华农微生物英文习题(1)

微⽣物⽣理学习题汇总（华农⽣科院王教授的课）微⽣物⽣理学习题11.1…6是通过筛选获得的6株对某种氨基酸（F）营养缺陷型脉孢霉突变菌株，A…E五种不同的有机化合物，它们可能是氨基酸F合成代谢中的中间产物。

下表是进⾏补充养料获得的突变菌株的⽣长结果，+表⽰在基础培养基中添加某种有机物突变菌株能够⽣长，-表⽰突变菌株不能⽣长。

请根据表中结果推断氨基酸F的合成途径及各突变菌株发⽣突变的位点。

BECDAFA B C D E F1 ＋－－－－＋2 ＋－＋＋＋＋3 －－－－－＋4 ＋－＋＋－＋5 ＋－－＋－＋6 ＋－＋＋－＋2.粗糙脉孢菌有两个缬氨酸营养缺陷型val1和val2，菌株val1的培养液中有物质B积累，val2的培养液中有物质A积累。

菌株val1能在含有缬氨酸或val2⽣长过的培养液中⽣长。

菌株val2能在含有缬氨酸的培养液中⽣长，但不能在val1⽣长过的培养液中⽣长。

说明基因val1，val2以及物质A，B和缬氨酸的关系。

B Val1 → A Val2 →缬氨酸5.已经证明T4噬菌体rII型快速溶菌突变由两个顺反⼦rIIA和rIIB控制。

现有⼀T4噬菌体，在rIIB中有⼀个点突变F。

此突变噬菌体与突变噬菌体1，2，3混合感染⼤肠杆菌K时，能够出现rII型噬菌斑，但是和突变噬菌体4则不能出现噬菌斑。

如何解释这⼀现象。

6. 1…10是10个表型相同的突变型.下表结果说明1…10分属于⼏个基因(+表⽰有互补作⽤,-表⽰⽆互补作⽤) 突变型 123456789101 ? + + + + + + + + +2 ? + ? + ? ? + + ?3 ? + ? + + ? ? +4 ? + ? ? + + ? 突变分别发⽣在两个基因中，顺式、反式均能互补。

A+ B? A?B+A+A? B+B?反式顺式6 ??+ + ?7 ?+ + ?8 ??+9 ?+10 ?7. 沙门⽒菌从⾕氨酸合成脯氨酸的途径如下图:说明下列部分⼆倍体菌株哪⼀个为⾕氨酸营养缺陷型。

一、CHOICE QUESTIONS：（20 Cent）1. Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ___ molecules are converted into ___molecules.a. large, small c. amino acid, proteinb. small, large d. food, storage2. A microbicidal agent has what effect?a. sterilizesb. inhibits microorganismsc. is toxic to human cellsd. destroys microorganisms3. Environmental factors such as temperature and pH exert their effect on the ___ ofmicrobial cells.a. membranes c. enzymesb. DNA d. cell wall4. In general , fungi derive nutrients througha. photosynthesis c. digesting organic substratesb. engulfing bacteria d. parasitism5. Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in__a. algae c. fungib. protozoa d. both b and c6. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells ?a. cell membrane c. ribosomesb. a nucleoid d. capsule7. Pili are tubular shafts in ___bacteria that serve as a means of ___.a. gram-positive, genetic exchangeb. gram-positive, attachmentc. gram-negative, genetic exchanged. gram-negative, protection8. Which of the following is a primary bacteria cell wall function ?a. transport c. supportb. motility d. adhesion9. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a __ .a. micrococcus c. tetradb. diplococcus d.sarcina10. Genetic analysis of bacteria would includea. fermentation testingb. ability to digest complex nutrientsc. presence of oxidased. G+C content11. In general, if two haploid cells fuse , __will result .a. a germ cell c. mitosisb. a diploid zygote d. meiosis12. What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum ?a. ribosomes c. chromatinb. Golgi apparatus d. vesicles13. In general , fungi derive nutrients througha. photosynthesis c. digesting organic substratesb. engulfing bacteria d. parasitism14. An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2using energy from the sun is aa. photoautotroph c. chemoautotrophb. photoheterotroph d. chemoheterotroph15. An obligate halophile higha. pH c. saltb. temperature d. pressure16. Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ___ molecules are converted into___ molecules.a. large, small c. amino acid, proteinb. small, large d. food, storage17. An enzymea. becomes part of the final productsb. is nonspecific for substratec. is consumed by the reactiond. is heat and pH labile18. Many coenzymes area. metals c. proteinsb. vitamins d. substrates19. The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave isa. 100℃ and 4 psi c. 131℃ and 9 psib. 121℃ and 15 psi d. 115℃ and 3 psi20. The most versatile methods of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids isa. UV radiation c. beta propiolactoneb. exposure d. filtration二、Fill a vacancy：（15 Cents）1. The major locomotor structures in bacteria are flagella .2. A conidium is a/an ___ asexal spore , and a zygospore isa/an__ sexal _ spore .3. An organic nutrient essential to an organism’s metabolism that cannot besynthesized itself is termed a/an growth factor .4. Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires ATP .5. Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack catalase .6. During the __ stationary phase, the rate of new cells being added to thepopulation has slowed down.7. Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration yields a net output of 38_ ATP.8. Microorganisms have two fundamentally different types of cells-Prokaryotes and Eucaryote —and are distributed among several kingdoms or domains.9. Koch developed the techniques required to grow bacteria on solid media and to isolate pure cultures of pathogens.10.Phototrophs capture radiant energy from the sun. Chemoorganotrophs oxidize organic molecules to liberate energy,while chemolithotrophs employ inorganic nutrients as energy sources.11 Mesosomes are internal extensions of the_Cell Wall_ ?1. The major locomotor structures in bacteria are flagella .2. A conidiospores is a/an ___ asexal spore , and a zygospore isa/an__ sexal _ spore .3. An organic nutrient essential to an organism’s metabolism that cannot besynthesized itself is termed a/an growth factor .4. Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires ATP .6. During the __ stationary phase, the rate of new cells being added to thepopulation has slowed down.7. Microorganisms have two fundamentally different types of cells-Prokaryotes and Eucaryote —and are distributed among several kingdoms or domains.8.Yeasts are unicellular fungi , and molds are filamentous _fungi .9/ Ribosomes is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum四、CONCEPT QUESTIONS(55 Cents)1. Describe Koch’s postulates. why are they important?(10 Cents)Koch’s postu lates and can be summarized as follows:1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing diseaseKoch’s proof that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax was independently confirmed by Pasteur and his coworkers. They discovered that after burial of dead animals, anthrax spores survived and were brought to the surface by earthworms. Healthy animals then ingested the spores and became ill.2. Give a simple comparison of transport systems in graph? (10 Cents)3. Describe how conditions influenced the effectiveness of antimicrobial agent activity? (10 Cents)Destruction of microorganisms and inhibition of microbial growth are not simple matters because the efficiency of an antimicrobial agent (an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth) is affected by at least six factors.(1). Population size. Because an equal fraction of a microbial population is killed during each interval, a larger population requires a longer time to die than a smaller one.(2). Population composition. The effectiveness of an agent varies greatly with the nature of the organisms being treated because microorganisms differ markedly in susceptibility. Bacterial endospores are much more resistant to most antimicrobial agents than are vegetative forms, and younger cells are usually more readily destroyed than mature organisms.(3). Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent. Often, but not always, the more concentrated a chemical agent or intense a physical agent, the more rapidly microorganisms are destroyed. However, agent effectiveness usually is not directly related to concentration or intensity. Over a short range a small increase in concentration leads to an exponential rise in effectiveness; beyond a certain point, increases may not raise the killing rate much at all.(4). Duration of exposure. The longer a population is exposed to a microbicidal agent, the more organisms are killed .(5). Temperature. An increase in the temperature at which a chemical acts often enhances its activity. Frequently a lower concentration of disinfectant or sterilizing agent can be used at a higher temperature.(6). Local environment. The population to be controlled is not isolated but surrounded by environmental factors that may either offer protection or aid in its destruction.选择题：（20分）1。

