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机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案

机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案
机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案

第一单元

That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧,被称作力学,力学由两大部分组成,静力学和动力学。

1. For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too

high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal

contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如:如果止

推轴承上的作用力过大的话,会挤出油膜,引起金属和金属之

间的相互接触,轴承将过热而迅速失效。

2. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of

application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the

characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、

方向,这些被称为力的三要素。

3. All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted

upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they

are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in

order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以

是塑性的,如果受到力的作用就产生变形。当变形很小的时候

它们被假设成刚体,也就是不产生变形。

4. The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and

strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the

body to be capable of deforming.刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内

应变的分析,所以在实际力的分析时,要考虑物体的形变。

5. If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will

either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a

uniform velocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的,质点将

会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。

6. 第二单元

7. A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a

tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually

enlarged to provide extra area for grip-ping and to avoid having the

sample break where it is being gripped.拉伸试验包括慢慢加载拉伸

载荷直到断裂。拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试

件断裂。

8. The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at

a constant speed. For example, in the universal testing machines, the

motion between the fixed and moving crossheads can be controlled at a constant speed. 通常进行试验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。例如,在万能拉伸试验机上,固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。

9. The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies

as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.随着实验的进行,用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。在实验中,载荷F除以横截面积A可以得到任意时刻点的应力。

10. However actual measurement of ΔL is preferable where this is

feasible. Stress and strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress and strain.然而,在可行的位置上ΔL的实际测量是更可取的,基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的应力和应变称为工程应力和工程应变。

11. Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test

as well. The compression test is conducted on short cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在压缩试验中表现的特性是不相同的。压缩试验是把短圆柱形试件放在两平行平板之间进行的。

12. The compression test diagram for these materials retains the

qualitative features of the tension test diagram. The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material is determined in the same way as in tension.材料压缩试验图保持了拉伸试验图性能上的特征。脆性材料的最大压缩强度与最大拉伸强度得到的方法相同。

13. 第三单元

14. Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for

shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings).几乎所有的机器都有轴,最常用的外形是圆形的,横截面是空心的或实心的圆形截面(空心轴可以减少重量)。

15. A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and

not be overstressed. It must also be torsionally still enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft.一个轴必须有足够的扭转强度来传递扭矩而不会

破坏,同样也必须有足够的扭转刚度,这样安装轴就不能过度偏离相对于安装在同一轴上第二个零件的原始位置。

16. Shafts are mounted on bearings and transmit power through such

devices as gears, pulleys, cams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft; hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings.轴安装在轴承上通过齿轮,滑轮,凸轮和离合器这些装置传递力。这些装置可以产生使轴弯曲的力,所以轴必修有足够的刚性防止支撑轴承的过载。

17. In addition, the shaft must be able to sustain a combination of

bending and torsion and bending.另外,轴必须能承载弯扭组合的载荷,因此,这样就必须考虑弯扭组合的等效载荷。

18. Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by

means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated.齿轮和滑轮构件是用键的方式连接在轴上的,键和对应的键槽的设计必须进行估算。

19. Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly

connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings.轴设计的另一个重要方面是直接连接两轴,通过刚性和柔性的联轴器装置来实现。

20. 第四单元

21. Pressure angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees,

although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.直齿轮的压力角通常为14.5°或20°,另外也使用其它的角度,啮合齿轮必须具有相同的压力角。

22. The shape of the space between gear teeth on the gear as well as

tooth module, so most gear manufacturing methods generate the tooth flank instead of forming.齿轮轮齿之间齿槽的形状是复杂的,并且随着齿的数目和模数变化而变化,因此大多数齿轮的加工方法是展成齿腹齿廓而不是齿形成形加工。

23. Worm gears are used where high ratios are desired and where the

shafts are nonintersecting and at right angles.蜗杆蜗轮应用于传动比大而且两轴不相交但相互垂直的情况下。

24. It has the great advantage that the cutting tool is a simple rack with (

nearly ) straight sided teeth which can easily be ground accurately.这种方法有很大的优势,切削工具是一个简单的带有直齿边的齿条

25. Modern shapers cutting car gears can run at 2000 cutting per minute.

The shape of the cutter is roughly the same as an involute gear but the tips of the teeth are rounded.现代切削汽车的成型器齿轮转速可达每分钟2000转,齿刀形状与渐开线大致相同,但齿顶是圆形的。

26. Bevel gears are often used when two shafts are at right angles to each

other and their centerline extensions intersect; however, some bevel gears are at angles other than 90 degrees.圆锥齿轮一般应用于相互垂直的两轴或两个中心线延长线的相交轴中,也可用于不垂直的两轴中。

27. 第五单元

28. The purpose of any cam is to produce a displacement of its follower;

a secondary follower is often used to produce additional

displacement in another location.使用凸轮的目的是使从动件产生位移,次级从动件在另一位置产生附加运动。

29. The relative vertical position of point A with respect to B needs to be

raised if the reaction value at B is excessive.如果B点的作用力过大,A点相对B点的相对垂直位置必须被提高。

30. In general, the follower is considered to be the part that comes in

contact with the cam profile. However, when a secondary follower is used, the motion of the secondary follower is dictated by that of the primary follower.总的来说,从动件是与凸轮轮廓相接触的零件,然而,当用次级从动件时,次级从动件的运动就需通过主要从动件来实现。

31. The simplest type of follower is the reciprocating type that merely

moves up and down ( or in and out ) with the rotation of the cam; the centerline can be either collinear with the cam centerline or offset form it.最简单的从动件就是随着凸轮的转动而仅做上下(或进出)运动的从动件,其中心线可与凸轮中心共线,也可与之偏离。

32. Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second

part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs.紧固件是一种连接一个部分和另一个部分的装置,因此,它涉及到几乎所有的设计。

33. Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a

relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load.弹簧是一种被设计于在外力作用下产生相

对弹性变形较大的机械构件

34. 第六单元。

35. The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to all

moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to circulate it, a filter to remove solid abrasive particles, and an oil gauge or light in driver’s compartment for checking purposes.润滑系统提供了一个不断过滤油流到发动机的移动部件。该系统包括机油盘存储油,循环的泵,过滤除去固体磨料颗粒,和油表或光在驾驶室检查的目的。

36. The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit

torque from the engine to the drive wheels and change torque and rpm in magnitude and direction.线组成。驱动机制和单位传送扭矩从发动机的驱动车轮和改变扭矩和转速的大小和方向。

37. It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal,

sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely.现在已经明白,如果条件不太正常,足够的轮胎滑移发生运行条件下会释放这些压力完全。

38. Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting, since it is

necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed.大的努力必须曲柄发动机在起动过程中,因为它要克服摩擦移动发动机零件与抵抗的费用被压缩。

39. The clutch is a friction device used to connect and disconnect a

driving force from a driven member. It is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smooth engagement and disengagement of the engine and manual transmission.离合器摩擦装置,用来连接和断开动力从一个驱动的成员。它是用来在结合发动机飞轮提供光滑的接触和撤离的引擎和手操作的传动系统。

40. The differential is a gear system that transfers power from the drive

shaft to the driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffing of tires on turns.

41. 鉴别是一个齿轮系统的权力转移到驱动轴驱动轴。它也允许一

个人转向驱动轮速度比其他防止滑动和scuffing轮胎在转。

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