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各种多溴联苯醚的HPLC检测

各种多溴联苯醚的HPLC检测
各种多溴联苯醚的HPLC检测

Journal of Chromatography A,827(1998)65–71

Identi?cation of brominated ?ame retardants in polymeric materials by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

*

Michael Riess,Rudi van Eldik ¨Institute for Inorganic Chemistry ,University of Erlangen -Nurnberg

,Egerlandstr .1,91058Erlangen ,Germany Received 10April 1998;received in revised form 4June 1998;accepted 8September 1998

Abstract

A fast and simple method for the qualitative identi?cation of technical ?ame retardants in polymeric materials is

described.The LC separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C column.The identi?cation of a large variety of ?ame 18retardants in a single analytical LC run was achieved using a mixture of aqueous phosphate buffer and methanol with ultraviolet detection in the scanning mode.The method was used for the analysis of ?ame retardants in a number of polymeric waste materials from TV sets and personal computers,on the basis of a comparison with standards.?1998Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords :Brominated ?ame retardants;Polymers

1.Introduction

carbons that were mostly used in recent years,such as tetrabromobisphenol A and its derivatives,tri-Organic polymer materials are widely used in bromophenol,tetrabromophthalic anhydride,bistri-various industries [1].If ?ame retardancy is required,bromophenoxyethane,polybrominated biphenyls and e.g.in electrotechnical applications such as TV biphenyloxides (see Table 1).Due to different struc-cabinets or personal computer housings,?ame re-tures and degrees of bromination,their physical and tardant additives containing bromine,chlorine or chemical properties are typical for environmentally phosphorus are often employed [2].Each ?ame critical substances [4,5].Noticeable concentrations of retardant has its own speci?c application in a number some of these compounds were detected in various of polymers (see Table 1).

biotic samples [6,7].Brominated dioxins and furans In waste plastics,especially in scrap from elec-may be formed during synthesis,polymer com-tronic applications,a large variety of polymers and pounding and combustion,as well as during the use ?ame retardants can be found.Due to the recent of electrical appliances [8,9].

increase in recycling activities,fast universal meth-Various chromatographic techniques have been ods for the identi?cation of ?ame retardants,in-employed for the analysis of polymer additives [10–dependent of the polymer matrix,are needed [3].13].As a result of the good separation performance,This is especially true for the polybrominated hydro-gas chromatography is often preferred [14].How-ever,for compounds with high molecular weight,*high separation temperatures,that can induce thermal Corresponding author.Tel.:1499131857350;fax:1499131857387reactions,are required.High-performance liquid

0021-9673/98/$–see front matter ?1998Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S0021-9673(98)00748-1

66M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–71

Table1

Flame retardant reference samples

a

No.Chemical name Abbreviation Trade name Molecular Br content Main

c

weight(%)applications

I Tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)BA-59BP543.959EPR,PC,ABS II TBBPA-bis-2-(hydroxyethylether)(TBBPA-EO)BA-50632.051ABS

III TBBPA-bis-(2,3-dibromopropylether)(TBBPA-PE)PE-68943.668PE,PP

IV TBBPA-bisallylether(TBBPA-AE)BE-SI624.051PS foams

V2,4,6-Tribromophenol(TBP)PH-73330.873EPR,Phenols

VI1,2-Bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane(TBPE)FF-680687.751ABS.PC

VII Tetrabromophthalic anhydride(TBPSA)PHT-4463.768UPE

VIII Decabromodiphenyloxide(DECA)DE-83959.283general purpose IX Octabromodiphenyloxide(OCTA)DE-79801.480ABS.SB,PS,PC X Pentabromodiphenyloxide(PENTA)DE-71564.771PUR

b

XI Decabromobiphenyl(DBB)-943.385general purpose

b

XII Octabromobiphenyl(OBB)FR250BA785.481PS,SB

b

XIII Hexabromobiphenyl(HBB)Firemaster BP-6627.676SB

a Unless otherwise indicated all substances were obtained from Great Lakes Europe,Frauenfeld,Switzerland

b Substances were obtained from Mallinckrot–Baker Chemicals,Griesheim,Germany.FR250BA is a product of Dow Chemical;Firemaster BP-6was produced by Michigan Chemical.

c Abbreviations used:ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,EPR Epoxyresin,PC Polycarbonate,PE Polyethylene,PP Polypropylene,PS Polystyrene,UPE Unsaturate

d polyesters,SB Stryren

e butadiene,PUR Polyurethane.

