绪论
一、翻译小史：
学史以明智，翻译亦如此。据《圣经》记载，人类的祖先们曾经说同一种语言，在足以强大的时候，想要建造一座通天塔（the Babel）上天，从而激怒了上帝。上帝盛怒之下，摧毁通天塔，将人类分散到世界各地，由此产生了不同的种族和不同的语言。此后，人类各民族间的交流就要靠翻译了。事实上，不管是中国还是西方，翻译的历史都是源远流长的。
1.中国翻译史简述
中国的翻译活动源远流长，最早的传译之事可上溯至西周（C.1100-771B.C.）之前。“《礼记?王制》载：‘中国，夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不同，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。’寄、象、狄、译都是指通译言语的人。”（毛荣贵，2002∶3）
翻译事件对于一个国家的历史和社会发展往往产生重大影响。我国历史上翻译影响社会发展最大的有三次翻译高潮。
1）汉唐时期佛经的传译：西汉张骞；东汉安世高；时至唐代，佛经翻译达到了登峰造极的程度，玄奘（600－664）先后主持译出经论75部1335卷1300万字佛经，占唐代新译佛经总数的一半以上。（关键词：佛经，梵语，安世高，支谦，玄奘）
2）明末清初西欧科技翻译：利玛窦（Matteo Ricci, 1552-1660）组织翻译了相当数量的西方天文、数学、水法、测量等方面的著述；徐光启和利玛窦合译《测量法义》。力图使国人能借鉴西方的先进思想、文化或科技，从而富国强民。
3）清末民初西方思潮的翻译：严复《天演论》(T. H. Huxley: Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、《原富》(Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth and Nations)；康有为、梁启超、林纾（林琴南）、王国维等。马列主义经典著作、文艺理论、苏俄及各国的进步文艺作品，如鲁迅、瞿秋白等。
新中国成立后，文革前和文革中以俄语为主，改革开放后以英语为主；我们几乎所有学科的理论框架、术语都译自英语；西方文化进入我们的方方面面很大程度上来自翻译。2.西方翻译史要略
西方翻译史可以简要地分为三个阶段：古典翻译，近代翻译和当代翻译。
1）古典翻译（公元前三世纪――文艺复兴时期13－14世纪）。贺拉斯（Quintus Horatius Flaccus 前65年－前8年），罗马帝国奥古斯都统治时期著名的诗人、批评家，代表作有《诗艺》等。西塞罗（Marcus Tullius Cicero前106年—前43）古罗马著名政治家、演说家、雄辩家、法学家和哲学家。总的来说，西方的古典翻译活动主要围绕圣经进行。比如公元前三世纪七十二名犹太学者就翻译的《圣经?旧约》后被称为《七十子希腊文本圣经》。公元405年，哲罗姆（St. Jerome）对照希伯来原文翻译出了《通俗拉丁文本圣经》（The Vulgate），后来成为罗马天主教承认的唯一文本。中世纪时，由于宗教势力的加强，教会神职人员纷纷用自己的民族语言翻译《圣经》，以使普通老百姓也能读懂《圣经》。14世纪80年代，约翰?威克利夫（John Wyclif）翻译了《圣经》，《圣经》的英译本就此问世。1611年，英国国王詹姆斯一世同意的钦定本《圣经》正式问世。当然，古典翻译活动除了圣经翻译以外，还翻译古希腊、罗马的文学、艺术、科学等名家著作。至文艺复兴时期，圣经翻译和古典文学作品和其他人文科学著作的翻译达到了一个高潮。
近代翻译时期主要是从十七世纪至二十世纪初。在这一时期，翻译的规模虽然不比文艺复兴时期，但是翻译的题材不再局限于圣经或文学翻译，而是呈现了多样化的趋势。同时，
翻译理论研究在这一时期得到前所未有的发展，为下一阶段翻译活动的繁荣和发展打下了坚实的基础。
二十世纪是翻译的时代。自二战以来，翻译的区别性特征是国际交流系统、结构、机制的复杂性。这一复杂性涵盖了政治、商业、科技、军事、文化等各领域。由于社会越来越灵活多变，新的国际化越来越深入，在跨国界跨文化的交流中便会越来越感到问题的尖锐。因此，翻译所覆盖的领域也越来越广，成为了文化交流的新形式。这一发展也是由于曾一度占上风的圣经和文学翻译受到了专业领域翻译（specialist translation）和专业会议翻译（interpretation of specialist conferences）的挑战。而且随着联合国的建立，确定英、法、汉、俄、阿拉伯语等六种语言为其官方语言，翻译的重要性也日益凸显；同时翻译的发展也呈现了与前两个时期不同的趋势：全球化（globalization）、专业化（specialization）和技术化（technologization）（Wilss，1999∶181）。
我们说读史以明智，了解翻译小史可以使我们认识到，翻译决不仅仅是语言转换的问题：一、翻译同民族发展的进程紧密联系；二、翻译活动很大程度上受意识形态操控；三、翻译是政治、经济、文化交流和传播的重要手段。
二、翻译的目的、任务和意义：
简而言之，翻译的目的是实现国际交流（通天塔的故事）。可以毫不夸张地说，任何一个国际事件，如果没有翻译，将会一事无成；在后现代和全球化的语境下，翻译不但为政治、经济和文化交流所需，更成为弱势文化表达政治身份的重要途径。2006年的统计表明，欧盟一年翻译总额接近30亿欧元。与此同时，中国的翻译市场和翻译研究同样日趋活跃。
作为人类历史上可能最为复杂的活动（In fact, I.A. Richard (1953) has claimed that it is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos.），翻译主要依靠人工进行。在科技高度发达的今天，机器翻译能否取代人脑翻译？至少在看得见的将来，软件只能起辅助作用；同时，翻译也不是依靠查词典对应意义能够做好的。换言之，翻译是一种复杂的脑力、智力劳动，有时还需要灵感活动，不是词汇的排列组合活动。
翻译学习的内容很多，包括理论研究和翻译实践，我们将侧重翻译实践，掌握基本的翻译翻译方法和技巧；从翻译途径来看，包括口译和笔译，我们侧重笔译；从体裁来看，包括文学翻译和非文学翻译，我们侧重后者。我们这门课程叫做Translation Theory and Practice，分为英译汉和汉译英两大部分。
三、翻译的定义、性质和标准
A．翻译的定义：
尽管关于翻译的专家定义多种多样，但简单地说，翻译就是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来。
B．翻译的性质：
主要有“科学论”、“艺术论”和“科学艺术论”等说法。“科学论”主张翻译是一种科学；“艺术论”主张翻译是一门艺术；“科学艺术论”认为翻译既是一门科学，又是一门艺术。近年来，建立翻译学的呼声和努力日渐增强。
C．翻译的标准：
1．严复信、达、雅(faithfulness, smoothness, and elegance) ：是中国关于翻译标准的经典论述。
2．瞿秋白“概念等同”：1931年在给鲁迅的信中说：“我的意见是，翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等于英德俄日法……读者从原文得来
的概念。
3．傅雷：重神似而不重形似；得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外。
4．钱钟书：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。17世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’（The transmigration of souls），躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。”
评：钱钟书的“化境”说，与博氏的“重神似而不重形似”，说法不一，但精神实质无异。其独到之处，难分轩轾。
5．许渊冲：扬长避短，发挥译文语言优势。
许渊冲教授在1984年出版的《翻译的艺术》一书中，独树一帜，发表了新的翻译观点：“忠实于原文内容，通顺的译文形式，发扬译文的优势，可以当作文学翻译的标准。
“翻译可以不发扬译文语言的优势，但发扬了译文语言优势的却是更好的翻译。是否符合必要条件是个对错问题，是否符合充分条件却是个好坏问题。”
什么是发挥译文语言的优势呢？请看许渊冲举的两个译例：
1) －“How much did you suffer？”
－“Plenty,” the old man said. (T he Old Man and the Sea)
－“你吃了多少苦呵？”
－“一言难尽，”老头说。
2) －“Hyde Park you said，didn? you？I?ll be there t o cheer you.”
