1.Meeting is a general and summary term of various kind of assembly of people for a particular purpose.
2.Conference is a kind of formal meeting, often lasting for a few days. It is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest.
3.Symposium refers to the meeting for specialized academic discussion. Compared with conference, a symposium is usually narrower and more specific in the range of topics.
4.Convention is a kind of routine meeting, a regularly organized by a learned society, a professional association, an academic institution or a non-governmental organization.
5.Seminar is a class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic and subject that is presented by several major speakers.
6.Workshop refers to a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people learn about the subject by sharing their knowledge and experience.
7.Forum is a kind of public meeting, at which people exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues.
8.Congress is usually attended by representatives and delegates who belong to national or international, governmental or non-governmental organizations.
9.Colloquium is sometimes a formal word for seminar. It is usually a large academic seminar like panel discussion. Colloquium is usually attended by certain invited experts or professionals in a particular field.
0.Principal Conference Activities
1)Formal meetings: General assembly; Plenary sessions; parallel sessions; Poster sessions;
2)informal meetings:free information exchange; Free paper presentation;
3)audioand visual presentation
4)teaching and consulting services
5)exhibitions and business talks
6)visits and other social activites
1、classification of professional paper
Report paper（专题）、Research paper（研究）、Course paper(课程)、Thesis paper（答辩）.
1)Report paper: The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of the author(s) on a particular subject.
2)Research paper: A complete research paper is usually composed of the following elements：title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis, results and discussion or conclusion, reference, etc.
3)Course paper This type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term, it is also called “term paper.”
4)Thesis paper: A Dissertation (thesis paper) is usually written and submitted inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph. D) in a specific discipline.
2、ways of preparing professional papers
1)Searching for good ideas. coming from practice and back to practice. 2) Finding topics:
3)Considering Audience and Purpose.
4)Moving from Brainstorming to Drafting
5)Editing and Refining
3.General Functions of Title:
1) Generalizing the Text; 2) Attracting the Reader;
3) Facilitating the Retrieval
Generalizing the Text: A tile should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely and
correctly. Attracting the Reader: An interesting
title may draw particular attention among
professionals. Facilitating the Retrieval: A good
title can help the reader in his search for
information.
4.Linguistic Features of Title:
1) Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and
Gerunds: The words or phrases used in a title are
very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds,
nominalization, which usually are keywords for
the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole
text; 2) Using an Incomplete Sentence: A title is
just a label or appellation of the paper, reflecting
the main idea of the contents.
5.Writing Requirements of Title:
1) Be Brief and Concise; 2) Be Specific; 3) Avoid
Question Titles; 4) Being Unified; 5) Being
Standard
Be Brief and Concise: A title of a paper should
be brief and concise, being composed of no more
than twenty words. If a title is too long, it would
be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of
the content and remember it. Be Specific:The
title should highlight the emphasis and
particularity of the work. Avoid Question Titles:
A question title means a complete sentence in the
question form. And such a title creates
inconvenience for the information retrieval.
Being Unified: The parallel parts of a title should
be grammatically symmetrical. Being Standard:
Nonstandard abbreviations and symbols should
be avoided.
6.General Functions of Author/Affiliation:
Author:1)Bearing Author’s Responsibility. It
means if any consequence should arise from the
publication of the paper, the author(s) should take
it without affecting others; 2) Facilitating
Retrieval and Correspondence. Names of author(s)
and institutional affiliations are usually used as
author indexing, designed in the information
referencing network. Readers can correspond
with the author, according to the affiliation; 3)
Heightening Celebrity. The publication of a
research paper brings reputation to author’s
institution and country.
Affiliation:1) Facilitating correspondence; 2)
Bringing the reputation to the author’s institution
and his country
7.Writing Requirements of Author/Affiliation:
1) Printing Format Unified; 2) Number of Author
(the number of authors should not be over four);
3) Professional Title Omitted; 4) Address (being
written from the smaller unit to the larger ones); 5)
Internal Units
8.General Functions of Keywords:
1) Easiness of Retrieval;
2) Easiness of Highlighting
9.Linguistic Features of Keywords:
1) Nominalization; 2) Limited Number;
3) Designated Choice
Nominalization: Keywords are usually used in
the form of nouns, not verbs. Limited Number:
The number of keywords for a paper should be
limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In
general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.
Designated Choice:The keywords of a paper
usually come from the title and/or the abstract.
10.Writing Requirements of Keywords:
1) Using Required Terms. The terms of
“keywords”should be consistent with the
requirements of the journal to which you submit
your paper; 2) Placing in Right Location. In most
cases, keywords are placed below the abstract; 3)
Spacing the Keywords. Use comma, semicolon or
larger space to separate the words; 4) Adopting
Standard Abbreviations. Standard abbreviations
are preferred in the section of keywords.
11.General Functions of an Abstract:
Miniaturizing the text; Deciding: “yes” or “no”;
Expanding the circulation
Miniaturizing the text: a mini-version or a
miniature of the document, summarizing the
content of the main body.Deciding: “yes” or
“no”: directly influence the paper’s acceptance to
a learned journal. Expanding the circulation: It
can be circulated much wider and farther than the
paper itself, thus producing wider and deeper
academic influence than the full text of the paper.
12.Linguistic Features of Abstract:
Limited length; Categories of abstracts;
Complete content; Formalized structure
Limited length: 200 words should be a sensible
maximum for a relatively long paper or report,
but never more than 500 words; 50-100 words
may suffice for a short article. Categories of
abstracts:Abstracts can be classified into three
categories: indicative, informational and
informational-indicative. Complete content:
However short abstract may be, all the relevant
elements should be included. Formalized
structure:A complete abstract usually consists
of three major parts: topic sentence, supporting
sentence and concluding sentence.
13.Writing Requirements of Abstract:
Integrity; Concise; Consistency; Concentration
Integrity: It should contain certain elements of
information. Generally, an abstract should include
what the writer has done and what he has
achieved within the scope of the topic. Concise:
Use only essential information. Consistency: An
abstract should be consistent with the other parts
of the whole paper. Concentration: You need to
omit certain elements of information. Do not use
figures, tables, or literature references in this part.