chromatography(HPLC)circumvents these prob- 2.Experimental

lems.There are no thermally induced reactions,and

molecules of high molecular weight and a wide 2.1.Materials

range of polarity can be analysed.The time of

analysis is relatively short and ultraviolet(UV) 2.1.1.Reference sample preparation

detection results in good detection limits.Reversed-All solvents used were of HPLC-grade(Aldrich). phase[15]and normal-phase HPLC–UV methods Samples of?ame retardants were obtained as a gift [13,23]have already been applied in the analysis of from Great Lakes Europe,Frauenfeld,Switzerland. polymer additives.However,the analysis of?ame Some of them are also commercially available(No.I retardants by HPLC was con?ned to only a few and IX Aldrich,No.V and VII Lancaster).Samples speci?c compounds[1,16,17,23].No.XII,XIII and XIV were obtained from Mallinck-The identi?cation of brominated?ame retardants rodt–Baker Chemicals.The investigated substances present in real samples,is based on a comparison of are listed in Table1.All reference samples were

the peak retention times t,and the corresponding homogenized before use.Reference sample solutions R

UV absorption spectra with those of known stan-were prepared in n-propanol.In order to prevent dards.A characteristic sequence of peaks(peak photodegradation processes,samples in the solid pattern recognition)is also useful for the identi?ca-state were stored in the dark.Dissolved samples and tion of certain technical?ame retardants.The pur-polymer extracts were stored in brown glass bottles pose of this work was to develop a fast RP-HPLC/at58C.

UV method,suitable for the analysis of extractable

?ame retardants from polymers.With the aid of the 2.1.2.Polymer sample preparation and extraction optimized HPLC parameters,UV spectral and re-Seventy-eight used TV and34personal computer tention time data for the reference substances were housings were collected from a local recycling determined and collected in an analytical data https://www.doczj.com/doc/4012507059.html,pany.Polymer samples were grinded to a size of The feasibility of this method for the identi?cation of1000m m by the combination of cutting and centrifu-brominated?ame retardants in polymer samples is gal mills(Model SM2000and ZM100,Retsch, demonstrated.Germany)under cooling with liquid nitrogen prior to

M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–7167 extraction.0.50g of the plastic shavings were mixed methanol,ethanol or n-propanol are able to dissolve with0.20g?brous cellulose in a soxhlet thimble to a relatively polar phenol such as tetrabromobisphenol avoid agglomeration.The samples were extracted A(No.I),as well as the rather non-polar decabro-with50ml methanol and n-propanol in a soxhlet modiphenyloxide(No.VIII).Due to the relative low apparatus for three h.After cooling to room tempera-viscosity of methanol,it was chosen as the main tures,the extraction solutions were?ltered through a component of the mobile phase.n-propanol turned membrane disk?lter(0.45m m).out to be the best sample solvent.

At?rst several stationary phases were tested.A 2.2.Instrumentation reversed-phase(RP)-C18,a RP-CN and a RP-phenyl

were compared.Some components were absorbed on Liquid chromatographic separations were per-the CN-phase whereas for the phenyl phase an formed with a Spectra Physics HPLC model SP8800insuf?cient separation into two groups(one and two LC-Pump system.Sample injections were performed aromatic systems)was observed.The separation with a Spectra Physics SP8780Autosampler,experiments were therefore started with a10m m equipped with a50m l sample loop,allowing the particle size C-18RP-column and100%methanol as variation of the injection https://www.doczj.com/doc/4012507059.html,ually10m l of the mobile phase.The retention time of tetrabromo-the sample were injected after an equilibration time bisphenol A itself was not reproducible under these of one minute.The ultraviolet detection was done conditions.Modi?cation of the mobile phase with with the aid of a Thermo Separation Products3%of buffered water changed the retention time Spectra FOCUS Detector in the scanning mode.from1.60to1.45min,although an extension of the Control over the pump and autosampler,as well as retention time was expected on the basis of the data acquisition and handling,were performed with a weaker solvent strength.The degree of hydration at Spectra-Physics PC1000software package.The anal-the phenolic function,which depends on the pH ysis was carried out at a temperature of23628C.value of the mobile phase,seems to be responsible Chemical separations were achieved on a4mm ID,for the change in retention times.All other sub-250mm long column(Nucleosil ET250/4/8,stances showed the expected behaviour:their re-Macherey–Nagel,Germany).C18(ODS)reversed-tention times increased on using a weaker eluent.In phase and a particle size of7m m was used as order to increase the separation performance,several stationary phase.97%methanol and3%buffered solvent gradients(e.g.start:A95%,B5%,gradient water of pH57were used as mobile phase at a(t55mm)to A100%;A575%methanol/20%n-21

?ow-rate of1.0ml min.The water was buffered propanol/5%buffered water;B5buffered water)and

21

by dissolving0.1509g(M5136.09g mol)a change in particle size to7m m were also tested.

