BEC高级精讲班第5讲讲义
Homeworkreview
学习重点
1． Homework review
2． Vocabulary study
3． Exhibiting at a trade fair
4． Replying to an enquiry
5． Homework
I. Homework review
Over the 25-year period considered, the United Kingdom has always had prices higher than both France and Germany, except for the early/mid 1980’s and during the early 1990’s when French prices were higher.
Over the 25 years, the United Kingdom prices have varied dramatically, peaking at about 24% in 1976. But through several fluctuating rises and falls, they have progressively come down, closing in 1994, at around 5% and rising only slightly the next year, lower than the French.
French and German prices have always varied only slightly from each other within a maximum range of 12%, with French prices staying higher than German prices from 1972 onwards. The French prices fluctuated between 4% (1971) to 12% (1984), ending higher than the UK. In contrast, German prices are generally the lowest ones in the three countries. The prices were below 7% during the 25 years.
2. Exercise 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Self-study Unit 2b.
Exercise 2
(1) launch a takeover bid
rock verb
[transitive]
a) to make the people in a place or organization feel very shocked - used in news reports 新闻用语：让人感到震惊
?synonym shake
The scandal rocked the nation. 这次丑闻震惊了这个国家。
b) to make the future of something seem less certain or steady than it was before, especially because of problems or changes 动荡
?synonym shake
Another financial blow has rocked the industry. 另一次金融打击让这个行业动荡不安。The theory rocked the foundations of social and moral life. 这个理论动摇了社会和道德生活的基础。
(2) merging with
(3) lead to long-term growth in sales
(4) a competitive advantage
secure verb [transitive]
?GET/ACHIEVE?
to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort 努力后获得
Boyd's goal secured his team's place in the Cup Final. …的入球确保他所在的球队在世界杯决赛中的地位。
secure a deal/contract 获得一笔买卖/一个合同
The company recently secured a $20 million contract with Ford. 这家公司最近与福特公司签订了一笔价值2千万美元的合同。
Negotiators are still working to secure the hostages' release. 谈判人员还在就人质释放的事情努力着。
Redgrave won his third Olympic gold medal, and secured his place in history. ….获得了他奥运会上的第三块金牌，确保了他在历史上的地位。
?SAFE FROM HARM?
to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost 使….安全
Troops were sent to secure the border. 军队派来保护边境的安全。
secure something against somebody/something
They built a 10ft high fence to secure the house against intruders. 他们修建了10英尺高的围墙保护这座房子不受入侵者的威胁。
an agreement to secure the future of the rainforest 一项旨在保护雨林未来的协议
?BORROWING MONEY?
if you secure a debt or a loan, you legally promise that if you cannot pay back the money you have borrowed, you will give the lender goods or property of the same value instead 抵押贷款
He used his house to secure the loan.他用自己的房子作了抵押贷款。
advantage noun
1 [uncountable and countable] something that helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this
?opposite disadvantage
advantage over
Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.
His height gives him an advantage over the other players.
Companies that receive government subsidies have an unfair advantage.
Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology.
Younger workers tend to be at an advantage when applying for jobs.
It might be to your advantage to take a computer course of some kind.
2 [uncountable and countable] a good or useful quality or condition that something has advantage of
One of the many advantages of living in New York is that you can eat out at almost any time of day.
The hotel is not very modern, but it does have the advantage of being close to the city centre.
advantage over
The printer has several advantages over conventional printers.
big/great/considerable advantage
The big advantage of this system is that it is fast.
(5) benefits
(6) streamline
(7) restructuring programme
(8) acquisition
3.
achieve economies of scale
integrate different cultures
add long-term value
undercut competitors’ prices
reduce operating costs
generate cost improvements
4.
(1) to (agree to)
(2) is
(3) that
(4) its
(5) whether
(6) not
(7) while
(8) such
Vocabularystudy
Vocabulary study---一组易混淆词汇用法解析
I think the sector’s going to see lots of consolidation activity as the bigger players look to buy talent and market share. Lycos, for example, has just acquired Hotbot, one
of its rivals.
talent noun
1 [uncountable and countable] a natural ability to do something well 才华
He has a lot of talent, and his work is fresh and interesting.
talent for
She showed a talent for acting at an early age.
a persuasive speaker with a natural talent for leadership
His latest book reveals hidden talents.
