采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理

【外文文献】2Coal mine mine shaft gas government technology applicationFirst, surveyEvil of the gas, shocking, gas government, imminent.The coal mine mine shaft gas ultra limits with the gas agglomeration occurs repeatedly, even some coal mine mine shaft also has the gas explosion, is seriously threatening jobholders' safety and the coal mine safety in production.All coal mine mine shaft all is equipped with the coal bin, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin name slides the coal shaft or “the counter-well”.The coal bin role mainly is the storage, the reprint, the cushion coal amount, is the coal mine mine shaft storage and transport coal important link, to realizes the coal output high production to play the positive role.A small mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity is equipped with 3~8, a large-scale mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity achieved 10~20, giant mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity are more, therefore in the national coal mine mine pit, mine shaft coal bin quantity many may reach 1,000,000.These mine shaft coal bin in the storage, the reprint, the cushion coal amount process simultaneously is agglomerating the massive gas, in its mine shaft coal bin gas density according to the coal amount, the anthrax different may achieve 3~20 ﹪, the gas density surpasses "Coal mine safety Regulations" to stipulate greatly.The such high gas density meets friction spark, static electricity spark, stray currents, collision spark and so on kindling materials, extremely easy to cause the gas explosion.Coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence serious security hidden danger, also is the significant dangerous source, is seriously threatening jobholders' safety and the coal mine mine shaft safety in production.Since long ago the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration question continuously has not obtained the very good solution significant hidden danger and the significant dangerous source, becomes the long-term puzzle coal mine safety production a big difficult problem.In order to solve this kind of problem, the traditional solution is installs the axis in the mine shaft coal bin place above tunnel to flow the type ventilator to dilute in the coal bin the upside gas, the axis flows the type ventilator also only to be able to dilute on the coal bin the 3~5m place gas, cannot dilute regarding the 20~30m high mine shaft coal bin majority of gas, is also unable solve.Moreover the axis flows the massive gas which the type ventilator discharges in some people to work transports in the coal lane, because transports in the coal lane to have the electromechanical device and the staff, has slightly can create the gas explosion accident or the personnel carelessly suffocates the fatal accident.The axis flows the type ventilator to dilute in the coal bin the gas for to transport in the coal lane to cause the enormous harm, the dangerous harm factor still exists.Although this to solved the mine shaft coal bin gas ultra to limit certain function, but the above equipment facility government expense was expensive, also fundamentally has not solved the hidden danger which the gas agglomeration created, still existed has the gas explosion accident hidden danger, affected the coal mine mine shaft safety in production, might say these negative measures fundamentally have not solved the gas explosion problem.In order to solve the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration problem, eliminates the significant security hidden danger, eliminates the significant dangerous source, the coal profession ore advocates peace the engineers and technicians to spend and not to solve.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment mainlyaims at the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence the gas agglomeration to exceed the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty Second, mine shaft coal bin gas government installment research and designThe coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment goal is the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence gas exceeds the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty, and provides one kind to be able to govern the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration and the elimination gas also the government expense low coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment the technical plan which uses for the solution above question is: It by or a two gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed.The gas separator is located in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, three forks a row of wind to be located in above the coal bin in the air return way, foehn the ventilator is located in underneath the coal bin, leads the air hose using the gas to lead to picks the area air return way or the main air return way.It by the coal bin gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator by foehn constitutions and so on curve body, modified line body, collection air flue, the main function forms the formidable foehn effect, forms foehn enters the gas separator loosely, leads the gas separator in gas the gas to lead the air hose, according to the direction which requests using the gas leads the air hose the gas to arrange again to the coal mine mine shaftcoal bin outside picks the area air return way or the main air return way.Foehn the ventilator is located in lower part the coal mine mine shaft coal bin.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas separator by the tube body, the gas release hat, the gas releases Kong He to take the constitution, the gas release hat is located in the tube body body department, the gas releases Kong He to take is located in evenly on the tube body.The gas separator leads the air hose with foehn the ventilator and the gas to connect, is located in on the coal mine mine shaft coal bin warehouse sidewall.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas release hole is the rectangular filtration hole, the concentric circle filters Kong He to forbid the symbol filtration hole; States takes lacks for the garden the shape eaves, takes is located the gas release hole the place above, is for the purpose of causing the coal (rock) to separate with the gas.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas to lead the air hose for the anti-static electricity glass fiber reinforced plastic circular pipe.The coal bin gas leads the air hose and the gas separator and three forks a row of wind to connect, is located in on in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin air return way place above side.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin three to fork a row of wind for the flabelliform tubing cross anti-static electricity glass cylinder body.Three forks a row of wind and the gas separator leads the air hose by the tube body or the gas to connect, is located in on in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin air return way place above side.Because the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment has used or a two gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator composes, can reduce the coal mine mine shaft coal bin thecomplete gas, governs the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration thoroughly the question, and the government expense is low, the economic efficiency is good, has the government gas thorough, the energy conservation environmental protection, the government expense low and the economic efficiency good and so on the merits.Pointed out specially this equipment is does not have the noise, the nonmotile, the non-pollution well ventilated structure facility, belongs to the environmental protection energy conservation product purely.Third, executes the security effectFollowing union implementation makes the further description.As shown in Figure 1, in this implementation example coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment position arrangement structure schematic drawing.It by the coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator, the gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks a row of wind, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, the coal bin tube wall, the coal bin bottom coal, the coal bin coaling, the coal bin slides on the coal mouth, the coal bin returns to lower part the wind lane, the coal bin transports the big lane constitution.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment, used a gas separator, the gas has led the air hose, three forks a row of wind and foehn the ventilator composition whole synthesis installment.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator and the gas separator, the gas lead the air hose, three fork a row of wind and foehn the ventilator compose an organic whole together, has formed the whole synthesis installment, together completes the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas dilution task.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, the tube wall, the bottom coal, the coaling, on the smooth coal mouth, the coal bin returns to lower part the wind lane, the coal bin transports the big lane is the coal mine mine shaft coal bin important constituent, they are affecting the gasgovernment effect directly.Its effect is: Coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body how many decision coal bin gas content and gas density size; The coal bin tube wall quality is deciding in the coal bin the gas separator installment quality; The coal bin bottom coal how many decision coal bin well ventilated situation is affecting the gas separator the function; Coal bin coaling model function influence gas agglomeration degree; The coal bin slides in the coal mouth size influence coal bin the gas release; On the coal bin returns to the wind lane the amount of wind and the cross section size is deciding on the coal bin the gas release rate; Lower part the coal bin transports the big lane amount of wind and the cross section size is deciding lower part the coal bin the loose speed namely pressure produced by the fan or the strength of draft.These coal bin structure is affecting the gas government effect directly, all to coal bin in gas density and gas agglomeration government direct or indirect function.A gas separator end and the gas lead the wind or three fork a row of wind to connect directly, another end connects with foehn the ventilator.The gas separator function is the gas which agglomerates in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin in coal and the coal bin separates, separates after the gas to enter the gas separator to lead the air hose to the gas to arrange to the coal bin outside the air return way, achieves in the dilution the gas goal.Three forks a row of wind for the flabelliform tubing cross anti-static electricity glass cylinder body, three forks a row of wind and the gas leads the air hose to connect, three forks a row of wind to be located in picks the area air return way or the main air return way, three forks the row of wind 3 functions is guaranteed the gas forever according to the request loose direction movement, prevented the loose direction reverses.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration governmentinstallment, it belongs to one kind to govern the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas the equipment.Mainly is the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence gas agglomeration exceeds the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty.In order to solve the technical plan which the above question uses is: The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, it by or a two coal bin gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed, can reduce the coal mine mine shaft coal bin the complete gas, governs under thoroughly the mining coal mine pit the coal bin gas agglomeration question, and the government expense is low, the energy conservation environmental protection, the economic efficiency is good.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, is located in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin and above the coal mine mine shaft coal bin returns to the wind lane direction, leads the air hose using the gas to lead to picks the area to return to the wind lane or the main air return way.Has reliable, the economy safely practical, the structure simple, the management convenient, does not need to increase the power the structure facility; Has technological advance, the science reasonable, the government gas effective, the energy conservation environmental protection, the government expense low and the economic efficiency good and so on the merits, thus achieves the coal mine mine shaft safety in production the goal.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment guards against pounds the problem analysis to be as follows: 1st, coal bin (counter-well) if between 10~20m, the mining coal area major part mine shaft coal bin in this altitude, this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installmentcomparison adapts highly, slides in the coal or the gangue size has the direct influence including gangue quantity how many to this equipment, the gangue gravity acceleration to this equipment impulse is G=mg=(1~20) ×9.8= (9.8~ 196) N, the gangue max impulse is 196 N, this equipment material quality uses the stress is 389~468N.Therefore, this equipment can withstand the gangue the impulse, cannot harm breaks off.If hits continuously can create the fatigue damage to affect the installment service life, the mine shaft coal bin service life most length is about a year, this equipment material quality service life may guarantee for a year including the corrosion.2nd, coal bin if between 20~90m, this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment not too adapts highly, easy to create big curving and the buckle, but in mining coal area because the geostatic pressure influence mine shaft coal bin (counter-well) very little designs this altitude.Fourth, installment characteristicSummarizes the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, has following characteristic:1st, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment technical invention belonged to the domestic origination, the world is advanced, has technological advance, the science is reasonable, has filled our country coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government blank 2nd, coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment use effective government coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration question.It will develop successfully opens a new way to all coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government.3rd, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment will be the security, the economy, forever the solid structure facility, an installment, the permanent use, the economy will bepractical.4th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment structure is simple, manages conveniently, does not have to service frequently, easy to do and easy, does not need the specialist to operate, easy to promote the use.5th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installs this new technical the success to utilize designs general to have the profound significance to our country large-scale coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government.Has provided the advanced new technology to the later large-scale coal mine mine shaft coal bin design.6th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment founded our country nonmotile government gas new experience.7th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration governs the equipment safely reliable.This equipment will be forever is solid, the nonmotile structure facility, guarantees this system the security.8th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment, its economic efficiency huge, the social efficiency has, the reality significance profoundly.9th, pointed out specially this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment is: Does not have the noise, the nonmotile, the non-pollution well ventilated structure facility, belongs to the environmental protection energy conservation product purely.Fifth, uses the value and the significanceThe new installment has filled our country coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government blank, founded our country nonmotile government gas new experience and the precedent, opened a new way to all coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government, has provided the advanced new technology for later coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government design, has realized the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government permanent gasgovernment.Because simultaneously this series equipment structure is simple, manages conveniently, does not have to service frequently, does not need the specialist to operate, has, the economy easyly to do and easy practical, safe reliable and so on the merits, for changes the coal mine image, the elimination society gets up the positive role to the coal mine safety not good impression, therefore easy in the national coal profession promotion use, has the profound practical significance.This equipment principle, may develop all needs to exhaust, the pollution discharge construction, the factory, the mine, as well as residents, kitchen nonmotile exhaust device and so on domains.Sixth, conclusionThe coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment in national and even the world promotion use, founded our country gas government pioneer, guarantees this system the security.Has the promotion use value【中文翻译】2煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用一、概况瓦斯之害，骇人听闻，瓦斯治理，迫在眉睫。

Control and prevention of gas outburstsMaría B. Díaz Aguado C. González （International Journal of Coal Geology 69(2007)253-266）Abstract：Underground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems. The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.Key words： Coal mines，coal-seam methane，gas pressure，permeability，gas outburst- potential.一.IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certain countries. For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 of estimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the inplace gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germany's total estimated coalbed methane resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all with respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not beensufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or nonfatal disastrous events.二.Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8thCoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the Riosa–Olloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential of the 8th Coal-bed belongs to San Nicolás and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicolás area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the −800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Suárez-Ruiz and Jiménez, 2004). The Riosa–Olloniego geological unit consists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 3–6 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 3–5 coalbeds with a thickness of 5–7m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 8–12 coalbeds that sum up to 12–15 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coal-bed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicolás and 15.13matMontsacro (Pendás et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of both mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbursts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillar workings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main properties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Díaz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reports M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69(2007)253–266255Fig. 1. Geological map.As well as in the different research studies cited in Section The geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coal-bed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburstprone zones. In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be related neither to local nor general faults.Fig. 2. General location of thestudy area.M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266 For some years now, the technical experts in charge of the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical calculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the research study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale,1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration exceeds 9 m3/t (although close to areas of overpressure, this risk value descends to 5.5 m3/t). As the average gas contents in the coalbed are comparable with those of the Ruhr Basin (which according to Freudenberg et al., 1996, vary from 0 to 15 m3/t), the values in the 8th Coalbed would be close to the risk values.Desorption rate was considered the most important parameter by Williams and Weissmann (1995), in conjunction with the gas pressure gradient ahead of the face. Gas desorption rate (V1) has been defined as the volume of methane, expressed in cm3, that is desorbed from a 10 g coal sample, with a grain size between 0.5 and 0.8 mm, during a period of time of 35 s (fromsecond 35 to 70 of the test). Desorption rates have been calculated from samples taken at 2 m, 3 m and 7 m, following the proceedings of the Technical Specification 0307-2-92 of the Spanish Ministry of Industry. The average values obtained during the research are: 0.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2 m depth,0.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 3 m and1.6 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at the only paths for methane flow are open fractures. Coal gas content is one of the main parameters that had been previously analyzed. The methane concentration in the Central Asturian Basin varies between 4 and 14 m3/t of coal (Suárez Fernández, 1998). Particularly, in the Riosa–Olloniego unit, the gas content varies from 3.79 to 9.89 m3/t of coal (Pendás et al., 2004). During the research, the measured values in the area of study have varied between 4.95 and 8.10 m3/t, with an average value7m.Maximumvalues were of 1.7 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2m depth, 3.3 at 3 m and up to 4.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 7 m.The initial critical safety value to avoid gas outbursts in the 8th Coalbed was 2 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). Due to incidents detected during this research study, the limit value was reduced to 1.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). But other properties, such as coal gas pressure, the structure of the coal itself and permeability, had beeninsufficiently characterized in the Riosa Olloniego unit before this research study.Two methods had been previously employed to determine the gas pressure in the mine: the Russian theoretical calculations for the analysis of the stress state and the indirect measurements of the gas pressure obtained by applying criteria developed for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin (Germany), Poland and the former Soviet Union. These indirect measurements were the Jahns or borehole fines test (Braüner, 1994), which establishes a potential hazard when the fines exceed a limiting value. Although there are tabulated values for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin, it is not the casefor the coals of the Riosa–Olloniego unit. Therefore, in this paper an improvement to the gas pressure measurement technique is proposed by developing a method and a device capable of directly measuring in situ pressures.The 8th Coalbed is a friable bituminous coal, high in vitrinite content, locally transformed into foliated fabrics which, when subjected to abutment pressure, block methane migration into working faces (Alpern, 1970). With low volatile content, it was formed during the later stages of coalification and, as stated by Flores (1998) this corresponds to a large amount of methane generated. Moreover, the coal is subject to sudden variations in thickness (that result in unpredictable mining conditions) and to bed-parallel shearing within the coalbed, that has been considered an influence on gas outbursts (Li, 2001). Its permeability had never been quantified before in this mining area. Thus, during research in the 8th Coalbed it was decided to perform in situ tests to measure pressure transients, to obtain site values that will allow future calculations of site permeability, in order to verify if it is less than 5 mD, limit value which, after Lama and Bodziony (1998), makes a coalbed liable to outbursts.Therefore, in this study we attempted to characterize gas pressure and pressure transients, for their importance in the occurrence of gas outbursts or events in which a violent coal outburst occurs due to the sudden release of energy, accompanied by the release of significant amount of gas (González Nicieza et al.,2001), either in breaking or in development of the coalbed (Hardgraves, 1983).三.ConclusionsCoalbed is still a major hazard affecting safety andproductivity in some underground coal mines. This paper highlights the propensity of the 8th Coalbed to give rise to gas outbursts, due to fulfilling a series of risk factors, that have been quantified for 8th Coalbed for the first time and that are very related to mining hazards: gas pressure and its variation, with high valuesmeasured in the coalbed, obtaining lower registers at Montsacro than at San Nicolás (where 480 kPa were reached in the gas pressure measurements at the greatest depth). These parameters, together with the systematic measurement of concentration and desorption rate that were already being carried out by the mine staff, require monitoring and control. A gas-measurement-tube set was designed, for measuring gas pressure and its variations as well as the influence of nearby workings to determine outburstprone areas. The efficacy of injection as a preventative measure was shown by means of these measurement tubes.References[1] Alexeev, D.M., 2004.[2] True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245–250.[3] Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bibliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 67–76.[4] Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 27–55. [5] Braüner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and Their Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.[6] Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 47–63.[7] Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205–216. [8] Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 3–26.瓦斯治理和预防M.B.迪亚斯·阿瓜多、尔冈萨雷斯·尼茨迊（煤炭地质69（2007）253-266国际杂志）摘要：在煤矿井下开采环境中必须控制着不同气体的存在。