14.“5 Steps” in the Abstract Writing
1) Underlining Key Words and Sentences; 2)
Listing Essential Points of the Paper; 3) Boiling
down/summarizing Each Section to/into a
Sentence or Two; 4) Drafting the Abstract; 5)
Checking the Final Draft
15.“5A Strategy” in Abstract Writing
Before writing abstract, you need to answer some
basic questions.
Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic
in the academic field?
Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?
Q3: What method or material do you use to
support your main point of view?
Q4: What conclusion will you draw?
Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?
Then the abstract can be improved on by using
the following formula:
Abstract=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5
A1: background A2: main topic
A3: specific investigations
A4: result & suggestion
A5: conclusion & contribution
16.How can it be helpful in your abstract
writing?
With the “5A Strategy” in mind, you can get
some useful prompts. Though different papers
require different abstracts, many abstracts may share similar functions and lead to a similar organization scheme. This 5A Strategy will surely enable you to produce an appropriate and even quite successful abstract without much trouble. https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18587872.html,mon Errors/Likely Mistakes:
1) Mixed writing style: mixed informal writing style with the formal writing style
2) Over-simplified statements: The abstract is too simple to inform the authors’ information.
3) Monotonous expression: These abstract sentences are monotonous including that the verb appears many times in a short passage and there is no passive voice.4) Incomplete contents
5) Displacement of information
18.General Functions of Introduction: Introducing the Subject; Limiting the Research Scope; Stating the General Purpose; Showing the Writing Arrangement
Introducing the Subject:Since the topic in the introduction is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper. Limiting the Research Scope:Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Stating the General Purpose:The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader why to where to start or where to guide. Showing the Writing Arrangement: The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.
19.Structural Features of Introduction: Starting with the Research Background; Transiting to the Existing Problem;
Focusing on the Present Research
Starting with the Research Background:That is to answer the question, “What have been done?”Transiting to the Existing Problem: That is to answer the question: “What have not been done?”Focusing on the Present Research: That is to answer the question: “What I am going to do?”
20.The differences between objective description and subjective description? (1)Objective Description:A professional author has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal reactions to it. All the related situations require a precise description of the conditions or processes his research involves. And in such cases his goal is to supply information-to build up as accurate a picture as he can for his readers.
(2)Subjective Description:To show the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. 21.General Requirement for Research
Description
Presenting a Picture of the Object.
Illustrating the Object in Artificial Language. Making Necessary Comparison.
Sizing the Object Specially.
Locating the Object Correctly. Carefully. Generalizing/Systematizing the Observation 22.L ogical Development
1)Developing by Chronological Sequence
2)Developing by Investigation Procedures
3)Developing the Research “from Abstract to Concrete”(deductive method )演绎法4）Developing the Research “from Concrete to
Abstract”(inductive method)归纳法5）
Developing by Using Other Logical Sequencing
23.Reasoning(Persuasion)劝导法/推理
The task of reasoning is to justify the writer’s
inference and try to persuade the readers of the
proposals offered by the writer.
24.General Functions and Contents of Results:
The value of a research lies in the value of its
final results and the author’s interpretation of the
results. In the section of the results, the author
should bring about a solid foundation on which
the whole paper rests, by boiling down all the
facts he has gained. There are two ingredients in
the section of result: full presentation of the
specific data of the work and detailed analysis of
the results.
25.Writing Requirements of Results:
1) any data shown in the section must be
meaningful; 2) the presentation of results should
be short without verbiage and be of crystal
clarity.
26.General Functions and Main Elements of
Discussion:
The purpose of discussion is to expound the
interrelations among the observed facts. This
section is to show the relationship between the
facts,their underlying causes, their effects, and
their theoretical implications.
Discussion usually include: 1) Analyzing the data;
2) Pointing out doubts; 3) Expounding
viewpoints; 4) Stating the significance; 5)
Arriving at a conclusion.
27.General Functions of Conclusion
1) summing up; 2) statement of conclusions; 3)
statement of recommendations; 4) graceful
termination
28.What are the criteria in distinguishing a
result from a conclusion?
1) a result states the objective facts and data
gained in the paper together with corresponding
analysis concerned and generalizes the results to
a theoretical height, while a conclusion shows the
final viewpoint drawn by the author(s) after
investigations, experiments, discussions,
inferences, etc. So the former is objective
description while the later is evaluation based on
the former with subjective elements involved in.
2) if the section of a result is to bring about a
solid foundation which the whole paper rests, by
boiling down all the facts and data the researchers
have gained, the purpose of a conclusion is to
expound the interrelations among the observed
facts, including summing up, stating conclusions
and recommendation and achieving graceful
termination.
3) a conclusion is often located after a result.
4) presentation of any meaningful data shown in
the section of a result should be short without
verbiage and be of crystal clarity. But a
conclusion should be cautiously drawn without
errors and ambiguous understanding.
29.General Functions of Acknowledgements:
Acknowledgments function is to express the
author(s) appreciation. Acknowledgments is
mainly used to extend the author(s)’s
indebtedness to the helpful support or concern
from his(their) colleagues in offering any useful
material, technical know-how, suggestions, or
any kind of enlightenment, etc. to the author(s).
30.Linguistic Features of Acknowledgements:
1) Patternized content; 2) Formalized expressions
Writing Requirements of Acknowledgements:
1) Being specific; 3) Asking for permission
2) Avoiding under-or over-statements;
31. General functions of References:
1)Showing Respect to the Previous Works;
2)Facilitating the literature search.
32.“Two systems” of References:
1) Name and Year System (Harvard System):
Name and year system means the references are
alphabetically arranged and headed by the
author’s name, the year of publication, the title of
the publication, the publisher, the page number
and so on. (the title of the journal is italicize)
2) Citation Oder System: Citation order system
means the references are not alphabetically
arranged but according to the order of appearance
of the cited works.
The title of the book/articles are omitted; the title
of the journals are abbreviations; the year of
publications is placed at the end; only the first
author’s name is listed, if more than one author,
“et al.” will be used.
Writing requirements of References:
Correct in content;Unified in style
33.Plagiarism: the use of another person's ideas
or words without giving him/her the proper credit;
or, the action of taking (words, ideas, etc.) from
someone else's work and use them in one's own
work without admitting one has done so.
2 Writing a letter
1）write a letter to an editor in a major journal in
your field, asking for some relevant written
materials available.