21

KH PO and0.2477g(M5141.96g mol)The gradient method enhances the selectivity but not 24

Na HPO of p.a.quality in100ml water[18].the resolution.Due to polymer wax in the extracts 24

[19],7m m is the smallest particle size suitable for a

moderate pressure in the system.Under these con-3.Results and Discussion ditions(C18(ODS)stationary phase,7m m particle

size and a mobile phase of97%methanol and3% 3.1.Preliminary studies buffered water(pH57),at a complete run time of18

min)all the components of the?ame retardants are The?rst objective of our work was to?nd suitable suf?ciently resolved.The retention times as well as conditions for the RPLC separation of the?ame the UV absorption maxima and detection limits for retardants listed in Table1.These separation con-the latter chromatographic conditions are given in ditions could then be used for the identi?cation of Table2.

the?ame retardants following extraction from the According to Table2,substances I to VIII can be waste polymers.The?ame retardants investigated,identi?ed by one characteristic peak,with reproduc-show a large difference in polarity.Preliminary ible retention times,if buffered water(pH57)is experiments showed that only alcohols such as used in the mobile phase.The other substances IX to

68M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–71

Table2XIII show sequences of peaks(see Table3)under Chromatographic data obtained for reference substances these chromatographic conditions,which can be a

No.Retention Detection limit UV maxima(nm)accounted for in the following way.

time t(S/N53)

Ret From the literature[16,22,23]it is well known that

c

(min)(ppm)commercial?ame retardants,based on polybromi-I 1.4514206,291nated biphenyls(PBBs)or biphenylethers(PBDEs), II 2.8080203,280consist of several components of varying degree of III10.3247206,280bromination,although the product itself shows con-IV 6.1631206,280

sistent quality and physicochemical properties.This V 1.5524214,252,319

VI10.6734209is a result of different production methods or con-VII 1.5223222ditions,depending on the producer[16,22,23].In VIII16.5648226contrast to the decabrominated compounds,penta-b

IX9.5640218

b and octabromodiphenyloxides,as well as hexa-X 6.2628204

b bromo-and octabromodiphenyl,show characteristi

c XI9.1847226

b

XII9.3139223sequences of peaks that are also useful for the b

XIII7.5120215identi?cation of the substances.The retention times, a area percentage at220nm and ultraviolet maxima of See Table1.

b Data are given for the main component of these technical these samples are reported in Table3. mixtures.For instance,in the case of the main band of the

c R.S.D.:0.05to0.81%(n55).biphenyls,a barthochromic shift of ca.5to13nm

Table3

Characteristic sequence of peaks for technical?ame retardants

No.Abbreviation Retention time Area%UV-maxima[nm]

t[min]at l5220nm

R

IX OCTA7.28 1.1212

7.860.6218

8.59 6.6211

9.5644219

9.9416220

10.62 1.8219

11.809.9223

12.3715226

15.00 1.0226

15.83 1.4228

X PENTA 4.9130201

5.42 2.3204

5.7211204

6.2647205

7.75 4.6202

8.44 3.9207

XII OBB7.61 2.0219

8.51 3.2225

9.3163225

9.6031222

XIII HBB 5.90 3.1214

6.499.3214

7.5164216

8.5217221

9.58 5.2224

M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–7169 occurs for the more highly substituted compounds.characteristic?ngerprints or sequence of peaks to-The shift in the ultraviolet maxima is observed[21],gether with the ultraviolet spectra were used(for but it is not linearly correlated with the retention examples see Fig.1).All these data were collected in times.This was already found and reported by de an analytical database.Qualitative detection limits Kok[23].In a normal-phase HPLC system,retention between13and47ppm at a signal to noise ratio of times decrease with an increasing number of bromine3,referring to the identi?cation of the?ame re-atoms in the molecules.Ortho substituted com-tardants in polymer samples,are also included in pounds show promoted retention[23].In our case of Table2.

a reversed-phase system,retention times behave vice

versa.The retention time tends to increase for the 3.2.Identi?cation of?ame retardants in polymer higher substituted compounds due to their more non-samples from polymer waste materials

polar character,although this rule is not strictly

adhered to in all cases.In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the For the identi?cation of the?ame retardants,developed analytical method for the identi?cation of Fig.1.Chromatogram of an extract(top)of a?ame retarded computer housing and the corresponding standard as three dimensional chromatogram(bottom).

70M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–71

?ame retardants in single polymer samples,a total of

78TV housings and34personal computer housings

were analysed as received from the recycling com-

pany.The average age of the housings was between

17and22years for the TV sets and between two and

ten years for the personal computers.All polymers

were styrene-based polymers.Following the de-

scribed analytical procedure,the leachable additives

in the polymer samples were analysed.From a

comparison of the data in the database with those of

the samples,the?ame retardants could be identi?ed.

