Cardiff.B. Edinburgh.C. Glasgow.D. Manchester.5. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?A. In the Highlands.B. In the lowlands.C. In the Uplands.D. In the west of Scotland.6. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Wales was invaded by the Romans.B. Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons.C. Wales was conquered by the Normans.D. Wales was threatened by the English.7. When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments?A. In 1715.B. In 1688.C. In 1745.D. In 1707.8. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is not a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary hero of Welsh nationalism because _____A. he became the first Prince of Wales in 1267B. he brought the English under his controlC. he led a historic uprising against EnglishEngland to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because____A. they wanted to increase its control over thereB. they had too many people and did not have enough space for them to livein BritainC. they intended to expand their investmentD. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them10. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite known in the world for_____A. its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”B. its rich cultural lifeC. its low living standardsD. its endless political problems11. Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organize a partition of Ireland in 1921, because_____A. the British government wouldn’t be able to control Ireland any longer by forceB. the British government intended to satisfy both sides—Catholics and ProtestantsC. Catholics in Ireland demanded a partition of IrelandD. Protestants welcomed the idea of partition12. In the early 1970s, the IRA _____A. killed many protestants and CatholicsB. burned down the house of CatholicsC. murdered individuals at randomD. carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their main target13. 1972 was the worst year of the political troubles in Northern Ireland, because____A. 13 Catholics were shot dead by the policeB. 468 people were killed in Northern IrelandC. bloody killing of 468 people fortified Catholic opposition to the British presence in Northern IrelandD. the government carried out a policy known as “internment”14. Why did the British government decide to replace the power-sharing policy with “direct-rule” from London>A. the Power-sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of ProtestantsB. the Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the power effectivelyC. the power-sharing policy couldn’t be carried out.D. all the above15. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. in 1981, some convicted IRA prisoners went on a hunger-strike.B. they demanded for the status of being “political prisoners” by starving themselvesC. Margaret Thatcher’s government gave in to their political demands.D. the death of prisoners revitalized the political movement of Sinn Fein.16. How many countries are there in Northern Ireland?A. 26.B. 6.C.32D. 2017. Which of the following agreement is accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland?A. the Anglo-Irish Agreement.D. the Multi-party Agreement.18. According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdiction except_____A. the jurisdiction of the Republic of IrelandB. the jurisdiction of loyalist ministersC. the jurisdiction of Great BritainD. the jurisdiction of Northern Ireland19. The full name of the United Kingdom is the ____________________________ and _______________________________.20. The island of Great Britain is made up of England,________________ and _____________.21. The United Kingdom has been a member of the ____________________ since 1973.22. Britain is a country with a history of invasion. In 43 AD Britain was invaded by __________.23. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overthrow __________ in the English Revolution.24. The battle of Bannockburn led by Robert the Bruce succeeded in winning the full independence of __________25. To pursue Irish independence, the most spectacular event in the Irish history was ________ of 1916, in which the rebels occupied Dublin’s _________and forced the British to take it back by military means.26. The Good Friday Agreement assures _________ that Northern Ireland “remain part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so without __________ of Northern Ireland.”Tell what you know about the following in your own words;(5*2=10)1.London2.Home RuleQUIZ 2Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) : (1*10=10)11.In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, incontrast to France and the US . _____12.The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy. ____13.The term “parliament” was officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons andrepresentatives from countries and town.______14.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. _____15.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy .______16.Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have. _______mon laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts.____18.Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP . ____19.Each main party is given some time on national TV to “sell” their policies. Th e time is not givenfree and has to be paid by the party. _____20.Secrecy is not an important part of the voting process. ______Multiple choices and filling blanks: (1*20=20)2.Which of following is NOT a characteristic of British government ?A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B. It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.C. It is the oldest representative democracy.D. It has no written form of constitution.2. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?A. James I .B. James II.C. Charles I.D. Charles II3. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?A. James II.B. William of Orange .C. Oliver Cromwell.D. George I .4. Which of the following is NOT related to the Constitution?A. It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B. It is the foundation of British government today.C. Conventions and laws passed by parliament are part of the Constitution.D. The common laws are part of the Constitution.5. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. The Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state.C. The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.D. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.6. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords?A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C. The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.D. Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.7. By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided?A. The House of Commons.B. The House of Lords.A. they are not from the aristocratic families.B. they cannot sit in the House of Lords.C. they earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D. the titles cannot be inherited by their children.9. Which of the following is Not true about the electoral campaign?A. Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.B. There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in the constituency campaign.C. Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.D. Candidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policies are.10. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?A. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B. Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C. Parliament has the supreme power of passing law.D. Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.11. ____________________________, the ancestor of the present Queen, Elizabeth II, united England under his rule in 829.20. The island of Great Britain is made up of England,________________ and _____________.21. The United Kingdom has been a member of the ____________________ since 1973.22. Britain is a country with a history of invasion. In 43 AD Britain was invaded by __________.23. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overthrow __________ in the English Revolution.24. The battle of Bannockburn led by Robert the Bruce succeeded in winning the full independence of __________25. To pursue Irish independence, the most spectacular event in the Irish history was ________ of 1916, in which the rebels occupied Dublin’s _________and forced the British to take it back by military means.26. The Good Friday Agreement assures _________ that Northern Ireland “remain part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so without __________ of Northern Ireland.”Tell what you know about the following in your own words;(5*2=10)3.London4.Home Rule21.By the 1880’s, the British economy was dominant in the world. _____22.By the end of WWII, Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to develop manufacturing industryand borrowed large amounts from the US and France. ____23.As a member of the WTO, the UK is playing a very important role in the world trade.______24.Tertiary industries include banking, insurance, tourism, agriculture and the selling of goods. _____25.The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary and universities “meritocratic” .______26.Public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government. _______27.British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government.____28.All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government. ____29.Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with general education. _____30.The state seldom interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children should betaught . ______Multiple choices and filling blanks: (1*5=5)3.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16__________ ?A. can legally receive partly free education.B. can legally receive completely free education.C. can not receive free education at all.D. can not receive free education if their parents are rich.2. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ____?A. private school .B. independent school.C. state school.D. public school3. In the exam called “the 11-plus”, students with academic potential go to___?A. grammar school.B. comprehensive school .C. public school.D. technical school.4. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A. Cambridge .B. Oxford.C. Edinburgh.D. Buckingham.5. Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?A. Shell.B. ICI.C. RTZ.D. British Gas.Tell what you know about the following in your own words;(5*3=15)1. The purpose of the British education system2. The important role of British media.3. The decline of UK’s economy31.The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors. _____32.Tennis is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport. ____33.The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.______34.The animal-lovers’ groups would like to have horse racing banned. _____35.It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involves the sport of boxing.______36.The biggest Bonfire Night celebration is held in London. _______37.The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.____38.The Advertising Code ensures that ads are legal, decent, honest and truthful; have a sense ofresponsibility for consumers and society; and respect the principles of fair competition.____39.It is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers peopleread. _____40.The Telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime, be quite feminist and interested in greenpolitics .______41.The tabloids are smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. They are oftencalled “Gutter Press”.42.When the WWII ended, Britain no longer was the largest military power in Western Europe.______43.The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy._____44.There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth.______45.Britain is not a member of NATO due to its disagreement with some European countries ondefence policy._______Multiple choices and filling blanks: (1*21=21)4.Which of following about BBC is NOT true?A. There is no advertising on any of the BBC programs.B. The BBC is founded by license fees paid by people who posses TV sets.C. The BBC has four channels.D. The BBC provides the World Service throughout the world.2. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because ______?A. It plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government.B. It informs people of current affairs in the world.C. It provides people with subjective reports.D. It publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.3. Which of the following is the world’s oldest national newspaper?A. The Times.B. The Guardian.C. The Observer.D. The Financial Times.4. Which of the following is British oldest daily newspaper?A. The Telegraph.B. The News of the World.C. The Guardian.D. The Times.5. Which of the following sports was NOT mentioned in Britain?A. Football.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. Cricket.6. Which of the following about the tabloid is NOT true?C. They mainly deal in Scandals and gossip about famous people.D. They carry stories with color photos and catchy headlines.7. Where are international tennis championships held?A. Wembley.B. Wimbledon.C. London.D. Edinburgh.8. Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family ?A. Cricket.B. Skiing.C. Golfing.D. Horsing Racing9. Which of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition?A. enjoying the PantomimeB. the Queen Broadcasting her Christmas messageC. eating chocolate eggs on Easter DayD. shopping on the Boxing Day10. Easter commemorates_____A. the birth of Jesus ChristB. the Crucifixion of Jesus ChristC. the coming of SpringD. the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ11. Which community observes the traditional Ramadan?A. HinduB. SikhC. JewishD. Muslim12. Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday?A. BonfireB. The Orange MarchC. Trooping the ColorD. Masquerades13. Which of the following commemorates the Battle of Boyne?A. The Bonfire Night celebration in LewesB. Trooping the color in LondonC. The Eisteddfod in WalesD. The Orange March in Northern Ireland14. Of which people is Robert Burns a national poet?A. the Welsh peopleB. the Irish peopleC. the Scottish peopleD. the English people15. Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?A. France, China, Germany, Russia and Britain.B. the US, France, Britain, Germany and RussiaC. China, Russia, France, Britain and the US.D. China, Britain, France, the US and Japan.16. On which say is Halloween celebrated?A. October 31st.B. November 5th .C. March 17thD. December 25th17. How much of the globe did Britain rule in its imperial prime?A. 1/4 .B. 1/5C. 1/3D. 2/318. Which of the following is not involved in making the British Foreign Policy?A. the Queen of BritainB. the Foreign and Commonwealth OfficeC. the Prime Minister and the CabinetD. the Ministry of Defense and the TreasuryC. the UN, the EU, NATO, etc.D. a European federal government20. Three of the following factors have contributed to Britain’s special relationship with the United States to a certain degree, which is the exception?A. Britain and the US share the general ideas in many respectsB. They have common interests in every respect.C. They agree generally on how the world economy should be managedD. They have special links in culture.21. Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force?A. Because it is one of the developed countries in the worldB. Because it is a traditional sea power.C. Because it has an advanced industryD. Because it is able to produce submarines.22. When the WWII was over, Britain was active in setting up the UN and became one of the ____________________________ permanent members of _______________________________.20. The present foreign policy of Britain is greatly influenced by its________________ history and also by its _____________.21. The general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is decided by ____________________ and _______________.22. The ______________ newspaper carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance.23. _____________ is regarded as the most left-wing newspaper in Britain.24. The battle of Bannockburn led by Robert the Bruce succeeded in winning the full independence of __________25. The BBC stands for ____________________________________.26. The FA stands for ________________________________.27. Phrases like “on a sticky wicket” and “playing with a straight bat” are associated with the sport of_______________.26. There are two kinds of horse racing: flat racing and _________________.”27. People usually dress up and show off their fashionable clothes and elaborate hats for the social event called________________.28. Compared with football, _______________ is a more gentle sport which owes its origin to the church.29. Traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts and money to their staff or servants on __________________, which is the day after Christmas.30. Many Muslims in Britain observe a traditional Islamic festival called ______________ which nothing can be eaten or drunk between dawn and nightfall.Tell what you know about the following in your own words;(3’+4’)5.The foundation of British foreign policy6.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThe three traditions of Christmas in Britain1.Christmas Pantomime2.Hearing the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over television and radio3.Boxing day for shoppingThe important role of British mediaIn British political system: inform the population about problems the country maybe facing and what the government is doing to solve such problem.In engendering a national culture: people from different field all share the same experience, they could discuss what they had read or seen. British are all part of the British culture.The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.The purpose of the British education system1.the three Rs: writing, reading and arithmetic. To provide children with literacy and the other basic skillsthey will need to become active members of society.2.To socialize children. They also learn the rules and values they need to become good citizen, toparticipate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.The decline of UK’s economyIt’s a relative decline. The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other country developed more rapidly, is has side from being 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.Why does an early election occur?When the government loses a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons, an MP puts forward a statement for the MP to vote on saying that this house no longer has confidence in the government. If the Prime Minister decides that the government is currently popular, he can call for an early election hoping to win another 5 years.What is a General ElectionThe election of all Members of Parliament (MPs) for each constituency (local area) is called a General Election.The Functions of Parliament1.to pass laws2.to vote for taxation3.to scrutinize government policy4.administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the dayThe Constitutionstatute law（成文法）: laws passed by the Parliament;the common law（普通法）: laws written through common practice in the courtsconventions（习惯法）: rules and practice which do not exist legally, but regarded as vital to the working of governmentAPECAPEC was established from an Australian initiative in 1989, when Canberra hosted the first informal dialogue with 12 members. Since then the forum has grown to include 21 member economies and has become one of significant world economic bodies: the 21 APEC Member Economies represent over 40 per cent of the world’s population, 56 per cent of global GDP, and around 48 per cent of world trade. APEC’s mission is to promote regional stability and to address global issues including counter-terrorism, non-proliferation and health.Multiculturalism 多元文化论Multiculturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, to right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.Emancipists 刑满释放者The emancipists are ex-convict who were fully or conditionally pardoned for conduct or service. They became successful farmers, lawyers, architects and government administrators. They contributed a lot to the development of Australian society. By the 1820s, a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists, among them were Mary Reiby and James Ruse.The Dreaming 梦创时代The Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.The policy of assimilationThe policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact of the policy is devastating on the indigenous people, as their children grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.The oral culture of IrelandIreland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level. Almost inevitably, an Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time. The basis for this is in the original peasant culture, which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century. But even among the most literate classes, great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously and with grace and force.The law of primogeniture 长子继承权The law of primogeniture is the traditional law in Ireland that favors the first born male, that is only the first son in the family has the right to inherit the properties, be it land or house, of the family when the father dies.The Irish ParliamentThe Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Parliament and the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticized in both Houses; but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Parliament alone.Saint Patrick(389?-461AD) Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. He helped to spread the Christian religion in Ireland. His mission was accomplished so peacefully that there is no record of a single martyr.Difference between the Dreaming and Protestantism 梦创时代与新教的区别The Dreaming is about a people being at one with the country which means that people do not own the land, but the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it. After 1788, Protestantism became the dominant form of religion, and a central concept of Protestantism is that individual people own, and are obliged to use and exploit the land for the greater glory of their God.The thee-tier system of the Australian governmentThe Australian federation has three tiers in its government system: at the federal level, there are the Australian Parliament and the Government. In the second tier are the state governments and their legislatures. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire levels. The Prime Minister and his cabinet is the centre of Australian parliamentary power.The advantages of the pluralist form of government1. it enables the citizens to exercise their political right to choose their own government2. it secures transparency and accountability of the government3. it provides for an alternative government which can competently take over the state affairs should any government collapse4. the citizens can exert their power through major interest groups。