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英语语法总结[大学]

一、大学英语三、四级语法归纳

二、时态和语态

I、时态

◇时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时间＋方式”就构成一种时态。从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分，从动作上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应用中以及TOEFL等考试中出现最多的时态也只有4种，即一般现在时，现在完成时，一般过去时及过去完成时。◇

1．用一般现在时表示将来的动作。

B.在由连词even if, unless, as soon as, if, when, in case, before, after, until, once, the

moment, as long as等引出状语从句中，谓语一般不用will或shall来表示将来的动作，仅用一般现在时。例如：

C.eg. She will come to see you the moment she finishes her work.

◇The boss won’t give the workers pay unless they ______their work today.

(03/12, 43)

D.A) finish B) finished C) will finish D) had finished

◇Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone__________ them.

E.A) discovered B) will discover (03/1,31, CET-4)

F.C) would have discovered D) discovers

G. B. 某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按预定计划或时刻表在短时间内将发生

的动作。这类动词有：be, go, come, start, leave, depart, arrive, begin, return等。例如：◇The train leaves at five sharp.

H. 2. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别

1)现在完成时：

I.①构成：have／has + 过去分词

J.②语法意义及要点：

A.表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间

的状语连用。eg. so far，up to now，since，for a long time etc.

K.eg. He has worked as a teacher for many years

L.Up till now，nothing has gone wrong．

◇Don’t disturb Father. He ________ letters all morning and has written ten so far. (99/6, 42)

M.A) write B) has been writing C) has written D) was writing

N.◇This is the worst time of the year. It ________every day so far.

(02/6, 42)

O.A) is raining B) has rained C) rained D) rains

P.B．表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用(eg. yet，just，before，recently, etc.)；也同表示频度时间状语连用(eg. often，ever，never，sometimes，several times, etc).；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用(eg.

now，today，this morning, etc). 但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year，inl997 etc.)

Q.eg. I have never learned Japanese before．

R.We have been quite busy lately /recently．

S.◇I am meeting Ivan tonight; I _______a Russian before.

(01/1,49)

T.A) didn’t ever meet B) have ever met C) had never met D) have never met

U.C．在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。

◇We'll start at 5 0'clock if it has stopped raining by then．

◇I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework．

V.Note：行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb)，eg. arrive, begin, come, go，start, leave, die，join，etc. 通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

◇He has joined the army for five years．(F)

◇He has been in the army for five years。(T)

W.2) 过去完成时：

X.①构成：had+过去分词

Y.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。Z.eg. David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage. AA.T hey had got everything ready before the party began．

◇The burglary ______before I arrived at the office; all I could do was to call the police. (03/6, 56)

BB.A) has occurred B) had occurred C) was occurring D) would occur

CC.N ote: 与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。

◇He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.

DD.3) 将来完成时：

EE.①构成：shall／will +have+过去分词

FF.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。

GG.eg. He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday，

HH.The shop will have closed already before you get there．

II.◇By the end of next year they _________together for twenty years. (01/1,48) JJ.A) will have worked B) had worked C) would work D) have worked

KK.◇--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"

(00/6,41, CET-4)

--"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."

A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone

LL.◇By the time he arrives in Beijing, we_______ here for two days. (01/6,31, CET-4)

A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have

stayed

MM.◇By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. (02/1,41, CET-4)

A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have

left

NN.4) 将来时间表示法：

OO.①be going to +V. 表示不太明确的意图、打算。

◇We’re going to to build a new highway to the east.

PP.②be + to + V. 表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：

QQ.You’re to do your homework before you watch TV.

◇You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.

RR.③be about to / be on the point of 表示不久的将来，后者表示更近的将来，强调将来要发生的事情已临近。例如：

◇I feel that something terrible is about to happen.

◇I can’t see you now. I’m on the point of leaving.

SS.④be due to 表示将来的用法与时刻表、实施计划有关。例如：

◇The train to Hangzhou is due to arrive at 13:15.

II、语态

TT.英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（Active Voice），一种叫被动语态（Passive Voice）, 分别表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。

UU.☆基本公式是：“是”动词＋过去分词（被动语态有13种）

VV.1. am/ is / are +P.P 2. am/ is / are +being +P.P

WW. 3. was/ were +P.P 4. was/ were +being +P.P

XX.5. has been + P.P 6. had + been + P.P

YY.7. shall / will be + P.P 8. should / would be + P.P

ZZ.9. should / shall / would / must / need / may / might / ought to

AAA./ can / could / will be+ P.P (情态动词)

BBB.10. be +to be + P.P (不定式) 11. to have been + P.P (完成体)

CCC.12 .being + P.P (动名词及分词) 13. having been +PP(完成时动名词及分词)

☆动词不定式符号to的处理。

DDD.感官动词（verbs of perception）, 如see , watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel, etc;

EEE.使役动词（causative verbs）, 如make, have , let, etc;

FFF.如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。GGG.即：感官动词

HHH.主语+ 使役动词+ 宾语+ 不带to的不定式

III.但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。JJJ.eg. We saw him cross the street. He was seen to cross the street.

KKK.John heard Mary go downstairs. Mary was heard to go downstairs. LLL.The sharp pain made her cry out. She was made to cry out by the sharp pain.