Octabromobiphenyl(No.XII)was identi?ed in17%,

decabromobiphenyl(No.XI)in4%and1,2-bis(trib-

romophenoxy)ethane(No.VI)in4%of the TV Fig. 2.Differentiation of UV-spectra,UV-absorption of octa-

bromodiphenyl oxide at9.56min‘A’;?rst order differentiation housings.Decabromodiphenyloxide(No.XI)(51%)

with respect to l‘A9’second order differentiation with respect to and octabromodiphenyloxide(No.IX)(26%)often

l‘A0’.

occur together in the TV housing samples.The same

is observed for the personal computer housings

where decabromodiphenyloxide(No.XI)was iden-3,the same effect as described was observed.The of ti?ed in55%and octabromodiphenyloxide(No.IX)the retention time for these samples is in?uenced by in18%of the samples.Moreover tetrabromobis-matrix effects and a R.S.D.,e.g.for a sequence of phenol A(No.I)was identi?ed in18%and1,2-?ve extracts containing polybrominated bi-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane(No.VI)in9%of these phenyloxides,of1.04%(n55)is found.This is due samples.to the large variety and high amount of additives in Fig.1shows a typical three dimensional chro-the polymer extracts.

matogram for an extract of a?ame retarded ABS-In a speci?c class of main polymer only certain polymer,as well as the three dimensional chromato-?ame retardants occur(see Table1).For recycling gram of the corresponding standard.Octab-purposes,samples are usually sorted by polymer and romodiphenyloxide can be identi?ed,as indicated by?ame retardant prior to the material recycling step. the characteristic sequence of peaks and by compar-This circumvents the limitation that?ame retardant I, ing UV spectra with those in the database.V and VII are not suf?ciently resolved by the The identi?cation of the UV spectra can be described method.

improved by comparing differentiated UV spectra

22

(d I/d l or d I/(d l)).Fig.2presents an example for

the differentiation of the UV spectrum obtained for 4.Conclusions

the main component of octabromodiphenyloxide at

9.56min.A simple and reliable method for the identi?cation For all investigated samples containing octab-of?ame retardant species in polymer samples in a romodiphenyloxide,the sequence of peaks is the single liquid chromatographic step has been de-same as far as retention times and the UV spectra are veloped.This method makes it possible to identify concerned.They are also the same as for the polybrominated?ame retardants in styrene based reference samples(see Fig.1).However,there are polymer samples.The application to other sample slight differences in the composition of the?ame matrices has to be investigated in future work.The retardants depending on the manufacturer as already method is characterized by a short analysis time, pointed out,such that the relative peak areas of the which is only in?uenced by the sample preparation peaks at a certain wavelength do vary.But this does procedures.Modern extraction techniques[20]will not reduce the value of the described identi?cation assist in shortening this time.In future,attention will method.For all other?ame retardants listed in Table be focused on the identi?cation of other leachable

M.Riess,R.van Eldik/J.Chromatogr.A827(1998)65–7171

[7]P.S.Haglund,D.R.Zook,H.-R.Buser,J.Hu,Environ.Sci. substances of lower molecular weight in the extracts.

Technol.31(1997)3281.

For this purpose the analytical database has to be

[8]H.Thoma,S.Rist,G.Hauschulz,O.Hutzinger,Chemo-extended by including more reference substances for

sphere9(1996)2111.

this method.The use of the described method for[9]K.S.Brenner,H.Knies,Organohalogen Compounds2 quantitative analysis in comparison to other methods(1990)319.

[10]Environmental Health Criteria152:Polybrominated Bi-will be the scope of future work.

phenyls,World Health Organisation,Geneva,1994.

[11]Environmental Health Criteria162:Brominated Biphenyl

Ethers,World Health Organisation,Geneva,1994; Acknowledgements[12]Environmental Health Criteria172:Tetrabromobisphenol A

and Derivatives,World Health Organisation,Geneva,1995.

[13]J.F.Schabron,L.E.Fenska,Anal.Chem.52(1980)1411. We gratefully acknowledge?nancial support for

[14]J.Zulaikca,G.Guiochon,Anal.Chem.35(1963)1725. this work from the Bavarian Network for Waste

[15]M.A.Haney,W.A.Dark,J.Chromatogr.Sci.18(1980)655. Research and Residual Reuse(BayFORREST)and

[16]J.J.de Kok,A.de Kok,J.Chromatogr.171(1979)269. kindly appreciate the support from Great Lakes[17]F.Hoe?er,H.Meker,H.-J.Mockel,L.V.Robertson, E. Europe for providing a number of?ame retardants.Anklam,J.Agric.Food Chem.36(1988)961.

[18]A.Rauen,Biochemical Handbook,Vol.2,Springer,Berlin,

1964.

[19]T.R.Crompton,Chemical Analysis of Additives in Plastics, References

Pergamon Press,Oxford,1977.