Sadly, she inherited none of her father's musical talent.
Your brother is a man of many talents.
There's a wealth of talent in English football.
talent for
She showed a talent for acting at an early age.
2[uncountable] a person or people with a natural ability or skill 有才华的人
Britain's footballing talent 英国的足球天才
revenue noun [uncountable] also revenues
1 money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services
advertising revenue
Strikes have cost ￡20 million in lo st revenues .
2 money that the government receives from tax
an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%
turnover noun
1 [singular, uncountable] British English the amount of business done during a particular period
turnover of
The illicit非法的 drugs industry has a n annual turnover of some ￡200 bn.
turnover rose/fell
Turnover rose 9%.
2 [singular, uncountable]the rate at which people leave an organization and are replaced by others
turnover of
Low pay accounts for the high turnover.
staff/labour turnover a high degree of labour turnover among women
3 [countable] a small fruit pie
an apple turnover
cost noun
1 [countable] the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something 价格
cost of
the cost of accommodation
I offered to pay the cost of the taxi.
Insurance to cover the cost of a funeral is possible.
This doesn't include the cost of repairing the damage.
The new building's going up at a cost of $82 million.
low cost housing
the high cost of production
A cassette/radio is included at no extra cost.
The funds will just cover the museum's running costs.
2 costs [plural]
a) the money that you must regularly spend in order to run a business, a home, a car etc 成本
reduce/cut costs
We have to cut costs in order to remain competitive.
At this rate we'll barely cover our costs (=make enough money to pay for the things we have bought).
the travel costs incurred in attending the meeting (=money you have to spend) Because of the engine's efficiency the car has very low running costs (=the cost of owning and using a car or machine).
3 [uncountable and countable] something that you lose, give away, damage etc in order to achieve something 代价
at (a) cost to somebody
She had kept her promise to Christine, but at what cost to herself?
social/environmental etc cost
the environmental cost of such mining projects
They need to weigh up the costs and benefits (=disadvantages and advantages) of regulation.
He's determined to win, whatever the cost (=no matter how much work, money, risk etc is needed).
We must avoid a scandal at all costs (=whatever happens).
cost verb
1 past tense and past participle cost
[linking verb] to have a particular price
A full day's activities will cost you ￡45.
His proposals could cost the taxpayer around ￡8 billion a year.
How much would it cost us to replace?
not cost somebody a penny (=cost nothing)
It won't cost you a penny for the first six months.
cost a (small) fortune/a pretty penny (=have a very high price)
It's costing us a fortune in phone bills.
cost a bomb/a packet British English (=have a very high price)
What a fantastic dress. It must have cost a bomb!
Lighting can change the look of a room and needn't cost the earth (=have a price which is too high).
Getting that insured is going to cost you an arm and a leg (=have a very high price).
2 cost somebody their job/life/marriage etc
when something makes you lose your job etc失去…..
Joe's brave action cost him his life.
His strong stand on the issue could have cost him his job. Bad management could be costing this club a chance at the title.
3 cost somebody dear/dearly
to make someone suffer a lot or to lose something important 代价惨重
A couple of missed chances in the first half cost them dear.
The scandal has cost Nicholson dearly.
Exhibitingatatradefair
Exhibiting at a trade fair
1. Speaking.
What are the benefits of trade fairs for exhibitors and visitors?
Benefits for exhibitors:
media exposure for the industry as a whole and for specific companies, an opportunity to show their wares to an interested public, to find out what is happening in the industry and to evaluate the competition
Benefits for visitors:
The ease of judging relative standards and prices, an opportunity to find out what is happening in the industry, the convenience of everything in one place, a chance to talk to exhibitors
expose verb [transitive]
?SHOW?
to show something that is usually covered or hidden 暴露
He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest. 他撩起T恤，把胸口上参差不齐的刀疤暴露出来。
expose something to something
Potatoes turn green when exposed to light. 土豆在光照下变成绿色。
?TO SOMETHING DANGEROUS?
to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant 裸露，曝光
expose somebody to something
The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. 该报告指出工人暴露在高强度辐射之下。
?TELL THE TRUTH?
to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad 揭露，揭穿，揭发
The film exposes the utter horror of war. 这部电影将战争最恐怖的一面揭露出来。
The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice. 这份报告揭露了现代医疗实践的弱点。
?SEE/EXPERIENCE?
to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways of life etc 感受到新想法、新生活方式等
expose somebody to something
Some children are never exposed to classical music. 一些孩子从没有接触过古典音乐。?FEELINGS?
to show other people feelings that you usually hide, especially when this is not planned 显示出真情实感
I'm afraid I might expose my real feelings for him.
exposure noun
?TO DANGER?