coalmine methane in China1. Chinese CMM distribution1.1Chinese coalminesThere are various coalmines in China. These coalmines can be roughly divided into three categories: large (with annual output of 5 million tons and above), medium (with annual output of 500,000 tons–5 million tons) and small (with annual output of 30,000–50,000 t) The shares of large, medium and small coalmines in China were 49%, 12% and 39% by 2007. There are 14 open mining coalmines with an output of over 10 million tons each per year. There are 219 high-efficiency coalmines with total output of 705 million tons. Major coal production in China (98%) was achieved by machines. China has 28 share-traded coal mining enterprises with total share value of Yuan 15.21 billion (USD 2.2 billion) . By the end of 2007, the number of coalmines with a minimum annual output of 300,000 tons each amounted to 7066, thirty-three of which had an annual production of 10 million tons each in 2007. These large coalmines produced 1.1 billion tons, or 45% of China's total output.The number of coalmines will increase in the next few years. According to the government projection , coal demand in China in 2010 will be over 3 billion tons per year. To meet this demand, China needs to develop new coalmines. The country had a production capacity of 2.5 billion in 2008. Currently, a production capacity of 1.1 billion tons is under construction. In the meantime, the government has approved 0.2 billion tons of production capacity. Taking into account the retirement of old coalmines in the future, by 2010, China will have coal production capacity of 3.1 billion tons that will balance its coal demand. If the average production capacity of a new coalmine is the same as the current one, the number of China's coalmines will increase by 24% in the next two or three years.1.2China's coal methane distributionsChina has a reserve of Coal -related methane resources at a amount of 31.5 trillion cubic meters at depth between 300 and 2000 m underground. These resources can be grouped into two parts in terms of the depth of the resources buried. Coal -related methane resources underground at a depth from 300 to 1500 m reached over 19 trillion cubic meters or over 60% of China's coal -related methane. See Table 1.1. Currently, most CMM recovery activities in China take place to recover methane in this range of depthTable 1.1 Distribution of coal-related methane resources in different depths1.2.1 North–east China region (R1)The north–east region consists of three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The coal strata in this region were formed primarily in Cretaceous and Tertiary system, and secondly in Carboniferous–Permian system. The early Cretaceous coal basins are well developed and can bear high concentration of methane. In the Tertiary system, only Fushun Basin in this region has higher-rank coal such as long-flame coal and gas coal with good methane-bearing properties, while all other basins contain only lignitouscoal with low methane content. The coal beds formed in Carboniferous–Permian system exist only the south part of the methane-bearing region. The thickness of coal seams in these coal beds does not change significantly, and coalmethane-bearing properties are relatively better. The methane resources distribute mainly in Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province. In these two provinces, there are some rich methane belts such as Sanjiang–Mulinghe belt, Hunjiang–Liaoyang belt and West Liaoning belt.1.2.2North China region (R2)North China region covers Provinces of Hebei, Shangdong, Henna and Anhui. It is located in the east side of Taihang Mountain, ranging from Qinling tectonic belt in the west, to the Jiaolu fault belt in the east, from the southern boundary of Liaoning–Jilin–Heilongjiang region in the North–East China, to the east section of Qinling–Dabieshan belt in the South. Coal strata are mainly Carboniferous–Permian system, with a little part in Middle–Lower Jurassic Petroleum system. The coal strata in the Carboniferous–Permian system in this region spread widely over a large sedimentation area, with stable coal seams and good coal methane-bearing properties. As there are many districts with favorable exploration and exploitation prospects, the methane recovery activities are very active in this region, and some outstanding progresses have been achieved in Kailuan, Dacheng, Huaibei and Huinan coalmines.1.2.3South China region (R3)The South China region is located in the vast land ranging from Qinling–Dabieshan fold belt in the North and from Wuling Mountain tectonic belt in the West, including most part of Southeast and South China. Coal strata in this region are mainly in the late Permian system. Only little part of late Permian coalfields are preserved well, with relatively stable coal seams and good methane-bearing properties. The methane resources in this region are concentrated mainly in Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces, with abundant coal methane resources, especially in Pingle and Xiangzhong belts.2Review of China's CMM recovery and utilization2.1History of Chinese coalmine methane useChina's coalmine methane recovery and utilization could be traced back over 15 years ago. The recovery and utilization activities can be divided into four phases. The first phase was before 1990 (Raymond, 2008). At that time, coalmine methane was viewed as a dangerous gas to coal mining. Both the Chinese government (the Ministry of Coal Industry then) and coalmine owners and operators concerned with much more coal mining safety than clean energy and climate change. Very few activities of recovering and utilizing coalmine methane for beneficial use were carried out. Although coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became popular in that period, the Chinese thought that the geological and mining conditions in China were different from the West and coal-bed methane resource development and CMM recovery and utilization experiences were not applicable to China. Most coalmine methane was blown into the atmosphere via air ventilation, only small part of it was used for heating and cooking on-site some coalmines. There were a few attempts to use coalmine methane for power generation using imported equipment but not successful.The Chinese opinions in coalmine recovery and utilization began to change in the second phase: 1991–1996. In this period, the US EPA outreached a coalmine methane recovery and utilization program in China. Under this program, technical resources, financial supports and information exchange were provided to the Chinese government and other coal industrial stakeholders. International organizations such as the UNDP and the GEF helped the Chinese in coalmine bed methane drainage. The first coal -bed methane surface pre-drainage and underground directional drilling demonstration project was financed by the UNDP/GEF and hosted by Kailuan, Songzao and Tiefa coalmines (Raymond, 2008). The Chinese coalmine operators imported some technologies and equipment for coalmine methane monitoring and testing in coalmines, and began to build up resource data for coalmine methane. Magnitude of coal methane resources was recognized by international experts. In this period, no important national government policies to facilitate CMM capture and utilization were found. Rather, the international communities in CMM capture andutilization brought positive impacts on the Chinese government to change its opinions on the CMM-related issues.The third period, 1996–2004, became the Chinese era of coal-bed and coalmine methane recover and utilization. A number of significant changes have been perceived in this period. First, the national government changed its attitude, and methane was no longer simply a nuisance tomining, but an important potential clean energy resource. Second, experience with coal-bed and coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became relevant. Exploration of large license blocks by major foreign oil and gas companies began. Third, the Chinese published its forecasts ofcoal-bed and coalmine methane production. Forth, large coalmines continued to work toward developing coalmine methane resources, although progress was slow and somewhat dependent on outside interest and investment. Sixth, an APEC mission was conducted to fund another coalmine methane recovery and utilization demonstration project in Tiefa Coalmine Co. Ltd., in Liaoling Province of China, that was leading to commercial success of coalmine methane to town gas supply in the city. Seventh, GHG-emission reductions under CDM became a new focus—sources of funding for coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects materialized.The last period, 2005–2008 (present), represents China's rushing to gold of coalmine methane. Significant features in this period include:(1) competition for large CDM projects drives renewed interest in CMM project development;(2) truly worldwide class projects, such as Shanxi Jincheng power project (120 MW), were planned and achieved;(3) many projects were proposed and financed as CDM projects;(4) a number of compressed natural gas projects using coalmine methane as primary energy were developed;(5) draining coalmine methane before coal mining became a mandatory national policy in China;(6) many coalmine owners and operators are using their equities in investing coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects and(7) a number of very important policies on CMM recovery and utilization were effective in this period. These included:①―A Notice on the Management of CMM Prices‖ published by the NDRC—National Development and Reform Commission of China (2007a);②―A Notice of Implementation on CMM to Power Generation‖ published by the NDRC in April 2007;③―A Notice on Subsidies to CMM Capture and Utilization‖, published by the Ministry of Finance of China in April 2007④―CMM Emission Standards (Temporary Implementation)‖, published by the Environment Protection Agency (Now, the Ministry of Environment) of China and the National Quality Monitoring and Quarantine Agency of China in 2008.2.2. Outstanding challenges from CMM recovery and useAlthough the Chinese government and coal industrial stakeholders have worked very hard over the past 15 years in coalmine methane recovery and utilization, there is still a long way for the Chinese to catch up the OECD in this area. The Chinese are facing at least the following outstanding challenges:Limited capacity in capturing coalmine methane: methane recovery and utilization is relatively new to most of medium and small coalmines in China. These coalmines are short of know-how and technologies in capturing coalmine methane. According to on-site surveys conducted by the author 12 coalmines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, only about 30% or 40% of coalmine methane was captured and utilized. Ventilation systems were still responsible for liberating the majority of the methane to the atmosphere.Limited capacity in utilizing coalmine methane: methane drainage and capture in many Chinese coalmines were driven by a new Chinese policy: ―Coalmine Methane Drainage first and Coal Mining Second‖. This policy, mainly developed for safety production in coalmines, does not force coalmine operators use or burn drained or captured methane. As a result, most of the coalmine methane captured is of low, less than 25% CH4. In addition, methane drained and captured through pumping stations has increased with the increase of coal production; but utilization cannot match the increase of captured gas at the same rate. Many coalmines have to flare captured methane or liberate it into the atmosphere.Lack of technologies to use ventilation air methane (VAM): in most Chinese coalmines, ventilation air carries about 60% or 70% of coalmine methane to the atmosphere. Concentration of VAM in China is normally below 2%. Due to shortages of technologies and capital investment, the Chinese coalmine stakeholders have limited experience in using VAM as a clean energy resource.中国煤矿瓦斯1 中国煤矿瓦斯分布1.1 中国的煤矿介绍在中国有各种不同的煤矿。