[20]X.Lou,H.-G.Janssen,C.A.Cramers,J.Microcolumn Sep.7

¨¨

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多溴联苯醚

海洋中的多溴联苯醚 摘要:多溴联苯醚(Poly Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, PBDEs)是一种新型持久性有机污染物,本文对其在海洋中的来源和迁移转化,分布情况,毒性及其应对措施作了简单介绍。 多溴联苯醚的英文名为Poly Brominated Diphenyl Ethers(简称PBDEs),由于其阻燃效率高、稳定性好、成本低,因此常作为阻燃剂来降低火灾的发生频率和危害程度,广泛应用于石油、纺织品、塑料制品、建筑材料、交通设备和电子产品中。自1970年代PBDEs问世以来,随着世界电子产业的飞速发展,全球PBDEs 的消耗量不断增加,海洋环境中的PBDEs浓度也由此急剧上升[1]。 然而由于PBDEs具有持久性、高生物蓄积性和高生物毒性等特征,是一类新型持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs)[2],其对海洋环境的影响已成为当前环境科学的一大热点。 1 PBDEs的物理化学性质 PBDEs的化学通式为C12 H(0-9) Br (1-10) O,根据苯环上溴原子数量不同分为10个同系组,共有209种同系物存在,分子量从249到959不等(图1)。其沸点在310~425℃之间。在室温下其蒸气压较低,并随着分子中所含溴原子个数的增加而呈线性下降,因此PBDEs的挥发性较小,当进入大气环境或吸附于颗粒物上后,会随大气环流进行长距离迁移,迁移距离随着溴原子数的增加而减少。PBDEs在水中溶解度小,具有脂溶性、高蓄积性,可以在颗粒物和沉积物中吸附,也可以随着食物链富集放大。PBDEs的化学性质非常稳定,极难通过物理、化学或生物降解[1,3]。因此PBDEs一旦进入环境体系, 就可在水体、土壤和底泥等环境介质中存留数年, 甚至更长时间。 图1 PBDEs的化学结构式 2 海洋环境中PBDEs的来源和迁移转化

多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的快速筛选试验

多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的快速筛选试验 ROHS指令中多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的筛选试验在SJ/T 11365-2006《电子信息产品中有毒有害物质的检测方法》1标准中,采用X衍射法进行。本文采用氧瓶燃烧使非金属检样中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的有机溴转化为无机溴,水溶液吸收。在酸性介质中,氯胺T将溴化物氧化为游离溴,溴再与酚红反应生成四溴酚红,其颜色随溴化物含量的增大呈黄绿色至紫色。方法仪器设备简单,本法最低溴检测量为1μg 2。 1 实验部分 1.1 主要设备和试剂 燃烧瓶:500mL碘量瓶,玻塞底部熔烧一根6cm的铂丝; 酚红溶液:0.24g/L; 乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液:pH=4.5; 氯胺T溶液:2g/L,现用现配; 硫代硫酸钠溶液:25g/L。 1.2氧瓶燃烧 用定性滤纸包裹0.5g检样,缠于燃烧瓶塞底下的铂丝上。在燃烧瓶中放入20ml水,充氧,将缠于铂丝上的纸包点燃,迅速塞于充满氧的燃烧瓶中充分燃烧。纸包燃烧产生的烟雾用水吸收待用。 1.3溴-酚红比色 吸取10mL吸收液于25mL比色管中,加0.5mL乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液,3滴酚红溶液,摇匀。加0.4mL 氯胺T溶液,摇匀。1min后加入0.40mL硫代硫酸钠溶液,摇匀,使溶液脱氯。5min后观察颜色变化。 2 结果与讨论 如果水吸收液酚红比色后同空白比较不变色,则检样中无多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs);若水吸收液酚红比色后同空白比较变色,则检样中可能含有多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),检样按SN/T 2005.2-2005 3要求进行GC-MS测试。 本方法中氯离子无干扰4,若吸收液改用0.1moL/L的盐酸,则吸收液还可以进行其他元素分析。 参考文献 1.SJ/T 11365-2006 电子信息产品中有毒有害物质的检测方法 [S] 2.GB/T8538.38-1995 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法[S] 3.SN/T 2005.2-2005 电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚的测定第2部分:气相色谱-质谱法[S] 4.温明慧溴-酚红比色法中氯离子的干扰实验[J] 新疆地质 2003.12 (作者单位:江苏无锡市产品质量监督检验所)