/kech/wswx/cn/test/shiti.htm华中农业大学微生物试题集（仅参考）*不做重点*Section 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology1Archaea ：a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from Bacteria2Bacteria ：a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from Archaea3 Chromosome： a genetic element carrying genes essential to cell function 4DNA ：deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material of cells and some viruses5 Enrichment culture：a method for isolating microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions6 Enzymes ：protein catalysts that function to speed up chemical reactions7 Eukaryote：a cell possessing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles8Genetics ：heredity and variation of living organisms9Microorganism ：a microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell cluster, including the viruses10 Plasmid：a small genetic element that exists separately from the chromosome11Pure culture ：a culture containing a single kind of microorganism12Spontaneous generation ：the hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter13Aseptic ：technique methods for maintaining sterile culture media and other sterile objects free from microbial contamination during manipulations 14Cell ：the fundamental unit of living matter15Cytoplasm ：the fluid portion of a cell, bounded by the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus (if present)16Ecology ：the study of organisms in their natural environments17 Entropy：a measure of the degree of disorder in a system; entropy always increases in a closed system18Eukarya ：all eukaryotic organisms19Evolution ：change in a line of descent over time leading to the production of new species or varieties within a species20Metabolism ：all biochemical reactions in a cell21 Pathogen：a disease-causing microorganism22 Prokaryote：a cell lacking a nucleus and other organelles23 RNA：ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis as messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA24 Sterile：absence of all living organisms and virusesSection 2 Cell Biology1Antigen-Binding Cassette transporter ：a membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source to drive the transport event, one binds the substrate on the outside of the cell, and one functions as the transport channel through the membrane2Chloroplast ：the chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms3 Cytoplasmic：membrane the permeability barrier of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the environment4 Eukaryote ：a cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles5Gas vesicles ：gas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and coriferring buoyancy on cells6 Gram-positive：a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells7Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)：lipid in combination with polysaccharide and protein forming the major portion of the cell wall in gram-negative Bacteria 8 Mitochondrion (mitochondria)：an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells in which respiration and energy generation occurs9Nucleus：a membraned-enclosed structure in cells of Eukarya that contains the genetic material, arranged in chromosomes10 Flagellum：Peptidoglycan ：a polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats of acetylglucosamine and acetylmuramic acid with the latter in adjacent layers cross-linked by short peptides11 Peritrichous：in reference to flagellation pattern; flagella located in many places around the surface of the cell Phototaxis movement of an organism toward light12 Prokaryote：a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and that usually has a single circular DNA molecule as its chromosome13 Ribosome ：small particles composed of RNAs and proteins that function in protein synthesis14Chemotaxis ：movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from(negative) a chemical gradient15Chromosome ：a DNA molecule, usually circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function16Endospore：a highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated cell produced by certain gram-positive Bacteria17 Flagellum ： a long, thin cellular appendage capable of rotation in prokary otic cells and responsible for swim-ming motility18 Gram-negative：a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall contains relatively little peptidoglycan but contains an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules19 Group translocation：an energy-dependent transport process in which the substance transported is chemi-cally modified during the transport process 20 Magnetosomes：particles of magnetite (Fe3O4) organized into nonunit membrane-enclosed structures in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic Bacteria21 Nucleoid：an aggregated state of the circular chromosome of prokaryotic cells22 Organelle：a unit membrane-enclosed structure found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells23Periplasm ：a gellike region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative Bacteria24 Poly-P-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)：a common storage material of prokaryotic cells consisting of a polymer of P-hydroxybutyrate or another 3-alkanoic acid25 Protoplast ：an osmotically protected cell whose cell wall has been removedSection3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms1 Acid fastness：a property of Mycobacterium species in which cells stained with the dye basic fuchsin resist decolorization with acidic alcohol2Chemolithotrophs ：organisms able to oxidize inorganic compounds as energy sources3 Consortia：two or more-membered association of prokaryotes, usually living in an intimate symbiotic fashion4Enteric bacteria ：a large group of gram-negative rod-shaped Bacteria characterized by a facultatively aerobic metabolism5 Heliobacteria：anoxygenic phototrophs containing bacteriochlorophyll g 6Heterocyst ：a differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation but not oxygenic photosynthesis7Homofermentative ：in reference to lactic acid bacteria, producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product8 Methylotroph ：an organism capable of oxidizing organic compounds that do not contain carbon-carbon bonds; if able to oxidize CH4, also a methanotroph9 Purple nonsulfur bacteria：a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriochlorophylls a or b that grow best as photoheterotrophs and have a relatively low tolerance for H2S10 Prostheca ：an extrusion of cytoplasm often forming a distinct appendage, bounded by the cell wall11 Pseudomonad：member of the genus Pseudomonas, a large group of gram-negative, obligately respiratory (never fermentative) Bacteria12 Spirochete ：a slender, tightly coiled gram-negative prokaryote characterized by possession of axial filaments used for motility13 Sulfate-reducing bacteria ：a large group of anaerobic Bacteria that respire anaerobically with SO42- as electron acceptor, producing H2S14 Carboxysomes ：polyhedral cellular inclusions of crystalline ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO), the key enzyme of the Calvin cycle15Chlorosomes ：cigar-shaped structures bounded by a nonunit membrane and containing the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll (c, d, or e) in green bacteria and Chloroflexus16 Cyanobacteria ：prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs that contain chlorophyll a and phycobilins but not chlorophyll b17 Green bacteria：anoxygenic phototrophs containing chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll c, cs, d, or e as light-harvesting chlorophyll18 Hyperthermophile：an organism with a growth temperature optimum of greater than 80oC19Heterofermentative ：in reference to lactic acid bacteria, capable of making more than one fermentation product20 Methanotroph ：an organism