外文翻译--煤炭开采技术英文翻译原文在当今科技经济发展的新形势下煤炭开采技术的研究必须面向国内国外两个市场面向经济建设主战场立足于煤炭开采技术的前沿立足于中国煤炭发展战略所必要的技术储备立足于煤炭工业中长期发展战略所必须的关键技术的攻关立足于煤炭工业工程实际问题的解决重点从事中长期研究开发和技术储备跟踪产业科技前沿开发有自主知识产权的以煤矿开采技术及配套装备为主导的核心技术占领技术制高点1 采煤方法和工艺采煤方法和工艺的进步和完善始终是采矿学科发展的主题采煤工艺的发展将带动煤炭开采各环节的变革现代采煤工艺的发展方向是高产高效高安全性和高可靠性基本途径是使采煤技术与现代高新技术相结合研究开发强力高效安全可靠耐用智能化的采煤设备和生产监控系统改进和完善采煤工艺在发展现代采煤工艺的同时继续发展多层次多样化的采煤工艺建立具有中国特色的采煤工艺理论我国长壁采煤方法已趋成熟放顶煤采煤的应用在不断扩展应用水平和理论研究的深度和广度都在不断提高急倾斜不稳定地质构造复杂等难采煤层采煤方法和工艺的研究有很大空间主要方向是改善作业条件提高单产和机械化水平开发煤矿高效集约化生产技术建设生产高度集中高可靠性的高产高效矿井开采技术以提高工作面单产和生产集中化为核心以提高效率和经济效益为目标研究开发各种条件下的高效能高可靠性的采煤装备和工艺简单高效可靠的生产系统和开采布置生产过程监控与科学管理等相互配套的成套开采技术发展各种矿井煤层条件下的采煤机械化进一步改进工艺和装备提高应用水平和扩大应用范围提高采煤机械化的程度和水平2开发浅埋深硬顶板硬煤层高产高效现代开采成套技术主要解决以下技术难题硬顶板控制技术研究埋深浅地压小的硬厚顶板控制技术主要通过岩层定向水力压裂倾斜深孔爆破等顶板快速处理技术使直接顶能随采随冒提高顶煤回收率且基本顶能按一定步距垮落既有利于顶煤破碎又保证工作面的安全生产硬厚顶煤控制技术研究开发埋深浅支承压力小条件硬厚顶煤的快速处理技术包括高压注水压裂技术和顶煤深孔预爆破处理技术使顶煤体能随采随冒提高其回收率顶煤冒放性差块度大的综放开采成套设备配套技术研制既有利于顶煤破碎和顶板控制又有利于放顶煤的新型液压支架合理确定后部输送机能力两硬条件下放顶煤开采快速推进技术研究合适的综放开采回采工艺优化工序缩短放煤时间提高工作面的推进度实现高产高效5,55m宽煤巷锚杆支护技术通过宽煤巷锚杆支护技术的研究开发和应用有利于综采配套设备的大功率和重型化有助于连续采煤机的应用促进工作面的高产高效3缓倾斜薄煤层长壁开采主要研究开发体积小功率大高可靠性的薄煤层采煤机刨煤机研制适合刨煤机综采的液压支架研究开发薄煤层工作面的总体配套技术和高效开采技术4缓倾斜厚煤层一次采全厚大采高长壁综采应进一步加强完善支架结构及强度加强支架防倒防滑防止顶梁焊缝开裂和四连杆变形防止严重损坏千斤顶措施等的研究提高支架的可靠性缩小其与中厚煤层采高3m左右高产高效指标的差距5各种综采高产高效综采设备保障系统要实现高产高效就要提高开机率对支架围岩系统采运设备进行监控今后研究的重点是通过电液控制阀组操纵支架和改善支架围岩系统控制进一步完善液压信息支架位态顶板状态支护质量信息的自动采集系统乳化液泵站及液压系统运行状态的检测诊断采煤机在线与离线相结合的油磨屑监测和温度电信号的监测带式输送机刮板输送机全面状态监控2 深矿井开采技术深矿井开采的关键技术是煤层开采的矿压控制冲击地压防治瓦斯和热害治理及深井通风井巷布置等需要攻关研究的是深井围岩状态和应力场及分布状态的特征深井作业场所工作环境的变化深井巷道特别是软岩巷道快速掘进与支护技术与装备深井冲击地压防治技术与监测监控技术深矿井高产高效开采有关配套技术深矿井开采热害治理技术与装备3 三下采煤技术提高数值模拟计算和相似材料模拟等深入研究开采上覆岩层运动和地表沉陷规律研究满足地表建筑物地下水资源保护需要的合理的开采系统和优化参数发展沉降控制理论和关键技术包括用地表废料向垮落法工作面采空区充填的系统研究与应用各种充填技术和组合充填技术村庄房屋加固改造重建技术适于村庄保护的开采技术研究近水体开采的开采设计工艺参数优化和装备提出煤炭开采与煤矿城市和谐统一的开采沉陷控制开采村庄下压煤土地复垦和矿井水资源化等关键技术4 优化巷道布置减少矸石排放的开采技术改进完善现有采煤方法和开采布置以实现开采效益最大化为目标研究开发煤矿地质条件开采巷道布置及工艺技术评价体系专家系统实现开采方法开采布置与煤层地质条件的最优匹配总结推广神华集团大柳塔矿潞安漳村矿实行全煤巷布置单一煤层开采矸石基本不运出地面生产系统大大简化分别实现无轨胶轮单轨吊辅助运输一条龙从井口直达工作面同时实现了综采与综掘同步发展生产效率大幅提高的经验的同时重点研究高产高效矿井开拓部署与巷道布置系统的优化简化巷道布置优化采区及工作面参数研究单一煤层集中开拓集中准备集中回采的关键技术大幅度降低岩巷掘进率多开煤巷减少出矸率研究矸石在井下直接处理作为充填材料的技术既是减少污染的一项有力措施又简化了生产系统有利于高产高效集中化开采应加紧研究5 采场围岩控制技术1 进一步完善采场围岩控制理论以科学合理优化高效的岩层控制技术来保证开采活动的安全高效低成本为目标深入总结我国几十年的矿山压力研究成果以理论分析解析法现代数学力学统计分析预测数值法和实测法相结合运用先进的计算机技术深入研究各种煤层地质及开采条件如急倾斜大采高大采深采场矿山压力显现规律及围岩破坏与平衡机理不断完善采场围岩控制技术2 研究坚硬顶板与破碎顶板条件下应用高技术低成本岩层控制技术目前由于应用高压注水深孔预裂爆破处理坚硬顶板和应用化学加固技术存在工艺复杂成本高的问题因而需进一步研究开发新技术新工艺新材料来解决这些问题3 放顶煤开采岩层和支架围岩相互作用机理研究放顶煤开采力学模型围岩应力顶煤破碎机理支架顶煤直接顶基本顶相互作用关系运用离散元等方法研究顶煤放落规律提出放煤优化准则和提高顶煤回收率的途径4 支护质量与顶板动态监测技术在总结缓倾斜中厚长壁工作面开展支护质量与顶板动态监测方面应进一步在坚硬顶板破碎顶板急倾斜放顶煤工作面开展支护质量与顶板动态监测同时应不断完善现有的监测技术发展智能化监测系统改进监测仪表使监测仪表向直观轻便小型化方向发展5 冲击地压的预测和防治通过计算机模拟研究冲击性矿压显现发生的机理进一步完善冲击性矿压显现监测系统发展遥控测量和预报技术完善冲击性矿压综合防治措施的优化选择专家系统6 研究开发新型的支护设备研究硬煤层硬顶板放顶煤液压支架完善液压支架性能和快速移架系统开发耐炮崩轻型化单体液压支柱和厚煤层巷道锚索和可伸缩锚杆6 小煤矿技术改造和机械化开采技术实施国家关闭小煤矿淘汰落后生产技术和生产设备提高平均单井规模的技术政策开发小型煤矿机械化半机械化开采技术和装备改进小煤矿的采煤方法和开采工艺提高采煤工作面的单产和工效提高小煤矿的顶底板控制技术水平最大限度地减少顶底板事故率7 煤炭地下气化技术煤炭地下气化技术是将处于地下的煤炭进行有控制的燃烧通过对煤的热化学作用而产生可燃气体的过程煤炭地下气化技术属于一种特殊的采煤方法它属国际首创煤炭地下气化技术具有投资少工期短见效快用人少效率高成本低效益好等优点尤其适合我国煤矿地质条件复杂劣质煤比例高三下压煤严重的具体国情具有广阔的推广应用前景应继续研究完善长通道大断面两阶段和矿井式气化两种典型煤炭地下气化工艺进行较大规模的地下气化试验研究摸索实现两个控制三个稳定的技术途径并实现连续稳定生产探索应用的途径英文翻译译文Nowadays science and technology the new situation of the economic development under coals mining a technical research has to be faced to domestic foreign two markets and faced to was constuct by mainbattlefield have a foothold in the coal mine technical of before follow have a foothold the development is in the Chinese coal strategy necessity of technique storage have a foothold strategic in the long-term development in the coal industry have to of the key offends a pass technically have a foothold the industrial engineering is in the coal is actual the problem resolve the point be engaged in in the long-term research develop to store and technique before following the industry science and technology follow develop to have an independent intelligent property right of with the coal mine mine the technique and the kitmaterial for predominant core technique capture technique system alittle bit high1 adopt the coal method and craftAdopt the coal method and the progress of the craft with perfect is the topic that the always opencast academics developThe development that adopts the coal craft will arouse the change that the coal mines each link moderns adopting the development direction of the coal craft is highto produceefficientlyhigh safety with high and dependable the basic path makes to adopt a high new technique of the coal technique and modern to combine together studying to destrongdintefficientlysafetycredibilityenduringthe intelligence turn of adopt the coal equipments and production to supervise and control system improve with perfect adopt a coal craftContinue to develop multilayers at the time of developping a modern to adopt the coalcraftdiversification of adopt the coal craft the establishment has Chinese special features to adopt coal craft theoriesThe our country is long the wall adopt the coal method to have already tend mature put a coal to adopt coal of the application Be expanding continuously applying the depth of the level and theories research with wide degree all Be raising continuously nasty tilt to one side unsteadythe geologystructure complications etc is difficult to adopt coal seam to adopt the coal method and the research of the craft contain very big space themain direction improves the homework condition raising a list to produce with mechanization levelDevelop coal mine efficiently intensive turn a production techniquethe construction produce height concentrationhigh credibility of high produce efficiently the mineral well to mine a techniqueProduce by raising the work noodles list and produce concentration to changeinto core with lift high-efficiency with economic performance for target study to develop under various condition of high performancethe high credibility adopt the coal material and craftsimpleefficientlydependable production system with mine a decoration produce a distance to supervise and control to manage etc and science the kit is mutually of the set mine a technique develop under various mineral well coal seam condition of adopt the coal mechanization further improvement craft and material raise applied level and extend an application raise to adopt the degree and the level of the coal mechanization2 the development"shallow cover up deeply hard crest the plankhard coal seam is high to produce efficiently modern mine a set a technique" mainly solve a following technique hard nut to crackHard crest the plank control technique the research covers up a depthground to press a small hard and thick crest the plank control technique mainly pressing and tilting to one side deep bore to blow up through the rock strata definite direction water power etc crest the plank dispatch a technique make direct crest can with adopt with emitexaltation crest the coal recovery rate and the basic crest can press certain step to be apart from to fall since be advantageous to a coal broken up promise the safe production of the work noodles again Hard and thick crest the coal control technique the research development covers up a depth and pays to accept a hard and thick crest of small condition of pressure the dispatch of coal technique including high pressure to note the water pressure technique and crest coal deep bore to prepare to blow up the processing technique make a coal physique with adopt with emit raise its recovery rateCrest the coal emit to put sex badpiece degree the big release to adopt a set the equipments kit technique develop since be advantageous to a coal broken up with crest plank control and then be advantageous to the new liquid that puts a crest coal to press a support the empress of the reasonable assurance the department transport function dint Under two hard conditions put a coal to mine fast push forward a technique study suitable to release to adopt back to adopt a craft excellent chemical engineering preface shorten to put the coal time exaltation the work noodles of the propulsion degree carry out high produce efficientlyThe 5-55 m breadth coal lane anchor man pole protects a technique protecting the technical research development andapplication through the breadth coal lane anchor man pole be advantageous to the adopts the kit equipments of the big power and heavy type turn contributing to continuously an application of adopt the coal machine promote the work noodles of high produce efficiently3 tilt to one side long wall of thin coal seam to mine slowlyMain research developmentThe physical volume is smallpower the thin coal seam of[with] big and high credibility adopt coal machine and plane coal machineThe liquid that develops to suit to plane the coal machine to adopt presses a supportThe research develops the total kit technique of the thin coal seam work noodles with mine a technique efficiently4 tilt to one side thick coal seam slowly once to adopt whole thick adopt high and long wall to adopt greatlyShould strengthen the perfect support structure and strength further add a strong support to defend to pourantiskidkeep a beam from sew to open with four connect a pole to transformprevent?from the serious damage jack measure research of[with] etc suggest the credibility of the high support contract the margin that it is high with medium thick coal seam adopt a high 3 ms or so to produce efficiently index sign5 various adopt high produce efficiently to adopt equipments guarantee systemWant to carry out to be high to produce efficiently will raise to switch on a rate to the "support- round a rock" systemadopt the luck equipments to carry on supervisionThe point that will study from now on BEManipulate a support and change through the electricity liquid control valve set well"support- round a rock" system control the further perfect liquid presses an informationthe support crest plank appearancepay to protect the quality information of from move to collect systemThe examination that emulsifies the liquid pump station and liquid to press the system movement appearance examine a patientAdopt the coalmachine on-line and off-line monitor of[with]"oil- whet scraps" monitor and temperaturethe telecommunication number for combine togetherThe take type transports machine and pare off plank to transport overall appearance of machine supervision2 deep mineral wells mine a techniqueThe key technique that the deep mineral well mine BEThe mineral that the coal seam mine presses a controlpound at ground to press the prevention and curegas and heat to harm to manage and the deep well breezethe well lane decorationetcDemands offending what pass study BEThe deep well rounds the rock appearance with should the dint field and distribute the characteristic of the appearanceThe variety of homework place work environment in deep wellThe deep well tunnel especially soft rock tunnel digs quickly into with pay to protect the technique and materialImpact ground in deep well presses the prevention and cure technique and monitor to supervise and control a techniqueThe deep mineral well is high to produce to mine a concerning kit technique efficientlyThe deep mineral well mines heat to harm to manage the technique and material3 three times"s adopt a coal techniqueThe exaltation number imitates the calculation and alike material to imitate etc the thorough research mines to exercise to sink to sink regulation and earths surface up the rock strata studying a full foot earths surfacebuildingthe groundwater resources protection to need ofreasonable of mine system with excellent turn parameter develop to sink to decline the control theories and the key technique include to use the earths surface waste toward to fall the method work noodles to adopt the system that the empty area fillResearch and apply various to fill technique and combination to fill a technique the village housereinforces the reformation reconstruction technique being suitable for the village protection to mine a techniqueStudy the near water body mine of mine a designthe craft parameter is excellent to turn with the material putting forward coal to mine to unify with the coal mine city diapason of mine to sink to sink a control and mine a village to descend to press coalland to reply key techniques such as and the mineral well water recyclingetc4 excellent turn the tunnel decoration reduce the stone to exhaustof mine a techniqueImprovementperfect and existing adopt the coal method and mine a decoration with the realization mine a performance biggest change into a target research development the coal mine geology condition mine the tunnel decoration and the craft technique evaluation system expert system carrying out to mine methodmine to decoration and the coal seam geology condition of superior matchSummary expansion the absolute being group big LIU3 TA3 GONG3 the Anne Tsun mineral practice the whole coal lane to set out single coal seam to mine the stone basic not deliver a ground of side produce system consumedly simplify respectively carry out to have no a track gumroundsingle track hang an assistance to transport a dragon from the mouth of a well go directly to the work noodles in the meantime carry out adopt to dig a synchronous development with produce an efficiency significantly raise of empirical of in the meantime point research high produce efficiently the mineral well expand deployment set out system with tunnel of excellent turn simplification tunnel decoration excellent turn adopt the area and the work noodles parameter study single coal seam gather win expand concentration preparationconcentrate return to the key technique for adopt significant lower the rock lane dig into rate open the coal lane more reduce a rateStudy the stone a direct processing under the well and Be the technique that the fills material since is reduce polluting emollient measure and then simplify production system be advantageous to high produce to concentrate to turn to mine efficiently should step up a research5 adopt a field to round a rock control technique1 further perfect adopt a field to round rock control theoriesWith science is reasonable and excellent to turn efficiently of the rock strata control technique to promise a safety of mine the activityefficientlylow cost is target thorough summary our country the mineral mountain pressure of several decades research result with theories analysis solution the method modern mathematics mechanics statistics analysis estimatethe number method with measure a method to combine together the usageforerunners calculator technique actually deep go into study various coal seam geology and mine a condition such as nasty tilt to one sideadopt greatly highadopt greatly to adopt a mineral mountain pressure to present regulation and round the rock breakage and equilibrium mechanism deeply continuously perfect adopt a field to round a rock control technique2 study a strong and tough crest plank the lath piece to descend the applied high technique low cost rock strata control technique with the broken up crest Currently because of applied high press to note a waterdeep bore to prepare to blow up to handle a strong and tough crest plank and applied the chemistry reinforce the technique existence craft complicationscost high problem as a result need the further research development a new techniquenew craftnew material to resolve these problems3 put a coal to mine the rock strata and support-round rock interaction mechanismResearchs putting a coal to mine mechanics model and rounding a rock should the dintcrest mechanism with broken up coalthe support-crest coal-direct crest-basic crest interaction relationMake use of a long-lost dollar the etc method research crest coal to put to fall regulation put forward put coal is excellent to turn standard and exaltation a crest the coal recovery rate of path4 pay to protect the quality and crest plank dynamic state monitortechniqueIn the aspects of tally up slowly tilt to one side win thickly grow wall work noodles openning the exhibition to protect thequality and crest plank dynamic state monitor should further at strong and tough crest the plankbroken up crest planknasty tilt to one side and put a coal work noodles to open the exhibition to protect the quality and crest plank dynamic state monitor in the meantime should continuously perfect and existing monitor technique develop intelligence to turn monitor system improvement monitor appearance make monitor appearance to keep a vieweasy and convenient and small scaled turn a direction development5 pound at ground the estimate and the prevention and cure for pressPass the mechanism that the calculator emulation research impact mineral presses to present occurrenceFinish to pound at sex mineral to press to present monitor system well further develop to control from a distance measure and forecast a technique the perfect impact mineral press comprehensive prevention and cure measure of excellent turn choice expert system6 the research develop to pay to protect an equipments newlyStudythe hard coal seamhard crest plank puts a coal liquid to press a support the perfect liquid presses the support function with move a system quickly develop to bear cannon to collapsethe light type turn single body fluid to press to pay pillar with the thick coal seam tunnel anchor man and the flexible anchor man pole6 small coal mine technique reformation and mechanization mine a techniqueCarry out the nation closes small coal mine eliminating to fall behind the production technique and producing an equipments raising the technique policy of the single well scale equally develop small scaled coal mine mechanizationthe half mechanization to mine the technique and material improve small coal mine to adopt the coal method with mine a craft the list that raises to adopt the coal work noodles produces with the work effectRaise the crest of the small coal mine scaleboard control technique level reduce a scaleboard trouble rate with imum limit7 coal underground gasify a techniqueThe coal undergrounds gasifying a technique is the coal that will be placed in an underground to carry on the combustion that has a control passing to the hot chemical effect of the coal but producing can the process of the airThe coal underground gasification technique belong to a kind of adopt the coal method specially it belongs to nations to foundThe coal underground gasifies a technique to have an investment littlethe work expect to be short and take effect quickly and use a person littletheefficiency is highthe cost is lowperformance good etc advantage particularly in keeping with our country the coal mine geology condition complicationsthe inferior coal comparison is high"three times" press the coal severity to have the body state of the nation have vast of expansionapplication foregroundShould continue to study perfect"long passagebig cross sectiontwo stages" two kinds of typical model coalundergrounds to gasify a craft with"the mineral well type gasify" carry on a more large-scale underground to gasify to experiment a research grope for the technique path of the realization"two controls3 stabilize" and carry out a consecution and stabilize to produce to investigate applied path。