MMM.二、非谓语动词

I、动名词

☆动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如：

NNN.◇Transplanting will soon start. (S) ◇It’s no use waiting. (S)

OOO.◇Would you mind standing on your head? (O) ◇My favorite sport is swimming. (P)

◇His job is looking after the two dogs of the old woman. (S-c)

1.某些动词后要接动名词

PPP.某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞赏)，complete，consider，can't help，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，endure, excuse, fancy，favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，risk，resist，suggest, etc. QQQ.She suggested spending another day in the mountain area．

RRR.There's no way to escape doing the work．

SSS.She is considering asking her employer for a rise．

TTT.◇I shall postpone ________ my paper until I get enough information on the subject. (02/6, 55)

UUU.A) writing C) written B) being written D) to write

VVV.Maybe I’ll ______the MA program after graduating from college.

(03/1,54)

WWW.A) consider to take B) consider to taking

XXX.C) consider taking D) consider on taking

YYY.◇He considers _______ an MA program after graduation in two years.

(03/6, 51)

ZZZ.A) taking B) to take C) took D) taken

AAAA.◇Try to imagine ________the Pacific Ocean in a small boat.

(03/12, 54)

BBBB.A) crossing B) to cross C) to be crossed D) on crossing CCCC.◇Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.

(00/6, 34, CET-4)

A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped

DDDD.◇That young man still denies _______ the fire behind the store.

(01/1, 45, CET-4)

A) start B) to start C) having started D) to have started

EEEE.Note：①在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式

◇The clock needs／wants repairing．(＝The clock needs／wants to be repaired．)

◇The disabled deserve respecting．(＝The disabled deserve to be

respected．)

FFFF.②在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。

GGGG.I like reading books of this kind，but l don't like to read that book．

HHHH.S he prefers walking to cycling．

IIII.I prefer to stay at home today．

JJJJ.③在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。

KKKK.I remembered locking the door．(＝I remembered that I had locked the door.) LLLL.I remembered to lock the door．(＝I remembered that l was to lock the door.) MMMM.I regret telling you about it．(＝I regret that l told you about it.)

NNNN.I regret to tell you he has fallen ill．(＝I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.) OOOO.2. 动名词作介词的宾语

PPPP.动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。◇His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true．

◇She left without saying goodbye to us．

QQQQ.动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to，believe in，confess to，dream of，feel like，give up，insist on，be interested in，look forward to，object to，have an (no) objection to，pay attention to，put off，be responsible for，succeed in，be tired of，be (get) used to，worry about, etc.

◇He is used to living on his own．

◇He has made up his mind to give up smoking.

RRRR.3、带逻辑主语的动名词

SSSS.动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。

在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。

TTTT.Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected．

UUUU.I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause Of education．

VVVV.Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late．

WWWW.What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming's having too much confidence in himself．

XXXX.◇I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late. （00/1，43, CET-4）

A) you to delay making B) your delaying making

C) your delaying to make D) you delay to make

YYYY.Ⅱ、不定式

1.某些动词后要接不定式

ZZZZ.某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有: agree，apply, afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim, decide，dare, demand，

desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(打算)，neglect，offer(主动提出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise，prove，refuse，regret，remember，resolve(决心), seek，seem, tend，try，volunteer，want，wish，etc.

AAAAA.What do you plan to do tomorrow?

BBBBB.She hated to move from such a nice village．

CCCCC.In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students.

DDDDD. 2. 不定式的被动式

EEEEE.不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。

FFFFF.eg. The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently．GGGGG.She preferred to be given more difficult work to do．

HHHHH.It is a great honor for me to be invited to the party.

IIIII.If the building project _________by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

JJJJJ.A) being completed B) is completed C) to be completed D) completed (01/6, 48, CET-4)

KKKKK. 3. 不定式的完成式

LLLLL.当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

◇She seemed to have heard about the news already.

◇He Was believed to have been a very rich man．

MMMMM.4. 不定式的完成被动式

NNNNN.当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

OOOOO.eg. The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night．

PPPPP.It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books．QQQQQ.◇Twenty soldiers were reported ________in that battle.

(99/6, 44)

RRRRR.A) to have been killed B) having been killed C) to be killed

D) being killed

◇The accident is reported ________at dawn this morning, killing about ten people. (03/6, 42)

SSSSS.A) to have occurred B) to have been occurred C) occurred

D) occurring

TTTTT.◇The bank is reported in the local newspaper _______ in broad daylight yesterday. (01/1, 63, CET-4)

A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D)

robbed

UUUUU. 5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语

VVVVV.不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为"for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式"。

带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

WWWWW.It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time．

XXXXX.I think it better for you to see the doctor．

YYYYY.What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly．

ZZZZZ.I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like．

AAAAAA. 6. 带疑问词的不定式短语

BBBBBB.不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或状语等。

CCCCCC.How to improve English is often discussed among the students．

DDDDDD.We haven't decided when to visit the place．

EEEEEE.The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well．FFFFFF.You haven't answered my question where to set these books．

GGGGGG.7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是: feel, have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch, etc.

HHHHHH.eg. Suddenly l felt the atmosphere in the room become tense．

IIIIII.I often hear them sing this song．

JJJJJJ.◇As we felt the ground _______to shake, we all hurried out and stood in the open.