－“It?s a promise,” he said．(Betrayed Spring)
－“你说海德公园，是不是？我准来给你打气。”
－“那就一言为定啦。”他说。
6．思果：信、达、贴
7．Alexander Fraser Tytler: 3 Principles of Translation
The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
The translation should have all the ease of original composition.
8. Eugene A. Nida: similar or equivalent response or effect; dynamic equivalence
四、翻译的过程：分为理解与表达两个阶段: 理解准确、表达通顺。
A. 理解准确：“理解”的内容：词义、语法、逻辑和文化背景；“理解”的方法：通读原文，把握context.
I.词义：词义离不开语境，切忌望文生义。J.R. Firth: Each word is a new word in a new context.
1. If you can neither receive nor bestow benefit, you?d better leave that company.
如果你交的朋友对你无益，你也不能对他有所帮助，你最好马上离开他。
2. He should know better than to quarrel with his bread and butter.
他不应该笨到同自己的衣食父母作对的地步。
3. The new mayor earned some appreciation by courtesy of coming to visit the poor.
新任市长访贫问苦、关心穷人的举动博得了人们的一些好感。(by courtesy of: thanks to) 4. The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen, order!”
The entire class yelled: “Beer!”
教授拍着桌子大喊：“你们这些年轻人吆喝（要喝）什么？”
全班同学齐声大叫：“啤酒！”
II.语法：警惕语法陷阱，力求表述清楚。
1. A conflict between the generations—between youth and age—seems the most stupid of all conflicts, for it is one between oneself as one is and one oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.(林：p.170)
两代人之间的冲突—即年轻人和老年人的冲突—似乎是所有冲突中最为可笑的。因为这种冲突无异于一个人现在与未来、或过去与现在的冲突。
2. In reading we appear to withdraw into a world of imagination, a few people seek refuge too readily in this and prefer it always to the world of everyday, but they are missing the full significance if they do so. (林：p.172)
读书时，我们似乎进入了一个想象中的世界：有些人太容易躲进其中寻求庇护，爱之甚于现实世界，但这样却失去了读书的全部意义。
3. Project supervision should include an environment specialist. Monitoring reports should be available before each supervision mission and any anomalies or concerns investigated during supervision.
项目检查应由环境专家进行。环境监测报告应在每次执行环境检查之前予以提供，检查过程中应对所发生的一切异常现象或受关注的事项进行调查。
4. The rate at which man has been storing up useful knowledge about himself and the universe has been spiraling upward for 10, 000 years.
过去一万年以来，人类在了解自身、了解宇宙过程中获得了许多有用知识，这种知识增长的速度呈递增趋势。
5. John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.
John现在跟父母一起住在纽约，他不干乐队指挥已有三年了。
III.逻辑:
1. This morning I came back by train from Beijing where I had visited some of my former classmates after I had finished my task there.
我在北京办完事后，去看了几位老同学，今天早晨乘火车回来的。
2. Automobiles and trucks would be powered by quickly replaceable electric batteries.
轿车和卡车的动力将由可快速更换的电池提供。
轿车和卡车将由可快速更换的电池驱动。
3. Indeed, rarely were these regular orders cancelled, and in bad weather they formed a steady source of income. In the evening they solve an awkward problem, as usual selling, even I kept to the customary arrival times, needed some sort of notice to be given that I was outside with the van.
实际上，这种固定订货很少取消。天气不好时，这些订购成了我稳定的收入来源；天黑时，这些订货则解决了一个难题，因为如果靠零星销售，即使我在人们习惯的时候到达那些小区，也需要想办法让人知道我的冰棍车来啦。
4. I was just walking out of the local library, having unsuccessfully sought employment there, when I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intension of talking to me.
我去一家地方图书馆找活干，无果而返，刚刚走出图书馆，就看到一个人穿过马路向我走来，显然是想和我说话。
IV. 文化背景：
1. You look like AL Captone in that suit.
你穿着那身衣服活像大流氓阿尔?卡彭AL Captone。
2. Chris released her hold on the armrest for a moment and grabbed the straps on the back of Angela?s bibbed ski pants.
Chris松开扶手一小会儿，抓住了Angela穿着的工装裤的背带。
(You might have found the word “bib” in your dictionary, but its usage here definitely doesn?t fit with the dictionary definition. )(毛荣贵:p.6)
3. She is as fair as Helen.
她美若天仙／海伦／西施。
4. My first teaching job was at a high school in Georgia. Having been born and raised in the North, I had some initial difficulty understanding my students' accents. Jokingly, I said to one girl, “I do wish you Southerners would speak English!”
“We do.” She replied.
“Well, it?s not the king?s English,” I protested.
“Sure it is,” she said. “Remember, Elvis was a Southerner.”