[uncountable] when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant 暴露，裸露
exposure to
Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer. 长时间暴露在太阳下会引起皮肤癌。?TRUTH?
[uncountable] the action of showing the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad 揭露，揭穿
exposure of
the exposure of his underground political activity 揭露他在地下开展的政治活动exposure as
her fear of exposure as a spy 她害怕被当作间谍揭发出来
?PUBLIC ATTENTION?
[uncountable] the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc
?synonym publicity 宣传
The failure of their marriage has got a lot of exposure recently. 他们婚姻失败的消息最近在媒体报道很多。
?EXPERIENCE?
[singular, uncountable] the chance to experience new ideas, ways of life etc 尝试，接触
exposure to
The visit to Germany gave them exposure to the language. 此次出行德国让他们接触到了德语。
her brief exposure to pop stardom 她短暂的明星生涯
?BE VERY COLD?
[uncountable] the harmful effects on your body of being outside in very cold weather without protection
We nearly died of exposure on the mountainside. 我们几乎在山边被冻死。
-ware suffix [in uncountable nouns]
1 things made of a particular material, especially for use in the home（由某种材料制成的）用品
glassware (=glass bowls, glasses etc) 玻璃器皿
silverware (=silver spoons, knives etc) 银器
2 things used in a particular place for the preparation or serving of food 与准备食物有关的用品
ovenware (=dishes for use in the oven) 微波炉用碟子
tableware (=plates, glasses, knives etc) 餐桌用品
3 things used in operating a computer 电脑用品
software (=programs) 软件
2. Reading.
top-drawer adjective [only before noun] informal
of the highest quality 非正式用语
England need to produce a top-drawer performance if they want to win this match. 英格兰如果想要获得此次比赛的胜利就需要有上乘的表现。
Earl伯爵
accessory noun[countable]
plural accessories
1[usually plural] something such as a piece of equipment or a decoration that is not necessary, but that makes a machine, car, room etc more useful or more attractive（附属的）装饰品，搭配物
bathroom accessories such as mirrors and towel-rails 浴室配件，比如镜子和毛巾架
2 [usually plural] something such as a bag, belt, or jewellery that you wear or carry because it is attractive 书包、腰带或珠宝等配饰
fashion accessories 时尚配饰
a set of fully matching clothes and accessories 一套非常相配的衣服和配饰
item noun
1 [countable] a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things 一件物品
He opened the cardboard box and took out each item.他打开纸盒子，把里面的东西一一拿了出来。
The store is having a sale on furniture and household items. 这家商店正在出售家具和其他家用物品。
item on the agenda/list/menu 会议议程/单子/菜单上的内容
We went on to the next item on the agenda. 我们探讨议程上的下一个问题。
item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc 一件衣服/一件家具/一件首饰
(=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc)
The original 1965 bottle is now a collector's item (=one of a set of objects people like to collect because they are interesting or valuable).