(03/6, 50)

KKKKKK.A) to begin B) begun C) has begun D) begin

LLLLLL.Ⅲ、分词

☆分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

1、现在分词与过去分词的区别

MMMMMM.现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。NNNNNN.Cf：a changing world (一个变化着的世界) VS a changed world (一个已经起变化的世界)

OOOOOO.Surprising news (令人惊讶的消息) VS surprised people (感到惊讶的人们)

PPPPPP. 2. 分词作状语

QQQQQQ.作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

RRRRRR.eg. Hearing the news，he heaved a sign of relief．

SSSSSS.Given another chance，I'll do it much better．

◇All things _______, the result is satisfactory. (99/6, 50)

TTTTTT.A) considered B) to consider C) considering D) are considered

◇Children may improve their speech by listening to people talk, a fact that may go_________. (01/1,59)

UUUUUU.A) not to be noticed B) unnoticed C) being unnoticed D) not to notice

VVVVVV.◇I think that _________with the railway, the highway is much better.

(02/6, 44)

WWWWWW.A) comparing B) compared C) to compare D) compare

◇________his homework, the schoolboy dashed to the playground to join his friends in the game. (03/6, 48)

XXXXXX.A) Finished B) With finishing C) Finishing D) To finish

YYYYYY.◇As a rule Mr. Smith went for a walk after supper, ________by a white lapdog. (03/6, 52)

ZZZZZZ.A) following B) followed C) to follow D) having followed AAAAAAA.◇The boy looked at the stranger carefully, _______who he could be.

(03/12, 42)

BBBBBBB.A) to wonder B) wondered C) wondering D) having wondered

CCCCCCC.◇______ in this way，the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.

(00/1, 68, CET-4)

A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at DDDDDDD.◇These surveys indicate that many crimes go_______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.

A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been

unrecorded (00/6, 26, CET-4)

EEEEEEE.◇_______ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.

A) Judged the best B) Judging the best

(01/1, 46, CET-4)

FFFFFFF.C) To be judged the best D) Having judged the best

GGGGGGG.◇________in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. (01/6, 60, CET-4)

A) Being the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city

B) It was once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was HHHHHHH.◇He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.

A) to be considered C) being considered

(02/1, 53, CET-4)

B) considering D) having considered

IIIIIII.◇We left the meeting, there obviously ___________ no point in staying.

(02/6, 58, CET-4)

A) were B) being C) to be D) having

◇Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world. (03/1, 43, CET-4)

JJJJJJJ.A) having been lost B)to be lose C)losing D) lost -----(be lost to)

KKKKKKK. 3. 分词作定语

LLLLLLL.分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

◇He's a spoilt child．

◇The man standing over there is our English teacher.

MMMMMMM. 4. 分词作宾语补足语

NNNNNNN.分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。

OOOOOOO.常用的感觉动词主要有：see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell, etc.

PPPPPPP.常用的使役动词主要有：Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let, etc. QQQQQQQ.此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

RRRRRRR.She watched her baby sleeping．

SSSSSSS.I got my hair cut．

TTTTTTT.I don't want you worrying about me.．

UUUUUUU.◇They had their new house ________in the earthquake last week.

(02/6, 52)

VVVVVVV.A) be destroyed B) being destroyed C) to be destroyed D) destroyed

WWWWWWW.◇As a member, he tired hard to make his voice ________in the committee.

(03/6, 46)

XXXXXXX.A) heard B) hear C) hearing D) be heard

◇The wounded soldier had the message ________straight to the army commander. (03/12,46)

YYYYYYY.A) sent B) to send C) to be sent D) being sent ZZZZZZZ.◇Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.

（00/1，45, CET-4）

A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D)

cultivating

AAAAAAAA.◇You will see this product _______ wherever you go. （00/6，30, CET-4）BBBBBBBB.A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising

CCCCCCCC.◇With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers_________ before their time.

A) be bloomed B) bloom C) bloomed D)blooming （01/6，

36, CET-4）

DDDDDDDD.◇The president promised to keep all the board members__________ of how the negotiations were going on.

A) inform B) informing C) be informed D) informed （01/6，

54, CET-4）

EEEEEEEE.5、分词与连词的连用

FFFFFFFF.分词可与各种连词(如：when，while，once，until，if，unless，though，although，even if，as，as if，as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

GGGGGGGG.eg. She'll get nervous when speaking in public．

HHHHHHHH.He went on talking，though continually interrupted．

◇Though_________ in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life.

IIIIIIII.A) grown B) raised C) tended D) cultivated （03/1，32, CET-4）

JJJJJJJJ.6、分词的独立结构

KKKKKKKK.分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。

LLLLLLLL.分词的独立结构由“名词、代词+分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

MMMMMMMM.eg. Weather permitting，the football match will be played on Wednesday．

NNNNNNNN.Her son having been sent to school，she began to do some shopping．OOOOOOOO.He returned three days later，his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces．

PPPPPPPP.There were two parties yesterday evening，each attended by some students。QQQQQQQQ.◇The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated

（00/1，46, CET-4）

RRRRRRRR.◇So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.

（01/1，58, CET-4）

SSSSSSSS.A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent

TTTTTTTT.◇All the tasks ________ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. （01/6，56, CET-4）

A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been

fulfilled

UUUUUUUU.◇All flights ________ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. （02/1，67, CET-4）

A) having been canceled C) having canceled

B) had been canceled D) were canceled

VVVVVVVV.7、with 引导的独立主格结构的构成方法及应用

WWWWWWWW.With + 名词/ 代词+ 形容词

XXXXXXXX.He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.