capable of oxidizing methane (CH4)21 Nitrifying bacteria：chemolithotrophs capable of carrying out the transformation NH3?NO2- or NO2-?NO3-22 Prochlorophyte ：a prokaryotic oxygenic phototroph that contains chlorophylls a and b but lacks phycobilins23 Proteobacteria ：a major lineage of Bacteria that contains a large number of gram-negative rods and cocci24Purple sulfur bacteria ：a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing bacteriochlorophylls a or b and characterized by the ability to oxidize H2S and store elemental sulfur inside the cells (or in the genus Ectothiorhodospira, outside the cell)25 Stickland reaction ：fermentation of an amino acid pair in which one amino acid serves as an electron donor and a second serves as an electron acceptorSection4 Eukaryotic Microorganisms1Ameboid movement ：a type of motility in which cytoplasmic streaming moves the organism forward2Chloroplast：the photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic phototrophs3 Conidia：asexual spores of fungi4Flagellates ：a group of protozoa characterized by motility driven by the whiplike action of one or more long,thin appendages called flagella5 Hydrogenosome：an organelle of endosymbiotic origin present in certainanaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms that functions to oxidize pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate, along with the production of one ATP6 Molds：filamentous fungi7Phagocytosis ：a mechanism for ingesting particulate food in which a portion of the cell membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell8 Slime molds：nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and that aggregate to form fruiting structures (cellular slime molds) or masses of protoplasm (acellular slime molds)9 Yeasts：unicellular fungi10Chitin ：a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine commonly found in the cell walls of algae and fungi11 Ciliates：a group of protozoa characterized by rapid motility driven by numerous short appendages called cilia12 Eukarya ：all eukaryotic organisms13Fungi ：nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell walls14 Mitochondrion：the respiratory organelle of eukaryotic organisms15 Mushrooms ：filamentous fungi that produce large, often edible structures called fruiting bodies16 Protozoa ：unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls17 Sporozoa ：nonmotile parasitic protozoaSection 5 Viruses1Bacteriophage：a virus that infects prokaryotic cells2Lysogen：a bacterium containing a prophage3Oncogene：a gene whose expression causes formation of a tumor4Plus (positive)-strand nucleic acid ：an RNA or DNA strand that has thesame sense as the mRNA of a virus5Provirus (prophage)：the genome of a temperate virus when it is replicating with, and usually integrated into,the host chromosome6Reverse transcription：the process of copying information found in RNA into DNA7Transformation ：a process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell (but see alternative usage in Chapter 9)8Virulent virus：a virus that lyses or kills the host cell after infection; a nontemperate virus9Minus (negative)-strand nucleic acid：an RNA or DNA strand that has the opposite sense of (is complementary to) the mRNA of a virus10Plaque：a zone of lysis or cell inhibition caused by virus infection of a lawn of sensitive cells11Prion：an infectious agent whose extracellular form may contain no nucleic acid12 Retrovirus：a virus whose RNA genome has a DNA in-termediate as part of its replication cycle13Temperate virus ：a virus whose genome is able to replicate along with that of its host and not cause cell death in a state called lysogeny14 Virion：the complete virus particle; the nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and in some cases other material15Virus：a genetic element containing either RNA or DNA that replicates in cells but is characterized by having an extracellular stateSection 6 Nutrition and Metabolism1Activation Energy energy the energy required to bring substrates to the reactive state2 Anabolism：the sum total of all biosynthetic reactions in the cell3 Catabolism：biochemical reactions leading to the production of usableenergy (usually ATP) by the cell4 Chemoorganotroph ：an organism that uses organic chemicals as energy sources (electron donors)5 Coenzyme ：a small nonprotein molecule that participates in a catalytic reaction as part of an enzyme6 Culture medium ：an aqueous solution of various nutrients suitable for the growth of microorganisms7 Electron acceptor：a substance that can accept electrons from some other substance, thereby becoming reduced in the process8 Enzyme：a protein that has the ability to speed up (catalyze) a specific chemical reaction9 Free energy ：(G) energy available to do work10 Phototroph ：an organism capable of using light as an energy source11 Reduction potential ：the inherent tendency (measured in volts) of a compound to donate electrons12Siderophores ：iron chelators that can bind iron present at very low concentrations13 Aerobe ：a microorganism able to use O2 in respiration14 Autotroph ：an organism capable of biosynthesizing all cell material from CO2 as the sole carbon source15 Chemolithotroph：an organism that uses inorganic chemicals as energy sources (electron donors)16 Citric acid cycle ：a cyclical series of reactions resulting in the conversion of acetate to two CO217 Complex medium：a culture medium composed of digests of chemically undefined substances such as yeast and meat extracts18 Defined medium ：a culture medium whose precise chemical composition is known19 Electron donor：a substance that can donate electrons to some electron acceptor, thereb y becoming oxidized in the process20 Fermentation：anaerobic catabolism in which an organic compound serves as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and in which ATP is produced by sub-strate-level phosphorylation21 Oxidative phosphorylation：the production of ATP at the expense of a proton motive force formed by electron transport22Proton motive force ：an energized state of the membrane resulting fromthe separation of charge and the elements of water (H+ versus OH?) across the membrane23Respiration ：the process in which a compound is oxidized with O2 or an O2 substitute functioning as the terminal electron acceptor, usually accompanied by ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation24 Substrate-level phosphorylation ：production of ATP by the direct transfer of a high energy phosphate molecule from a phosphorylated organic compound to ADPSection 7 Microbial Growth and Growth Control1 Acidophile：an organism that grows best at low pH2 Alkaliphile ：an organism that grows best at high pH3Batch culture ：a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume4 Compatible solute：a molecule that is accumulated in the cytoplasm for adjustment of water activity but that does not inhibit biochemical processes5 Extremophile：an organism that grows optimally under one or more chemical or physical extremes, such as high or low temperature or pH6 Generation time：the time required for a population of microbial cells to double7 Halophile：a microorganism that requires NaCI for growth8 Lag phase：a period preceding the exponential growth phase when cells may be metabolizing but are not yet growing9 Mesophile：an organism that grows best at temperatures between 20 and 45oC10 Psychrophile：an organism with a growth temperature optimum of 15oC or lower and a maximum growth temperature below 20oC11 Stationary phase：the period immediately following exponential growth when the growth rate of the population falls to zero12Viable ：capable of reproducing13 Aminoglycosides ：a group of antibiotics, including streptomycin, containing amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds14 Antibiotic resistance ：the acquired ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of an antibiotic to which the microorganism is usually sensitive 15Antiseptic ：antimicrobial agents that are sufficiently nontoxic to be applied on living tissues16β-Lactam antibiotics：a group of antibiotics, including penicillin, that contain the four-membered heterocyclic β-lactam ring17 Bacteriostatic：inhibits bacterial growth18 Decontamination：treatment that renders an object or inanimate surface safe to handle19 Disinfection：the process of eliminating nearly all pathogens, but not all microorganisms, from inanimate objects or surfaces20 Inhibition：the reduction of microbial growth because of a decrease in the number of organisms present or alterations in the microbial environment21 Lysis：loss of cellular integrity with release of cytoplasmic contents22 Semisynthetic penicillin ：a natural penicillin that has been chemically altered23 Tetracycline：an antibiotic characterized by a four-mem-bered naphthacene ring24 Aerobe：an organism that can use O2 in respiration; some require O2 for growth25 Anaerobe ：an organism that cannot use O2 in respiration and whose growth may be inhibited by O226 Chemostat：a device that allows for the continuous culture of microorganisms in which both growth rate and cell number can be controlled independently27 Exponential growth：growth of a microorganism where the cell number doubles within a fixed time period28 Facultative：with respect to O2, an organism that can grow in either its presence or absence29Growth ：an increase in cell number30 Hyperthermophile：a microorganism that has a growth temperature optimum of 80oC or greater31 Lysis：loss of cellular integrity with release of cytoplasmic constituents32 Microaerophile：an aerobic organism that can grow only when oxygen tensions are reduced from that in air33Psychrotolerant ：an organism capable of growth at low temperatures but whose growth temperature optimumis above 20oC34 Thermophile：an organism whose growth temperature optimum lies between 45 and 80oC35 Xerophile：an organism that is able to live, or that lives best, in very dry environments36Antibiotic ：a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that killsor inhibits the growth of another microorganism37 Antimicrobial agent：a chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms38 Autoclave：a sterilizer that destroys microorganisms with temperature and steam under pressure39 Bacteriocidal：kills bacteria40 Chemotherapeutic agent：an antimicrobial agent that can be used internally41 Disinfectant：an antimicrobial agent used only on inanimate objects42 Growth factor analog ：a chemical agent that is related to and blocks the uptake of a growth factor43Interferons ：host-specific antiviral proteins, produced by virus-infected cells, which prevents viral infection of neighboring cells44 Pasteurization：destruction of all disease-producing microorganisms or a reduction in the number of spoilage microorganisms45 Sterilization：the killing or removal of all living organisms and their viruses from a growth mediumSection 8 Microbial Genetics1Auxotroph ：an organism that has developed a nutritional requirement through mutation2 Diploid：a eukaryotic cell or organism containing two sets of chromosomes3 Electroporation：the use of an electric pulse to induce cells to take up free DNA4Genetic map：the arrangement of genes on a chromosome5 Genotype：the precise genetic makeup of an organism6 Mutagens：agents that cause mutation7 Mutation：an inheritable change in the base sequence of the genome of an organism8 Plasmid：an extrachromosomal genetic element that has no extracellular form9 Recombination：the process by which parts or all of the DNA molecules from two separate sources are exchanged or brought together into a single unit10Selection：placing organisms under conditions where the growth of those with a particular genotype will be favored11Transformation：transfer of bacterial genes involving free DNA (but see alternative usage in Chapter 8)12Conjugation：transfer of genes from one prokaryotic cell to another by a mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact and a plasmid13Transposon ：a type of transposable element that carries genes in addition to those involved in transposition14Gametes：in eukaryotic organisms, the haploid germ cells resulting from meiosis15 Genome：the total complement of genes of a cell or a virus16 Haploid：a cell or organism that has only one set of chromosomes17Mutant：an organism whose genome carries a mutation18 Phenotype：the observable characteristics of an organism19 Point mutation：a mutation that involves one or only a very few base pairs20 Screening：any of a number of procedures that permit the sorting of organisms by phenotype or genotype, but allow the growth of those possible 21 Transduction：transfer of host genes from one cell to another by a virus 22Transposable element：a genetic element that has the ability to move (transpose) from one site on a chromosometo anotherSection 9 Microbial Ecology1Acid mine drainage ：addic water containing H4SO4 derived from the microbial oxidation of iron sulfide minerals2Bacteroid：morphologically misshapen Rhizobium cells inside a leguminous plant root nodule; can fix N23Barophilic：an organism that grows best when placed under a pressure greater than 1 atm4 Biofilm：colonies of microbial cells encased in slime and attached to a surface5 Black smoker：an extremely hot (250-350oC) deep-sea hot spring emitting both hot water and various minerals6 Ecosystem：a community of organisms and their natural environment7FISH ：fluorescent in situ hybridization8Hydrothermal vent ：a deep-sea warm or hot spring, Infection thread in the formation of root nodules, a cellulosic tube through which Rhizobium cells can travel to reach and infect root cells9 Interspecies hydrogen transfer：the production and subsequentconsumption of H2 by different groups of microorganisms that interact closely during anaerobic catabolism10 Lichen：a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium) living in symbiotic association11 Microenvironment：the immediate environmental surroundings of a microbial cell or group of cells12Optical tweezers ：a laser microscope able to trap single cells and remove them from a cell mixture13Primary producer ：an organism that uses light to synthesize new organic material from CO214Reductive dechlorination ：removal of Cl as Cl? from an organic compound by reducing the carbon atom from C?Cl to C?H15Root nodule：a tumorlike growth on plant roots that contains symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria16 Ti plasmid：a conjugative plasmid present in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that can transfer genes into plants17Anoxic：？18Xenobiotic ：a totally synthetic product not naturally occurring in nature 19Barotolerant ：an organism that can grow under elevated pressures but that grows best at atmospheric pressure20 Biogeochemistry：study of biologically mediated chemical transformations21 Cometabolism：metabolism of a compound in the presence of a second organic compound, which is used as the primary energy source22 Enrichment culture：a means of obtaining cultures of microorganisms from a natural environment by using highly selective culture methods23 Guild：a population of metabolically related microorganisms24In situ：in the environment25 Leaching：solubilization and removal of metals from an ore by microbial attack26Microbial plastics：biodegradable polymeric materials obtained from microorganisms that have properties similar to those of synthetic plastics27 Mycorrhiza：a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant28Oxic：？29 Pyrite：a common iron-containing ore, FeS230Rhizosphere：the region immediately adjacent to plant roots31Rumen：the first vessel in the multichambered stomach of ruminant animals in which cellulose digestion occurs。

