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必修2遗传与进化填空教材

必修2遗传与进化填空教材
必修2遗传与进化填空教材

高二生物必修二会考知识点

一、减数分裂的概念和意义(b)

范围:凡是进行(有性生殖)的动植物

时间:在(原始生殖细胞)发展为(成熟生殖细胞)的过程中

实质:染色体在整个分裂过程中只(复制)次,细胞(连续分裂)次结果:分裂产生的细胞的染色体数目比(原始生殖细胞)

同源染色体:形状和大小一般都相同,一条来自,一条来自。

基因位于同源染色体上。

联会:减数第次分裂期,染色体两两配对的现象。

:减数第一次分裂前期,一对同源染色体联会,含有个姐妹染色单体。

二、减数分裂的过程

1、精子的形成过程:精巢(哺乳动物称睾丸)

2、卵细胞的形成

三、精子和卵子形成的区别

1:形成部位,精子的形成精巢(哺乳动物称睾丸);卵细胞的形成部位卵巢;

2,结果:一个精原细胞形成个精子,一个卵原细胞形成个卵子和个极体

3、精子的形成变形,卵细胞变形。

4、初级卵母细胞及次级卵母细胞的分裂后期。

四、减数分裂过程中染色体和DNA的变化规律

五、受精作用的特点和意义

特点:受精作用是精子和卵细胞相互识别、融合成为受精卵的过程。

意义:使受精卵中染色体的数目又恢复到体细胞的数目,其中有一半来自精子,另一半来自卵细胞。

六、减数分裂与有丝分裂图像辨析步骤:

一看染色体数目:奇数为减Ⅱ(姐妹分家只看一极)

二看有无同源染色体:没有为减Ⅱ(姐妹分家只看一极)

三看同源染色体行为:确定有丝或减Ⅰ

注意:若细胞质为不均等分裂,则为卵原细胞的减Ⅰ或减Ⅱ的后期。

同源染色体分家—减Ⅰ后期

姐妹分家—减Ⅱ后期

例:判断下列细胞正在进行什么分裂,处在什么时期?

遗传的分子基础

格里菲斯实验:格里菲斯用加热的办法将S型菌杀死,并用死的S型菌与活的R型菌的混合物注射到小鼠身上。小鼠死了。(结论:加热杀死的S型菌中含转化因子)艾弗里实验说明DNA是“转化因子”的原因:将S型细菌中的多糖、蛋白质、脂类和DNA等提取出来,分别与R型细菌进行混合。(结论:DNA是转化因子,是使R型细菌产生稳定的遗传变化的物质,即

放射性同位素标记法:用放射性同位素35S标记一部分噬菌体的蛋白质,用放射性同位素32P标记另一部分噬菌体的DNA(噬菌体侵染细菌的实验证明。)后来发现烟草花叶病毒的遗传物质是RNA,所以说。

九、DNA分子的结构层次:

1.DNA是高分子化合物:组成它的基本元素是等。

2.组成DNA的基本组成单位——。每个脱氧核苷酸由三部分

组成:一个脱氧核糖、一个含氮碱基和一个磷酸。

3.构成DNA的脱氧核苷酸有四种。DNA在水解酶的作用下,可以得到种不同的

核苷酸,即(A)脱氧核苷酸;(G)脱氧核苷酸;

(C)脱氧核苷酸;(T)脱氧核苷酸;组成四种脱氧核苷酸的脱氧核糖和磷酸都是的,所不相同的是四种含氮碱基:。

4.DNA是由四种不同的脱氧核苷酸为单位,聚合而成的脱氧核苷酸链。

5.DNA的结构:DNA分子由条链组成,这两条链按

方式盘旋成结构。

脱氧核糖与磷酸相间排列在侧,形成两条主链构成DNA的。碱基排列在侧。

相对应的两个碱基通过连结形成,碱基配对的规律:,叫做。

十、DNA的特性:

1.稳定性:DNA分子两条长链上的脱氧核糖与磷酸交替排列的顺序和两条链之间碱基

互补配对的方式是稳定不变的,从而导致DNA分子的稳定性。

2.多样性:DNA4n(n为碱

基对的数目)

3.特异性:每个特定的

序就构成了DNA分子的特异性。

十二、基因与DNA,染色体和遗传信息的关系:(b)

遗传信息:基因上的特定就代表遗传信息。

DNA主要存在于细胞核内的染色体上,每个DNA分子上有(许多)个基因;基因在染色体上呈(),所以说染色体是DNA的(主要载体);

基因是决定(生物性状)的基本单位,是有()的()片段;由于基因的(特定脱氧核苷酸排列顺序)不同,因此不同的基因就含有不同的遗传信息。十三、DNA的复制

①时期:

②场所:

a、模板:;

b、原料:;

c、能量:;

d、酶:

④过程:

a、解旋:首先DNA分子利用细胞提供的能量,在解旋酶的作用下,把两条扭成螺旋的双链解开,这个过程称为解旋;

b、合成子链:以解开的母链为模板,以环境中的脱氧核苷酸为原料,在酶的作用下,按照碱基互补配对原则合成与母链互补的子链。随着解旋的进行,合成的子链不断地延长。

c、形成新的DNA分子。

⑤特点:,。

⑥结果:一个DNA分子复制一次形成两个完全相同的DNA分子。

意义:使亲代的遗传信息传给子代,从而使前后代保持了一定的连续性。

十四、中心法则:

密码子:上决定一个氨基酸的三个相邻的碱基。

转运RNA(tRNA):它的一端是携带氨基酸的部位,另一端有三个碱基(即),都只能专一地与mRNA上的特定的三个碱基配对。

DNA(基因)中碱基数:mRNA分子中碱基数:氨基酸数=

遗传的基本规律

十六、一对相对性状的杂交实验

1、性状:同种生物同一性状的不同表现类型,叫做~。

2、性状:在遗传学上,把杂种F1中显现出来的那个亲本性状叫做~。

3、性状:在遗传学上,把杂种F1中未显现出来的那个亲本性状叫做~。

4、:在杂种后代中同时显现显性性状和隐性性状(如高茎和矮茎)的现象。

5、基因:控制显性性状的基因,叫做~。一般用大写字母表示,如D。

6、基因:控制隐性性状的基因,叫做~。一般用小写字母表示,如d。

7、基因:在一对同源染色体的同一位置上的,控制着相对性状的基因,叫做~。(一对同源染色体同一位置上,控制着相对性状的基因。如D和d

8、型:是指生物个体所表现出来的性状。

9、型:是指与表现型有关系的基因组成。

10、:由含有相同基因的配子结合成的合子发育而成的个体。可稳定遗传。(如AA、aa,AAbb)

11、:由含有不同基因的配子结合成的合子发育而成的个体。不能稳定遗传,后代会发生性状分离。(如Aa,AABb)

F1

遗传图解中常用的符号:P—亲本♀一母本♂—父本×—杂交○×自交

F1—杂种第一代F2—杂种第二代

十七、基因分离定律的实质:在进行减数分裂的时候,等位基因随着同源染色体的分开而分离,分别进入两个配子中,独立地随着配子遗传给后代,这就是~。

十八、判断显隐性(一对基因)

(1)甲性状×乙性状F1 都是甲性状(结论:甲是显性性状)

亲本基因型?

(2)甲性状×甲性状F1 甲性状:乙性状=3:1(结论:甲是显性性状)亲本基因型?