YYYYYYYY.With +名词/ 代词+ 介词短语

◇The woman came into the office with a mobile telephone in her hand.

ZZZZZZZZ.With +名词/ 代词+ 副词

◇With the shift over, we went to see the film.

AAAAAAAAA.With +名词/ 代词+ 动词的现在分词

◇With more people helping them, they will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.

BBBBBBBBB.With +名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词

◇With the question settled, they were happy and relaxed. CCCCCCCCC.With +名词/ 代词+ 不定式

DDDDDDDDD.He knew that with him to help her, she could succeed.

EEEEEEEEE.注：Without 也能引导独立结构。

◇I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.

FFFFFFFFF.8. 垂悬分词短语作状语。

GGGGGGGGG.垂悬分词是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中作状语时，它的逻辑主语不必与句子的主语保持一致。常见的垂悬分词有：regarding (关于), concerning，considering，assuming (假设)，admitting(that), granting /granted (that), seeing (that), judging from, generally speaking, allowing for (考虑到), etc.

◇He did a bad job concerning his experience.

◇judging from the number of cars, there were not many people at the club yet.

二、虚拟语气

HHHHHHHHH.虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。

IIIIIIIII.Basic Verbs

JJJJJJJJJ.eg. The judge insisted that the caucused man appear in prison. KKKKKKKKK.on the accused man appearing in prison.

LLLLLLLLL.We recommend that a neutral chairman be appointed.

N.Verbs (the meaning of the N are similar with the Verb)

MMMMMMMMM.eg. The board has given the instruction that the agent fly Boston. NNNNNNNNN.Your advice that he wait next week is reasonable.

Adj. N.

OOOOOOOOO.eg. It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.

PPPPPPPPP.It is necessary that he come without late.

QQQQQQQQQ.常考的几种虚拟语气句型：

1.表示现在／过去／将来情况的虚拟条件句RRRRRRRRR.虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：

1)表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词

原形", 从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。

◇If I were you，I would not accept his offer．

◇If I had time，1would certainly go to the cinema with you．SSSSSSSSS.2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+ have+过去分词"，从句谓语用过去完成时。

TTTTTTTTT.eg. If I had get up a little earlier，I wouldn't have missed the train UUUUUUUUU.If I had been more careful，I might have passed that exam．VVVVVVVVV.◇The plants would have grown all right if she ______them properly.

(99/6, 53)

WWWWWWWWW.A) had watered B) watered C) has watered

D) waters

XXXXXXXXX.◇Things might have been much worse if the mother _______ on her right to keep the baby.

A) has been insisting C) would insist （02/1，

59, CET-4）

B) had insisted D) insisted

YYYYYYYYY.3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词原形”，从句谓语用"were+动词不定式”或"should+动词原形”。

◇If I were to do the job，I would not be able to have enough time to study．◇If it should rain tomorrow，I would not go out with you．ZZZZZZZZZ. 2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略

AAAAAAAAAA.如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were，had，should，could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were，had，should，could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。

BBBBBBBBBB.Were I to do the job，I would finish doing it within two weeks．CCCCCCCCCC.Had it not been for his help，we couldn't have arrived there on time．DDDDDDDDDD.Should it rain tomorrow，I would stay at home．EEEEEEEEEE.3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成

FFFFFFFFFF.动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。

1)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过

去时(be的过去式为were)。

GGGGGGGGGG.eg. I wish I had enough money to buy a car．

HHHHHHHHHH.I wish I were as young and energetic as you.

IIIIIIIIII.◇Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place .

（00/1，58, CET-4）

A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived JJJJJJJJJJ.2)表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)或"would／could+have+过去分词”。

◇I wish I hadn't made such a mistake．

◇I wish I could have done it better．

KKKKKKKKKK.◇Jack wishes that he________ business instead of history when he was in university. （01/6，50, CET-4）

A) studied B) study C) had been studying D) had studied LLLLLLLLLL.3)表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用"would／should (could，might)+动词原形"。

◇I wish I would not get old．

◇I wish I could travel around the world one day

MMMMMMMMMM. 4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

NNNNNNNNNN.在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise，ask，command，decide，Decree (命令，宣布)，demand，desire，direct，insist，move（提议），order，allow, propose，pray, prefer, recommend （推荐，劝告），request，require，suggest，Vote（表决）等。OOOOOOOOOO.eg. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by

10 percent.

PPPPPPPPPP.The teacher decided that you do the experiment first．QQQQQQQQQQ.◇Helen insisted that she ______someone knocking at the door.

(99/6, 47)

RRRRRRRRRR.A) had heard B) has heard C) was hearing

D) should have heard

SSSSSSSSSS.The teachers all recommended that German ______the first elective subject in this semester. (03/1,52)

TTTTTTTTTT.A) be B) must be C) is D) was UUUUUUUUUU.◇Mike's uncle insists ______ in this hotel.