2 [countable] a single, usually short, piece of news in a newspaper or magazine, or on television 一条新闻消息，报道
I also saw that news item in the Sunday Times. 我在星期日泰晤士报上也看到了这条消息。
hand-picked adj. 用手采摘的，仔细挑选的
headline noun [countable]
1 the title of a newspaper report, which is printed in large letters above the report 新闻标题
a paper carrying the front-page headline: 'Space Aliens meet with President'
2 the headlines
the important points of the main news stories that are read at the beginning of a news programme on radio or television 新闻播报的头条消息
3 make/grab (the) headlines
also be in/hit the headlines
to be reported in many newspapers and on radio and television 头条消息
a scandal that grabbed the headlines for weeks 一场历时数周、媒体报道颇多的丑闻
The former MP found himself back in the headlines again. 前任议会会员发现他又成为媒体报道的焦点了。
quality adjective [only before noun]
1 [no comparative] very good - used especially by people who are trying to sell something 非常好的（常用于推销人员）
quality child-care at prices people can afford 高品质的幼儿护理，而价位也是人们可以接受的
quality double glazing 高品质的双层玻璃
2 quality newspapers/press etc
British English newspapers etc intended for educated readers 针对教育程度高的读者的报纸/平面媒体
provide verb [transitive]
1 to give something to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want it 提供
Tea and biscuits will be provided. 这里提供茶和饼干。
provide something for somebody
The hotel provides a shoe-cleaning service for guests. 该饭店为客人提供擦鞋的服务。provide somebody with something
The project is designed to provide young people with work. 该项目是要为年轻人提供就业机会。
2 to produce something useful as a result 提供，给出
We are hoping the enquiry will provide an explanation for the accident. 我们都希望此次调查结果可以为这次事故给出解释。
provide somebody with something
The search provided the police with several vital clues. 此次搜查为警方提供了一些重要的线索。
supply noun
plural supplies
?AMOUNT AVAILABLE?
[countable] an amount of something that is available to be used 供应量
supply of
I've only got a week's supply of tablets left. 我只剩下一周的药量。
plentiful/abundant/adequate etc supply 充足的/富足的/适当的供应量
There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour. 那里过去有充足的廉价劳动力。
The nation's fuel supplies will not last forever. 这个国家的燃料量不会持续太久。
?NECESSARY THINGS?
supplies[plural] food, clothes, and things necessary for daily life or for a particular purpose, especially for a group of people over a period of time 日常用品（比如食物、衣服、物品），物资
Supplies were brought in by air. 物资空运送达。
vital/essential/emergency supplies 重要的/基本的/紧急物资
trucks loaded with emergency supplies 装满紧急物资的卡车
medical/school/cleaning etc supplies 医疗/学校/清洁物资
foreign aid used to buy medical supplies 用于购买医疗物资的海外援助
3 gas/electricity/water etc supply
a system that is used to supply gas etc 煤气/电力/水供应体系
the public water supply 公用供水体系
If you fail to pay your bill, you run the risk of having your electricity supply cut off (=stopped). 如果你无法支付账单，你就会冒着电力供应系统被切断的风险。
?ACT OF SUPPLYING?
[uncountable] when you supply something 提供
supply of/to
The military government is trying to stop the supply of guns to the rebels. 军队政府正努力停止向反叛者提供枪支。
key adjective [no comparative]
very important or necessary 非常重要的，必须的
China's support is key to the success of the coalition. 中国的支持对于这个联盟至关重要。
key factor/points/questions etc
The President makes all the key decisions on foreign policy. 总统负责对外交政策作出所有主要的决定。
key role/player/figure etc (=one with a lot of influence on a result)
The show has been hit by the departure of key personnel. 这次演出受到了主要演职人员离开的影响。
Can you afford not to be seen there?
afford verb [transitive]
1 can/could afford [usually negative]
a) to have enough money to buy or pay for something 支付得起
afford [to do] something
We can't afford to go on vacation this year.
I couldn't afford the rent on my own. How can she afford to eat out every night? b) to have enough time to do something 有时间
Dad can't afford any more time off work.
c) if you cannot afford to do something, you must not do it because it could cause serious problems for you 做某事
afford to do something
We can't afford to wait any longer or we'll miss the plane. 我们无法再等了，否则会误了飞机。
2 formal to provide something or allow something to happen 提供，允许
The room affords a beautiful view over the city. 这间屋子可以看到整个城市的美丽景色。afford (somebody) an opportunity/chance
It afforded her the opportunity to improve her tennis skills. 这次为她提供了一个机会，使她可以提高自己的网球技能。
The new law will afford protection to employees. 这部新法律将保护员工的利益。
The exhibition: It is called Top Drawer. It exhibits design-led home accessories and personal gift items. The three-day exhibition takes place at Earls Court Two in London twice a year (May and autumn)
The exhibitors: 550 exhibitors are selected on the basis of quality, talent and originality. Over 150 places are kept for new exhibitors.
The visitors: Each exhibition attracts about 20,000 professional buyers from the UK and abroad.
Replyingtoanenquiry
Replying to an enquiry
Speaking.
dates, duration, location, size, focus, stand size, cost, facilities (car parking, catering, etc.)