询问进展
We submitted the paper (No.xxx) entitled
“XXXXXX” to you for publication in the
XXXXX three months ago. Could you give us an
update on the current status of our submission?
Any information will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you very much for your consideration
suppose that you are going to submit your
article/paper for publication in a famous journal
in your area. Prepare a cover letter.
Sample:
assume that you have received a letter from the
editor, saying your paper has been accepts, but
need some revisions. Write a reply to editor.
4) write a letter to your editor, assuming you want
to revise your manuscript that been accepted by
the journal. Sample:
2014北京中考英语真题 四、单项填空(共13分,每小题1分) 从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项. 22. I have a big brother. __________name is Paul. A. His B. Her C. He D. Your 23. I sometimes help my mom with her housework____________ Saturdays. A. at B. in C. on D. to 24. I’d like to go with you, _____________I’m too busy. A. or B. and C. so D. but 25. —________people are there in your family? —Three. A. How often B. How long C. How many D. How much 26. —Which season do you like _________，winter or summer? —Summer. A. well B. better C. best D. the best 27. —Must I hand in my homework now，Mr.Smith? —No，you ________. A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. wouldn’t D. needn’t 28. —What do you often do at weekends? —I often _________ my grandparents. A. visit B. visited C. have visited D. will visit 29. My parents always tell me ______ more vegetables and fruit. A. eat B. eating C. eats D. to eat 30. — What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon? — I ______ the classroom. A. was cleaning B. have cleaned C. will clean D. clean 31. A. new hospital _______ in my town next year. A. builds B. built C. is built D. will be built 32. He _____ in this factory for 20 years already. A. will work B. works C. has worked D. is working 33. Look! The clock has stopped. M aybe there’s ________ wrong with it. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
阅读理解10篇 Many children use the Internet to get useful knowledge and information, and to relax in their free time. But some of them are not using in a good way. Here are some rules to make sure you are safe and have fun on the Internet. Make rules for Internet use with your parents. For example, when you can go online, for how long and what activities you can go online. Don‘t give your password (密码) to anyone else, and never leak out the following information---your real name, home address, age, school, phone number or other personal information. Check with your parents before giving out a credit (信用) card number. Never send a photo of yourself to someone in e-mail unless your parents say it‘s OK. Check with your parents before going into a chat room. Different chat rooms have different rules and attract different kinds of people. You and your parents must make sure it‘s a right place for you. Never agree to meet someone you met on the Internet without your parent‘s permission (允许). Never meet anyone you met on line alone. Always remember that people online may not be who they say they are. Treat everyone online as strangers. If something you see or read online makes you uncomfortable, leave the site. Tell a parent or teacher right away. Treat other people as you‘d like to be treated. Never use bad language. Remember—not everything you read on the Internet is true. ()1. If you want a true friend on the Internet , you can ____________ . A tell the people what your name is . B meet the people on line alone. C write an e-mail about yourself . D get your parent‘s permission. ()2. It‘s good for children to ________ on the Internet. A. give password to others B. get useful knowledge and information