关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。

外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：煤矿安全文献、资料英文题目：Mine safety文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the earlystages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or,alternatively, connected todowncast shafts or mainintakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal minesare Figure 1. Typical elements of a main ventilation systemrequired, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxic fumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the currentventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuiting when one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularlyconvenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able to successfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relativeefficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations of equipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocitiesof 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majority of dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwallproduction levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surface water into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。

矿井通风煤矿瓦斯利用中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的8个煤矿已经成功开发了瓦斯回收利用工程。

维吉尼亚州的康索尔煤矿最有见证的例子。

在1995年，康索尔的3个煤矿生产了大约688×106m3的可销售瓦斯。

在这些煤矿的瓦斯回收率高达60%。

2.3.3西南部地区直到1994年瓦斯市场价格走低，犹他州的士兵峡谷煤矿煤矿每年都回收大约10.9×106m3的瓦斯用于销售。

2.3.4小结以上描述的矿井已经和高效率的、经济的回收瓦斯，但为了安全地、高量地生产的目的，分离瓦斯的努力依然很有诱惑。

在美国，许多瓦斯矿井被限制抽放瓦斯甚至不允许。

2.4德国1995年，德国生产将近540万吨硬煤，全部来自地下开采。

其中的430万吨由德国西北部的鲁尔区盆地开采得到，并且其余的大部分由德国西南部的萨尔河盆地开采得到。

直到最近，在德国硬煤开采得到大量补贴，煤炭业的将来成为问题。

即使煤矿被关闭，在相当一段时间里，它们依然会释放瓦斯。

粗略估计，在德国每年由于地下采煤活动释放1.8×109m3的瓦斯。

其中的520×106m3，即其中的30%是抽放出来的。

（63IEA,1994）大约371×106m（即抽放瓦斯的71%）主要用于加热或发电。

政府部门提议：由于开采煤而涌出的瓦斯的45%都可以抽放并以各种形式利用。

目前，提高瓦斯回收利用的主要障碍是混合气体中瓦斯浓度低。

德国安全规程规定：如果瓦斯浓度低于25%，那么禁止了利用。

25中英文对照外文翻译如果想进一步提高德国的瓦斯利用效率，那么有必要采取一些措施以高浓度瓦斯形式回收利用。

3降低瓦斯释放量的障碍通过增加煤矿瓦斯利用来降低瓦斯释放的障碍重重。

有技术因素，如煤的渗透性差，还有一些传统因素，像瓦斯价格低廉。

许多年来，一些国家或地区面临特殊障碍，但大多的情况是许多国家面临着共同的困难。

这一部分将探讨增加煤矿瓦斯利用方法及克服种种障碍的可行方法。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。

作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。

关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。

“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。

在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。

想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。

营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。

原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。

燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。

这些也在自然界中发生。

最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。

在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。

生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。

然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。

如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。

Control of gas emissions in underground coal minesKlaus Noack*DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung und Prüfung mbH, Institut für Bewetterung, Klimatisierung und Staubbekämpfung, Franz-Fischer-Weg 61, Essen, Germany Received 2 August 1996; accepted 24 February 1997. Available online 24 November 1998.AbstractA high level of knowledge is now available in the extremely relevant field of underground gas emissions from coal mines. However, there are still tasks seeking improved solutions, such as prediction of gas emissions, choice of the most suitable panel design, extension of predrainage systems, further optimization of postdrainage systems, options for the control of gas emissions during retreat mining operations, and prevention of gas outbursts. Research results on these most important topics are presented and critically evaluated. Methods to predict gas emissions for disturbed and undisturbed longwall faces are presented. Prediction of the worked seam gas emission and the gas emission from headings are also mentioned but not examined in detail. The ventilation requirements are derived from the prediction results and in combination with gas drainage the best distribution of available air currents is planned. The drainage of the gas from the worked coal seam, also referred to as predrainage, can be performed without application of suction only by over or underworking the seam. But in cases where this simple method is not applicable or not effective enough, inseam-boreholes are needed to which suction is applied for a relatively long time. The reason for this is the low permeability of deep coal seams in Europe. The main influences on the efficiency of the different degasing methods are explained. Conventional gas drainage employing cross measure boreholes is still capable of improvement, in terms of drilling and equipment as well as the geometrical borehole parameters and the operation of the overall system. Improved control of gas emissionsat the return end of retreating faces can be achieved by installation of gas drainage systems based on drainage roadways or with long and large diameter boreholes. The back-return method can be operated safely only with great difficulty, if at all. Another method is lean-gas drainage from the goaf. The gas outburst situation in Germany is characterized by events predominantly in the form of ‘non-classical' outbursts categorized as ‘sudden liberation of significant quantities of gas'. Recent research results in this field led to a classification of these phenomena into five categories, for which suitable early detection and prevention measures are mentioned.Author Keywords: gas emission; prediction; pre-degassing; gas drainage; gas outbursts1. IntroductionCoal deposits contain mine gas (mostly methane) in quantities which are functions of the degree of coalification and permeability of the overburden rocks. This is the reason why the gas content of coal seams (and rock layers) varies from 0 m3/t in the flame coal and gas-flame coal of the northwestern Ruhr Basin to >25 m3/t in the anthracite of Ibbenbüren in Germany.When influenced by mining activities this gas is emitted into the coal mine. For better understanding of this process a distinction has been established between basic and additional gas emissions. Basic gas emission is the gas influx from the worked coal seam, which is the equivalent of a partial influx in a multi-seam deposit and of the total gas influx in a single-seam deposit. Additional gas emission represents gas influx coming from neighbouring coal seams (in the case of a multi-seam deposit) and from associated rock layers. The additional gas emission may be in excess of ten times the basic gas emission. So it is mostly the additional gas emission which determines the measures to control the gas emission.In Germany the gas emission is considered to be under control if the gas concentration of the mine air can be kept permanently at all relevant places under 1% CH4. This value is at an adequate distance to the lower explosion limit of methane-air mixtures, which under normal conditions is 4.4% CH4. In exceptional cases, thepermissible limit value can be raised to 1.5% CH4. For historical reasons, different permissible limits sometimes apply in other countries, for example 1.25% CH4 in the United Kingdom and up to 2% CH4 in France.Basically, the options for control of gas emission are as follows:(1) Total avoidance of gas release from the deposit. This is only possible with regard to the additional gas emission and only for mining procedures which do not affect stability; hence permeability of the overlying and underlying strata (e.g., room-and-pillar mining where the pillars are left standing during the development phase).(2) Removal of the gas from the deposit before working. For this purpose, all procedures for pre-degassing, either by vertical or by deflected cross measure boreholes drilled from the surface, or by inseam-holes drilled below ground, are technically suitable provided the natural or induced gas permeability permitspre-degassing.(3) Capture and drainage of the gas during mining operations before it mixes with the air flow. This is a classic procedure developed for capturing the additional gas using drainage boreholes, drainage roadways or drainage chambers.(4) Homogenize and evacuate the gas influx after diluting it with sufficient amount of air. This involves panel design, air supply, air distribution, and the prevention of gas outbursts.The following discussions concentrate on problems which are currently given priority in the European Union (EU) funded research. They also cover a significant portion of the gas emission problems worldwide. Problems from non-EU states (e.g., Australia, the Community of Independent States (CIS), South Africa and the United Stated of America (USA)) are also taken into consideration, as far as the author's knowledge permits it. This subject matter is presented in a condensed form under the following headings: prediction of gas emissions; measures taken to control gas emissions; pre-degassing of coal seams; optimization of conventional gas drainage; control of gas emissions for retreating faces; and prevention of gas outbursts.2. Prediction of gas emissionsPrediction of firedamp emission has been practized for many years in the German hardcoal industry (Winter, 1958; Schulz, 1959; Noack, 1970 and Noack, 1971; Flügge, 1971; Koppe, 1975) so that several prediction methods are now available. Among these, the following methods are mentioned:(1) the calculation of the amount of gas emission (Koppe, 1976; Noack, 1985), as used to deal with emission from both the worked coal seam and adjacent seams, which are disturbed by earlier mining activities;(2) the calculation of the reduction of gas pressure (Noack and Janas, 1984; Janas, 1985a and Janas, 1985b), as used in undisturbed parts of the deposit; and(3) prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission from longwall faces, for the gas emission from headings and for the gas emission from coal seams cut through during drifting.The first two methods provide a prediction of the specific gas emission from a mine working, expressed in cubic metres of gas per ton of saleable coal production. The gas influx to the mine working in cubic metres of gas per unit time, which is a relevant factor for mine planning, can be derived from multiplying the predicted result by the scheduled production volume.Both methods determine the mean gas emission from a coal face area for a nearly constant face advance rate during a sufficiently long period of time (several months). The prediction assumes that the zone from which the gas is emitted is fully developed, in other words the coal face starting phase has been passed. Furthermore, the coal face has to be above a critical length (i.e., longer than 180–190 m at 600 m working depth and longer than 220–240 m at 1000 m depth).The influx of gas to a coal face area (both into the mine air current and into the gas drainage system) is defined by the following factors: (1) the geometry and size of the zone from which gas is emitted, both in the roof and the floor of the face area, including the number and thickness of gas-bearing strata in that zone; (2) the gas content of the strata; (3) the degree of gas emission, as a function of time- andspace-related influences; and (4) the intensity of mining activities. The geometry and size of the zone from which additional gas is emitted are simplified forming a parallelepiped above and below the worked area; its extension normal to the stratification depends on the prediction method.The number and location, type, and thickness of the strata in the zone from which additional gas is emitted can be derived from existing boreholes, staple-shafts, and roadways inclined to the stratification. The gas content of the strata (Paul, 1971; Janas, 1976; Janas and Opahle, 1986) is difficult to determine. There are two alternatives for direct gas content determination available for coal seams (VerlagGlückauf GmbH, 1987). One alternative uses samples of drillings frominseam-boreholes (for developed seams) and the other alternative uses core samples from boreholes inclined to the stratification (for undeveloped seams). Since a suitable method of determining the gas content of rock is not yet available, a double prediction is made with the first prediction neglecting the rock altogether and the second prediction using the assumption of an estimated gas content of the rock strata.The methods for predicting the proportion of gas content emitted are basically divergent. On the one hand the prediction, which is based on the degree of gas emission, assumes that the emitted gas proportion is not a function of the initial gas content but rather of the geometric location of the relevant strata towards the coal face area. The other method, which relies on gas pressure, commences with a fixed residual gas pressure, hence residual gas content. Its value depends on the geometric location of the strata. This means that the emitted proportion of the gas content, representing the balance against the initial gas content, depends on the latter.2.1. Prediction for previously disturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously disturbed zone in shallow to moderately inclined deposits (dip between 0 and 40 gon) is based on the degree of gas emission (Fig. 1). It uses the degree of gas emission curve designated as PFG for the roof (considering an attenuation factor of 0.016) and the curve designated as FGK for the floor.Fig. 1. PFG/FGK method.For practical reasons the upper boundary of the zone from which gas is emitted is assumed to be at h=+165 m, whereas, the lower boundary is at h=−59 m. In the absence of empirical data a mean degree of gas emission of 75% in the worked coal seam is assumed. Above the seam, from the h=+0 m level to the h=+20 m level, and below the seam from the h=−0 m level to the h=−11 m level, the degree of gas emission is assumed to be 100%.For the purpose of prediction, the surrounding rock strata are considered as fictitious coal seams for which reduced gas contents are assumed. The reduction factors are 0.019 (for mudstone), 0.058 (for sandy shale) or 0.096 (for sandstone).2.2. Prediction for previously undisturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously undisturbed zone is based on the residual gas pressure profiles shown in Fig. 2. There are three zones visible in the roof and two in the floor, which are characterized by varying residual gas pressure gradients. The upper and lower boundaries of the zone from which gas is emitted (hlim and llim, respectively) are defined by the intersection of the residual gas pressure lines and the level of initial gas pressure pu, thus aredependent on the latter.Fig. 2. Gas pressure method: residual gas pressure lines dependent on thicknessof the worked coal seam.The breaking points of the residual gas pressure profile for 1 m of worked coal seam thickness (continuous line) are defined by the coordinates in Table 1, whereas the lines are characterized by the residual gas pressure gradients also in Table 1.Table 1. Parameters for the gas pressure methodFull-size table (<1K)View Within ArticleThe dotted line on Fig. 2 applies to 1.5 m of worked coal seam thickness and shows that the h1 and h2 ordinate levels relating to the roof increase in linear proportion to the thickness of the worked coal seam, with gradients declining correspondingly. There is no dependence on coal seam thickness in the floor, where the value of l1 remains constant at −33 m.Based on the illustrated residual gas pressure profile, the residual gas pressures are first determined layer by layer in accordance with the mean normal distance of a layer from the worked coal seam and afterwards they are converted to residual gas contents using Langmuir's sorption isotherm. The difference between the initial and residual gas contents finally represents the emitted proportion of the adsorbed gas which is the required value. To this value will then be added the free gas, the proportion of which is found by multiplying the effective porosity of the strata under review by its thickness and gas pressure difference. Empirical values have to be used for the effective porosity of coal and rock for methane. Typical values for the coal are between 1 and 10%, and for the rock they are between 0.3 and 1.3%. The values vary in a wide range and depend on chronostratigraphy. In the absence of empirical values for the proportion of gas emission from the worked coal seam a value of 40% would be assumed.2.3. Comparison of the two methodsThe gas pressure method may claim the following advantages over the prediction based on the degree of gas emission: There are no rigid delimitations of the upper and lower zones from which gas is emitted. They rather depend on the value of the initial gas pressure and on the type of strata. In the roof the effect of the thickness of the worked coal seam is considered in the profile of residual gas pressure. The prediction takes into account not only the adsorbed gas but also the free gas; this is for both, the coal seams and the surrounding strata. The total gas content rather than the desorbable proportion is used for the prediction.2.4. Other methodsThe prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission in longwalls and for inseam-headings as well as for coal seam cut through operations during drifting with tunneling machines cannot be explained in detail. For further information refer to the following papers: Noack, 1977; Janas and Stamer, 1987; Noack and Janas, 1988; Noack and Opahle, 1992.It should be mentioned that DMT is testing the prediction of gas emission in machine-driven headings on the base of the INERIS method. Fig. 3 shows an excellent conformity between calculated and measured values (Tauziède et al., 1992).Fig. 3. Comparison between calculated and measured values of gasemission.煤矿井下瓦斯涌出控制摘要：一种先进的方法已在与煤矿井下瓦斯涌出极其相关的领域获得。