Reading.
show something to (good/great) advantage
to make the best features of someone or something very noticeable 让某人或某物的优势展现出来
Her dress showed her tanned skin to great advantage. 她的裙子将她古铜色的皮肤充分的展现出来。
showcase noun [countable]
1 an event or situation that is designed to show the good qualities of a person, organization, product etc供亮相的地方
showcase for
The new musical is a good showcase for her talents. 这出新编的音乐剧是展现她才华的好舞台。
2 a glass box containing objects for people to look at in a shop, at an art show etc （商店或博物馆）玻璃陈列柜，
?showcase verb [transitive]
She wants to showcase African-American literature. 她想展现出他在非洲裔美国人文学方面的才华。
some adverb
some 500 people/50%/￡100 etc
an expression meaning about 500 people, 50%, ￡100 etc - used especially when this seems a large number or amount 形容数字之重
She gained some 25 pounds in weight during pregnancy. 她在怀孕期间体重增加了25磅之多。
mail order noun [uncountable]
a method of buying and selling in which the buyer chooses goods at home and orders them from a company which sends them by post 邮购
by mail order
It is available by mail order from Green Life Products. 你可以通过邮购方式获得“绿色生活产品”。
a mail order catalogue 邮购目录
accompany verb[transitive]
past tense and past participle accompanied present participle accompanying third person singular accompanies
1 to go somewhere with someone 陪伴
Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. 14岁以下儿童应该有成年人陪同。Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him. 无论她的丈夫了哪里，她都愿意跟着他。
2 to play a musical instrument while someone sings a song or plays the main tune 伴奏
Daniel wanted Liz to accompany him on violin.
3 [usually passive] to happen or exist at the same time as something else 同时发生The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever. 这种病还伴随打喷嚏和发烧。
4 if a book, document etc accompanies something, it comes with it 同时到来
Please see accompanying booklet for instructions. 请看同时寄去的小册子，可以得到更多
说明。
Your passport application form should be accompanied by two recent photographs. 与你护照申请表同时寄来的还应该有两张近照。
stand noun [countable]
?FOR SUPPORT?
a piece of furniture or equipment used to hold or support something 支撑物
a music stand
a cake stand
He adjusted the microphone stand.
coat stand/hat stand (=for hanging coats or hats on)
?FOR SELLING?
a table or small structure used for selling or showing things 展台
British Equivalent: stall
a hotdog stand
an exhibition stand
The shop was crowded with display stands and boxes.
One week three magazines hit the stands (=became available to buy) with Peace Corps stories.
booth noun [countable]
1 a small partly enclosed place where one person can do something privately, such as use the telephone or vote
a voting booth 投票亭
2 a small partly enclosed structure or tent where you can buy things, play games, or get information, usually at a market or a fair
a crafts booth 手工艺品小售货亭
1. Writer’s address or company letterhead: at the top or in the top right-hand corner. The writer’s name is not at the top of the letter.
信头: 在信的顶端或右上角，写信人的姓名不留在信头部分。
2．Date：on the right. Various forms of the date are possible.
日期: 在信纸的右端。日期的写法可以采取多种形式。
3．Reference: is useful for filing. It tells you who wrote and signed the letter (the boss) and then who typed it (the secretary). A reference may also include a file number and a date.
编号:这对信件进行分类存档非常有用。它告诉你这封信是谁由起草并签署的（经理），是由谁打出来的（秘书）。编号中也可包括档案号和日期。
在日期的下面是编号这一项，即Your ref: … , Our ref: LD/ sa。上面的LD说明是Lewis Davison
写的，他的秘书Sarah Aspinal打出来的。LD 和SA是他们两个人姓名首写字母的缩写。
4． Addressee：on the left. If you are writing to another country, write the country in the address.
收信人情况: 在信纸的左边。如果收信人在国外，那么就应该将收信人所在的国家也写进地址中。
收信人情况包括：
1) 收信人姓名 (name of addressee)
2) 职衔 (title of addressee)
3) 公司名称（name of company）
收信人地址 (address of addressee)
5. （1）Salutation：Use the name of the reader if you know it, without the initial. If you do not, write Dear Sirs to a company, Dear sir to a man, Dear Madam to a woman or Dear Sir or Madam if you do not know the sex of the reader.