（00/1，52, CET-4）

A) staying not B) not to stay C) that he would not stay D)

that he not stay

VVVVVVVVVV. 5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气WWWWWWWWWW.在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice，idea，instruction，insistence(坚持), motion，order，plan，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，等。XXXXXXXXXX.eg. My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately．

YYYYYYYYYY.◇Your proposal that she ______till next week is wise. (00/12,

55)

ZZZZZZZZZZ.A) wait B) waiting C) will wait D) waited AAAAAAAAAAA.◇The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone. （00/6，30, CET-4）

A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present BBBBBBBBBBB.◇Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident.

A) were set up B) was set up C) be set up D) set up （02/1，

47, CET-4）

CCCCCCCCCCC. 6. 错综时间条件句

DDDDDDDDDDD.条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的，如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设，这种句子称为错综时间条件句。

EEEEEEEEEEE.eg. If the weather had been more favorable，the crops would be growing still better．

◇If I __________harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. （03/1，35, CET-4）

FFFFFFFFFFF.A) worked B) were to work C) had worked D) were working

GGGGGGGGGGG.7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气

HHHHHHHHHHH.某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“It is (was)+形容词／过去分词+that引导的从句”构成。

IIIIIIIIIII.该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable (合理的)，appropriate (适当的)，crucial (紧要关头的), desirable，essential (紧要的)，imperative (迫切的)，important，insistent (坚持的), necessary，obligatory，proper，preferable (更可取的), strange (不可思议的), urgent (紧迫的)，vital (极其重要的)等；

JJJJJJJJJJJ.常用的过去分词主要有：arranged，decided，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，suggested等。

KKKKKKKKKKK.eg. It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily. LLLLLLLLLLL.It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition．MMMMMMMMMMM.◇It is vital that she ________ a job to support her family.

(02/6, 46 )

NNNNNNNNNNN.A) has B) have C) will have D) had

◇It was vital that we __________every measure to protect the beautiful scenery around the lake. ( 03/12, 57)

OOOOOOOOOOO.A) must take B) will take C) have to take D) take

PPPPPPPPPPP.◇It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. ( 00/1, 64, CET-4)

A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent QQQQQQQQQQQ.◇It is important that the hotel receptionist _______ that guests are registered correctly. ( 01/1, 41, CET-4)

A) has made sure B) made sure C) must make sure D) make sure RRRRRRRRRRR.8. as if／though引起的从句

SSSSSSSSSSS.当as if／though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。

TTTTTTTTTTT.如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；UUUUUUUUUUU.如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；VVVVVVVVVVV.③如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might，could)+动词原形。

WWWWWWWWWWW.They talked as if they had been friends for years．XXXXXXXXXXX.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday．YYYYYYYYYYY.It looks as if it might rain．

ZZZZZZZZZZZ.◇No one would imagine that this city was just a night's journey from here. It seemed as though ________ in another world.

(02/6, 57 )

AAAAAAAAAAAA.A) it to be B) it were C) it has been D) it being

BBBBBBBBBBBB.Note：如果as if／though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或

者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。

◇It seems as if it is going to rain．

◇The meat tastes as if it has already gone had．

CCCCCCCCCCCC.9. lest，for fear that和in case引起的从旬

DDDDDDDDDDDD.当lest，for fear that和in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should+动词原形。

EEEEEEEEEEEE.eg. He ran away lest he should be seen．

FFFFFFFFFFFF.we were afraid lest he should get here to late. GGGGGGGGGGGG.He did it lest she sees

HHHHHHHHHHHH.(should) see it.

IIIIIIIIIIII.may / shall see

JJJJJJJJJJJJ.The animals must be destroyed in case the disease spread. KKKKKKKKKKKK.lest

LLLLLLLLLLLL.He left early in case he should miss the last train．MMMMMMMMMMMM.He's working hard for fear that he should fall behind．NNNNNNNNNNNN.◇He was punished________ he should make the same mistake again.

（01/6, 58, CET-4）

A) unless B) provided C) if D) lest

◇While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ___________by wild animals.

OOOOOOOOOOOO.A) should be attacked B) had been attacked （03/1, 38, CET-4）

PPPPPPPPPPPP.C) must be attacked D) would be attacked

◇We booked rooms at the hotel _________we should find no vacancies on our arrival.

QQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) whenever B) if C) since D) lest （03/9, 42, CET-4）

RRRRRRRRRRRR.10. If only 引出的从句

SSSSSSSSSSSS.If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。用法和I wish 基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。

◇If only the rain would stop．

◇If only I'd listened to my parents．

TTTTTTTTTTTT.Note：If only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。

UUUUUUUUUUUU.11. But for引出的从句

VVVVVVVVVVVV.But for引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要不是。。。

就。。。”。

WWWWWWWWWWWW.eg. But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

◇_________ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation. （03/1，47, CET-4）

XXXXXXXXXXXX.A) Besides B) Regardless of C) But for D) Despite

YYYYYYYYYYYY.◇________the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time. （03/6，42, CET-4）

ZZZZZZZZZZZZ.A) But for B) In case of C) In spite of D) Because of

AAAAAAAAAAAAA.12. would rather (that) 引出的从句

BBBBBBBBBBBBB.would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。但Would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。此外，Would sooner (宁可), would as soon (宁愿) 后若接宾语从句也适用该句型。

CCCCCCCCCCCCC.I'd rather you told me the truth．

DDDDDDDDDDDDD.I would rather you came tomorrow than today．EEEEEEEEEEEEE.I'd rather you hadn't told me about it。

FFFFFFFFFFFFF.◇Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?