西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstractDepartment of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines, Independencia,13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要矿井中有很多气体影响着煤矿工作环境，在这些气体中，甲烷是重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。

尽管随着科技的发展，但我们始终无法完全消除。

瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多。

甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如在生产率和它的产生的后果，增加深度：在控制日益增加的甲烷量的方面有很多困难，主要是提高机械化，使用爆炸品，而不是密切关注瓦斯控制系统。

本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。

最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。

为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。

这两个煤矿属于Riosa- Olloniego 煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。

仪器是通过subhorizontal 能级开采的，一个约1000 米的山Lusorio 根据实际深度覆盖的地区。

在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。

本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化..本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。

这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。

煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理摘要矿井中一直控制存在不同的气体在采矿环境。

这些气体中，甲烷是最重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。

尽管在技术在近几十年来的发展，瓦斯灾害尚未完全避免。

瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多，甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如生产的增长率及其后果：难以控制的甲烷浓度增加，机械化程度提高，使用炸药和不重视气控制系统。

本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。

最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。

为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。

这两个煤矿属于Riosa-Olloniego煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。

仪器是通过subhorizontal能级开采的，一个约1000米的山Lusorio根据实际深度覆盖的地区。

在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。

本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化。

本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。

这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。

因此，应该完成系统的测量控制风险：在8煤层瓦斯压力影响的其他地区，要建立最合适的时刻进行开采作业。

进一步的研究可以把重点放在确定的渗透，不仅在瓦斯爆炸危险区，而且在那些还没有受到采矿的工作和更精细的调整过载时间的影响范围和矿井第7煤层和第8煤层之间的瓦斯气体。