十九、基因自由组合定律实质:当控制两对相对性状的两对等位基因位于两对同源染色体上,F1进行进行减数分裂时,同源染色体分离的同时,非同源染色体自由组合。

产生的F2有四种表现型A_B_:A_bb:aaB_:aabb,比值为9:3:3:1,基因的自由组合导致性状的重组。其中A_bb和aaB_ 为新性状,各占3/16。

二十、生物性别决定类型:XY、ZW型。人类染色体:44+XY,44+XX 人类性别比接近1:1的原因?(X、Y精子比例为1:1)

二十、伴性遗传的种类:

(1)伴X隐性遗传的特点:①男>女②隔代遗传(交叉遗传)③母病子必病,女病父必病

(2)伴X显性遗传的特点:①女>男②连续发病③父病女必病,子病母必病

(3)伴Y遗传的特点:①男病女不病②父→子→孙

二十一、基因对性状的控制

①一些基因就是通过控制酶的合成来控制代谢过程,从而控制生物性状的。白化病是由

于基因突变导致不能合成促使黑色素形成的酪氨酸酶。

②一些基因通过控制蛋白质分子的结构来直接影响性状的。(如:镰刀型细胞贫血症)。

生物的变异

一、可遗传变异来源的比较

1、基因突变的特点:

2、基因突变的原因:①因素:X射线、激光等;②因素:亚硝酸盐,

碱基类似物等;③因素:病毒、细菌等。

3、染色体变异,这类变异有2种

(1)、染色体变异:实例:猫叫综合征(5号染色体部分缺失)类型:缺失、重复、倒位、易位

(2)、染色体的变异:

染色体增加或减少:实例:21三体综合征(多1条21号染色体)以染色体组的形式增加或减少:二倍体、多倍体(实例:三倍体无子西瓜)

(1)概念:二倍体生物配子中所具有的全部染色体组成一个染色体组。

(2)染色体组数的判断:

①染色体组数= 细胞中任意一种同源染色体的条数

例1:以下各图中,各有几个染色体组?

育种方法比较

原理方法特点举例

杂交育种杂交、自交、选育

直至不出现性状分离

集不同优良性状于一

体、年限长

抗倒、抗病小麦

诱变育种物理、化学因素诱变提高突变频率、大幅改

良性状、盲目性大、处

理大量材料

青霉素高产菌株

多倍体育种秋水仙素处理萌发的

种子或幼苗

能获得营养器官粗大、

营养物质丰富的新品种

无子西瓜、

八倍体小黑麦

单倍体育种花药离体培养、秋水

仙素处理幼苗

缩短育种年限抗倒、抗病小麦

基因工程

育种提取目的基因导入受

体细胞

目的性强、育种周期短分泌人胰岛素的大

肠杆菌

23.列出人类遗传病的类型(a)

人类遗传病类型

(1)单基因病(5种):受控制的遗传病

常染色体隐性(白化病、苯丙酮尿症、神经性耳聋、糖元沉积病1型)、常染色体显性(并指、多指、软骨发育不全、家族性心肌病?高胆固醇血症)、X连锁隐性(血友病、色盲)、X连锁显性抗维生素D佝偻病)、Y连锁(外耳道多毛症)。

(2)多基因病:受控制的遗传病。(青少年型糖尿病、高血压、冠心病)

(3)染色体病:由染色体异常引起的遗传病。

染色体结构变异病(猫叫综合征)、染色体数目变异病(21三体综合征)。

单基因遗传病判断方法

判断显隐性:口诀:无中生有是隐性,有中生无是显性。图示如下:

高中生物必修课本原文填空

生物回归教材系列------必修3课本填空 第一章 1.生长素的化学本质,它是一种小分子有机物———,是在细胞内由合成的。 胚芽鞘感光部位: 弯曲部位: 产生生长素部位: 生长素分布集中的部位: 。生长素在尖端可以进行运输,从向光侧运向背光侧,也 可进行运输,从形态学上端运到形态学下端。 2.生长素促进生长原理是促进,但是具有,即低浓度促进生长,高浓度抑制生长;同一植物 不同器官对生长素敏感度不同,〉〉,不同植物敏感的不同:〉。 3。生长素及类似物在农业生产中有很多应用,如利用生长素促进果实发育原理可以生产无子果实,无子番茄属 于不可遗传变异,而利用多倍体育种获得无子西瓜属于可遗传变异。生长素还可以促进扦插枝条生根。 3.大多数情况下,不是单独一种激素起作用,而是多种激素的(它们的)控制着植物的 生长和发育。如果培养基中细胞分裂素和生长素的比例合适,愈伤组织就会分化出,细胞分裂素 太,只长茎叶不长根;生长素太多,;而当生长素少、细胞分裂素也不多时,则愈伤组织。 4.促进种子萌发,则抑制种子萌发,两者的作用是的。当水分供应良好时, 禾本科植物种子中的就会释放,以动员贮藏的养分,从而促进种子萌发,这时的作 用就显示不出来了。 5.植物生长物质有许多种用途,如促进种子萌发、促进生根、加速生长、抑制生长(特别是一些)、 引起无籽果实的形成(例如引起无籽番茄的形成和引起无籽葡萄的形成)、果实的催熟 ()、收获后农产品的储藏保鲜()等。 2,4-D用于种植禾谷类()类的田间,以杀除类杂草。 第二章内环境稳态及神经调节 1.细胞外液包括、和等。 2.汗液、尿液、消化液、泪液、唾液属于内环境吗体内几种特殊细胞生活的内环境 血细胞: 组织细胞: 淋巴细胞、吞噬细胞:

(完整word)高中生物必修二全册学案,推荐文档

必修② 遗 传 与 进 化

问题探究:红牡丹与白牡丹杂交的后代开的花,会是什么颜色? 知识目标: 1. 杂交常识: ①杂交的操作方法:P3 图1-2. ②孟德尔选豌豆做遗传实验的原因:豌豆是传粉受粉的植物,还具有易于 区分的。 ③相对性状:一种生物的同一的不同表现类型,如豌豆的高茎和矮茎。 2. 一对相对性状的杂交试验(P4 左上角图1-4):你从杂交实验图中发现了什么问题?有 什么规律吗? 3. 对分离现象的解释:(请完成下列假说的内容并用遗传图解释) ①假说内容: a.生物的性状是由决定的。 b.体细胞中遗传因子是存在的。 c.生物体在形成生殖细胞——配子时,成对的彼此分离,分别进入到不同的配 子中。配子中只含有遗传因子中的一个。 d.受精时,雌雄配子的结合是的。 ②.遗传图解:(能力目标) 4. 对分离现象解释的验证:(测交) 5.分离定律:在生物的细胞中,控制着同一性状的遗传因子成对存在,不相;在形成配子时,成对的遗传因子发生分离,分离后的遗传因子进入到不同的配子中,随配子遗传给后代。 作业: 1. 请列举出你在本节内容中所见到的新的专业术语并加以理解。 2.P8 基础题及资料上相关试题。

问题探讨:观察P9 左上角的奶牛场图片,思考怎样才能培育出既产奶多又生长快的奶牛? 知识目标: 1. 两对相对性状的遗传实验: ①.画出遗传图并作出分析,首先看该现象是否遵循分离定律? ②.该现象是否有其他规律存在? 2. 对自由组合现象的解释(请用棋盘法画出遗传分析图): 3. 对自由组合现象解释的验证(请用测交图解说明): 4.自由组合定律:控制不同性状的遗传因子的分离和组合是的;在形成配子时,决定同一性状的成对的遗传因子,决定不同性状的遗传因子。 5.孟德尔实验方法的启示(自己总结): 6.孟德尔遗传规律的发现: ①.遗传因子=基因 ②.表现型:指生物个体表现出来的性状。 ③.基因型:与表现型有关的基因组成。 ④.等位基因:控制相对性状的基因,如 A 和a。 能力目标: 总结计算杂交后代表现型和基因型种类的方法;灵活掌握运用自由组合定律。 作业: P12-13 基础题和拓展题.

高中生物必修2课本原文填空(无答案)-精选学习文档

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