《液压传动考试宝典之68招》 【2011级机械班内部资料陈林涛总结 2014年六月】一，考试内容： 针对以上考试，我为大家总结了一下精简和重点知识点，希望大家好好看看，考试顺利！！！二．重要知识点：（有颜色，划线的最重要！！！） 1.液压传动以液体作为传递运动和动力的工作介质，而且传动中必须经过两次 能量转换。它先通过动力装置将机械能转换为液体的压力能，后又将压力能转换为机械能做功。 2.系统内的工作压力取决于外界负载。 3.活塞的运动速度v 取决于进入液压缸（马达）的流量q。 4.压力p和流量q是流体传动中最基本、最重要的两个参数，它们相当于机械 传动中的力和速度，它们的乘积即为功率 5.液压传动装置主要由以下四部分组成能源装置—泵。将原动机输入的机械 能转换为液体的压力能，作为系统供油能源装置。执行装置—缸（或马达）。
将流体压力能转换为机械能，而对负载作功。控制调节装置—各种控制阀，用以控制流体的方向、压力和流量，保证执行元件完成预期的工作任务。辅助装置—油箱、油管、滤油器、压力表、冷却器、分水滤水器、油雾器、消声器、管件、管接头和各种信号转换器等，创造必要条件，保证系统正常工作。 6.液压系统中控制部分的结构组成形式有开环式和闭环式两种。 7.液压传动优点：在同等的体积下，液压装置能比电气装置产生更大的动力。 液压装置工作比较平稳。液压装置能在大范围内实现无级调速。它还可以在运行的过程中进行调速。液压传动易于对液体压力、流量或流动方向进行调节或控制。液压装置易于实现过载保护。 8.缺点：液压传动在工作过程中常有较多的能量损失。液压传动对油温变化比 较敏感，它的运动速度和系统工作稳定性很易受到温度的影响，因此它不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作，为了减少泄漏，液压元件在制造精度上的要求较高，因此它的造价较贵，而且对油液的污染比较敏感。液压传动出现故障时不易找出原因。 9.液压系统能否可靠稳定的工作，在很大程度上取决于系统中所用到的液压油 液。 10.液压液的物理性质：密度，可压缩性，粘性。 11.液压系统使用的液压液应具备如下性能： 密封件有良好的相容性。对热、氧化、水解和剪切都有良好的稳定性。抗泡沫性好，抗乳化性好，腐蚀性小，防锈性好。体积膨 燃，但油本身不燃烧时的温度）和燃点高。对人体无害，成本低。
2013年北京市高级中等学校招生考试 英语试卷 学校_____________姓名__________准考证号____________ 听力理解（共26分） 一、听对话，从下面各题所给的A、B、C三幅图片中选择与对话内容相符的图片。每段对话你将听两遍。（共4分，每小题1分） 二、听对话或独白，根据对话或独白的内容，从下面各题所给的A. B.C三个选项中选择最佳选项。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。（共12分，每小题1分） 请听一段对话，完成第5至第6小题。 5. What are the speakers going to do? A. To have lunch. B. To go shopping. C. To do sports. 6. When will they be back to school? A. By 11:30. B. By 12:00. C. By 12:30. 请听一段对话，完成第7至第8小题。 7. How does the woman feel? A.A little nervous. B.A little sad. C.A little worried. 8. Where is the woman going? A. England. B. America. C. Canada. 请听一段对话，完成第9至第10小题。
9. How is the man going to the City Hall? A. By bike. B. By car. C. By bus. 10. Where is the City Hall? A. On Park Road. B. At King Square. C.In Long Street. 请听一段对话，完成第11至第13小题。 11. Why is the woman going to learn Chinese? A. She wants to meet new students. B. She wants to get better grades. C. She wants to go to China. 12. What do you know about the man? A. He is good at Japanese. B. He has to work hard this year. C. He will join the International Club. 13. What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. School life. B. Personal interests. C. Weekend activities. 请听一段独白，完成第14至第16小题。 14. How many parts are there in the race? A. Two. B. Three C. Six. 15.What does the speaker think of the players in the race? A. Brave and serious. B. Strong and skillful. C. Friendly and helpful. 16. What is the speech mainly about? A. Who can enter the race. B. Why people go to the race. C. What players do in the race. 三、听对话，记录关键信息。对话你将听两遍。（共10分，每小题2分）请根据所听到的对话内容和提示词语，将所缺 知识运用（共25分） 四、单项填空（共13分，每小题1分）从下面各题所给的A. B. C.D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 22.I can't find my pen. Could you help____________ find it? A. me B. her C. him D. them 23. Lucy lived in Beijing from 2008____________ 2012. A. on B. to C. at D. of 24. --- Which do you prefer, tea____________ coffee? ---Tea, please. A. but B. so C. or D. and