我的初次执教始于佐治亚的一所高中。由于生长在北方，我起初难以听懂我学生的口音。我对一个女孩子开玩笑说：“真希望你们这些南方佬都讲英语！”
“我们是说英语呀。”她答到。“可是，不是标准英语。”我反驳道。
“当然是标准英语，”她说，“别忘了，埃尔维丝可是个南方人。”
译文虽然忠实而又流畅，但是，弥漫在字里行间的文化气息让读者如坐云雾。若不加注，这样的译文是没有意义的。
注：Elvis是美国60年代最著名的流行歌星，世称“猫王”，上段中的女学生非常聪明调皮，她巧借Elvis是南方人，同时又被称为“王”（king），那么，他讲的英语当然就是king?s English（标准英语，规范英语）。
生活在不同的文化圈中的人，其处世观，或曰思维模式也不尽相同。大而言之，人们的思维模式、处世观可以而且应该归入文化范畴。因为，翻译所涉的文化其实是一种广义的文化。
5. (A college professor was one day nearing the close of a history lecture and was indulging in one of those rhetorical climaxes in which he delighted when the hour struck. The students immediately began to slam down the movable arms of their lecture chairs and to prepare to leave. The professor, annoyed at his flow of eloquence, held up his hand:) “Wait a minute, gentleme n. I have a few more pearls to cast.”
“稍等稍等，诸（猪）先生。方才丢了好些珍珠，我这还有几粒，索性全丢给你们算了！”
这位大学教授的活异常尖酸刻薄，通过巧妙套用俗语cast pearls before swine，将大学生们狠狠奚落了一番，正所谓文人骂街不带脏字，相信聪明一点的学生会很快明白其中的“道理”。钱歌川先生曾在《翻译的基本知识》一书中讨论这段原文，所提供的译文为：“稍等一下，诸位。我还有几粒珍珠要投掷呀。”
如果不对照原文，即使是懂英文的读者大概也无法看懂译文，即使勉强看懂也无法明白这番话的用意何在，倘若没有学过英文，那就更不知所云了。我们从中看不出任何讥讽意味，这句文字游戏的翻译很值得商榷。译文至少对读者提出了三点要求：一要懂英文，二要同时英汉对照，三要知晓cast pearls before swine这个典故，这般要求未免过于苛刻。笔者建议
改为：
“诸位，请再坚持一小会儿，我这儿还有琴要对你们弹。”
与原文一样，改译句也需要稍微动下脑筋才能明白。汉语中有“对牛弹琴”这一俗语，既然原文没有出现before swine，译文也隐去了“对牛”二字，虽然并未出现什么“珍珠”和“猪”等字眼，但在修辞效果上基本相当。我们应该清楚，不具备可读性的“忠实”绝非真正的忠实，对读者提“要求”的译者不是负责的译者。
马红军：《谈译者的读者意识》，《山东外语教学》，1999年第4期，第43至46页。6. I guessed when he asked for an interview that Smith has an axe to grind.
此句中引用了一个英语成语典故“to have an axe to grind”。倘若此句不考虑读者的联想效应而直译再附以长长的解释说明，那么，原语一个结构紧凑的短句会被译得七零八乱，毫无翻译学上的美感，更谈不上使读者产生联想效应。成语“to have an axe to grind”说的是美国伟大的发明家、政治家和作家本杰明·富兰克林小时的一天，有一人带着斧头来到他家住所，想利用他父亲的砂轮磨斧头，因没人替他摇转砂轮，那人便走到富兰克林面前，赞美了一番砂轮，然后要富兰克林让他看看砂轮怎么转动。小富兰克林欣然答应，把砂轮摇转起来。那人一边磨，一边夸奖小富兰克林。斧头磨好之后，那人却对小富兰克林手上的疼痛置之一笑。原来那人赞美夸奖他是为了磨他的斧头！由此得出“to have an axe to grind”来比喻人说某话、做某事别有用心，另有企图。所以，上述英语句可译成：“史密斯要求会见，我当时猜想他醉翁之意不在酒。”如果将此成语译成“另有用心”、“另有企图”或“另有他图”这三种说法的任何一种，也未尝不可。但译成“醉翁之间不在酒”所产生和引发的联想意义自然把这三种说法包括在内了。这样翻译，所蕴藏的信息量要大得多。
易明华：《翻译中的联想效应》，《山东外语教学》，1999年第3期，第49至50页。B．表达：直译与意译；译文要通顺，避免“翻译腔”。
Example: The stream of time, which is continually washing the dissoluble fabrics of other poets, passes without injury by the adamant of Shakespeare.
毛译：时间的溪流不断地冲洗别的作家的易融化的织物，而在莎士比亚的合金织物前流过，却无法造成伤害。（P.138）
改译：其他诗人的作品犹如锦缎，虽也结实，但经过时间长河的不断冲刷，光泽渐暗；而莎翁的作品，却如钻石，虽历经千秋，却仍光彩依然。
1. “Will you at least let me know when your cousin arrives?” Lord Warburton asked.
“Only on the condition I?ve mentioned—that you don?t fall in love with her!” Mr. Touchett replied.
“That strike s me as hard. Don?t you think me good enough?”
2. Keeping your nose mindlessly to the grindstone will only get you abraded nostrils. 毛:p.9
如果你不动脑筋，一味苦干，到头来只会狼狈不堪。
3. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated. (引自美国前总统Richard Nixon 1972年写给病危中的Edgar Snow的慰问信。) 您的光辉事业备受敬重、广为赞颂，谨望您籍此振作精神。
4. When an airline failed to award Lillian Sims of Milwaukee all the frequent-flier miles she?d earned on an extended foreign trip because of an obscure provision, she tracked down the supervisor of the frequent-flier progr am. “She asked me to send her all the information,” Sims recalls. “I had everything she needed, and after reviewing it, she awarded me the right number of miles.”
当一家航空公司由于有关条文的模糊不清，而没有奖给（威斯康星州的）密尔沃基的
莉莲·西梦思在一次出国长途飞行中所获得的“经常乘客优惠里程”的时候，她就找到了“经常乘客优惠里程”活动的负责人。“她要我把所有的材料都给她送去，”西梦思回忆道，“我有她需要的一切材料，在审看了这些材料后，她使奖给了我应得的优惠里程。”
(“Is there any way to improve the version?”)
5. We are looking forward to hearing from you.
6. Hotel business is extremely profitable.
7. We shall regard as a personal favor any help you?ll giv e Mr. Chadwick.
8. The goods are ready for shipment.
9. Capitalist economic system is founded on the principle that competition among business firms best serves the needs of society.