IntroductionMicrobes are a diverse group of organisms that can be divided into the viruses, unicellular groups (Archaea, Eubacteria, protista, some fungi and some chlorophyta) and a small number of organisms with a simple multicellular structure (the large fungi and chlorophyta).Microbiology: the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios). The study of living things so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria(now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).Microorganisms were first visualized by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek(1632–1723), a Dutch cloth merchant and an expert lens grinder.The first proof of the involvement of bacteria in disease and the definitive proof of the germ theory of disease came from the German Robert Koch.Koc h’s postulates:1, The microorganism must be present in every instance of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.2, The microorganism must be capable of being isolated and grown in pure culture.3 ,When the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease condition must result.4, The same microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host. Chapter oneFungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.Viruses are noncellular organisms; they are intra-cellular parasites of animals, plants, or bacteria. 1, The Prokaryotes can be divided into two kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea. The classification was first proposed by Woese based on the differences in 16S rRNA sequence.2, Prokaryotic microorganism〔原核微生物〕: It is an single-celled organism which doesn’t have a nuclear membrane outside the cell nucleus and only has the bare DNA called as the nuclear area. 3, Many bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called spirilla 〔螺旋菌〕if rigid and spirochetes (螺旋体) when flexible.4, Capsules (荚膜) and slime layers (粘液层) usually are composed of polysaccharides (多糖), but they may be constructed of other materials.5, Gram staining procedure(革兰氏染色的步调)In the first step of the Gram-staining procedure, the smear is stained with the basic dye crystal violet, the primary stain. It is followed by treatment with an iodine solution functioning as a mordant. That is, the iodine increases the interaction between the cell and the dye so that the cell is stained more strongly. The smear is next decolorized by washing with ethanol or acetone. This step generates the differential aspect of the Gram stain; gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet, whereas gram-negative bacteria lose their crystal violet and become colorless. Finally, the smear is counterstained with a simple, basic dye different in color from crystal violet. Safranin, the most common counterstain, colors gram-negative bacteria pink to red and leaves gram-positive bacteria dark purple.6, The Mechanism of Gram Staining 〔革兰氏染色的机制〕Although several explanations have been given for the Gramstain reaction results, it seems likelythat the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is due to the physical nature of their cell walls. If the cell wall is removed from grampositive bacteria, they become gram negative. The peptidoglycan itself is not stained; instead it seems to act as a permeability barrier preventing loss of crystal violet. During the procedure the bacteria are first stained with crystal violet and next treated with iodine to promote dye retention. When gram-positive bacteria then are decolorized with ethanol, the alcohol is thought to shrink the pores of the thick peptidoglycan. Thus the dye-iodine complex is retained during the short decolorization step and the bacteria remain purple. In contrast, gram-negative peptidoglycan is very thin, not as highly cross-linked, and has larger pores. Alcohol treatment also may extract enough lipid from the gramnegative wall to increase its porosity further. For these reasons, alcohol more readily removes the purple crystal violet-iodine complex from gram-negative bacteria.简而言之，不同细菌的染色差别〔G+或G-〕是由于细胞壁化学成分的差别而引起了物理特性〔脱色能力〕的不同。