关键词：煤矿，煤层气，气体压力渗透率瓦斯突出1 简介近年来，煤层气体和煤矿瓦斯研究蓬勃发展。

附录2Coal mining and security,Keyword : "three soft" coal bed; Mine pressure show features one .The "three soft" coal bed on top of coal mine located pressure of study 1, located about 12,090, located in the Great West Yugou mining bureau hoisted two wells below a District East, West 2 West transport belts down, 2 mining areas in east-west border to stop a thread. located 420 m towards the average length, 100 m long trend. The second one, located stoping coal bed, Fucun Group in Shanxi Erdiexi bottom. Because coal bed sediment environment and the impact of later tectonic movements, uneven thickness, larger changes, stoping coal in the context of a thin belt presence (vice alley in de 40~180 m above, the thickness of a coal bed 0~1. 6 m), to bring a certain degree of difficulty stoping work. coal bed inclination to 7~14 meridian east, the average thickness of 4 coal bed. 62 m, the coal is of relatively for anthracite, coal is of relatively soft, low intensity and easy to run down. Direct roof for the stones, mudstone and sandy mudstone; direct-bed for the stones, axes; In direct top,- bed between local presence and pseudo - pseudo-top end, the variable quality mudstone or mudstone mostly carbon, thickness generally less than 0. 5 m. 2 mine pressurised observation content and layout mine detection point pressure is the main purpose of observing large Yugou Mining Bureau "three soft" coal bed guns a coal located on top of the pressure distribution pattern and advance to pressure step from the initial roof, pressure to step away from the cycle and intensity. major observational content pit props pressure, located cradles pressure. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the observation of a face, supporting macroeconomic situation changes; Watch top coal broken off after the roof and the top of the coal shed Yunyi 3 located advance pressure distribution characteristics 3. 1 observation data collation, located back alley advance wind pressure observation period, Underground daily sent people to the station pressure gauge readings recorded, measuring station located to the distance, macro-observation plane lane, alley and surrounding rock changes in the wind conditions and intense deformation measurements relating to the district, located in the distance. After calculation handling objects charts. 3. 2 advance distribution of pressure from the wind power plant Lane can finally curve, caused by coal mining is much pressure to advance work before side 34 m, 34 m at work beforethe side street will be located within the stope advance pressure. advance pressure peaks in the work zone before side 9~12 m, a significant increase in the volume of pit deformation, top Jing fence fractures increase, and sometimes a coal business, a broken cinder ended. 34 m away from the side before the work stoppage that could advance pressure from the impact of a stress stability zone. The two coal bed belonging to one of "three soft" instability thick coal bed, the old top to pressure evident, leading to work on stress distribution side before extended stress peaks, located far away from the district, stress concentration factor is, However, the relative proximity of the larger pit surrounding rock, to reduce the excessive stope pillars surrounding rock deformation and destruction, and give full play to the role of supporting the surrounding rock deformation control, work before the two parties within 21 m alley to advance support for. 4 coal mining located roof to pressure of 4. 1 mine coal mining is much pressure observation data collection and processing for about guns taken on the top and roof load coal mine, located cradles pressure distribution patterns, 12,090 wells located in the red flag for the use of pressure-Yaliji located cradles a half load for the site observations that after calculating the results processed figure 3-Figure 5 below. Figure 3 is the backbone of the chassis is much data to load for X-coordinateobservation cycle, weighted average time to load a vertical structure coordinates. can be seen from Figure 3, located along the direction of a cyclical movement roof phenomenon cycle to pressure to step away from 19 m. Figure 4 is located opposite to the X-coordinate long to normal when the three pillars of load testing station for the average vertical coordinates. by Figure 4 shows that Coal is much more along the direction of the top (board) campaign has begun mine pressure area characteristics, the greatest pressure on the middle and upper occasions, the smallest part. 4. 2 stope mine pressure manifested by the basic law of observational data analysis stope mine pressure show the following obvious features : (1) Overall, supports early resistance do not hold power and work great. As this is much direct contact with the sphere payments Liang was named top soft coal, coupled with the roof is also very soft, in the time frames established in the early extension to be able to improve. Average power for itself in early 226. 38~227. 36 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 15. 4 %~16. 8% Working resistance averaged 252. 84~272. 44 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 17.2 %~18. 5% to pressure, the maximum resistance for 372. 4 kN/ to shed, 23% rated the work of resistance. 3% The average intensity of support for the 102. 3~144. 5 kN/ map. problems are caused mainly coal-bed and the top is too soft and monomer pillar inserted at theend of serious (some pillars inserted to the end of 700 mm or more), sometimes steel girder also drilled top. lower support body rigidity, limiting the ability to play a supporting. (2) In the course of supporting a payload located in the non-violent change, the pressure to show moderate and mine, to suppress evidence cycle (compared with the stratification changes evident exploitation), show a ground movement of rocks not violent. (3) to the old top of the initial pressure to step away from about 19 m, pressure to the end of the period cradles inserted a general increase in the volume, the deepest reached 95 cm; coal Pik films to serious, the deepest reach 0. 5 m; Guarding includes fractures increasing pressure to show quick to shed mine obvious. (4) roof cycle to pressure to step away from the general 6~12 m, with an average of 9 m. to pressure, National average load rate and peak load generally 1. 1~1. 3 (5) work surface, China, and three offices, located under the same basic structure resistance. This was mainly due to top coal pine broken, the roof vulnerable to collapse down, the two lane or coal, do not appear on basic export Kok Department triangular arc -- top. stope roof collapse or even the whole, extraction region filled with better results. (6) roof pressure on the former than coal or coal, small, or an average of 237 coal ago. 16 kN/ to shed, or an average of 268 after coal. 52 kN/ to shed. This is mainly because on the formercoal extraction region of the roof was broken up and top coal is filled with more in a market created a-bed, cradles, broken down objects, top coal composition balance system, in this system, supporting the main support coming from the top of the coal and the roof spaces. or coal, broken down by helicopter after the original space was filled with top coal deplete, and the roof to collapse down to completely backward, the original balance system is damaged, and that the plant should not only support higher top coal Additional support also in the roof above the pressure and therefore the power plant have increased. However, the side roof over a soft, with a Sui collapse, not a large overhang top, the structure will not collapse down the impact hazard. 5 knot on top of 12,090 guns a low load coal plant, located, mine pressure appeared evident. this is because the coal bed "three soft" coal beds, pillars inserted at the pressure seriously, cradles effectiveness has not been fully exploited; On the other hand, because the roof is much thicker, with a then - and extraction region filled with better results. In view of this, we should increase the coverage of a support cut and raise the pillars of power in the early intention to increase plant stability. Second, Coal Mine gas explosion accident electrical current incentives and measures, most of our coal upward inclination to move boring, coal makes such a partial or total removal of thedumping of the top, the reason is to use gravity to pass out of coal mining. Because of spillover coal mine gas air mass lighter than air, so gas gas in the air by buoyancy role will be along the street, dumping flows to the top, gather the top of the highest point in the pit (coal mining side) near a 5%~15% size than for the gas-air mixture can be explosive gas. Therefore, coal, gas gas combined with the dumping pit top "since deteriorated role." At present, China's coal mine ventilation methods used may not be the complete elimination of this form of burglary mixed gas, which is one of the main reasons for such coal mine gas explosion. It should be said that after the coal mine gas explosion in the relevant departments and personnel operations of a number of painful lessons learned, which has also taken some measures, but the explosion is still unabated, and this shows that in the previous incidents summed up the reasons, there are major underlying factors induced. In recent years many cases of the author on coal gas explosion accident and the cause of the accident was announced incomplete statistics, the analysis found that the coal mine gas explosion accident subjective and objective factors are manifold, but the most fundamental factor than direct two main aspects : First, the partial loss of gas concentration reached explosive limits; in the presence of one to two basis of many types of electrical equipment error or mineoperation against induced electrical spark or explosion due. To the elimination of one of the parties concerned have made fruitful discussions on the following two key to the author as a result of statistics, analysis, and make the corresponding contain electrical incentives exist. 1 coal mine gas explosion accidents in coal mine explosion electrical incentives type material foundation -- China coal mine gas is a gas or other carbon material, the main component of methane, lighter than air, combustion Yi, Yi explosions. Gathered in a gas concentrations in the air shaft internal combustion-supporting, electrical sparks and other fire sources in the event will be an explosion. According to the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a joint coal Information General Hospital "My mine production safety situation, gaps and response" issue, the Chinese original mine safety facilities serious ageing, many power equipment. Mine can not vote in safety, not only to add new equipment, the maintenance of existing equipment have also been omitted. In recent years, the author of the wrong types of electrical equipment such as incentives to the coal mine gas explosion summarized as follows : 1.1 errors mine shaft electricity power supply, power supply reliability is poor, - owned power (generators) or small models, configuration unreasonable, poor operating performance caused by the interruption of electricity, coal, gas gas utilization.1:2004 example, a coal mine explosion in March Shanxi Province, 28 miners were killed. According to the local production safety supervision and management department said that at 18:48 on March 1, the coal city electrical grid electricity blackouts limit will be just purchased 400kW generators, the generators fully automatic rubber, but after the voltage reach 280V, 380V no longer or less than the rated voltage. Taiwan into a coal mine and the old 90kW generator power, as the small electrical capacity only to the ventilator, and other non-production of electricity supply, ventilation are sluggish, causing local gas concentrations. 23:00 more city electrical grid calls, working on a gas explosion had occurred near the accident. 1.2 shaft, electrical equipment deficiencies (1) Because electricity network power cable insulation affected with damp usually wrong, damaged, single-jointed or alternate with short-circuit occurred, a spark or electrical cables exploded, causing the gas explosion accident. 2:2000 example, in November 1997, a coal mine gas explosion occurred at the Hubei Province. Investigation team of experts that the high gas for coal mine, when the cause of the accident : mine roof collapsed, broken cable insulation layer, to trigger the electrical wiring sparks, leading to the burning of gas caused an explosion. August 28, 2004, the Guangdong cable explosion of a coal mine accidents occurred,a working fire. (2) Because of the change in the general area of distribution equipment error or distribution transformers distribution devices, do not have the blast performance of operational conditions, resulting in a relatively lower insulation or alternate with insulation, damage, resulting in electrical spark detonated gas. 3:2004 example, the Hunan "3.29" direct cause of the gas explosion accident identified. Experts said : electrical spark in the coal pit of distribution transformer room exit lanes margin wiring. Underground paths lead to the loss of environmental change, and no replacement for mine blast Zhongyuan some electrical appliances, humid to three-phase electrical wiring boxes between insulation to reduce, and ultimately led to the destruction of an electric spark insulation between the lines, detonated gas. (3) Because electricity lighting equipment deficiencies more lamps for lighting fireworks, detonating gas 4:2000 examples of Guangdong a coal gas explosion occurred, because miners operating illegally crossed died people have finished high gas concentrations, the light bulb explosion sparks, causing gas explosion. N August 2004, a coal mine gas explosion in Jiangxi. Identify the cause of the accident : the exploitation of operating wells without a ventilation system, causing massive underground gas explosion gather reach concentrations encountered lights exploded electrical fire sources,a gas explosion accident major responsibility o (4) loss for electrical equipment used to dig the wrong number of coal used without explosions performance electric motors, mechanical ventilator, diving pump, gas leakage caused the explosion. Examples 5:2004, March 17, a major gas explosion accident occurred in Yunnan, identifying pit mining as merely led to gas utilization, the introduction of the leakage is not available explosions performance diving pumps and drainage caused by gas explosion. In addition, non-compliance with the operating loss of electrical safety operation procedures, such as coal mine safety measures in the absence of a relevant circumstances, without stopping, power transmission, or that the electricity goes down the mine, electrician charged install electrical equipment, or unauthorized workers Underground Work opened see louvre, unsafe use of lighting lamps. will produce electrical spark triggered gas explosion accident o 2 inspiration from the many terrible incidents of incomplete statistics, and analysis of the organization's headquarters in 1980 -2002, this province over the past 23 years coal mine three or more major casualties. 3 more gas accident killed 2,563 people, representing more than three people since the founding of the PRC gas accident deaths 81.8%. In these gas explosion accident, resulting in gas gas combined 10 of the main reasons. Including :coal for electricity, accounting for 49.6% of accidents caused by the wind stopped. Therefore, the eradication of coal gas explosion accident, the first task is to ensure that coal city-owned electric power or reliable power supply to solve the main ventilator blackouts, stop the wind, in order to remove mines, gas gas accumulation, where. Furthermore, from the frequent disasters, we can see that in the current coal production is still more common safety issues : In addition to coal management system is not perfect, safety supervision, weak sense of security, inadequate security inputs indirect factors, particularly serious : Because of electrical equipment models, configuration unreasonable, without explosions performance, or own errors, poor operating performance, or electrical explosion caused by electrical sparks coal gas explosion accident. Thus, the coal mine gas explosion is very serious electrical incentives, achieving stable coal mine production safety, the key lies in ensuring reliable electricity supply, gas utilization and the elimination of mine blast performance of the pit reliable electrical products. 3 significantly reduced coal mine gas explosion electrical incentive measures against mines, electric power 3.1, - owned power sources (generators) of electricity can be unreliable error-circuit the electricity supply network, electricity supply network to doublecircuit city, reliable performance of the mine-owned power and the corresponding automatic standby power input devices (BZT) before that the whole area of reliable electricity. 3.2 against pit electricity network, change distribution equipment, electrical equipment for lighting lamps and wrong in the light of the importance of safety and mine explosions blast explosive gas and electrical products in a hazardous environment applications dust penetration, should focus on strengthening the environment for use in the blast mandatory supervision and inspection of electrical products, The blast to use alternative to ordinary electrical products are products. Meanwhile users should strengthen the supervision and inspection of electrical products explosions to avoid cases of extended Unit 310-311 provides superior service or the occurrence of such phenomena. In addition, the strengthening of explosions electrical product standardization work, continuously improve its product standardization, mass production, the level of generic, user-friendly models, use. Furthermore, should strengthen blast electrical products production, circulation and use of the link quality control, with a view to ultimately achieve pit mining operations, must be of quality and access to the mine in product safety signs explosions electrical products to a perfect pit blast electrical system, and ensure that products explosions structure,processes, materials, testing standards are in line with the blast, If Gebao face with the extra width or with gap should not, do Gebao side wall thickness consistency; Add an arbitrary face between Gebao sealed pad. To form, especially cast iron shell materials to be tested; Do Gebao external pressure testing; Gebao area of trachoma, the eye should not receive gas; Gebao the fastenings secure external sound; Establishment, within proximity to external hard disks; Redundant Kong into line with steel block panels. Electrical blast should be consistent with the manufacture and assembly of quality products acceptance norms. Electrical models with the mine, the circuit wiring boxes climb distance and electrical power generated, structural materials, sealed materials should be in accordance with explosions standards, wiring boxes should Tu Li arc section; Avoid winding short circuit, open circuit phenomenon stator winding assembly former internal clean up, after winding Jinqi avoid painting neoplasms; Gebao type structure and the electrical transmission bearings bearings Gebao structure should avoid "an axis" quality accidents. Gebao face roughness should meet standards for ultra-poor attention to the oval to ensure that their Care degrees; Processes transmission process protection Gebao face. Blast in the process of applying electrical products, product models with installation standards, such as blast-type and Gebao level,group selection and use of premises shall be consistent with the corresponding conditions; Inspection work should be in place to safeguard products; Eliminate fake and shoddy, with the use of safety dangers products in the field, such as wiring boxes of machine screws, cable soliciting without top device or devices Mifengjuan Mifengjuan lost, electric motors wind cover fixed bolts incomplete, corrupted or lost data plate serious. Blast should ensure outdoor electrical wiring boxes waterproofing product performance; Maintenance products should meet after the original blast. Users should understand product maintenance, overhaul spent standards must apply to dangerous places blast electrical products. Of course, the blast of electrical products to be imported by passing my test explosions quality inspection agencies in product safety and access to the mine signs before entering our field of mobile marketing. Against mine operators where electricity, electrical explosions should strengthen awareness, training, education, so that mine operators consciously strict compliance with the Mine Safety operation procedures, a blast of electrical standards implemented.4 concluding remarks after the coal mine gas explosion accident and electrical incentives are closely related, as long as our own departments and the establishment of coal mine production safety mechanisms mechanism, strengthen the Coal Mine Safety Supervision,and ensure reliable electricity supply, mine blast in the distribution of quality electrical products, coal operators to strictly comply with the safety operation procedures, I believe coal mine gas explosion accidents rate markedly.............................................................................................................................................................此处忽略！！！！！！！！。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or, alternatively, connected to downcast shafts or main intakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal mines are required, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxicfumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the current ventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuitingwhen one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularly convenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able tosuccessfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relative efficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations ofequipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocities of 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majorityof dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwall production levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surfacewater into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。