候复为盼！
旅馆生意，一本万利。
你们给于Chadwick先生的任何帮助，我们都将感同身受。
货已备妥待运。
选妥请即通知，以便我方及早安排装运。
资本主义经济制度的建立基于这样一个原则：公司之间的竞争最能满足社会发展的需要。
五、Personal qualities for a good translator:
Since translating is a skill which generally requires considerable practice, most people assume that it can be taught, and to an extent this is true. But it is also true that really exceptional translators are born, not made. Potential translators must have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of language, or they are not likely to be outstanding in their profession. Perhaps the greatest benefit from instruction in translating is to become aware of one?s own limitations, something which a translator of Steinbeck?s Of Mice and Men into Chinese should have learned. Then he would not have translated English mule-skinner into a Chinese phrase meaning …a person who skins the hide off of mules.?（Eugene A. Nida: Language, Culture and Translating, 内蒙古大学出版社，p.173）
Global economies and increasing number of political associations are rapidly increasing the need for new and better informed translators and interpreters, who are not only crucial to protect the world from fatal misunderstanding, but who are indispensable for the creation of a new consciousness of how much we all need each other. （Eugene A. Nida: Language, Culture and Translating, p.166）
1. Great patience
2. You cannot be too careful
3. A strong sense of responsibility
4. An open mind and wide knowledge
5. Good English and good Chinese
Assignments:
1. We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two aspects of science. The first of which is the application of the machines, products, and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and
technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
众所周知，科学在我们生活的社会中发挥了重要作用（扮演了重要角色、占有举足轻重的地位）。不过很多人认为社会的进步主要依靠科学发展的两个方面。首先是科技人员（工作者）所开发的各种机器、产品以及通过应用知识所建立各种技术体系，通过技术的作用，科学改善了社会结构，提高了人类驾驭环境的能力。科学推动社会进步的第二个方面是，所有社会成员，从政府官员到普通百姓都在应用科技人员在其本身工作中所采用的独特的思维方法和工作方法。
2. At the end of April 2004, newspapers and television screens across the world were filled with the images of Iraqi prisoners being subjected to various forms of torture and degradation in Abu Ghraib, a US-run prison in the outskirts of Baghdad. One image, that of a hooded prisoner standing on a box with electric wires dangling from his outstretched hands, became an iconic symbol of abuse by an occupying power in the wake of a deeply divisive war, fuelling expressions of outrage in the media and even eliciting a degree of contrition from a hitherto belligerent US President and from other senior members of the Bush Administration. Personal photographs taken with digital cameras by military staff inside the prison - like snapshots from an exotic holiday overseas - had leaked into the public domain and given rise to the most serious scandal faced by the Bush Administration since it took its precipitous decision to invade Iraq. The hidden practices of US military and para-military personnel in the closed-off worlds of Iraqi jails had suddenly been opened up to public scrutiny, unleashing a sequence of further revelations that would be difficult for those in power to explain away and control. Thanks to the media, these previously hidden practices and events had been given an entirely new status as public and, indeed, politically explosive events; the invisible had been made visible for all to see, even though the viewers were far removed from the closed corridors and prison cells in which these disturbing events had transpired.
2004年4月底，全球各地报纸和电视纷纷报道了发生在巴格达郊区的阿布格雷布美军监狱的虐俘事件：伊拉克俘虏在狱中遭受种种折磨和凌辱的图片和镜头赫然曝光。其中一幅图像显示，犯人的头用布裹着，站在箱子上，双手张开，并绕以舞动的电线。该图作为美国占领军在发动这场分裂战争后虐待俘虏的经典，进一步激起了媒体的愤慨，同时，迄今为止一直恋战的美国总统及其高官们亦由此产生一丝悔意。狱官们用数码相机拍摄的照片，如海外度假时随意抓拍的镜头，流入公众视野，使得布什政府悍然入侵伊拉克以来最严重的丑行昭然若揭。美国军人和准军人在伊拉克监狱的隐秘空间中那些难见天日的种种行径刹那间公诸于世，且一发不可收拾，令当局无言以对、难于操控。由于媒体的作用，这些原本诡秘的行事成为了公众事件，而且实际上成为了具有爆炸力的政治事件，从而获得了全新的地位。隐身之事成为人人可见之事，哪怕事发监狱的秘密通道和牢房远离人们的视线。
上篇英译汉
第一章语义翻译
一、词义的选择：一词多义需语境；识别一词多义，学会根据上下文逻辑和词语搭配的需要选择词义，恰当表达。
1. soft
soft pillow 软枕soft music 轻柔的音乐
soft cushion 靠垫soft wood 软木
soft money 纸币soft drink 不含酒精的饮料
soft breeze和风soft light 柔光
soft voice 低声soft fire 文火
soft hat呢帽soft words和蔼的话语
soft answer委婉地回答soft goods毛织品
soft heart 软心肠soft water软水
2. light
light object 轻盈物体light tea 淡茶
light soup 淡汤light color 淡色调
light rain 小雨light sleeper睡觉不踏实的人
lightroom
n. 1. A small room from which the magazine of a warship or castle is lighted, being separated from the magazine by heavy glass windows.
A room beside the magazine （弹药库、军械库）of a warship or castle, having windows through which light can be supplied to the magazine without danger of explosion.
2. The room in a light house containing a lamp.
light opinion: unimportant opinion; flighty opinion
3. house
eat sb. out of house and home 把某人吃穷，吃得倾家荡产（有时用来取笑饭量大的小孩）give sb. a lot of house 给人很多鼓励
keep a good house(table) 家中常备美味食品，待客周到
bring down the house (carry the house) 博得全场喝彩
bring the house about one?s ears招惹全家人的反对
on the house免费招待，免费赠送play (at) house(s) 过家家house of religion 修道院
the Big House 教养所，监狱
the narrow house=tomb
the pudding house=stomach
the third house=lobby (美)第三院
an iron house＝prison铁窗
house arrest 囚禁在家中
house lights 照亮剧场中观众座席的灯光house of correction 看守所，拘留所
the House （英）议院，证交所；（美）众院house party 乡下别墅中的通宵聚会house physician (staff, surgeon)住院大夫house place （乡村住房中的）大起居室cry on the housetop 张扬
give sb. houseroom 留宿house-warming 暖房
More examples:
Do you like high tea? (你喜欢喝下午茶吗？)
They had a high time last night. （他们昨晚狂欢了一阵。）
Conan is a physicist, don?t high-hat him. （柯南是个物理学家，可别小看他。）
4. invite
invite me to a dinner (meeting, seminar)
invite a disaster
hire an employee
hire a method
5. company:
1）A great company came to the exhibition. （许多人来看展会。）
2）The company are now enjoying a feat. （会众正在宴会中。）
3）He kept me company. （他陪伴着我。）
4）A man is known by the company he keeps. （观其伴，知其人。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。）5）His father asked him to avoid bad company. （他父亲要他别交损友。）
6）He always has company on Saturday evenings. （他周六晚上总要请客。）
7）It is not that I dislike the company of women and children; on the whole, I think it the best company in the world. But, as Bacon has said, a crowd is not company, and the loneliness of a man entirely surrounded by women and children surpasses even the loneliness of a man isolated in the middle of the Sahara.