051210环境中多溴联苯醚类( PBDEs) 化合物污染研究

收稿:2005年9月,收修改稿:2006年5月 3国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(N o.20437020)33通讯联系人 e 2mail :xuxb @https://www.doczj.com/doc/4012507059.html, 环境中多溴联苯醚类(PB DEs)化合物污染研究 3 魏爱雪 王学彤 徐晓白 33 (中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室 北京100085) 摘 要 由于环境中P BDEs 的浓度在快速增长且已在世界各地普遍存在,又因P BDEs 的化学结构与 PC B 和DDT 非常相似,因此P BDEs 的环境毒性越来越多地受到学者们的关注。本文介绍P BDEs 在环境介质中如水介质(河流、海洋、废水和沉积物),野生动物(海洋哺乳动物、鱼)和人体组织内(母乳、血清、脂肪)的分布及其毒性效应和对人类健康的威胁,着重介绍美国所进行的两个研究实例,也介绍了有关国家对P BDEs 采取的预防和控制措施。 关键词 P BDEs 阻燃剂 环境污染 人体健康中图分类号:X50 文献标识码:A 文章编号:10052281X (2006)0921227207 The Pollution R esearch Aspect on Poly 2Brominated Diphenyl Esters(PBDEs)in E nvironment Wei Aixue Wang Xuetong Xu Xiaobai 33 (State K ey Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry &Eco 2T oxicology ,Research Center for Eco 2Environmental Sciences ,Chinese Academy of Sciences ,Beijing 100085,China ) Abstract The concentration of P BDEs (poly 2brominated diphenyl esters )is rapidly increasing and it can be found every where in the w orld.The chemical structure of P BDEs is very similar to PC B and DDT ,s o there is an increasing body of scientists who concern the toxic aspects of P BDEs in environment.This paper introduces P BDEs distribution status in environmental media such as aqueous medium (river ,ocean ,effluent ,sediment ),wildlife (marine mammals ,fish ),human tissues (breast milk ,blood serum ,adipose ),its toxicity effects and threaten to human health.Em phasis is put on tw o research exam ples made in the United States.The prevention and control measures adopted in s ome countries are als o introduced. K ey w ords P BDEs ;flame retardants ;environmental pollution ;human health 1 引言 多溴二苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl esters ,P BDEs )是一种重要的有机卤素化合物,它对环境已产生越来越严重的影响。P BDEs 作为阻燃剂被广泛用于纺织、家具、建材、交通工具和电子产品中。当今,P BDEs 已在数千种产品中存在,大约构成产品重量的5%—30%。 P BDEs 是一类以溴为基础的化合物,按所含的溴原子数分类,有209种同类物(congeners )。常见的 如四溴二苯醚(tetra 2BDEs )、五溴二苯醚(penta 2 BDEs )、六溴二苯醚(hexa 2BDEs )、八溴二苯醚(octa 2BDEs )和十溴二苯醚(deca 2BDEs )等,分别含有4、5、6、8、10个溴原子。在P BDEs 的209种同类物中,有6种化合物被科学家研究得最为普遍和深入。它们是BDE 247、BDE 299、BDE 2100、BDE 2153、BDE 2154和BDE 2209。一些化合物的化学结构见表1,而BDE 2209是hexa 2BDEs 或deca 2BDEs 。 据报道,1990年世界上阻燃剂的年产量是60万吨,其中含溴的阻燃剂是15万吨,P BDEs 是5万 第18卷第9期2006年9月 化 学 进 展 PROG RESS I N CHE MISTRY Vol.18No.9  Sep.,2006

EPA 8082气相色谱法测定多氯联苯

USEPA 8082A-2007 气相色谱法测定多氯联苯 1.0适用范围 方法8082用于检测多氯联苯浓度如固-液萃取物中的亚老格尔或单独的多氯联苯化合物。开口毛细管柱用于电子捕获器或电解传导检测器。对比于填充柱,熔融石英开口毛细管柱提高了检测性能,即更好的选择性、更好的灵敏度及更快的检测速度。下表所列的目标化合物都可由单柱或者双柱分析系统来检测。这些PCB化合物都有此法试验过,且此法还适用于其它的化合物。

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 国际理论和应用化学联合会 1.2亚老格尔是种多组分的混合物。当样品中含有多于一种的亚老格尔,就需要更好的分析技术人员来进行定性及定量分析。对于环境降解中的亚老格尔或者人为降解中的亚老格尔分析也需要专门分析技术人员,因为降解后的多组分混合物对比于亚老格尔标准峰参数将有显著不同。 1.3作为亚老格尔的PCBs定量分析与很多常规仪器检测类似,但当亚老格尔在环境中暴露而降解后则有很大的不同。因此,本方法提供了从检测结果中挑选单个PCB化合物的程序。上面所列的19种PCB化合物均用此法进行了检测。 1.4当知道PCB存在的情况下,PCB化合物的检测可以得到更高的精确度。因此这种方法依据需求的计划需要,可以用于检测亚老格尔、单个PCB化合物或者PCBs总合。此化合物的方法对降解的亚老格尔检测具有特殊意义。然而,分析者在使用这个化合物分析方法时应当谨慎,即在调整条件时应基于亚老格尔的浓度。 1.5基于单柱分析的化合物确定应当由另一根柱子来验证,或者有至少一种定性方法来支持。第二根气相色谱柱的分析条件能够确认第一根柱子的检测法。在灵敏度允许的情况下气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)8270方法可以作为一个确认方法。 1.6此方法同样描述了一个双柱方法选择。这个方法需要配置一个硬件是两根分析柱相连成为单一进样口。此法需要在双柱分析时使用一个进样口。分析者应当注意的是在仪器受机械压力影响一些样品进样周期短,或者分析高污染的样品时,双柱方法可能并不合适。 1.7分析者必须针对所研究的目标分析物选择柱子、检测器、校准方法。必须建立特殊基质操作步骤、针对每个分析基质的稳定的分析系统及仪器校准系统。提供色谱实例和气相色谱条件。 1.8亚老格尔的方法检出限变化范围在水中为0.054到0.90μg/kg ,在土壤中为57到70μg/kg。可以利用表一来估计定量限。 1.9这个方法在使用时受到限制,或者在监督之下才能使用。分析者要在使用气相色谱方面有丰富的经验,又或者能熟练的阐述气相色谱原理。每个分析人员都必须能够证明具有使用这个方法得到合理的数据的能力。 2.0方法概述 2.1用适当的样品基质萃取技术对一定量体积或一定质量的样品(液体1升,固体2到30克)进行萃取。 2.2液体样品在中性条件下用二氯甲烷依据方法3510(分液漏斗)、方法3520(连续液液萃取),或其他适合的方法进行萃取。 2.3固体样品以正己烷-丙酮(1∶1)或者二氯甲烷-丙酮(1∶1),用方法3540(索氏法),