称呼: 如果你知道收信人姓名的话，就应该写出来，但是不要写他的首字母缩写。当这封信是写给公司时，应该用Dear Sirs, 当这封信是写给不知道姓名的人的时候，应该写成Dear
sir, Dear Madam 或者是Dear Sir or Madam。在美国英语中，通常用Gentlemen。
（2）Complimentary Close：Yours faithfully if you do not know the reader’s name. Yours sincerely if you do (US Yours truly or Sincerely yours )
结束语：如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yours faithfully美国英语是Faithfully yours或Faithfully，如果知道收信人是谁，就用 Y ours sincerely。美国英语是Yours truly 或Sincerely yours或Sincerely。
当你知道收信人姓名时：
称呼可以写成：
Dear Mr Cox (收信人为男性时)
Dear Mrs Cox (收信人为已婚女性时)
Dear Miss Cox (收信人为未婚女性时)
Dear Ms Cox (收信人为女性，但你不清楚她的婚姻状况时)
结束语都应该是:
Yours sincerely
当你不知道收信人的姓名时：
称呼可以写成：
Dear Sir or Madam （当你不知道收信人的姓名以及性别时）
Dear Sir (to a man) （当你写给一位不知名的男性时）
Dear Madam (to a woman) （当你写给一位不知名的女性时）
结束语都应该是:
Yours faithfully
当你写信给一个公司或一个部门时：
称呼可以写成：
Dear Sirs
结束语应该是：
Yours faithfully
当你写给一个关系很近的人或这封信并不正式时:
称呼可以写成:
Dear Lucy [直接使用收信人的名（first name）]
结束语可以写成:
With best wishes / With kind regards / Best wishes
6. Subject：Sometimes we write a heading at the top of the letter. It tells us exactly what the letter is about.
主题: 主题行出现在一封信称呼和正文之间。它告诉我们这封信要说明的是什么。
从上面那封信的主题部分我们可以看出那封信是有关John Burrows出差去法国的事情。有的时候还可以使用Re：即单词regarding的缩写，它也表示信的主题，是“关于”的意思。
7．Body：start a new paragraph for each new idea or subject. Leave a line space between each paragraph. Do not break words at the end of a line.
正文: 每当讲到一个新的主题或意思的时候，就应该另起一段。当你使用齐头式的书写格式时你应该在段与段之间空一行。不要在一行的末尾将一个单词隔开。
但是在这里大家需要注意正文的书写格式。英文书信在书写时同样也有格式上的要求。我们可以从上面给出的那封信中发现，正文的三个段落与收信人情况、称呼、主题、结束语以及写信人姓名都位于一条竖线上，我们称这种格式为齐头式（Block Style）。我们在写信时可以用这种齐头式的格式来书写，因为这种格式清楚易读，是现代书信中经常采用的格式。
8．Signature，Writer’s full name，Position / Title
签名、写信人姓名和写信人的职位 / 称呼
Punctuation: in modern business letters punctuation not used in the headings and endings of a letter. Normal punctuation is used in the body of the letter.
最后请大家注意：如果你很仔细地看上面那封信的话，你就会发现在写信人和收信人的地址中、称呼和结束语的后面都不使用任何的标点符号。所以大家在今后的书信写作中也可以将上述几处地方的标点符号省略。但是正文中还应使用标点符
号。
Example letter 2
Enc是英文单词enclosure的缩写形式，它的含义是在一封信中再另外寄去一件或几件物品。在上面那封信中，写信人Juliana Chu随信寄去了她已填好的申请表(completed application form)，所以她在信的最后写上Enc字样，表明她希望收信人能够注意查收。如果你也有物品希望对方在收信时查收的话，那么你也应该在信件的最后写上Enc的字样。
Layout of a business letter
Basic Business Letter Terminology书信写作的常用句型及表达方法
一封信能否发挥它的作用关键在于它的内容，即正文部分 (body of the letter)。那么，如何能写好一封信呢？这除了大家平时对语言的积累外，在书信写作时，这里面还是有一定规律可循的。所以我们专门就书信表达时经常会碰到的一些情况作一个归纳总结。
在我们写信时，我们经常会碰到以下一些情况：
l stating the reference at the beginning of the letter
l explaining the reason for writing
l requesting
l thanking
l enclosing documents
l apologising
l agreeing to requests
l confirming
l giving bad news
l expressing urgency
l ending the letter
下面我们就来看一下都有哪些句型可以用来表达上面的情况。
1． Stating the reference at the beginning of the letter
（介绍这封信的背景资料）
我们在一封信的开始不会很突兀地就展开正文，总是会给读信的人一个提
示。比如，在你看到一张报纸上的招聘广告后，如果你对其中的一个职位很感兴趣，这时你就会给这家公司写信。因此在这封信的开始，你为了能将事情的来龙去脉说清楚，你肯定会写上这样一句话，在看了贵公司在′月′日在′报纸上的刊登的招聘广告后，我对′′职位很感兴趣。这样的写法会让读信人在读信时一目了然，很快搞清这封信的意图。
我们在写英文信时也有同样的道理，在每封信的开始最好是将你的信件与某件事情有所联系。在英文中，你要想表达这样的含义可以使用以下的表达方法：
1) With reference to …
这个词组的含义是“关于，就…而言”，在介词to后面的内容应该就是你所指代的事情了。比如:
With reference to your advertisement in the Times of/dated12th December, ….. .