我并非不喜欢和妇人孩童为伴，总体而言，在我看来，妇人孩童乃世上最佳伙伴，然而，如培根所言，共处并非相伴。对于男人来说，置身于一群妇人和孩童之中所经受的孤独，甚于置身于撒哈拉沙漠腹地经受的孤独。
6. check:
1) You should check your answers again and again before you hand in your paper.
2) I haven?t checked my luggage yet.
3) Mr. Porter did not check in until yesterday.
4) The guest must check out of the room before 2:00pm. （靳：P.88）
5) Dian checked her horse sharply.
7. challenge:
1) I had to challenge my own conclusion after the investigation.
2) Recent discoveries have challenged their old notions.
3) None of them challenged the validity of those resolutions.
4) Can he produce evidence in proof to challenge the fact?
5) Yesterday he challenged me to a tennis match and I rose to it.
1．交卷前应反复核对答案。
2．我的行李还未寄存。
3．波特先生直到昨天才签到。
4．宾客须在午夜零点前结帐退房。
5．戴安突然把马停住。
1．经过调查，我只好推翻原先的结论。
2．新近的发现使他们对自己的旧观念产生怀疑。
3．谁也没有对那些决议的效力提出异议。
4．他能拿出证据来否认这一事实吗？
5．昨天他提出和我比赛网球，我欣然应允。
Homework:
1. Each plant and animal tends to produce far more seeds and eggs, seedlings and young than is necessary to maintain its population.
2. He felt a foreign object in his left eye.
3. The pleasure they experienced in the beginning was so intense that they no longer looks for it at the end, or as the end.
4. It is time for our symbols for technology to change—to catch up with the quickening changes in technology itself. This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. 《大学英语》第三册第十课.
5. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory.
6. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.
7. When I had arrived in the White House in 1981, the fiber (an essential character, quality or strength) of American military muscle was so atrophied that our ability to respond effectively to a Soviet attack was very much in doubt: Fighter planes couldn?t fly and warships couldn?t sail because there were chronic shortages of spare parts; our best men and women were leaving the military service; the morale of our volunteer army was in a tailspin; our strategic weapons—the missiles and bombers that were the foundations of our deterrent force—hadn?t been modernized in a decade, while the Soviet Union had created a war machine that was threatening to eclipse ours at every level.
1981年我入主白宫时，美国军力十分脆弱，我们有效应对苏联进攻的能力令人非常怀疑：由于零部件年久失修，我们的战机无法升空，我们的战舰无法起锚；我们的优秀军人纷纷退役；我们的志愿军士气低落；我们的战略武器――即构成我国防御力量基础的导弹和轰炸机――历经十载未曾更新，而与此同时，苏联制造的战争机器却有全方位超越我们的危险。
8. It is regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter. 遗憾的是，我们的呼吁没有得到响应。
9. We already have the technology to make the extraordinary commonplace.
我们已经掌握了化神奇为现实的技术。
10. It was late afternoon and the streets were in movement. 时已傍晚，街上行人渐增。
11. The output of the United Nations has not been commensurate with the input.
联合国的贡献与其花费已经不相称了。
12. We are eager to benefit from your curiosity.
我们殷切希望你们的探索精神对自己有所裨益。
13. dramatic (sudden and striking; exciting and impressive)
1) Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired
when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. [CET-6(01.6.23) ]
路易斯和克拉克深入到美国内陆不毛之地，考察当时购买路易斯安那州到底给美国带来了什么；阿波罗宇航员登上月球，生动地展示了冷战时期科技的强大力量。
2) Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing.
同德国古登堡发明印刷术所产生的变化相比，我们所面临的科技、精神和社会变革要深刻得多。
3) On a higher level, the Administration in Washington has dramatized its wish to nullify civil rights laws simply by opposing instead of supporting certain courtordered desegregation rulings.
从更高层次上说，华盛顿政府通过反对而不是支持那些反种族隔离的案例判决，明显表达了架空民权法律的企图。
《研究生英语精读教程（修订版）上册》P.189-190
4) A forerunner in the study of people?s emotional response to packages was Louis Cheskin,
a specialist in the psychology of marketin g who began his research in the 1930?s. He placed identical products in two different packages, one decorated with circles, the other with triangles. Then he asked his subjects which product they preferred, and why. Over 80 percent chose the product in the box with the circles; they believed the contents would be of higher quality.
“I had difficulty believing the results after the first 200 interviews,” Cheskin wrote later. “But after 1000 interviews, I had to accept the fact that the majority of consum ers transferred the sensation from the container to its contents.” And there was another surprise: even after trying these identical products, people overwhelmingly preferred those in the package with the circles.
Cheskin repeated the experiment for a wide variety of product types. He found, for instance, that the look of the package has a gigantic impact on how biscuits taste or how soaps are perceived to clean. Cheskin named this phenomenon “sensation transfer.” It has since become the basis of packaging research.
Despite the fact that consumers are increasingly more sophisticated, Cheskin?s original concept still works. A blind test of beers can be repeated over and over again, with a strong consensus about taste and quality. But when the beer bottles are introduced beforehand, they change the way people taste the beer.
One of the most dramatic versions of the Cheskin experiment involved a skin cream placed in packages with three different color schemes. The group testing the cream was told that three different formulas were under consideration, and was asked to judge them.
Results: color scheme B was considered just right. Scheme C was said to have a pleasant fragrance but was not very effective. And scheme A was deemed absolutely threatening. Several participants developed skin rashes after using it and had to consult doctors. Yet all three skin creams were exactly the same. As the authoritative textbook on the subject notes, “Consumers generally do not differentiate between a product and its package. Many products are packages—and many packages are products.” (Seduced in the Supermarket)
One of the most dramatic versions of the Cheskin experiment involved a skin cream placed in packages with three different color schemes. The group testing the cream was told that three different formulas were under consideration, and was asked to judge them.
切斯金实验中最有意思的是将一种润肤霜放到三种色彩方案不同的包装中，他告诉试验者说三个包装中的产品配方不同，并请他们对产品作一评估。
5) Despite years of antidrug campaigns, drug use among American teens is increasing dramatically.
尽管反毒品斗争已经持续多年，美国青少年中的吸毒现象依然急剧上升。
6) According to the survey, only 31 percent of parents are warning their children often about dangers of drugs, but that these parental warnings can have a dramatic effect. Students who are given a clear set of rules reported 57 percent less drug use.
该项调查显示，只有31％父母（家长）经常向孩子提醒毒品的危害；但调查同样表明，这种提醒收效明显（效果很好）：有一套明晰行为规范约束的学生吸毒比例降低57％。
7) Corporate attitudes that have slowed the expansion of telecommuting have changed dramatically in the past three years as bosses realize they don't need to be able to gather their employees in the same place to supervise them effectively.