（00/1，49, CET-4）

A) go B) went C) would go D) goes GGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office. （00/6，48, CET-4）

A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not

work

HHHHHHHHHHHHH.13、It is (about／high) time (that) 句型

IIIIIIIIIIIII.该句型表示“(早)该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。

在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。

JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.eg. It is time that we went to bed．

KKKKKKKKKKKKK.It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself. LLLLLLLLLLLLL.◇I think it is about time we ________our journey to the sea shore.

(03/6, 60)

MMMMMMMMMMMMM.A) should start B) started C) start D) are starting

NNNNNNNNNNNNN.◇It is about time that you ______down to business.

(03/1,53)

OOOOOOOOOOOOO.A) must get B) got C) getting D) will get PPPPPPPPPPPPP.◇It is high time that such practices _________.

(03/1, 58, CET-4)

QQQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) are ended B) be ended C) were ended

D) must be ended

RRRRRRRRRRRRR.14. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义SSSSSSSSSSSSS.一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。

1)could have+过去分词

A．表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。

◇He couldn't have seen her yesterday．

◇They could have lost their way．

B．表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。

TTTTTTTTTTTTT.eg. We could have started a little earlier．UUUUUUUUUUUUU.I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape．VVVVVVVVVVVVV.◇Some women ______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home，but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (00/1, 70, CET-4)

WWWWWWWWWWWWW.A) must make B) should have made C) would make D) could have made

XXXXXXXXXXXXX.2) may (might) have+过去分词

A．表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。

◇He may have heard the news．

◇I might have come to a wrong conclusion．

B．表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。

◇It was a narrow escape．You might have killed yourself．

◇ A lot of men died who might have been saved．

YYYYYYYYYYYYY.3) must have+过去分词

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。AAAAAAAAAAAAAA.eg. She must have made a big mistake．BBBBBBBBBBBBBB.The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．

CCCCCCCCCCCCCC.◇Since the road is wet, _______last night. (99/6, 52) DDDDDDDDDDDDDD.A) it must have rained B) it should have rained

C) it must rain D) it should rain

EEEEEEEEEEEEEE.◇The line is busy;

someone _______the telephone. (01/6,48) FFFFFFFFFFFFFF.A) must be using B) used C) must have used

D) must be used

GGGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ________at the very moment of the crash.

A) should have died B) must be dying C) must have died D) ought to die

(02/6, 67, CET-4)

HHHHHHHHHHHHHH.◇The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head _________from behind. (03/9, 53, CET-4)

IIIIIIIIIIIIII.A) should have been made B) must have been made JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.C) would have been made D) ought to have been made KKKKKKKKKKKKKK.4) needn't have+过去分词

LLLLLLLLLLLLLL.表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。

◇You needn't have woken me up．I don't have to go to work today．

◇He needn't have watered the flowers，for it is going to rain．MMMMMMMMMMMMMM.5) should／ought to have+过去分词NNNNNNNNNNNNNN.表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。OOOOOOOOOOOOOO.eg. You should／ought to have done what your parents told

you．(But you failed to do it.)

PPPPPPPPPPPPPP.You should／ought to have been more careful．(But you weren't.) QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.◇Mary _______typing the report an hour ago.

(01/1, 56)

RRRRRRRRRRRRRR.A) should finish B) should been finished C) should be finished D) should have finished

◇“Has Jennie finished typing those reports?”

SSSSSSSSSSSSSS.“Probably. She ______it an hour ago.”

(01/6, 45)

TTTTTTTTTTTTTT.A) should be finished B) should finish C) should have been finished D) should have finished

UUUUUUUUUUUUUU.◇You __________your homework last night, but you didn't.

(02/6, 54)

VVVVVVVVVVVVVV.A) ought to have done B) need to have done C) must have done D) call have done

WWWWWWWWWWWWWW.◇Jack failed his chemistry test again. He ______spent more time in the lab. (03/1,47)

XXXXXXXXXXXXXX.A) must have B) should be C) must be

D) should have

YYYYYYYYYYYYYY.◇You promised her a letter; and you ought to _______to her days ago. (03 /12, 58)

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.A) write B) have written C) be writing

D) be written

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.6) shouldn't／ought not to have+过去分词BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.eg. You shouldn't／oughtn't to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did．)

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.They shouldn't／oughtn't to have left so soon．(But they did.) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.◇You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. (00/6, 42, CET-4)

A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow

C) couldn't have been following D) shouldn't have been following

◇The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He_________ have driven so fast. (03/1, 33, CET-4)

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.A) can’t B) wouldn’t C) shouldn’t D)mustn’t GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.7) would have+过去分词

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为:“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。

◇He would have arrived by now．

◇She would have recovered by then.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.◇The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________all practical value by the time they were finished.

(01/6, 33, CET-4)

A) had lost B) would have lost C) would lose D) should have

lost

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.◇He said that the driver must have had an accident; otherwise he _______by then. (03/1, 56, CET-4)

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.A) would have arrived B) must have arrived

C) should arrive D)would arrive

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.四、从句MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.§I、定语从句

1、先行词为all，anything，something，nothing，

everything，much，little，none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。

且在大多数情况下that可以省略。

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.eg. Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter．

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.That's all (that) we can do at the moment．PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.◇He never stopped trying to do something ________to do.