第一章 免疫的现代概念：机体识别和排除抗原性异物的功能，即机体区分自身和异己的功能。 自然免疫（非特异性免疫应答）：机体生来就有的免疫性；包括物理的、化学的、细胞的防御屏障；特点：1.无特异性；2.生来就有、不受外来抗原刺激. 获得性免疫（特异性免疫应答）：抗原进入机体激发免疫细胞活化、分化和效应的过程；包括细胞免疫和体液免疫。 免疫应答的特点：1.特异性；2.适应性（多样性）；3.记忆性；4.区别自身及非自身；5.自我调节性： 体液免疫：抗原诱导一部分B细胞产生抗体，一部分B细胞成为记忆细胞，抗体特异性地结合抗原。 主动免疫：抗原免疫机体诱导而获得免疫性的方式。 被动免疫：具有特异性的抗体人工转移给一个未经抗原直接免疫的机体，使机体获得特异免疫性。 细胞免疫：细胞介导的免疫应答；其抗原特异性表现在T淋巴细胞上； 克隆选择理论：（1）T细胞和B细胞无数的特异性在与外来抗原接触前就已存在。（2）免疫应答的淋巴细胞表面有抗原特异性受体，且每个淋巴细胞只带一种特异性受体。（3）当抗原表位与特异性淋巴细胞受体识别并结合，活化特异性的淋巴细胞，使其分化增殖成为一个淋巴细胞克隆，释放各种产物，发挥免疫效应。（4）能特异识别机体“自身”抗原的淋巴细胞在淋巴系统发育成熟前就被清除，以后不会诱导免疫应答成为“克隆流产”。 第二章 抗原：凡能刺激机体产生抗体和致敏淋巴细胞，并能与之结合而发生特异性免疫反应的物质。 种类：外源性抗原：来自细胞外；内源性抗原：病毒基因侵入细胞，合成产生的抗原未被裂解。 抗原的两个基本特性：免疫原性和免疫反应性。免疫原性是指引起免疫应答的性能，包括诱导产生抗体及效应T淋巴细胞。免疫反应性是指能与应答产物起反应的性能。 抗原决定簇：是位于抗原物质分子表面或者其它部位的具有一定组成和特殊结构的化学基团。 超抗原：某些物质在极低浓度下（1～10ng/mL）即有强大的刺激T、B细胞活化的能力。 决定免疫原性的因素:1.化学分子组成2.分子大小3.分子结构4.易接近性5.异物性6.免疫途径和抗原剂量7.机体方面的因素 第三章 抗体着重于生物学活性，即能与相应抗原特异性结合的具有免疫功能的球蛋白，如抗布鲁氏菌抗体、抗抗体、抗核抗体。免疫球蛋白着重于化学特征，指具有抗体活性或化学结构上与抗体结构相似的球蛋白。 抗体是免疫球蛋白，但免疫球蛋白不一定都是抗体（多发性骨髓瘤患者体内所产生的免疫球蛋白并不都有抗体活性）。 Ig分子基本结构：由左右对称的四个肽链组成（二条轻链和二条重链）轻链与重链之间由二硫键连接成 Ig单体，分为N端，C端。 免疫球蛋白的分子功能：1.特异性结合抗原。是Ig最显著的生物学特点。结合特性由V区（HVR）的空间构型决定。2.活化补体。1． IgM，IgG1，IgG2和IgG3可通过经典途径活化补体。2．凝聚的IgA，IgG4，IgE的Fc段等可以通过替代途径活化补体。3.结合Fc受体。 抗体的功能：1．介导I型变态反应（肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞FcεR ）2．调理吞噬作用（opsonization）3．发挥抗体依赖的细胞介导细胞毒作用4.通过胎盘和粘膜5.参与免疫调节 第四章 补体（complement）：存在于人和脊椎动物血清与组织液和细胞膜表面中一组经活化后具有酶活性的蛋白质。 补体系统的组成：1.固有成分：C1－9、MBL、B因子、D因子和P因子。2.调节与控制补体活化的分子，如C1INH、C4bp等。3.补体受体分子。如CR1、CR2等。 基本特征：连锁反应性，放大性，不稳定性，作用两面性，反应局限性 经典途径的条件：1.C1仅与IgMFc的CH3区或IgG1-3Fc的CH2区结合才能活化；IgM效率最高。2.每一个C1分子须同时与两个以上IgG的Fc段结合才能被激活；3.游离或可溶性抗体不能通过经典途径激活补体。 补体经典途径：1.识别阶段抗原与抗体结合后，C1q能识别抗体上的补体结合点，并与之结合。由于C1q 的构型发生改变，可激活C1r和C1s；在Ca++存在下，形成具有酶活性的C1s。2.活化阶段C1s 将C4分解成小碎片的C4a 和大碎片的C4b，C4b可与细胞膜结合；C1s 激活C4后，再激活C2（分解成C2a和 C2b）；C2b与C4b结合，形成有酶活性的C4b2b（C3转化酶）。C3被C4b2b裂解在C3a和C3b两个片段，C3b与C4b2a 相结合产生的C423（C4b2a3b）为经典途径的C5转化酶。3.攻膜阶段C5在 C4b2b3b的作用下裂解为C5a
第六讲归纳内容要点，概括中心意思 分析概括作者观点态度 （教案） 【解读考点】 所谓“归纳”就是把具体的内容加以抽象、提炼；所谓“要点”就是事情涉及的重要方面。“内容要点”就是通过归纳、总结分析事情的原因、结果、影响等。文章的内容可以是局部的，也可以是全文的。概括“中心意思”就是用简明的语言归纳文章的核心内容或作者的思想观点，其形式就是“通过什么，表现了什么，有什么影响”等。“作者观点态度”其实就是理解作者对文中涉及的某问题、某现象的看法。本考点是要求从整体上把握文意，对具体的内容加以概括，对复杂的内容加以整理。 【考查方式】 1、根据要求归纳要点： （1）试用自己的话归纳作者关于XX的感受； （2）作者从哪几个方面对XX进行描述； （3）从全文来看，作者的看法(感受)是什么； (4) 作者对XX的看法表现在哪些方面。 2、概括文章或文段的主旨 （1）试用一句话概括全文的主旨； （2）对某文段的概括最恰当的一项 （3）试用简洁的语言概括某段的内容。 3、分析归纳作者的观点态度 （1）下列表述符合（不符合）作者看法的一项 （2）文章阐述了作者对XX的看法，请简要概括。 （3）请分析概括作者对XX所持的态度（即归纳要点）。
【方法指导】 一、概括文章的中心思想 1、归纳内容的步骤。 【步骤】整体阅读，分清文体，理解文意（弄清作者写了人、物、事、理，怎么写的）——跳出文章，结合背景，整体把握主旨（文章涉及到哪些社会问题，有哪些潜台词，弦外音）——舍本逐末，归纳要点（把握文章的真意和灵魂，即作者写作的真实意图）。 科技文：说明对象是什么——有何特点——有何价值（对社会有何意义） 社科文：中心观点是什么——有无分论点——用什么材料论证——结构特点——语言特点 文学作品：写了什么人、事——人（事、物）有何特点——表达了什么感情——如何评价这些人。 2、明确主旨的角度。 （1）从文章的题目入手。如《古都的秋》作者借助对古都的秋景和景物的描写，揭示了古都的秋“来得清净、悲凉”的特点，抒发对古都的热爱。 （2）从开头、结尾入手。如《在马克思墓前的讲话》“这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。这位巨人的逝世以后所形成的空白，不就就会使人感觉到。”“他的英名和事业将永垂不朽！”作者高度评价马克思对无产阶级、历史科学等方面的贡献，抒发对他的崇敬之情。 （3）从写作背景、文章关键句入手。如：“所以我们要运用脑髓，放出眼光，自己来拿。”《拿来主义》 作者针对如何批判继承文化遗产提出“拿来主义”的观点，主要从揭露“送去主义”、“送去者”与“送来”者的奴才主子关系、“送来者”的本来面目，批判对待文化遗产的三种态度等方面来阐述的。 （4）从散文的类型入手。 记叙类：以记人物叙事为主，主要看作者所写的人物的性格特点，把握画龙点睛的句子，分析赞扬了什么精神，鞭策了什么世风； 抒情类：以抒发作者主观的感情为主，主要看抒情的方式，直接还是间接。间接看是借景抒情还是托物言志、借古讽今，还看流露什么感情，阐发了什么哲理。（包括哲理散文） 议论类：以议论为主，主要看作者的观点，借助哪些生动形象的材料来论证的。
2013年中考英语精品复习资料 阅读理解篇（四） 记叙文 （16） At the Beijing time 14:28 May 12.2008，a strong earthquake suddenly happened in Sichuan Province． As they saw a young woman in broken 1louses，the rescue(营救) workers were sad to find that she had already been dead，yet surprised to notice her kneeling down with her hands touching the ground to support her weight—and right under her shelter of flesh and blood(血肉)，her several-month-old baby was sleeping，safe and sound． The baby was put around carefully in a little quilt(被子)，with a mobile phone inside．An unsent text message was found that read： “Dear Baby．If You Could Be Alive，Please Remember That Mum Always Love You!” As it was too young to know what was really going on，the baby’s dream must have been free from nightmare(恶梦)．though a nightmare was taking place．