如果说各大公司的态度曾经延缓了远程工作的发展，在过去三年中，公司的态度发生了根本变化，老板们认识到，他们无需费劲要求职员们聚集在一起在自己的有效监督下工作。
8) The sweep was swift and thorough. Dozens of Italian customs officers searched across the country for an alliance of computer bulletin board operators suspected of trafficking in stolen software. According to unofficial reports, the Italian police had shut down more than 60 computer bulletin boards.
It was the most dramatic move yet in a determined effort by governments around the world to curb the spread of software piracy. The unauthorized copying of computer programs by American businesses alone deprived software publishers of $1.6 billion in 1998. The head of the US Software Publishers Association (SPA) says, “Industry?s loss on a global basis is staggering.” (《工程硕士研究生英语泛读教程》Unit 12 Nabbing the Pirates of Cyberspace)
这是迄今为止全球各国政府打击软件盗版之风最令人振奋的行动。仅1998年美国业界拷贝未经授权的电脑软件就使得软件发行商损失达16亿美元。美国软件发行商协会主任（主席）指出，“全球软件业所遭受的损失十分惊人。”
14. appeal:
1) Of the various forms of persuasive writing, logical argument is the most honorable (valuable). Its object (goal or purpose) is truth, not manipulation (control, influence a person or situation cleverly, unfairly or unscrupulously)—although logic, like any other too, can be abused. It appeals to the mind and works only to the extent that it moves ahead with mathematical clarity and precision. This is why logic is difficult: whether we are writing a logical argument or simply try to understand one, we have to be actively involved with ideas. To put it simply, we have to think. [夏国芳（上）p.83]
appeal to: depend on
在所有论述形式中，逻辑论证最可称道。其目的在于推导真理而不是恣意炮制――哪怕逻辑论证同其它任何工具一样可遭滥用。逻辑论证有赖于思维活动，而且只有在作者思路像数学运算那样清晰精确地推进时，逻辑论证才能发挥作用。这便是逻辑论证的难度所在：无论是运用逻辑论证进行写作还是只是阅读，我们都必须做到思路活跃、观点明确。简而言之，我们都必须学会思考。
2) There are other types of writing which rely upon an indirect appeal to the mind, exploiting what is known about the psychological makeup of an audience, or its most probable fears and desires.
appeal to: reference to[夏国芳（上）p.83]
还有其它一些写作类型同样需要间接依赖思维活动，这种思维活动往往以一定阅读对象的心理机制或者说他们的好恶心理为基础。
3) According to Bernard Shaw, we are more gullible (easily persuaded to believe something; credible) and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages. For example, the average man can advance (put forward) not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.
萧伯纳认为，现代人比中世纪的人更易轻信、更易迷信。比如说普通人实际上拿不出任何理由来说明他为什么认为地球是圆的，他全盘接受这一理论只是因为其中有一种迎合20世纪心态的东西。
15. Few people have the money, time, or inclination to sample every product for consumption. When we buy a particular mouthwash, toothpaste, soap, or soft drink—and when we make purchases as large as a car—we may simply choose the cheapest product available. But bargain hunting aside, we are frequently led to purchase brands that advertising has taught us to associate with health, and happiness. A prominent greeting card company insists that we send their cards if we really and truly care about someone. Love is also used as the justification for piling up extravagantly high phone bills. One popular cigarette is associated with masculinity of mounted cow boys, and another i mplies a dubious link with the women?s movement. [夏国芳（上）P83-84] 人们不太能够有足够的资金、时间和心情去鉴定所有各种消费品。我们购买某种漱口剂、牙膏、香皂或者饮料，乃至像汽车这样的大件商品时，我们只是选择价格最低的那一种。但在考虑价格因素的同时，我们时不时地会受到诱导，去购买那些广告宣称能够有益于健康、有利于幸福的产品。一家知名的贺卡生产公司宣传说，“如果你真真正正在乎谁，那就购买我们的贺卡，给他（她）寄去吧。”“爱的表达”同样成为我们电话帐单堆积成山的一个理由。某香烟广告同借用牛仔形象，使人将吸烟和阳刚之气相联系；另一则香烟广告则隐隐约约将吸烟同妇女运动相联系。
16. The problem that Americans remain frustrated with politics and unhappy with the alternatives the parties have to offer as another presidential season unfolds concerns the public philosophy by which we live and the conception of citizenship that informs our political debates. American politics has lost its civic voices. Despite their disagreements, liberals and conservatives share an impoverished (made poor; strength-exhausted) vision of citizenship, leaving them unable to address the anxiety and frustration abroad in the land.
美国大众对本国政治感到无奈，同时对新一轮选举中各政党提出的政策亦感不满，所有这些问题同我们赖以为生的公共道德观密切相关，同构成我们政见纷争的公德观念密切相关。美国政治中听不到民众的声音。尽管各个自由派和保守派政党政见不一，但缺乏民众视野却是他们的共同特点，这使所有政党都无法面对盛行于全国的焦虑和无奈情绪。
Homework
Advertising nourishes the consuming power of men. It creates wants for a better standard of living. It sets up before a man the goal of a better home, better clothing, better food for himself and his family. It spurs individual exertion and greater production.
For the past 6 000 years the field of marketing has been thought of as made up of fast-buck artists, con-men, wheeler-dealers, and shoddy-goods distributors. Too many of us have been
“taken” by the tout or con-man.
What does a man need—really need? A few pounds of food each day, heat and shelter, six feet to lie down in—and some form of working activity that will yield a sense of accomplishment. That is all—in a material sense. And we know it. But we are brainwashed by our economic system until we end up in a tomb beneath a pyramid of time payments, mortgages, preposterous gadgetry, playthings that divert our attention from the sheer idiocy of the charade.
二、词义的引申: 本义和引申义
象mean、involve、engage这样的词，我们对其了解的意义不多，经常由于狭隘理解而造成翻译不准确或不清楚。
Give some examples for the use of “bank” with different meanings.
1) You need to involve your friends collecting jumble.
2) The death penalty is routinely used in China for serious economic crimes which involve no
personal violence.
3) This would involve staying behind after office hours to empty some bins and hoover
around a bit.
Give some examples for the use of “bank” with different meanings.
Willows lined the riverbank;
a grassy bank; a bank of snow
a blood bank;
the banking system
1．Breakfast:
The afternoon sun has begun to cut lengthening shadows across Beverly Hills before Isabelle Adjani wakes. It is 3 p.m. She stirs, stretches, runs her tousled hair. Breakfast is simple and American: Cornflakes and milk.