华农微生物英文习题（1）Test 1: Development of MicrobiologyMultiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit of all living organisms is the:■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cell wallc2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:■.fungi■.eukaryotic■.prokaryotic■.nankaryoticc3. The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed by:■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woesed4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan.■.chitin■.phospholipid■.protein■.glucosaminea5. The first microscopes were developed by:■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Listerc6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to: ■.Lister■.Fleming■.Ehrlich■.Kochc7. The term "antibiotic" means:■.a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits othermicroorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds■.a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cellsc8. The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physician:■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jennerd9. Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens■.Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body■.development of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodiesb10. The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:■.ammonia to nitrate ions■.nitrate ions to ammonia■.N2 to ammonia■.ammonia to ureaa11. The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to as:■.electroporation■.conjugation■.transformation■.transductionb12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:■.RNA■.DNA■.protein■.lipidbFill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called_______2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _______3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _______and the _______.4._______ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called _______.6. ______ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. ______ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as______. answer9. ______ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. ______organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four:a.______b.______c.______d.______12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _______.14. Viruses consist of ______surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _____.16. The theory _______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called:_______ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_______ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_______.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as______.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as ______or ______.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called ______ that inhibits viral replication. answer24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic to pathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ______.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as______.26. ______ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria toanother.Test2 Methods for Studying MicroorganismsMultiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:■.transported light■.transmitted light■.reflected light■.refracted lightb2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is: ■.R = 0.5~. xNA■.R = 0.5;~/NA■.R = NA/0.5Jr■.R = Square root of 0.5)./NAb3. The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stain:■.iodine■.alcohol■.acetone■.safranina4. The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:■.Staphylococcus aureus■.Mycoplasma mycoides■.Mycobacteria tuberculosis■.Moraxella osloensisc5. Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores. Which ofthe following genera are capable of producing spores?■.Salmonella■.Listeria■.Escherichia■.Clostridiad6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?■.Nomarski■.TEM■.PCM■.Confocalb7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?■.defined■.enriched■.selective■.differentiald8. Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is: ■.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2■.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in2a9. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you useto determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?■.direct count■.viable count■.turbidimetric count■.absorbanceb10. Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished bya number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?■.enzyme linked assay■.gene probe■.metabolic■.fluorescentcFill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a ______media.2. ______technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3. Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _______.4.A______ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.5.______ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or______.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a ______ to measure the amountof light passing through a solution.8. The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in therange or______ to______ .9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the______ count of bacteria.10. The ______technique utilizes a labeled complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.Test 3: Organization and Structure of MicroorganismsMultiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid component of the membrane.■.phosphates■.fatty acids■.proteins■.sterolsd2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:■.bilayer model■.fluid mosaic model■.trilayer model■.permeable modelb3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: ■.diffusion■.osmosis■.translocation■.transportb4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate moleculesthat enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier.■.semipermanent■.semitransparent■.semipermeable■.semidiffusec5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called:■.facilitated diffusion■.passive diffusion■.osmosis■.permeationa6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transporta7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transportd8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transportb9. Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation.■.lipopolysaccharide■.phospholipid■.peptidoglycan■.teichoic acidc10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:■.protoplast■.spheroplast■.periplast■.capsuleb11. A capsule can be differentiated from a slime layers since the capsule:■.is made up of complex carbohydrates and the slime layer contains protein■.is bound to the cell membrane■.is bound to the cell wall■.is bound to the outer membraned12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells is composed of DNA and____■.histone proteins■.non histone proteins■.RNA■.ribosomesa13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:■.i RNA■.mRNA■.rRNA■.tRNAb14. Mitochondrial ribosomes are____in size.■.40S■.60S■.70S■.80Sc15. The process whereby ATP is generated by the flow of protons across a membrane is:■.substrate level phosphorylation■.chemiosmosis■.protokinesis■.glycolysisb16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis?■.golgi apparatus■.rough ER■.smooth ER■.microbodyb17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called:■.flagellin■.cilin■.spectrin■.tubulind18. Flagella are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the formermoves by:■.rotating around its base■.pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or mate■.waving or whipping to move the cell■.twisting and releasing similar to a rubber banda19. Endospores are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: ■.peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide■.peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate■.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate■.lipopolysaccharide and succinic acidb20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan layer of later comprises____% of the cell wall.■.90■.50■.30■.10dFill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of______ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a ______group and a _____on a glycerol backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called ______ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from ______.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the _______.6. Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called________.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of _______ and ______.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ________.