However，it was the mother’s love that prevented the nightmare from falling upon the young dreamer． Mother’s love at her last breath!!! 47．It was ________ when the baby was found． A．crying B．dying C．sitting D．sleeping 48．The mother knelt down with her hands touching the ground in order to ________ A．have a rest B．save her baby C．protect herself D．prevent the nightmare 49．Which of the following is true about the text message? A．It wa s a message to the baby’s father． B．It had already been sent out when found． C．The mother hoped that her baby could live． D．The mother wouldn’t like the message to be found． 50．The passage is mainly about ________． A．mother’s love B．Sichuan earthquake C．a lucky baby D．the last breath
言语理解与表达 言语理解与表达概述 【考查能力】 理解→片段阅读+ 篇章阅读 表达→选词填空+ 语句表达 【做题顺序】 审题干→读题面→看选项作对比 【正确答案的标志】 转换的两种模式： ▲同义替换 ▲精简压缩 片段阅读 知识点：主旨概括题 【辨别标志】 ▲这段话的主旨是、这段话主要讲述（谈论、强调、说明、阐明、阐述、分析、介绍主要等）的是？ 主旨类：找重点 ▲对这段文字概括（复述、归纳、总结）最准确的是？ 概括类：突出重点，兼顾其他（重点是第一位的，其他其次，择优原则） 【做题原则】 ▲找重点，即文段主题句。 ▲对比选项进行转换（同义替换、精简压缩）。 ▲忠于原文，无需引申。 ▲通常为对策或核心观点。 【解题技巧】 宏观（行文脉络）▲文章结构 微观（关联词语）▲逻辑标志 知识点：递进复句 【典型格式】不但……，而且……。如：大别山区不但矿产很丰富，而且自然景色很美。【关联词语】不但=不仅=不单=不独=不只=不光 而且=并=并且=也=还 甚至=更=特别=尤其=重要的是=关键的是=核心的是 【多重递进】不但……，而且……，甚至…… 【典型例句】 1）黄金不只是一种名贵的金属，也是一种不需要翻译的万能语言。 2）寿昌不仅学习戏里的唱腔身段，还从母亲那里弄些碎布学剪戏中的人物。 3）犯罪官员们所面对的不单是牢狱之灾，他们似锦的前程也毁了。 4）来这家大型食品超市购物的不仅有当地的家庭主妇，而且有附近街区的居民，甚至京津地区也有驱车前来采购的。 【总结】 ▲递进复句重点在递进之后。 ▲一级递进与二级递进同现时，二级递进是重点。 【技术链接】▲反面论证法
▲反面论证的作用是为了加强之前正面的观点，本身不重要，阅读可省略。 ▲反面论证的作用是为了加强之前正面的观点，本身不重要，阅读可省略。 ▲标志词：否则、不然、如果不、如果没有等。 ▲围绕反面论证的不是主旨题的答案。 {“否则”，反面论证，起到再次强调先前论述的正确性，之前的内容也就是文章重点所在。} 知识点：成分紧缩法 ▲长难句就找主谓宾，宾语通常是一个复合结构或小句。 ▲标志词：的→定语（前置）（重点）地→状语（前置）得→补语（后置） 知识点：转折复句 【典型格式】虽然……，但是……（强转折） 其实=事实上=实际上=只是=当然（弱转折） 【关联词语】虽然=尽管=虽说=固然 但是=可是=不过=然而=却 【总结】 ▲转折复句重点在转折之后。 ▲弱转折与强转折同现时，强转折是重点。 知识点：观点援引法 ▲援引目的：为了引出之后作者的观点，援引之后的语句很重要。 ▲援引类型：正向援引（如：正如） 反向援引（一家之言，如有一种看法认为、有一种观点认为、有些人认为、 人们认为、传统认为） 知识点：因果复句 【典型格式】因为……，所以…… 【关联词语】因为=由于 所以=因此=因而=可见=看来=总之=故而=言而总之=综上所述=概而言之 =概而论之 【特殊格式】之所以……是因为、导致、造成、使得、致使 【总结】 ▲正常语序下，原因为结论服务，结论之后是重点。 ▲“之所以……是因为”通过倒装的形式来强调原因，符合汉语核心语义置后的原则。 ▲注意不能因果倒置。 【技术链接】▲举例论证法 ▲例子的作用是证明前后出现的观点，本身不重要，阅读可省略。 ▲例子可以由数据、故事、事例等来充当。 ▲标志词：例如、比如、、、、为例、、、、就是一个例证等。 ▲围绕举例论证的不是主旨题的答案。 知识点：必要条件复句 【典型格式】只有……，才…… 【关联词语】显性：只有=必须=需要=应该=应当=务必=除非=如何=怎样等 隐性：才{尤其要注意“才”，其实是隐含了“只有……才”这样的结构} 【典型例句】 1）传统相声艺术只有回到群众，回归生活，才能获得新的生命力。
摘要 摘要( abstract) 也称为内容提要，通常在学术论文中都必须附有摘要，其位子应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等，称为二次性出版物摘要。此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文摘、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。 1.1 摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract, 一个是 summary 根据美国国家标准学会 ( American National Standards Institute ) 于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standards for Writing Abstracts）规定，abstract 不应与 summary 混同。
Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。字数通常在100 –150 个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% - 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的 3% - 5% )。现在越来越多的用法是abstract。尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。 Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别。严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。其前提是读者已经通读的全文，通过summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果。在某些论文中，用summary取代正文中的conclusion部分。Summary是论文的“缩影”，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高校规定,说是论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜，而博士论文提要以350词左右为宜。博士会议论文的提要一般规定为300 – 500词或1000个印刷符号。 至于究竟采用什么形式，要根据征稿简则而定。一般说来，国际学术会议论文集要求按Summary方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要求不禁一致。对于个别论文还见有前面为