--Time, Aug. 15, 1977, p.8 午后的太阳渐渐西沉，投在Beverly山上长长的影子开始消退，Isabelle Adjani一觉醒来，已是下午三点，她翻身起床、伸伸懒腰、缕缕蓬乱的头发，随即吃了些简单的美式“早点”：牛奶泡玉米片。
2．knowledge:
1) Knowledge is power.
2) A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
3) The matter was never brought to the knowledge of the president.
4) The whole story came to the general manager?s knowledge, and he had to take action.
5) He has altered out of all knowledge since his illness.
6) They got married without the knowledge of their parents.
7) To my best knowledge, there is no book that deals with this little-known author.
1）知识就是力量。
2）一知半解十分危险。
3）这件事根本没让董事长知道。
4）事情的经过让总经理知道了，他只好采取行动。
5）他病后变得认不出来了。
6）他俩背着父母结了婚。
7）据我所知，这位作家鲜为人知，尚无专著介绍。
3. There was no provocation for such an angry letter.
（写这样一封怒气冲冲的信根本无济于事。）
4. Fatty's Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years.
过去七年来，去发蒂饭店吃饭成了他生活中的常事。
Some meanings of “institution”:
1) an organization or establishment;
2) a well-established pattern of behavior
3) an established law, custom:
The institution of marriage in this area undergoes gradual changes.
4) a familiar, long-established person
She has become an institution in the theater.
5. The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition.
那个箱子又大又笨，装满了书，不过他随身带的那只箱子倒是另一回事。
6. The wedding, which Heyward still remembered with pride, was attended by a Who's Who of Boston Society.
参加婚礼的有波士顿的社会名流，Heyward 一想到这次婚礼仍感到颇为得意。7. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era—the Industrial Age. Money had become King.
机器的发明使世界进入了一个新的时代，即工业时代。金钱成了万物的主宰。
8. Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.
只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始造福人类。
9. We are at the dawn of the space age and, it seems, y esterday?s fantasies will be tomorrow?s realities.
人类刚刚进入太空时代，看来昔日的幻想就要变成明天的现实。
10. Most comets are extremely faint object, far below the limit of the unaided eye.
大多数彗星都非常暗淡，远非肉眼可见。
11. The bridge was so well built that it lasted for a hundred years.
这座桥造得非常牢固，距今已有1000历史。
12. The United States is often depicted as a nation that has been devouring the world?s natural resources.
人们常把美国说成是一个挥霍世界矿产资源的国家。
13. In order to survive, to feed, clothe, and shelter himself and his children, man has to learn how to use things he finds in nature, and this means that he has to study and learn about nature.
为了生存、为了自身及后代的衣食住，人类必须学会如何使用从自然界获取的东西，这也就是说，必须研究和了解自然。
14. In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table.
如今，盐除了食用而外，还有许多其他用途。
15. I took the news with a grain of salt.
我对这个消息半信半疑。
16. Nowadays some pet dogs enjoy great popularity with urban people.
如今，一些宠物狗深受城里人的喜爱。
17. Wives are generally regarded as a parachute in times of financial crisis in the family.
家庭出现经济危机时，妻子（外出工作）往往被认为是一种缓解。
妻子（外出工作）往往被认为是一种缓解家庭经济危机的手段。
18. A command of English will not only improve the processes of your mind. It will give you assurance; build your self-confidence; lend color to your personality; increase your popularity.
学好英语不仅仅可以提高思维能力，还可令你增强勇气、增加自信、丰富个性、增添魅力。
19. Referees do not have happy lives. In Naples not long ago, fans became angered at a bad call and chased the referee all the way to Rome. In Brazil, deep ditches have had to be dug entirely around the playing field so that fans cannot mob the referee. Things got so bad throughout South America the teams agreed to bring in impartial referees from Europe who were given three promises: good pay, good housing and a decent burial.
裁判们的日子并不好过，不久前在那不勒斯，由于裁判误判，球迷们怒不可遏，将裁判穷追不舍，直达罗马。在巴西，球场周围挖出一整条深沟，以防球迷骚扰裁判。南美洲的情形更糟，比赛球队之间达成协议，从欧洲请裁判，并向裁判做出三条承诺：酬劳丰厚、住宿优越、葬礼隆重。
20.《译论纵横》p.115—123
Each society develops a unique culture, or learned (acquired by experience or study) way of life, which it hands down to future generations. Culture consists of shared beliefs, values, customs, and rules or norms of appropriate behavior. How we act toward others, what is important to us, what we wear, eat, and otherwise buy and consume are greatly influenced by our culture.
The youth culture easily crosses international boundaries today. In the mid-1970's faded and worn Levi?s sold for $30 or more in Europe. British rock musicians enjoyed international celebrity status.
Physical distance is culturally important. Latin Americans stand very close and often touch each other when discussing business. This embarrasses a typical U.S. business person, who feels more comfortable when standing 5 to 8 feet away.
Like our social class, our broader culture is so much a part of us that we often are unaware of its influence. But our unconscious acceptance of culture may change to conscious awareness when we experience a foreign culture. Here we begin to appreciate the similarities and differences in the cultures mentioned above. Unawareness of subtle but important cultural differences can cause serious misunderstanding in international markets.
每一个社会都发展了一种独特的文化，即大家所熟悉的生活方式，并把它传给后代。文化是由共同的信仰、价值观、习惯，以及符合分寸的行为的准则或规范所组成。我们怎样待人接物，对我们来说什么是重要的，我们穿的、吃的，以及在其他方面的购买和消费，都受到我们文化的很大影响。
今天，青年人文化很容易超越国界。在70年代中期，褪了色的、穿旧了的利弗服装厂的牛仔裤在欧洲售价达30多美元。英国的摇摆舞乐队在国际上享有盛名。
但地道的美国商人对此会颇感不适，他们谈事情时，双方距离五到八英尺会比较自在。
我们的广泛文化，像我们的社会等级一样，已成为我们整个生活的一个部分，因而我们往往意识不到它的影响。但是，一旦我们体验到一种外来文化，我们不自觉地接受这种文化便会变成一种自觉的认识。这样，我们就能够开始理解以上所提到的各种文化的异同。忽略那些细微而重要的文化差异可能在国际市场上引起严重的误解。
Improved
每一个社会都孕育了一种独特的文化，即长期积累的生活方式，并将其代代相传。文化包含了人们共同的信仰、价值观念、风俗习惯、以及关于得体行为的准则或规范。我们如何待人接物、看重什么，我们穿什么、吃什么，以及在其他方面的购买和消费，都深受自身所处文化的影响。
日常交往中双方站立的距离具有重要的文化涵义。拉美人谈生意时习惯于离得很近、身体可以碰到对方。但典型的美国商人对此会颇感不适，他们谈生意时，双方距离五到八英尺会比较自在。
广义的文化，同我们所处的社会阶层一样，已融入我们自身生活，因而我们往往意识不到它的影响。但是，一旦我们体验异质文化，对自身文化的无意识接受便会变成一种自觉的认识。这时，我们即开始理解以上列举的各种文化异同。无视这些微妙而重要的文化差异可能在国际市场上引起严重的误会。
21. Americans are being seduced. They are being brainwashed. And no one protests. Why? Because the seducers and the brainwashers are the advertisers we willingly invite into our homes. We are victims, content—even eager—to be victimized. We read advertisers? propaganda messages in newspapers and magazines; we watch their alluring (tempting, seductive) images for hours at a time on television. We absorb their messages and images into our subconscious. We all do it—even those who claim to see through advertiser?s tricks and therefore feel immune to advertising?s charm. Advertisers lean heavily on propaganda to sell their products, whether the “products” are a brand of toothpastes, a candidate for office, or a particular political viewpoint.