中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述附录A：Status of worldwide coal mine methaneemissions and useUnderground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the atmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine economics.The world’s ten largest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS particularly Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the methane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems andfor coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell high-quality mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are common to a number of the subject countries. Technical barriers include low-permeability coals; variable or low gas quality, variations in gas supply an demand and lack of infrastructure.Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertinent to development of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A possible option for encouraging coal mine methane recovery and use would be international adoption of a traceable permit system for methane emissions.1 IntroductionIn recent years, coalbed methane has gained attention as a saleable natural gas resource. Methane can be extracted either from coal seams which will never undergo mining, or it can be produced as a part of the coal mining process. This paper focuses on methane which is produced in conjunction with coal mining operations（coal mine methane）. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA, 1994a）, underground coal mines liberate an estimated 29 to 41×109 m 3of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is vented to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. This paper examines the potential for recovering and using the methane which is currently being emitted from coal mines.There are three primary reasons for recovering coal mine methane. The first reason is to increase mine safety. Worldwide, there have beenthousands of recorded fatalities from underground mine explosions in which methane was a contributing factor. Using methane drainage systems, mines can reduce the methane concentration in their ventilation air, ultimately reducing ventilation requirements.The second reason is to improve mine economics. By reducing emissions and preventing explosions and outbursts, methane drainage systems can cost effectively reduce the amount of time that the coal mine must curtail production. Moreover, recovered methane can be used either as fuel at the mine site or sold to other users.The third reason for coalbed methane recovery and use is that it benefits the global and local environment. Methane is a major greenhouse gas and is second in global impact only to carbon dioxide; methane thus is detrimental to the environment if vented to the atmosphere. Although the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere each year is orders of magnitude larger than that of methane, each additional gram of methane released to the atmosphere is as much as 22 times more effective in potentially warming the Earth’s surface over a 100-year period than each additional gram of carbon dioxide (USEPA, 1994a) . Compared with other greenhouse gases, methane has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime. The lifetime of methane (defined as its atmospheric content divided by its rate of removal) is approximately 10 years. Due to its short lifetime, stabilizing methane emissions can have a dramatic impact on decreasing the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Coal mine methane recovery and use represent a cost-effectivemeans of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mines. Methane, moreover, is a remarkably clean fuel. Methane combustion produces no sulfur dioxide or particulates and only half the amount of carbon dioxide that is associated with coal combustion on an energy equivalent basis.Because of the environmental impact of coal mine methane emissions, the USEPA, the Int ernational Energy Agency’s Coal Advisory Board (CIAB), and others have investigated methane emissions from coal mining worldwide. The USEPA (1994a) estimates that the coal fuel cycle (which includes coal mining, post-mining coal transportation and handling, and coal combustion) emits 35 to 59×109 m3 of methane to the atmosphere annually. Table 1 shows methane emissions from the world’s ten largest coal producers, which are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. Underground coal mining is the primary source of these emissions, accounting for 70 to 95% of total emissions.There are many opportunities for decreasing coal mine methane emissions by increasing recovery of this abundant fuel. Section 2 examines the status of methane recovery and use in key countries worldwide.2 Coal mine methane recovery and use in selected countries2.1 ChinaThe Peoples Republic of China (China) produces about 1.2×109 raw tons of hard coal annually (EIA, 1996). In 1990, coal mining activities in China emitted an estimated 14 to 24×109 m3 (10 to 16×106 ton) ofmethane to the atmosphere, contributing one-third of the world’s total from this source. Not only is China the largest coal producer in the world; it is unique in that underground mines produce over 95% of the nation’s coal. Because of the great depth and high rank of China’s coals, underground coal mines have higher methane emissions than surface mines.There are currently 108 Coal Mining Administrations (CMAs) in China, which manage more than 650 mines. These state-owned mines are responsible for most of China’s methane emissions, but there are numerous gassy local, township, and private mines that cumulatively produce over one-half of China’s coal. However, these non-states owned mines are not gassy (International Energy Agency or IEA, 1994).2.1.1 Methane recovery and use in ChinaChina has a long history of coal mine methane drainage, and the volume of methane drained has increased markedly during the past decade. Nationwide, coal mine methane drainage at state-run mines nearly doubled in 14 years, increasing from 294×106 m3 in 1980 to more than 561×106 m3 in 1994 .However, this is still less than 11% of the total methane liberated annually. Approximately 131 state-owned mines currently have methane drainage systems. Less than one-half of these mines are set up to distribute and use recovered methane. China’s state-run coal mining administrations use about 70% of the methane they drain (USEPA, 1996a).Most of the methane recovered from Chinese mines is used forheating and cooking at mine facilities and nearby residences. Methane is also used for industrial purposes, in the glass and plastics industries, and as a feedstock for the production of carbon black (an amorphous form of ca rbon used in pigments and printer’s ink). Methane is also being used, to a lesser extent, for power generation. In 1990, the Laohutai Mine at the Fushun Coal Mining Administration built a 1200 kW methane-fired power station, the first in China.Several barriers currently prevent China from developing economic methane recovery from coal mining to its full potential. Critical barriers include the lack of an appropriate policy framework, limited capital for project investments and equipment, the need for additional information and experience with technologies and the lack of a widespread pipeline network. Artificially regulated low gas prices and difficulty with repatriation of profits, create barriers to foreign investment in joint ventures for production of domestic energy resources (USEPA, 1993).2.1.2 The future of methane development in China Recognizing the need for a unified effort in advancing coalbed methane development, China’s highest governing body, the State Council, established the China United Coalbed Methane Company (China CBM) in May 1996. As a single, trans-sectoral agency, China CBM is responsible for developing the coalbed methane industry by commercializing the exploration, development, marketing, transportation and utilization of coalbed methane. The State Council has also granted China CBM exclusive rights to undertake theexploration, development and production of coalbed methane in coopera- tion with foreign partners (China Energy Report, 1996). More than 20 coalbed methane projects are underway or planned in China, and at least half of them are taking place at active mining areas. Some of the projects are state-sponsored, while others involve joint ventures with foreign companies. The future of the coalbed methane industry in China appears bright. The government recognizes coalbed methane’s potential for meeting the nation’s burgeoning energy needs and is generally supportive of efforts to develop this resource. With deregulation of energy prices, increased capital investment in pipeline infrastructure, and ongoing research efforts, China can likely overcome its remaining barriers to widespread coalbed methane use. 2.2 Russia, Ukraine and KazakhstanIn 1994, Russia produced more than 169×106 ton of hard coal; Kazakhstan produced nearly 104×106 ton and Ukraine more than 90×106 ton. The coal mining regions of these republics liberate approximately 5.3×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 3% is utilized. This amount represents about 20% of world methane emissions from underground coal mining.The energy sectors of these Republics are at a turning point. The coal mining industry, in particular, is undergoing restructuring, a process which includes decreasing or eliminating subsidies, and closing many of the most unprofitable mines. The industry is being compelled to become more efficient in order to increase profitability. Mining regions are also seeking to mitigate environmental problemsresulting from producing and using coal. Thus, there is an impetus to utilize more natural gas and decrease dependency on low grade coal. Increasing recovery and use of coalbed methane is a potential means of improving mine safety and profitability while meeting the regions’ energy and environmental goals.There are five coal basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States where hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development.They are: (1) the Donetsk Basin (Donbass) , located in southeastern Ukraine and western Russia, (2) the Kuznetsk Basin Kuzbass , located in western Siberia (south-central Russia) , (3)the L’vov-Volyn Basin, located in western Ukraine, which is the southeastern extension of Poland’s Lublin Basin, (4)the Pechora Basin, located in northern Russia and (5) the Karaganda Coal Basin, located in Kazakhstan.Of the five basins, the Donetsk and Kuznetsk Basins appear to have the largest near-term potential for coalbed methane development （USEPA, 1994b）. Both of these regions are heavily industrialized and present many opportunities for coalbed methane use.2.2.1 Options for methane use in the CIS2.2.1.1 Heating mine facilities. Currently, most mines use coal-fired boilers to produce steam heat for drying coal, heating mine facilities and heating ventilation air. In some cases, mine boilers also supply thermal energy to the surrounding communities. Boilers can be retrofitted to co-fire methane with coal, a relatively simple and low-cost procedure. More than 20 mines in the Donetsk and PechoraBasins use methane to fuel boilers and several mines also use it for directly heating air for the mines’ ventilation systems and for coal drying (Serov, 1995; Saprykin et al., 1995).2.2.1.2. Use in furnaces in the metallurgical industry. Another viable market for methane use is the metallurgical industry. For example, the city of Novokuznetsk, in the southern portion of the Kuznetsk Basin, contains numerous gassy mines and is one of the biggest centers of metallurgy in Russia. The region’s metallurgical industry consumes about 54 PJ of natural gas annually, which is equivalent to about1.4×109 m3 of methane (USEPA, 1996b) .2.2.1.3. Power generation at mine facilities. Most mines purchase electricity from the power grid. Co-firing coalbed methane with coal to generate electricity on-site may be a more economical option for these mines. Coalbed methane can be used, independently of or in conjunction with coal, to generate electricity using boilers, gas turbines and thermal combustion engines (USEPA, 1994b).2.2.1.4. Use as a motor vehicle fuel. The Donetskugol Coal Production Association in Ukraine is draining methane in advance of mining using surface boreholes. The recovered methane is compressed on-site and used as fuel for the Association’s vehicle fleet. The refueling station, which has been operating for more than three years, produces about 1,000 m3 of compressed gas per day. Based on estimated gas reserves it is expected to operate for a total of eight years ( Pudak, 1995 ).While many mines in the CIS are utilizing their methane resources,the majority are not. Certain barriers must be overcome before recovery and use of coal mine methane becomes widespread. These barriers and their potential solutions are discussed in greater detail in Section 3 of this paper.2.3 The United StatesThere are five major coal producing regions in the United States from which hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development. They are: （1）the Appalachian Basin, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, （2）the Warrior Basin, located in Alabama, （3）the Illinois Basin, located in Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky, （4）the Southwestern region, including the Uinta, Piceance, Green River and San Juan Basins located in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico and （5）the Western Interior region, including the Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma and Arkansas.In 1994, an estimated 4.2×109 m3 of methane were liberated by underground mining in these regions, of which less than 0.7×109 m3 were used（USEPA, unpublished data）.Currently in the United States, at least 17 mines in six states （Alabama, Colorado,Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia）recover methane for profit, primarily through sale to gas distributors. In 1995, the total methane recovered from these mines, including vertical wells draining methane in advance of mining, exceeded 1×109 m3.By maximizing the amount of gas recovered via drainage systems, these mines have greatly reduced their ventilationcosts, improved safety conditions for miners and have collected and sold large quantities of high-quality gas. Following is a brief description of selected coal mine methane recovery activities in the United States.2.3.1 Warrior basin: AlabamaSix of the seventeen US mines with commercial methane recovery systems are located in the Warrior Basin of Alabama. Today, energy companies recover methane from the Warrior Basin by horizontal wells, gob wells（in areas being mined ）and vertical wells（in both mined and unmined areas）. Most of this gas is sold to regional natural gas distributors, although there is some on-site mine use. In 1995, four mines operated by Jim Walter Resources produced more than 380×106 m3 of methane for pipeline sale and USX’s Oak Grove Mine recovered an estimated 117×106 m3 of methane for use.2.3.2 Appalachian regionEight mines in Virginia and West Virginia have developed successful methane recovery and use projects. The Consol mines in Virginia are the most well-documented examples. Consol produces gas from a combination of vertical wells that are hydraulically stimulated, horizontal boreholes and gob wells drilled over longwall panels. In 1995, Consol produced approximately 688×106 m3 of saleable methane from three mines. Methane recovery efficiency at these mines is higher than 60%.2.3.3 Southwestern regionThe Soldier Canyon Mine in Utah recovered about 10.9×106 m3 ofmethane for sale annually until early 1994, when production was curtailed and gas sales ended due to low market prices.2.3.4 SummaryWhile methane recovery has been economically implemented at the above-described mines, safety and high coal productivity remain the impetus for their degasification efforts. Methane drainage at many gassy mines in the United States is limited or nonexistent. Section 3 of this paper discusses potential avenues for increasing methane recovery and use in the United States and other countries.2.4 GermanyGermany produced nearly 54 million tons of hard coal in 1995, all from underground mines （Schiffer, 1995）. Of this total, 43 million tons were mined from the Ruhr Basin in northwestern Germany （Von Sperber et al., 1996）and most of the remainder was mined from the Saar Basin in southwestern Germany. Until recently, hard coal mining was heavily subsidized in Germany, and the industry’s future is in question （Schiffer, 1995）. Even mines that are closed, however, can continue to liberate methane for long periods of time. An estimated 1.8×109 m3 of methane are liberated annually from underground mining activities in Germany, of which 520×106 m3, or 30%, are drained（63 IEA, 1994）. About 371×106 m, or 71% of all drained methane is used, primarily for heating or power generation. Government officials suggest that as much as 45% of the methane emitted from coal mining activities could be drained and used in a variety of applications. The primary barrier to increased methanerecovery is low methane concentrations in the gas mixture.Safety regulations in Germany prohibit any utilization if the methane content is less than 25%. If the average recovery efficiency at German mines is to be increased, it will be necessary to adopt practices that will recover methane in a more concentrated form.3 Barriers to decreasing coal mine methane emissionsThere are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Some are technical, such as low coal permeability, while others are Institutional, such as low gas prices. In a few cases, certain barriers are country orregion specific, but most cases, many of the same barriers exist in a number of countries. This section discusses obstacles to increased coal mine methane use, and potential ways to overcome these obstacles.3.1 Technical issues3.1.1 Low-permeability coalsCoal seams that exhibit low permeability pose special problems for developingsuccessful methane drainage and recovery systems. Methane desorbs and flows through natural pores and fractures until the gas reaches the mine face or borehole. Stimulation technology that enhances the flow of gases from the seam into a recovery system has been successfully used in the past several years. Early efforts to modify fracturing techniques for application in coal seams were largely unsuccessful （IEA, 1994）. The current practice of hydraulic stimulation in coals, however, minimizes roof damage while achievingextensive fracturing. Under ideal conditions, 60 to 70% of the methane contained in the coal seam can be removed using vertical degasification wells drilled more than 10 years in advance of mining. These efforts have been successful in the United States and other industrialized countries. Transfer of this technology to other countries can help increase coal mine methane recovery.3.2 Economic and institutional issuesIn addition to the technical obstacles described above, there are a variety of other issues that have prevented coal mine methane recovery from becoming more widespread.These issues include lack of information, lack of capital, low natural gas prices and risks associated with foreign investment. Some issues are explored below.The key strategy for overcoming informational barriers in the United States has been to develop outreach programs. Outreach programs work well when companies are shown that they can profit while at the same time reducing emissions or improving mine safety. Examples of outreach prog rams include the USEPA’s Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, which is conducted in the United States, and the Coalbed Methane Clearinghouses in Poland, China and Russia. These institutions distribute information and link together interested parties, provide technical training, and in some cases perform pre-feasibility assessments for specific projects.3.2.1 Lack of informationIn the United States and other countries, one of the problems thathas slowed coal mine methane project development is that some coal mine operators do not have adequate information regarding coal mine methane projects. While much has been published on the subject, methane recovery is still seen as a relatively new concept to many coal operators. A related constraint is that some coal operators simply do not have the time or resources to investigate the potential to develop a profitable project at their own coal mine.3.2.2 Lack of capitalEven when a pre-feasibility assessment has demonstrated that the economics of a coal mine methane project are attractive, a lack of financing may prevent projects from taking place. Coal companies often do not have surplus capital available to invest in coalbed methane recovery and use projects because available capital must be invested in their primary business of coal production. Additionally, some lending organizations may be unfamiliar with the relatively new concept of coal mine methane recovery and use, and project developers may thus be unable to secure the necessary up-front financing needed to cover the large capital investments required for such projects.3.2.3 Low natural gas pricesIn some countries natural gas prices are held at artificially low rates. Even in countries whose gas prices are at market levels, prices may be low due to low demand. In such cases, special types of incentives to encourage coal mine methane recovery could be implemented. For example, legislation could be enacted requiring local distributioncompanies to purchase recovered coal mine methane if it is sold at a competitive price. China has recently established preferential policies for projects which involve gas recovery and use from coal mines. The government has also passed a law exempting coalbed methane producers from royalties and land occupation fees for production of up to 2×109 m3 of methane per year.4 ConclusionsAs discussed above, coal mines worldwide emit large volumes of methane, much of which could be recovered and used as fuel. In many instances, countries whose mines emit large quantities of methane are in critical need of a domestic energy source, particularly one which is clean-burning. In countries whose economies are in transition, such as China, the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations, coal mine methane recovery offers economic benefits as a new industry that can help provide jobs for displaced coal miners or other workers. In countries whose economies are established, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, coal mine methane recovery may help increase the profit margin of mining enterprises.The reduction of methane emissions can have a significant global impact, but incentives are needed to encourage more widespread recovery of coal mine methane. An incentive program offered on an international level would probably be the most effective means of stimulating development of the coal mine methane industry. Of the various options for international-level incentives, a system of tradeable permits for methane emissions would likely be the most cost effective.Due to various technical, economic and institutional barriers, it will never be possible to completely eliminate emissions of methane from coal mines. However, a worldwide coal mine methane utilization rate of 25% may be realizable, particularly if an international incentive program is implemented. This would reduce the estimated emissions of coal mine methane to the atmosphere by 7 to 10×109 m3 annually, substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curtailing the waste of a valuable energy source.附录Ｂ全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状全球煤矿每年释放瓦斯29～41×109m3，其中少于2.3×109m3的瓦斯用作燃料，其余的被直接排放到大气中，这是能源的一种浪费。

矿井中瓦斯抽排的改进D. J. BLACK and N. I. AZIZABSTRACTEffective gas management is vital to the success of the longwall mining in the Bulli seam, in the Southern Coalfield, SydneyBasin, NSW, Australia. The evolution of gas drainage methods and practices are discussed with respect to gas type, gas drainage lead time and prevailing geological conditions. Both underground to inseam drilling and surface to inseam drilling techniques are described at both pre and post-drainage conditions. Post-drainage of gas from longwall is discussed for its effectiveness, practicability and efficiency. The long term benefit of the method selected is examined with respect to gas capture efficiency. An alternative method of surface based goaf drainage, using medium radius drilling technology to drill horizontal boreholes above and/or below the production seam into the partial caving zone prior to longwall goaf formation is proposed.摘要：瓦斯的有效管理对于能否成功的在澳大利亚布利煤层、南部煤田、悉尼盆地、新南威尔地区进行长壁开采有至关重要的作用。