多溴联苯醚及其危害

多溴联苯醚及其危害 说起多溴联苯醚,多数人并不熟悉,但对六六六、DDT等多氯苯及其衍生物多氯联苯却并不陌生。多年前,由于国际社会公认多氯联苯在环境中的残留周期特别长,能在生物及人类脂肪组织中蓄积,不仅各国纷纷禁用六六六、DDT,而且制定了非常严格的食品有机氯允许含量标准。多溴联苯醚恰恰与它们有着很多相似之处,只是因为多溴联苯醚的应用较晚,因此,人们对它的了解要比多氯联苯晚了半个世纪。 多溴联苯醚的英文名为PolyBrominatedDiphenylEthers(简称PBDEs),有四溴联苯醚、五溴、六溴、八溴、十溴等209种同系物。其商品多溴联苯醚是一组溴原子数不同的联苯醚混合物,因此被总称为多溴联苯醚。 多溴联苯醚的最大用途是作为阻燃剂,在产品制造过程中添加到复合材料中去,以提高产品的防火性能。因为多溴联苯醚可在高温状态下释放自由基,阻断燃烧反应。其中十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)是多溴联苯醚家族中含溴原子数最多的一种化合物,由于它价格低廉,性能优越,急性毒性在所有溴联苯醚中最低,所以在全球范围内使用最广,如用于各种电子电器和自动控制设备、建材、纺织品、家具等产品中。据统计,目前十溴联苯醚占阻燃剂总量的75%以上。 急性毒性 多溴联苯醚为淡黄色、无特殊气味的粉末状物质,对皮肤无刺激作用。其急性毒性很低,大鼠经口半数致死剂量(LD50)高达5800~7400mg/kg。原型物质进入胃肠道后基本上不被吸收,最终由粪便排出。

慢性毒性 1、发育毒性。研究表明,由于幼年动物排泄多溴联苯醚的能力低,会造成幼体多溴联苯醚浓度过高而导致组织(包括脑)损伤。胎儿和婴儿在出生前后接触多溴联苯醚,会引起持久性的行为改变。给孕期大鼠持续管饲多溴联苯醚后,可发现胎鼠后肢畸形。 2、干扰内分泌功能。研究还发现,多溴联苯醚能扰乱成年期和发育期哺乳动物的甲状腺系统,使T4代谢紊乱。 3、生殖毒性。低剂量的多溴联苯醚染毒雄性小鼠的精子和精原细胞数量下降。 4、可能致癌。给大鼠染毒1200~2500mg/kg连续20周,肝脏和胰腺的腺瘤发生率增加。

各种多溴联苯醚的HPLC检测

Journal of Chromatography A,827(1998)65–71 Identi?cation of brominated ?ame retardants in polymeric materials by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection * Michael Riess,Rudi van Eldik ¨Institute for Inorganic Chemistry ,University of Erlangen -Nurnberg ,Egerlandstr .1,91058Erlangen ,Germany Received 10April 1998;received in revised form 4June 1998;accepted 8September 1998 Abstract A fast and simple method for the qualitative identi?cation of technical ?ame retardants in polymeric materials is described.The LC separation was achieved on a reversed-phase C column.The identi?cation of a large variety of ?ame 18retardants in a single analytical LC run was achieved using a mixture of aqueous phosphate buffer and methanol with ultraviolet detection in the scanning mode.The method was used for the analysis of ?ame retardants in a number of polymeric waste materials from TV sets and personal computers,on the basis of a comparison with standards.?1998Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords :Brominated ?ame retardants;Polymers 1.Introduction carbons that were mostly used in recent years,such as tetrabromobisphenol A and its derivatives,tri-Organic polymer materials are widely used in bromophenol,tetrabromophthalic anhydride,bistri-various industries [1].If ?ame retardancy is required,bromophenoxyethane,polybrominated biphenyls and e.g.in electrotechnical applications such as TV biphenyloxides (see Table 1).Due to different struc-cabinets or personal computer housings,?ame re-tures and degrees of bromination,their physical and tardant additives containing bromine,chlorine or chemical properties are typical for environmentally phosphorus are often employed [2].Each ?ame critical substances [4,5].Noticeable concentrations of retardant has its own speci?c application in a number some of these compounds were detected in various of polymers (see Table 1). biotic samples [6,7].Brominated dioxins and furans In waste plastics,especially in scrap from elec-may be formed during synthesis,polymer com-tronic applications,a large variety of polymers and pounding and combustion,as well as during the use ?ame retardants can be found.Due to the recent of electrical appliances [8,9]. increase in recycling activities,fast universal meth-Various chromatographic techniques have been ods for the identi?cation of ?ame retardants,in-employed for the analysis of polymer additives [10–dependent of the polymer matrix,are needed [3].13].As a result of the good separation performance,This is especially true for the polybrominated hydro-gas chromatography is often preferred [14].How-ever,for compounds with high molecular weight,*high separation temperatures,that can induce thermal Corresponding author.Tel.:1499131857350;fax:1499131857387reactions,are required.High-performance liquid 0021-9673/98/$–see front matter ?1998Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S0021-9673(98)00748-1