(关于贵公司12月12日在《泰晤士报》所刊登的广告，…。 )
With reference to your letter of/dated 11th March, …… .
(关于你在3月11日写来那封信，…。)
With reference to your phone call today, …… .
(关于你今天打来的电话，…。)
在大家使用这个句型时，一定要注意“with reference to”只是一个词组，所以在这个词组的最后用得是逗号。因为你要表达的重点还在后面，所以with reference to 这个词组只是一个完整句子中的一部分。
2) Further to …… ,… .
“further to” 这个词组的含义是“继…之后”的意思。它的含义跟上面的with reference to 这个词组意义相近。在用法上也没有什么区别。这里也希望大家能够注意这个词组也只是一个短语，并不能当成一句话，所以在它的后面也要用逗号。我们下面举一个例子。
Further to our telephone conversation this afternoon, ….. .
上面这个短语的含义是“继我们今天下午通过电话之后，…。”
3) Thank you for … .
在上面这个例子中，“感谢…。”是一句完整的话。它的含义大家可能都清楚，就是“感谢….。”我们可以说感谢你在′月′日的来信、电话或询问等。我们可以写成：
Thank you for your letter of 1 May.
(Thank you for your letter of/dated 1 May concerning/about/regarding your broken
tableware.)
Thank you for your letter of/dated 1 May, complaining about your broken tableware.)
Thank you for your enquiry of 2 June.
Thank you for your telephone call today.
2．Explaining the reason for writing
（解释写信原由）
我们说一封信的关键部分就在与此。你能否将自己所想要表达的思想和意图很清楚地写出来是很重要的。在我们将一封信的背景情况介绍清楚后，你就应该开门见山地说明此封来信的目的是什么。在我们表达这一想法时，我们可以采用以下这个句型：
I am writing to … .
我们说每封信的写作的目的都是不一样的。有的信是想要咨询某事；有的信是想要向某人表示歉意；有的信时想要向某个公司确认一件事，等等。为了能够区分开这些信件的不同写信的目的，我们可以在动词不定式to 的后面写上你的意图。比如：
I am writing to confirm …. .
（我写此信是要向您确认…。）
I am writing to enquire about….. .
(我写此信是要向您咨询… 。)
I am writing to inform you of/ that…. .
(我写这封信是要通知您… 。)
I am writing to apologise for/that …. .
（我写此信是要向您就…表示道歉。）
I am writing to apply for … .
(我写此信是要向您申请…职位。)
I am writing to complain about ….
(我写此信是要抱怨/投诉…. 。)
通过上面六个例子，我们可以大致了解如何表达写信的意图。
3．Requesting
（提出要求）
在我们写信时，我们经常是希望会对方能够满足自己的一些要求。这时你必须用很客气的方法来表达。比如：
1) I would be grateful if you could … .
2) I would appreciate it if you could … .
3) Could you possibly … ?
在上面的三句话中，你可以发现一个很明显的用法，就是情态动词都用了过去时。这是因为在你向别人提要求时，你必须很客气。另外，在情态动词的后面动词仍然要用原形，比如：
I would be grateful if you could send me a catalogue.