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the ______.10. The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or other cells is called ______.Test 5 EukaryotesMultiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition through:■. phagocytosis■. endocytosis■. adsorption■. photosynthesisc2. The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to as:■. cell walls■. septa■. chitin■. side wallsb3. Fungi that can appear as a yeast or filamentous are referred to as:■. Fungi imperfecti■. Fungi perfecti■. cheterotrophic fungi■. dimorphic fungid4. Thick walled spores formed within fungal cells are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. chlamydosporesd5. Asexual fungal spores that are formed from fragmented hyphae are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. ascospores■. chlamydosporesa6. Asexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascosporesb7. Sexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:■. chlamydospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascosporesd8. Which of the following classes of fungi cause hypertrophy of cells similar to the bacterium A. tumifaciens?■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetesc9. Which of the following fungi are motile by two flagella?■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetesa10. Common bread mold is caused by Rhizopus stolonifer which is a:■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomyceted11. Ascomycetes can be differentiated from zygomycetes since the ascomycetes have hyphae.■. septated■. aseptatedb12. Which of the following fungi have a sexual reproductive phase?■. Coccidio des■. Histoplasma■. Aspergillus■. Alternariab13. Which class of fungi do not have a sexual reproductive phase?■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycetea14. The cell structures of bracket fungi are referred to as:■. septa■. bas idiocarp■. anteridium■. Zygomyceta15. The toxin from which of the following mushroomsinhibits polymerase activity?■. Agaricus bisporous■. Ischnorderma resinosum■. anteridium■. Zygomyceta16. The common mushroom belongs to which group of fungi?■. Ascomycetes■. Basidiomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetesb17. Which of the following Deuteromycetes are often colored green and the conidiospores are arranged in a brush shape?■. Penicillium■. Alternaria■. Coccidiodes■. Geotrichuma18. All of the following algae are green with the exception of■. Euglena■. Volvox■. Spirogyra■. Nemaliond19. Which algae contain a red pigmented area known as the eyespot?■. Euglenoids■. Chlorophycophyta■. Rhodophycophyta■. Phaeophycophytab20. The outer layer of Euglena is called:■. cell wall■. fmstule■. pellicle■. bladec21. Xanthophyll pigments give algae a color.■. red■. blue■. yellow■. greenc22. Which of the following algae are closer phylogenetically to higher plants?■. brown algae■. yellow-green algae■. red algae■. green algaec23. The storage material, paramylon, is made in which of the following groups of algae?■. euglenoid■. red algae■. green algae■. brown algaea24. The mouth of a ciliated protozoa is called a:■. phagosome■. cytosome■. lysosome■. porosomeb25. Sarcodina are protozoa that are propelled by:■. flagella■. cilia■. pseudopodia■. they are technically nonmotileb26. Trypanosomes belong to which group of protozoa: ■. flagellates■. pseudopodia form ers■. ciliates■. spore formersa27. Plasmodium is grouped as a:■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formersd28. The mature form of spore forming protozoa are called: ■. protozoites■. sporozoites■. trophozoites■. cytozoitec29. Paramecium are classified as:■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formersc30. The resting stage of a protozoa are called:■. trophozoites■. sporozoites■. saprozoites■. cystsdFill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called ______.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called ______.3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by ______.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of ______.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _______.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by _____.7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the ______ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: ______.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease ______.answer10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is ______.Test 6: Bacterial Growth and ReproductionMultiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:■.mass■.cell size■.cell number■.cell lengthc2. DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:■.cell size■.cell division■.cell separation■.cell initiationb3. During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number?■.lag■.log■.stationary■.exponentiala4. The generation time for bacteria is determined by:■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phase ■.meas uring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phase ■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phase ■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase d5. Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:■.psychrophiles■.mesophiles■.thermophiles■.merophilesb6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:■.autotrophs■.phototrophs■.copiotrophs■.oligotrophsd7. In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridium produce____until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.■.prosthecae■.spores■.stalks■.fruiting bodiesb8. The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures in the incubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic activity.■.two■.for■.eight■.twentyb9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are called:■.stenothermal bacteria■.euthermal bacteria■.cauldoactive bacteria■.mesophilic bacteriac10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:■.02■.OH-■.H20■.H202d11. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?■.202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02■.2H202→2H20 + 02■.H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NAD■.H202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-c12. A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:■.1.0■.0.90■.0.80■.0.70c13. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are called:■.xerotolerant■.salt tolerant■.mesotolerant■.salotoleranta14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw except:■.Lactobacillus■.Staphylococcus■.Saccharomyces■.SpiriUumd15. Halophiles are classified as organisms that require ____for growth.■.sugar■.salt■.water■.airb16. Osmophiles require a ____Aw for growth.■.low■.highb17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:■.osmotic pressure■.hydrostatic pressu re■.barometric pressure■.surface tensiona18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified as:■.marine■.barotolerant■.barophilic■.normald19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:■.marine■.low pH■.neutral pHb20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:■.moving away from the source of light■.moving toward the source of light■.increasing the movement of their flagella■.creating gas vesicles to rise to the surfacedFill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called______.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called______.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called ______.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called ______ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _______.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_____.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called ______.8. Caulobacter is an example of a ______ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called______.10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experiencewith an increase in depth of ______ m.Test 7 Control of Microbial GrowthMultiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:■.antiseptics■.disinfectants■.antibiotics■.chemotherapeutica2. The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:■.incineration■.pasteurization■.filtration■.moist heatd3. An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. The appropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following: ■.15 min at 121℃at lpsi■.5 min at 121℃at 15 psi■.15 min at 121℃at 15 psi■.5 min at 131℃at 15 psic4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:■.breaks hydrogen bonds■.thymine dimer formation■.generates oxygen radic als■.ring structure destructionb5. A hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:■.Treponema■.Chlamydia■.Campylobacter■.Clostridiad6. Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are considered:■.bacteriocidal■.bacteriostatic■.antiseptics■.disinfectantsb7. The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms are called:■.antimicrobics■.antibiotics■.chemotherapeutic agents■.antisepticsb8. Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:■.narrow spectrum■.broad spectrum■.selective toxicity■.bacteriocidalc9. Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for the efficacy of the antibiotic?■.MIC■.MBC■.Mueller-Hinton■.Kirby-Bauerd10. The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:■.bacteriocidal■.bacteriostatic■.aandb■.none of the aboveb11. Penicillins are effective against:■.cells in log phase■.cells in stationary phase■.cells in eclipse phase■.all bacterial cellsa12. Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the following mechanisms:■.break N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bonds ■.break the peptidiglycan■.break the bet a lactam ring。