(01/6, 49 )

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) which he decides B)that he had decided C) he decides D) he would decide

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.◇These people once had fame and fortune; now _________ is left to them is utter poverty. (02/6,61, CET-4)

A) all that B) all what C) all which D) that all SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.2、as引出的限制性定语从句

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.在such．．．as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。

as有时和the same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。Such as 这种结构中such 是代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、或同位语。Such as＝those that / who,意为“这样的人，事或物”

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Such people as were recommended by him were reliable．——S

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.I've never seen such a talented young man as he is.——P WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.I have the same trouble as you (have)．——O XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.3、as引出的非限制性定语从句

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句或主句的谓语部分，可与which互用。通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)像…一样”等。as 引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面。但要注意，as引导定语从句可置于句首，而which引导的定语从句则一般不能出现在句首。另外，as引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句有时可能放在句子中间，而which引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句一般须后置。例如：

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.I live a long way from work，as you know．AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.She did not，as her friend had feared，break down．BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.As is generally accepted，economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production．

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.4、分隔式定语从句

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.eg. The days are gone when power politics worked．FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French．GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.◇We consider it necessary _________we should open our door to the outside world. (99/6, 57 )

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A) whether B) if C) what D) that ◇—What did John think of your decision?

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.—He ________ to believe that I really did want to go there alone.

(02/6, 56)

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.A) found it impossible C) found impossible KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.B) found which impossible D) found that impossible

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.5. 介词+关系代词(which／whom等) 引出的定语从句MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.如果关系代词(which／whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which／whom etc.)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.eg. This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while．

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people．

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.◇We went up to the roof, _________we had a good view of the parade. (02/6, 60)

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.A) of which B) from which C) before which

D) behind which

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.◇The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.

A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base

(00/6, 36, CET-4)

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.◇Government reports examination compositions legal documents and most business letters are the main situations ___________formal language is used.

(01/6, 46, CET-4)

A) in which B) at what C) on which D) in that TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.6、关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况：

1)关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。◇This is something (that) you must always keep in mind．

◇The man (whom) you just met is our manager．UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略；介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。

◇This is the room (which) Churchill was born in．

◇This is the room in which Churchill was born．(which不可省略) VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由“there…be”存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。

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busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英语语法大全(总结篇)

资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名

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----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，

1-1大学英语语法、重点分析、串讲、最新练习

大学英语语法--系动词与实意动词在解答词汇和语法结构题时，可用以下几种方法： 1. 看准就选的直接选择法 "词汇与结构"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中，只有一个是正确的，其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时，首先应当运用直接选择法，也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词，利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法，直接选出答案。一旦看准，就不必再往下看，这样既能节省时间，又能提高正确率。例：1994年1月四级第45题: The police set a________ to catch the thieves. a. plan b. device c. trap d. trick 本句意思为：“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“set a trap”，是一个习惯搭配。例：1994年1月四级第62题: Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes contributes________the increase of cancers. a. towards b. for c. with d. to 本句涉及固定词组contribute to, 意为“有助于”“促成”，填入空格中，题句语义连贯。例：1999年6月四级第51题 Tony is very disappointed________the results of the exam。 A) for B) toward C) on D) with 本题考查词组的搭配，be disappointed with意思是“对……失望”，大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。 2. 逐个排除法在答题时，如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话，就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑，通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析，或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除，确定三项都有错误，以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。例：1999年月四级第50题 Being a pop star can be quite a hard life，________with a lot of travelling heavy schedules. A) as to B) in relation to C) owing to D) with regard to 选项C) owing to 的意思是“由于”。符合题意“由于时间很紧……”。选项A) as to 意思是“至于，关于”。选项B) in relation to 意思是“关于，涉及，与……相比”。而选项D) with regard to 意思是“关于”。 A)、B) 、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。例：1995年6月四级第48题 While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television________the newspaper completely. A) replaced B) have replaced C) replace D) will replace 本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生，或者认为不大可能成为事实，因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A) replaced 为一般过去时，从全句意思来看，显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)have replace 违反了主谓语一致的原则，应予以排除。选项C) replace与单数主语television在数上不一致，也违反了主谓语一致原则，应予以排除。因此，本题答案为D) will replace。

人教版小学英语语法总结大全

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Thisisamyeraser（错误）Thatisyourapen（错误）lt'shisthepe n（错误） 3、I（物主代词）myyou（物主代词）yourhe（物主代词）herwe（物主代词）our 注：在变物主代词时，把原题所给的词加上的，再译成单词就可以了。二、小学英语名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词一样有8 个： Mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她、它）们的 2、名词性物主代词的特点：

1)译成汉语都有" 的 2)后面不加名词 3)名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+ 名词 Eg ：1 、thepenismine 钢笔是我的(mine=mypen) 以上就是小学英语名词性物主代词全文，希望能给大家带来帮助！三、小学英语单数的句子变成复数的句子把单数的句子成复数的句子很简单：变法是把能变成复数的词变成复数，但a 或an 要把去掉。特殊疑问词、形容词、国家及地点通常不变。 Eg ：把下列句子变成复数 1 ，Ihaveacar wehavecars