2013年北京英语中考作文 【篇一：2013年北京市中考英语作文预测及范文(13 篇)】 2013年北京市中考英语作文预测及范文（13篇） 13篇最新预测作文 一．如果你是英才国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑。你看了下面 这封信后，也想写 一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法；解释 你的理由并提出你的建议；向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿。 二．毕业感想 初中生活马上就要结束了，三年的初中生活一定给你留下了很多挥 之不去的回忆。请你给大家讲一个最值得你回忆的故事。包括时间、人物、事情经过和事后你的感想（请不要写出真实的学校名称以及 真实姓名）。 提示词供参考。three years， memories， one of， one day，think， happy/ sorry 三．低碳生活 现在全世界都在倡导“低碳生活”（low-carbon life），即：降低二 氧化碳的排放，采取低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活方式。低碳生 活对我们大家都有好处，请你写一篇短文向一家英文报社投稿。内 容包括：你的具体做法、你的感受以及建议。 提示词语：be good for， everyone， ride a bike， think， make a difference， environment， suggest， reuse
四．现在越来越多的人在网上购物，网购已成为流行趋势，二网购的利弊也成为人们讨论的焦点，请参考下面的信息，并结合就的观 点些一短文，谈谈你的看法。 1. 方便，可以在家买东西，不受时间限制。 2. 有很大的商品信息，可以买到当地没有的商品。价格较便宜。 3. 买货容易退货难；实物和图片有差距。 4．网络支付不安全。 提示词：实物：materiai object 五．【网络交友】人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自 己的看法。 【参考范文】should students make friends on line? some people say yes. the 六．目前，学生测试作弊现象严重，请围绕以下要点谈谈其中原因以及个人建议。 原因：1.测试太滥 2.自身勤奋不够 3.把大量时间用在上网和玩游戏上 4.为了骗取家长和老师高兴看法和建议：1、作弊有害；2、要做人诚实，学习发奋；3、学校应减少测试。 要求：1、字数80-100；2、围绕要点可适当发挥；3、文章开头已给出，不计入总字数。 参考作文： at present, a number of middle school students have picked up a badthere are three main reasons. first, schools have given
地图学复习讲义 1地图：地图是遵循相应的数学法则，将地球上的地理信息，通过科学的概括，并运用符号系统表示在一定载体上的图形，以传递它们的数量和质量在空间和时间上的分布规律和发展变化。 2地图学：地图学是以地理信息可视化为核心，讨论地图的理论实质、制作技术和使用方法的综合性科学。 3数据预处理：就是对数据进行综合分析，或将数据压缩、增加、保留主要特征；或对数据的使用进行取舍，以期适用于地图符号化和地图作业。 4地图注记：是指地图上的标注和各种说明文字，是地图的基本内容之一。 5非比率符号：符号尺寸与制图数据没有明显比例关系的符号称作非比例符号。 6遥感：从一定距离对地表或近地表的地物所发射或反射的电磁波——从紫外到微波波段进行探测，以达到识别目标的理论和方法，称为遥感。 7比率符号：符号尺寸与其所代表的属性数值具有明确的比率关系，这种符号称作比率符号。 8定位比率符号法：在定位符号法的定量表示中，通常使用点状符号面积大小与其所代表的数量成一定比率关系，这种符号的组合与配置称为定位比率符号法。 9连续比率方式：地图中每个符号的大小都与其代表的实际数值
按比率一一对应，这种方式称为连续比率方式。 10线状符号法：通常以线状符号的形状和颜色表示质量特征，以中心线或是轴线表示空间定位，也可以符号宽度表示定量特征，这种符号的组合称为线状符号法。 11动线符号法：以线状符号的定位和指向表示事物变动的路径和方向，以形状和颜色表示质量特征，以符号宽度表示定量特征，这种符号的组合称为动线符号法。 12质底法：全域连续分布的面状现象，可以按某种分类规则将整个制图区域的数据，用定名量表划分为多个互不重叠、性质不同的图斑，以显示制图对象的质量差异。它以线划表示分类界线，以色相或网纹表示不同的图斑，这种符号的配置方法称为质底法。 13范围法：局部成片或离散分布的地理现象是以真实或隐含的轮廓线表示事物的分布范围，以颜色、网纹、注记或排列分量等表示数据的性质和类型，这种符号配置的方法称为范围法。 14点值法：用形状相同，大小与其代表的数值成固定比率的圆点符号表达离散现象分布特征的方法称为点值法。 15分级比率方式：将制图数据按一定的数值间隔分成多个数组等级，并将各等级数组分别概括为具代表性的单一数值，依各数组的代表值按比率确定各等级符号大小，全部制图对象均以相应的等级符号表示，这种方式称为分级比率方式。 16地理图：地理图又称一览图，它的概括程度比较高，是以反
2020高考英语概要写作、读后续写专题讲解与复习 “概要写作”重点考查考生理解和呈现原文要点和准确使用词汇和语法结构的能力。要求学生客观并且简练的概括出原文，而且要保证故事的完整连贯，逻辑通顺。（这类题型相对来说比较简单；考察三方面的能力：1. 找关键词的能力；2. 把关键词写成正确句子的能力；3. 把句子写成合理的段落的能力） 读后续写主要关注学生以下四个方面的能力： ①把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力。学生需要了解所给短文的主要内容，清楚其关键词和语言结构的使用情况，并通过续写短文表现出来。 ②语言运用的准确性和丰富性。学生能准确、恰当地使用所学词汇和语言结构，还能够根据内容需要使用较多、较复杂的词汇和语言结构。 ③对语篇结构的把控能力。学生需要掌握上下文逻辑关系，所续写的短文与所给短文及段落开头语之间要有连贯性，所续写的短文内语句要连贯、有序。 ④创造性思维能力。学生所续写的短文要具有较丰富的内容，包含详细和生动的情景、态度和感情描述。 ] 读后续写解题思路 ◆续写思路 和以往的高考英语命题作文不同，读后续写要求考生首先要读懂已有
信息，不仅要读懂字面含义，还要厘清文章的脉络和关系。续写这篇短文时，考生需要明白故事的发展进程、前因后果、地理位置变化、人物情感等。在此基础上，考生顺着文章的思路，根据线索，发挥想象，对其后的情节进行合理预测，并用英语表达出来。同时，在组织语言时，切记使用5个以上给出的提示词。 ◆续写分析 若已知线索：去西部荒野——体验农场生活——骑马去森林 （父亲带作者去“西部荒野”，喂鸡牧羊，体验农场生活；见父亲和叔叔骑马很是潇洒，作者心生向往，于是亲身上马体验，和父亲一同骑马走向森林……） | 可续写线索：迷路？找到回农场的方法？回到农场？ 1. 第一段所给首句“Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse.”这一句是故事发展的转折点，可从兔子出现后带来的结果入手扩展开去，可以写马受到惊吓狂奔而去，也可以写因追赶兔子而迷路，无论从何角度拓展，需注意与续写第二段首句呼应。 2. 第二段所给首句“We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark.”这一句呼应前文Uncle Paul的嘱托——不要误了晚饭、不要迷路，可以从如何寻路返回入手去写续文。前文提示农场附近有河流，并且river为标有下划线的关键词语，所以可以从沿着河流回到农场的角度拓展。