水产品中多氯联苯的检测条件

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多溴联苯醚

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环境水样中多氯联苯类化合物的检测

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电子电气产品中多氯联苯的测定 气相色谱-质谱法(标准状态:现行)

I C S31.020 L10 中华人民共和国国家标准 G B/T32887 2016 电子电气产品中多氯联苯的测定 气相色谱-质谱法 D e t e r m i n a t i o no f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e db i p h e n y l s i n e l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c p r o d u c t s G a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y-m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y 2016-08-29发布2017-03-01实施中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局

前言 本标准按照G B/T1.1 2009给出的规则起草三 本标准由全国电工电子产品与系统的环境标准化技术委员会(S A C/T C297)提出并归口三 本标准起草单位:深圳市计量质量检测研究院二中国电子技术标准化研究院二广东出入境检验检疫局二工业和信息化部电子第五研究所三 本标准主要起草人:幸苑娜二冯岸红二林志惠二萧达辉二高坚二黄秋鑫二张旭二程涛二周明辉二李涵二陈泽勇三

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多溴联苯醚及其危害

多溴联苯醚及其危害集团企业公司编码:(LL3698-KKI1269-TM2483-LUI12689-ITT289-

多溴联苯醚及其危害说起多溴联苯醚,多数人并不熟悉,但对六六六、DDT等多氯苯及其衍生物多氯联苯却并不陌生。多年前,由于国际社会公认多氯联苯在环境中的残留周期特别长,能在生物及人类脂肪组织中蓄积,不仅各国纷纷禁用六六六、DDT,而且制定了非常严格的食品有机氯允许含量标准。多溴联苯醚恰恰与它们有着很多相似之处,只是因为多溴联苯醚的应用较晚,因此,人们对它的了解要比多氯联苯晚了半个世纪。 多溴联苯醚的英文名为PolyBrominatedDiphenylEthers(简称PBDEs),有四溴联苯醚、五溴、六溴、八溴、十溴等209种同系物。其商品多溴联苯醚是一组溴原子数不同的联苯醚混合物,因此被总称为多溴联苯醚。 多溴联苯醚的最大用途是作为阻燃剂,在产品制造过程中添加到复合材料中去,以提高产品的防火性能。因为多溴联苯醚可在高温状态下释放自由基,阻断燃烧反应。其中十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)是多溴联苯醚家族中含溴原子数最多的一种化合物,由于它价格低廉,性能优越,急性毒性在所有溴联苯醚中最低,所以在全球范围内使用最广,如用于各种电子电器和自动控制设备、建材、纺织品、家具等产品中。据统计,目前十溴联苯醚占阻燃剂总量的75%以上。

急性毒性 多溴联苯醚为淡黄色、无特殊气味的粉末状物质,对皮肤无刺激作用。其急性毒性很低,大鼠经口半数致死剂量(LD50)高达5800~7400mg/kg。原型物质进入胃肠道后基本上不被吸收,最终由粪便排出。 慢性毒性 1、发育毒性。研究表明,由于幼年动物排泄多溴联苯醚的能力低,会造成幼体多溴联苯醚浓度过高而导致组织(包括脑)损伤。胎儿和婴儿在出生前后接触多溴联苯醚,会引起持久性的行为改变。给孕期大鼠持续管饲多溴联苯醚后,可发现胎鼠后肢畸形。 2、干扰内分泌功能。研究还发现,多溴联苯醚能扰乱成年期和发育期哺乳动物的甲状腺系统,使T4代谢紊乱。 3、生殖毒性。低剂量的多溴联苯醚染毒雄性小鼠的精子和精原细胞数量下降。 4、可能致癌。给大鼠染毒1200~2500mg/kg连续20周,肝脏和胰腺的腺瘤发生率增加。

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