2 ，HeisanAmericanboy. TheyareAmericanboys 3，Itisacar Theyarecars 4，Thisisaneraser Theseareerasers 5，Thatisabackpsck Thosearebackpacks 6，I'manEnglishteather WeareEnglishteathers 7，It'sanewshirt Theyarenewshirts 8，He'saboy Theyareboys 9，She'sasinger T heyaresingers 10，What'sthisinEnglish ？WhataretheseinEnglish

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英语语法现在进行时归纳总结一、单项选择现在进行时 1．-- I am afraid I can’t help you with your project. I ________ a model these days. -- It doesn’t matter. I will finish it by myself. A．make B．will be making C．am making D．have made 【答案】C 【解析】试题分析：考查动词时态。句意：我恐怕不能帮你完成项目了，这几天我要做一个模型。没关系，我会自己完成。表示这几天一直要做的事情，用一般现在时表示将来，故选C 项。考点：考查动词时态 2．—I some courses at university，so I can’t work full time at the moment． A．take B．am taking C．took D．have taken 【答案】B 【解析】试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为我正在上学，所以不能在这时候做全职的工作。根据下方提到so I can’t work full time at th e moment 可知我正在上学，故选B 项。考点 : 考查动词的时态 3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers the main pipe．A．repair B．repaired C．have repaired D．are repairing 【答案】D 【解析】试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为工人正在修理主管道，所以水供应暂时被切断。根据语境表示，修理管道这件事正在进行，所以选D项。考点 : 考查动词的时态 4．– Do you think we should accept that offer? -- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out. A．have had; is running B．had; is running C．have; has been run D．have had; has been run 【答案】A 【解析】【详解】考查动词的时态。句意：---你认为我们应该接受那个建议吗？ ---是的，我们应该，因为到目前为止我们已经运气很糟糕，并且时间也正在被耗尽。

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八年级上册英语语法归纳【篇一】 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的? 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father’s job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如： ---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特? ---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。 2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制;而Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如： What color do you like best? (所有颜色) 你最喜爱什么颜色? Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围) 你最喜爱哪一种颜色? 3. what 与which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国? 4) 频度副词的位置 1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always(总是，一直) usually(通常)

often(常常，经常) sometimes(有时候) never(从不) 2.频度副词的位置： a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如： David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。 b.放在行为动词前。如： We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在7：10去上学。 c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。 3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：Never have I been there. 5) every day 与everyday 1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如： We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7：10去上学。 I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。 2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。 She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

初中英语语法大全知识点总结一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:() 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )

【英语】英语语法副词归纳总结

【英语】英语语法副词归纳总结一、单项选择副词 1．He wasn’t to lift the case. A．too strong B．enough strong C．strong enough D．so strong 【答案】C 【解析】【详解】考查enough的用法。句意：他没有力气提起箱子。此处enough“足够”是副词，修饰形容词时放在形容词后面。故选C。 2．The man should be excused because he caused the damage _______． A．deliberately B．unintentionally C．meaningfully D．determinedly 【答案】B 【解析】句意为这个人应该被原谅，因为他是无意中造成了伤害。故选unintentionally无意地。 3．Instead of hiding behind walls, a defender sometimes must ________ engage and disable enemy forces before they strike. A．flexibly B．actively C．primitively D．conservatively 【答案】B 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A. flexibly易曲地，柔软地；B. actively活跃地，积极地；C. primitively最初地，自学而成地；D. conservatively保存地，保守地；句意：守卫者有时必须在敌方部队攻击前________吸引火力并打倒他们，而不是躲在墙后面。只有选B表示“积极地吸引火力”符合语境。 4．Pollution has reached high level in some urban areas, which is quite worrying. A．disturbingly B．slightly C．exactly D．flexibly 【答案】A 【解析】考查副词。句意：在一些城市污染已经到了令人不安的程度，这是相当令人担忧的。根据后边which is quite worrying这是相当令人担忧的，可知前边污染已经达到了令人不安的程度。A令人不安地；B轻微地；C恰好地；D灵活地。故选A。 5．They gave mo ney to the old people’s home either _____ or through their companies. (安徽2015) A．legally B．sincerely

高一英语语法总结大全

句子成分 (M e m b e r s o f a S e n t e n c e) 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成（祁使句除外）——主语和谓语。主语是一个句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述的是什么，谓语则用以说明主语的情况，它在人称和单复数形式上应与主语保持一致。除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其他的成分，如用在系动词后表明主语性质，特征，状态或身份的表语，用在及物动后，表示行为对象或结果的宾语，修饰或限定名词或代词的定语，修饰动词形容词副词介词短语或全句的状语以及对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语等。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），数词，名词化的形容词，动词不定式，动名词或从句。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不能再接对象（即宾语），这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。Ｓ│ Ｖ（不及物动词） 1. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 2. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。 3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 4. Who │cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 6. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 7. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）系动词分三类：1）表示人或事物的身份特征或状态:appear, be, feel , look, seem, smell,sound, taste。例如look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻，taste good/尝起来不错； 2)表示状态的变化：become,come,fall,go,get, grow, turn,prove等；例如become cold/变冷，go grey/变灰白, (dreams) come true/（梦想）实现； 3)表示某种状态的延续或持续：continue，remain, stay, keep 等。例如keep silent/保持沉默，stay fine/仍然很好。

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