华中农业大学2021年《微生物学》考研真题一、名词解释1、biofilm2、缺陷噬菌体3、lysogenic conversion4、羧酶体5、heterolactic fermentation二、单项选择题1、有一定的代谢活性，但缺乏产生能量的系统，必须依赖宿主获得ATP的"能量寄生型生物"是_____。

A、MycoplasmaB、RickettsiaC、ChlamydiaD、Tobamovirus2、微生物分批培养时，在延迟期______A、微生物的代谢机能非常不活跃B、菌体体积增大C、菌体体积不变D、菌体体积减小3、芽胞染色的成败关键是A、涂片均匀B、孔雀绿加热时间适当C、玻片干净无油污D、番红复染4、微生物细胞中的aw值通常是A、细菌>酵母>霉菌>嗜盐菌B、酵母>霉菌>细菌>嗜盐菌C、霉菌>酵母>细菌>嗜盐菌D、嗜盐菌>酵母>细菌>霉菌5、下面不属于质粒特征的是A、能自我复制B、存在细胞质中C、属于细菌的基本构造D、有的真核生物中也存在6、我国学者汤飞凡教授分离和确证了____A、鼠疫杆菌B、沙眼衣原体C、结核杆菌D、天花病毒7、土壤具有的特殊泥腥味主要来源于_____。

A、SaccharomycesB、ActinomycesC、PseudomonasD、Bacillus8、Rhizopusstolonifer的无性繁殖是产生__A、分生孢子B、孢囊孢子C、厚垣孢子D、节孢子9、在以下能进行光合作用的微生物中，不含叶绿素和菌绿素的是__°A、红螺菌B、蓝细菌C、衣藻D、嗜盐菌10、蓝细菌保护其固氮酶不受氧毒害的机制之一是____。

A、形成泡囊B、构象保护C、血红蛋白保护D、形成异形胞11、___历反应中产生的4-磷酸赤藓糖可用于合成芳香族氨基酸。

A、EMPB、HMPC、TCAD、ED12、担子菌长期维持双核细胞的大量繁殖须借助______。