Conveyor belt entry fire hazards and controlH. Verakis & M. HockenberryU.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Triadelphia, West Virginia, USA ABSTRACT: A fire in a coal mine conveyor belt entry represent a major safety and health risk to miners. Fighting belt entry fires can be a commanding effort. If there is a failure of one aspect in the fire fighting needs such as a dissimilar hose-valve connection, then it can result in the inability to extinguish a fire. Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines shows that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. New regulations have been promulgated that require an unplanned fire not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery to be reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 30, Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed, including fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup and removal of combustible materials. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed.1IntroductionA fire occurring in an underground coal mine conveyor belt entry represents a major safety and health risk to miners. If the fire is small when discovered, it most likely will be extinguished before becoming a major conflagration. Fighting a conveyor belt entry fire can be a commanding effort and failure of one aspect can result in losing control of extinguishing the fire.Fire incident data compiled over nearly 30 years for underground coal mines show that fires in belt entries account for 15-20 percent of the total number of fires. Fires in the belt entries of coal mines have resulted in injuries and fatalities. Most of the fire incident data compiled was obtained from mine operator reports of underground coal mine fires lasting 30 minutes or longer. Prior to December 8, 2006, an unplanned underground mine fire not extinguished within 30 minutes of discovery was to be reported by the mine operator to MSHA. However, beginning December 8, 2006, new MSHA regulations (1) require a mine operator to report an unplanned underground mine fire that is not extinguished within 10 minutes of discovery. A fire that is not extinguished within several minutes may take hours or days to extinguish or may require sealing a section or the mine in some cases. The current fire protection regulations in 30 CFR Part 75 are designed to prevent or control the fire hazards present in a belt entry. These requirements and other factors affecting belt entry fires are discussed which include fire detection and warning, fire suppression devices, type and location of fire fighting equipment, waterlines, and cleanup of combustibles. The fire suppression systems used to extinguish/control a belt fire and the effect of ventilation on the propagation of conveyor belt fires are also discussed. 2Conveyor Belt Fire Incident DataA large amount of data has been collected and analyzed on underground coal mine fires (2), (3), (4). The data shows over the past 30 years that fires in conveyor belt entries continue to represent about 15 to 20 percent of all underground coal mine fires. More recent fire incident data for conveyor belt entries in U.S. underground coal mines has been summarized by year, 1980-2005 (4). As indicated in Figure 1, which is prepared from the 1980-2005 data on ignition sources indicated in Francart’s paper (4) and the MSHA presentation on “Reducing Belt Entry Fires in Underground Coal Mines” (5), there were 63 conveyor belt entry fires. Of the 63 fires, friction at the belt drive and along the belt served as the ignition source for 36 percent. Frictional heating continues to be a most common ignitionsource in underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fires.drive18%cutting & welding8%18%3%not determinedFigure 1 – Ignition Sources for U.S. Underground Coal Mine Belt Entry Fires, 1980-2005The data published in Francart’s paper (4) preceded the more recent underground coal mine conveyor belt fire that12th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium 2008 – Wallace (ed)ISBN 978-0-615-20009-5occurred in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 on January 19, 2006. According to the MSHA Investigation Report (6), the fire occurred as a result of frictional heating when the longwall belt became misaligned in the 9 Headgate longwall belt takeup storage units. This frictional heating ignited accumulated combustible materials. Twenty-nine miners were working underground in the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 at the time. During the evacuation process, two of the twelve miners from 2 Section became separated from the remainder of the crew when they encountered dense smoke. Initial attempts to locate the two missing miners and extinguish the fire were unsuccessful. The two miners died as a result of the fire. The remaining twenty-seven miners working underground escaped safely. The fire was eventually brought under control by mine rescue teams and the two deceased miners were found two days later on January 21, 2006. In addition to the MSHA report, an overview of the Aracoma Alma Mine No. 1 fire was presented by Francart (7) to the federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining ().Subsequent to the conveyor belt fire data presented in Francart’s paper (4), an analysis was made of the MSHA database information reported for underground coal mine fires for 2006 through July 2007 (8). There were two reported underground coal mine belt entry fires in 2006, one of which was the Aracoma Alma Mine No.1 fire. There were two reported underground coal belt entry fires that occurred in the period January to June 2007 and each one lasted less than 30 minutes.3Belt and Other Combustible Fire HazardsThe potential risk of fire in a conveyor belt entry of an underground coal mine is high. No coal mine using conveyor belt haulage is immune from a fire involving the conveyor belt. In a conveyor belt entry there is an abundant supply of combustible materials including the conveyor belt itself, coal and coal fines, grease and oil and possibly wooden supports. Belt entry fires have occurred from various sources of ignition as shown in Figure 1. It doesn’t take much time for a conveyor belt fire to build in intensity and create a potentially lethal atmosphere. Conveyor belt fires have burned as much as 610 meters (2000 feet) of belting. A conveyor belt that has poor resistance to fire will spread flames along the exposed surfaces of the belt and eventually ignite other combustibles such as the coal. As the belt fire progresses and extends to other combustibles, the concentrations of toxic gases increase to potentially lethal levels. The mine ventilation can be disrupted from a propagating conveyor belt fire. The disruption of the ventilation can introduce a threat of explosion from the accumulation of methane and the release of flammable gases. As an example, mine rescue teams fighting a conveyor belt fire at the Marianna Mine were withdrawn because high levels of methane accumulated, posing the threat of explosion (9). Large-scale conveyor belt tests have shown the magnitude of the fire hazard, including the various flammability characteristics of conveyor belting as affected by the ventilating airflow and the potential of the fire to spread to other combustibles (10), (11), (12), and (13). These large-scale conveyor belt fire tests have shown that a ventilating airflow of about 92 meters per minute (300 feet per minute) is optimum for flame propagation. Figure 2 shows the propagation of a conveyor belt fire during a large-scale test at the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory.Increasing the fire resistance of the conveyor belting and limiting the amount of combustibles in the belt entry are among the measures that will reduce the potential for a disastrous fire. As a matter of fact, the accumulation of combustible materials was the most frequently cited underground coal mine safety standard (30 CFR 75.400) by MSHA enforcement personnel in 2006(). Cleanup of combustible materials, particularly the extraneous coal is one of the most important fire safety measures in a belt entry.The federal Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining has made recommendations that encompass conveyor belt entry and conveyor maintenance and improved fire resistant standards for conveyor belting. Information on the Panel’s recommendations and final report may be found on MSHA’s website at/BeltAir/BeltAir.aspFigure 2 – Propagation of a Conveyor Belt Fire during a Large-scale Test at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Lab4Fire Protection RequirementsThere are extensive MSHA regulations addressing belt conveyor fire protection and control in 30 CFR, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection (14). The regulations address slippage and sequence switches, fire resistant conveyor belting, fire detection and warning systems, fire hose and waterlines including suitable fittings, and automatic firesuppression equipment. For underground coal mines thatuse belt air to ventilate working sections there are fire protection requirements specified in the MSHA regulations under Part 75, Subpart D Ventilation (15). Another source is the U.S. Department of Labor eLaws® which include an MSHA Fire Suppression and Fire Protection Advisor. This Advisor provides minimum fire protection requirements for underground coal mine electrical equipment which includes conveyor belts(/elaws/msha/fire/fire_3.asp).The MSHA regulations pertaining to conveyor belt fire protection and control are minimum requirements intended to reduce the incident of fire in a belt entry and to control a fire should one develop. Of primary importance are properly designed and maintained fire detection and fire suppression systems. The requirements for the use and installation of fire suppression systems, including water deluge, water sprinklers, foam generator, and dry powder chemical systems are specified in 30 CFR, Part 75, SubpartD (14). The importance of properly designed fire suppression systems, particularly as the use of wider belts increases, is one of the outcomes from on-going large-scale research being conducted by NIOSH in partnership with MSHA on the suppression of conveyor belt fires. The design of a fire suppression system must include measures to appropriately cover wider belts with the fire suppressing agent and to address the effect of higher rates of airflow where employed in belt entries. Also, early fire detection through the use of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke detectors, is critical to alerting miners and attending to a fire incident and can mean the difference between extinguishing a fire and having to contend with a fire that has grown out of control. Another key component is waterlines used with a fire hose for fighting a fire in a belt entry. Waterlines shall be capable of delivering 189 liters (50 gallons) of water a minute at a nozzle pressure of 3.5 kilograms per square centimeter (50 pounds per square inch). This is a minimum performance standard specified in 30 CFR, Part 75.1100-1(a) and is commonly referred to as the “50/50” rule. The length, size and type of hose affect compliance with this performance standard because water flowing through a hose will create pressure loss along the hose due to friction. The magnitude of this friction pressure loss will depend upon the water flow rate and the length, size and type of hose (16).Undoubtedly, those measures needed to reduce the hazards of conveyor belt entry fires are prevention, early detection, improved belt fire resistance, proper response and communication, extinguishment, and proper maintenance and examinations. Another source of detailed information for fire prevention and control in underground coal mine belt entries is the National Fire Protection Association Standard 120 (17). Other key factors are preparedness and proficient response to a fire in a belt entry. An excellent source for fire preparedness is the report “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines” prepared by Ron Conti, et. al. (18). 5Cost of Belt Entry FiresThere are inherent costs associated with a conveyor belt entry fire, especially if the fire is not quickly extinguished. These costs can encompass lost production days, costs for extended work hours, extinguishment costs for chemical agents and equipment, costs of sealing a section of the mine or the mine itself, and costs for rehabilitation of the affected area(s).The effect and impact of the Marianna Mine fire is an example of the expenses that are incurred in fighting a belt-entry fire. Personnel and equipment from nearby mines were brought to the mine to fight the fire. Food, lodging, and wages were provided for these personnel by the mine operator. When the rescue teams were withdrawn, all equipment was left in the mine, and mines that loaned the equipment were reimbursed. More than 30 boreholes were drilled in an attempt to form underground seals for controlling the fire by using materials pumped from the surface. Access rights were purchased from landowners, and roadways were cleared and built so that drilling equipment could be installed. Material was pumped into the mine through the boreholes in an attempt to create underground seals. When this attempt to extinguish the fire failed, the entire mine was sealed. During the 30 days between the discovery of the fire and sealing of the mine, the direct cost of the fire fighting efforts was reported to have been between $5 and $6 million. Costs other than the fire fighting efforts not included in this $5 to $6 million amount would significantly increase the total cost of the Marianna Mine fire. The annual lost revenue at the time of the fire in 1988 would have been about $24 million. Miner benefits were maintained for a time following the mine shutdown. Underground mining supplies, equipment, and firefighting equipment owned by the mine operator were left underground when personnel were withdrawn. The cost of this abandoned mining equipment alone was in the millions of dollars. Of the 327 employees employed at the Marianna mine site, only a few remained employed in mining. In the case of the Marianna underground coal mine conveyor belt entry fire that occurred in 1988, the significant cost impact was the permanent sealing and closing of the mine and the loss of resources.6SummaryA primary fire hazard in a conveyor belt entry is the belt itself. The fire resistant level of a conveyor belt will have a significant impact on the occurrence and extent of a belt entry fire, should one develop. The first line of defense in strictly limiting the propagation of fire involving a conveyor belt is to use a conveyor belt of high fire resistance. The safety measures discussed for conveyor belt fire protection and control are systems that encompass redundancy. Early detection of a fire is paramount to determining the nature of a fire incident and subsequent warning of miners. Nonetheless important are all the other requirements and measures that address slippage and sequence switches, fire hose and waterlines, automatic firesuppression equipment, cleanup of combustibles, proper maintenance, communications, and fire response and preparedness. The combination of all the safety elements discussed is intended to reduce the hazard of conveyor belt entry fires. The success in this endeavor will not only result from the regulations, policies and technologies employed, but also from the dedication of the mine operator and miners to belt entry fire safety.ReferencesConti, Ronald, S., Chasko, Linda, L., Wiehagen, William, J., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Fire Response Preparedness for Underground Mines,” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Information Circular 9481, 2005.DeRosa, Maria, I., “Analysis of Mine Fires for All U.S.Underground and Surface Coal Mining Categories: 1990-1999, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9470, 2004.Fires,” U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 9570, 1995.Francart, W.J., “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” 11th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium, Mutmansky & Ramani (eds),2006.Francart, W.J., Overview of a Fatal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, occurred on January 19, 2006, presentation at the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in UndergroundCoal Mining, May 16, 2007, Salt Lake City, Utah. Lazzara, Charles, P., and Perzak, Frank, J., “Conveyor Belt Flammability Studies,” Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Institute on Coal Mining Health, Safety and Research, August 1990.Marianna Mine No. 58 (ID No. 36-00957), Beth Energy Mines, Inc., Mine Safety and Health Administration Report of Investigation, Mine Fire, Marianna Borough, Washington County, Pennsylvania, March 7,1988.MSHA Program Policy Letter No. P06-V-2, “Interpretation of 30 CFR 75.1100-1 and 2 Regarding Water DeliveryCapability of Coal Mine Waterlines When Fighting aFire with a Fire Hose and Nozzle,” 2006.MSHA, “Reducing belt entry fires in underground coal mines,” presentation made to the Technical Study Panel on the Utilization of Belt Air and the Composition and Fire Retardant Properties of Belt Materials in Underground Coal Mining, March 29, 2007, Pittsburgh, PA.MSHA database for reported underground coal mine fires from 2006 through July 2007.National Fire Protection Association, Standard 120, “Standard for Fire Protection and Control in Coal Mines,” Quincy, MA, 2004 Edition.Perzak, Frank, J., Litton, Charles, D., Mura, Kenneth, E., and Lazzara, Charles, P., “Hazards of Conveyor Belt Pomroy, William, H. and Carigiet, Annie, M.,“Analysis of Underground Coal Mine Fire Incidents inthe United States From 1978 Through 1992,” U.S,Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9426, 1995. Report of Investigation, Fatal Underground Coal Mine Fire, Aracoma Alma Mine #1, Aracoma Coal Company, Inc. Stollings, Logan County, West Virginia, I.D. N0. 46-08801, occurred January 19,2006, U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety & Health Administration, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart L, Fire Protection, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 75, Subpart D, Ventilation, Section 75.350, 75.351, and75.352, July 1, 2007.U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 50, Section 50.2 Definitions, 50.2h(6), July 1, 2007. Verakis, Harry, C., “Reducing the Fire Hazard of Mine Conveyor Belts,” Proceedings of the Fifth U.S. MineVentilation Symposium, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), 1991.Verakis, Harry C and Dazell, Robert, W., “Impact of Entry Air Velocity on the Fire Hazard of Conveyor Belts,”Proceedings of the Fourth International Mine Ventilation Congress, July 1988.。