归纳内容要点，概括中心思想 本考点要求归纳某一段落的思想内容或整篇材料的中心。这是检测考生对一篇阅读材料整体理解程度的主要手段，也就是测试考生是否真正读懂了文章。同时，它还检测考生的表达，要求能按照题干的指令进行归纳概括。分析归纳内容要点和中心思想，需要阐释能力和综合能力。即求考生能真正读懂文章能把文章的内容转化成自己的认知，在完成这一思维行为之后还必须具备语言的转化能力，也就是能把文中的内容(“原话”)变成自己的话。 对具体的内容能够准确地加以概括，提炼出它的核心，这是一种抽象的概括能力；对抽象的内容能够加以阐发，使之具体化，即利用具体的材料或经验作出解释，这是一种形象发散思维能力；对含蓄的语句加以解释即结合具体语境分析，揭示语句的深层含义和言外之义，以便更好地把握作者的思想，准确理解作品。 分析归纳，需要准确地分析、归纳中心思想。首先要弄懂句与句之间的关系，段与段、层与层之间的关系，并通过分析，抓住各部分里最主要、最本质的信息然后用自己的语言归纳概括出来。 读懂作者的心思，把握文章的中心，是答题的前提。面对具体的问题，还要注意答题的角度和技巧。这一点我们可以借鉴以往命题及答案，揣摩答题思路。具体地说，可以重点注意以下几个方面。 1．逐点梳理，压缩归纳。这个方法主要针对材料内容丰富，答题“点”比较清晰的试题而言。对“点”较丰富的材料，答题注意一个个“点”依次梳理过去，对每一个“点”加以适当压缩提炼即可。如2004江苏19： （4）．草堂足供观赏，甬道曲折，尽可徜徉，更何况又是细雨迷蒙，黄叶铺地!草堂，草堂，此时此际的草堂在诉说什么呢?从开元到天宝，《壮游》，《三吏》《三别》，《北征》，《秋兴八首》，直到《茅屋为秋风所破歌》……一代诗史再现了一个时代，仅这些就足以彪炳青史了。这是杜甫的不朽，这是杜甫的辉煌，这也是杜甫的价值所在。舍此，我们又何以了然在一个大起大落的时代里，有一个愈老大愈清瘦愈苦寒的杜工部!这些是不必说的。但仅仅如此，就远不能了然杜甫诗歌抑郁沉雄的内在生命力，也远不能了然士人的用世之志与命运悲剧。这正是文章憎命达的命意所在，是其深层的人生意蕴所在，也是中国历史上人才的成就与命运的二律悖反。 从文章第四段看，“草堂在诉说什么呢?”请根据文意概括回答。(4分) 【答案】①一代诗史再现了一个时代，②杜甫的苦寒人生；③中国历史上人才成就与命运的二律悖反(矛盾冲突)，或作“中国历史上士人用世之志与命运悲剧”。 【分析】本节文字有一系列标识性词语，考生只要较好地把握文章中这些标识性词语，就能准确归纳作者述说的要点。问号后到“仅这些就足以”“这是……这是……”“这也是……”是一层，这一层叙说杜甫诗歌创作的成就、意义，这一层意义考生比较容易掌握。“舍此，我们又何以了然在一个大起大落的时代里，有一个愈老大愈清瘦愈苦寒的杜工部!”这是第二层意思，这一层的意思是，通过杜甫草堂，通过杜甫的诗歌，我们还可以看到杜甫的苦寒人生。“这些是不必说的”这一提示语说明前面两层意思还
2013北京中考英语试题答案解析（仅供参考） 乐加乐英语倾情出品单项选择（解析老师——乐加乐英语孙晨皓） 22. A 考查人称代词 23. B 考查介词词组from to 24. C 考查连词or 25. B 考查比较级 26. A 考察情态动词can 27. D 考查不定代词anything用于否定 28. B 考查there be句型 29. C 考查特殊疑问词用法，how often表频率 30. D 考查时态，一般将来时 31. B 考查动词不定式，ask sb to do sth 32. C 考查时态，现在完成时 33. D 考查被动语态 34. A 考查宾语从句，陈述语序 完形填空：（分析老师——乐加乐英语张澄） 答案：35- 39 ACCDD 40 -44 BADBC 45-46 BD 完形文章出自美国德克萨斯周杂志The Staff，题目标题为“Her Name Was Mrs. Claussen - And She Cared by Dr. Lee Reeves”继续保持连续六年的出题风格——选材源于英美原版文章，对文化差异性的把控和理解要求较高 35. A 根据文章开头告知作者存在的问题“口吃”和第五段第一句话中的speech specialist 可知答案为speech 36. C 根据第二段可知，目前问题还没有解决，所以这种痛苦仍然困扰我 37. C 根据本段开头引号中的话可知，那是一段自我介绍
38. D 根据第五段对这个老师的描述“best”可知，作者认可了这个老师，所以语意一定是积极向上且赞扬的 39. D 根据上一句“not like those。。。”可知这个老师状况和其他老师不一样 40. B 根据前文and可知表顺承关系，根据上一句她一直问我不同的问题，然后听我回答 41. A 根据本段第一句后的“tenor（男高音）”和“singing group”可知答案为唱歌 42. D 根据前文“I could do it well”可知作者在唱歌这件事情上可以不口吃 43. B 根据本段前两句话可知，作者一开始说话还是不利索，甚至一度怀疑自己无法交流 44. C 根据本段最后一句话可知，最后作者的语言能力有了一个较大的提升，对比之前语法能力不好，可知我的语言老师告诉我是否我能改变语言能力完全取决于我 45. B 根据本空前后“as。。。as”短语和前文中这个老师对我所起的积极影响可知答案 46. D 根据全文可知，作者一直强调他的老师十分在意她教授的学生，可知填care 黑体为考试的时候要填的词, 也就是答案. 附原文：Her Name Was Mrs. Claussen - And She Cared by Dr. Lee Reeves As I walked down to the counselor's office, I thought to myself, "What will she be like" Will she be old or young? Pretty or ugly? Will she care?" Oh well, I figured it didn't really matter, anyway. I'd had so many speech therapists over the years I'd lost count. Another school, another therapist. I wondered why I even bothered to go. My stuttering seemed to be just as much of a problem now as it always was, and besides I hated to miss P.E. How did they find out that I stutter anyway? The last school must have sent my records. It was pretty hard to hide the way I talked. As I walked down the hallway, memories popped in my head of how painful being a kid who stutters had been. Memories of how the kids used to call me "Motor Mouth," and of the teacher who asked me if I had "lock-jaw." It still hurt. The pain welled up inside as I rounded the last corner toward the office. "Don't start getting weak knees now," I whispered to myself. I wondered why I didn't stutter when I whispered, or when I talked to myself. At any rate I was sixteen years old and a junior in high school - time to gut up. Time to meet the new one! "Hello! I'm Mrs. Claussen. I hear you're from Texas!" She must have thought I was a little off my rocker as I stood there gawking, with my mouth wide open and my face red as a beet. She was really pretty! And she was young, too! "Ye-Ye-Ye-Yes m-m-m-m-m-m-m-aam I am," I fumbled out. My heart felt like it was pounding through my chest, my palms were dripping wet, and I was tense all over. I really blew that