美国消费者正在遭受诱骗和洗脑，无人进行反抗。原因为何？（为什么呢？为何如此？）因为诱骗者和洗脑者（进行诱骗和洗脑的）恰恰是我们心甘情愿引入家中（引狼入室）的广告商。我们都是广告商的牺牲品，然而，我们情愿――甚至热情地――做出牺牲。我们阅读广告商刊登在报纸杂志上的宣传文字；我们观看他们插到电视节目中一播数小时的煽情画面。这些文字、这些画面，深入我们的灵魂，无一幸免――哪怕是那些标榜自己看穿了广告商诡计（伎俩、手段）而自认为可免遭诱惑的人也不例外。广告商销售产品须严重依赖宣传，无论这些产品是某一品牌的牙膏、某个政治候选人、还是某一政治观点。
22. It?s not technology that will determine the shape of land transport so much as political, economic and environmental considerations. We can build stronger, quieter roads with better skid-resistance now, but we don?t because of the cost. We could halve traffic noise by putting noise barriers along motorways and designing lorries with less exhaust and tyre noise, but we won?t pay the bill.
The environmental lobby has had a huge impact on car manufacturers and emission control has improved a lot. But there?s still some way to go on the air pollution front, particularly for lorries which run on diesel fuel, which is bad because of its particulate emissions—the soot particles emitted when it is burnt.
陆上交通的形态并不只是取决于技术，而是更多地取决于政治、经济、环境等因素。目前，我们有能力修建更坚固、更安静、更防滑的道路，但是出于成本考虑，我们并不修建这种道路。同样，我们能够沿着机动车道设置隔离带、或设计出低排放、低噪音的卡车，从而
把噪音降低一半，但我们不愿为此买单。
环保主义者对汽车制造商施加了巨大影响，尾气控制亦进展良多。但如何应对空气污染，依然任重而道远：尤其是柴油车，柴油燃烧时产生的烟尘排放至空气中，此类污染难以控制。
三、词义的褒贬：
词义的褒贬可以分成两种情况：一是有些词本身具有褒贬之分，而且此类词的褒贬含义会随着时间的变化而变化；二是多数情况下，词本身多呈中性、并无褒贬，但在一定上下文中可能有褒有贬。The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility.
The scofflaw spirit is pervasive.
spirit:
mood;
pervasive:
widespread; abounding
相同的概念在西方人和中国人心目中的褒贬色彩完全不同或者不完全相同。
The English countryside, for example, isn?t anything like the Chinese countryside. People in the English countryside are urbanized, because, apart from some places in Scotland, there is no place in the country that?s 20 or 30 miles away from the city. You see what I?m saying? So the urban-country relationship is nothing like in China.
所以，像They live in the countryside.这样的句子，译成中文“他们住在乡下”后，实际上涵义发生了变化。因为我们的“乡下”生活，同英国人的country life完全是两码事。这种褒贬色彩的差异是翻译过程中无法处理的难点之一。
此外，还要注意词义褒贬是变化的。英文中的politician, pop等逐渐由贬义向中性发展，中文中的“狗”褒义增强，“小姐”贬义增强等等。
以上分析要求译者在翻译措辞过程中对词义的褒贬要有足够的敏感性，以免词不达意。
1. I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him. (Feng: P.87).
2. Although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog.
3. Young as he is, Robert is very ambitious in his research work. (冯庆华：P.88)
4. Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.
5. Once, early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemens to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. （张培基：P.41）
6. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation that, I believe, he deserved.
7. As a demanding boss, he expressed total loyalty and dedication from his employees.
8. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
9. The adoption of the new policies will surely lead to some striking results.
10. There would have been more painful results but for the drastic measures.
11. His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.
12. They say such scandalous things about him completely out of envy.
13. The stubborn boss refused to listen to his subordinates? advic e.
14. The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.
15. She is fidgety and restless.
16. All the inventors have a restless mind.
17. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
18. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
19. She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
20. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying that he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.
21. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
22. A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to upholding society as it is—multi-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking—and who is prepared to stake his life for the community.
1．我一向认为他这个人工于心计，惟利是图，所以总是设法避开他。
2．尽管你不情愿，但如果她将你的家门口选作了夜间的栖身之地，那么，要将她赶走，就象赶走一条迷途小狗一样，情理上说不过去。
3. Young as he is, Robert is very ambitious in his research work. (冯庆华：P.88)
罗伯特年纪轻轻，但在科研工作中表现出了远大的志向。
4. Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.
很多人认为他是当代最有抱负的政治家之一。
5. Once, early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. （张培基：P.41）
1974年初，他驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥高速公路前往洛杉矶，途中有人请他谈谈自己的志向和抱负。
6. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation that, I believe, he deserved. （张培基：P.41）
他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我想他是该得的。
他为人正直，可惜名声不大好，我想也不冤枉他。
7. As a demanding boss, he expressed total loyalty and dedication from his employees.
?Version A: 作为严厉的老板，他要求员工绝对忠诚、倾心投入。
?Version B: 老板作风严厉，要求员工绝对忠诚、倾心投入。
?Version C: 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿、鞠躬尽瘁。（张培基：
p.42.）
8. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
约翰作为一名推销员，积极进取、业绩良好。
9．采取各项新政策必将产生显著成效。
2012-2013（1）研究生英语翻译理论与实践1 词法翻译 一、词义的选择 （一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。 ?Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. ?He likes mathematics more than physics. ?In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. ?Like knows like. （二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。 ?He is the last man to come. ?He is the last man to do it. ?He is the last person for such a job. ?He should be the last man to blame. ?He is the last man to consult. ?This is the last place where I expected to meet you. ?An area the si ze of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. ?He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. 二、词义的引申 （一）将词义抽象化的引申 1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。 ?There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him. ?Every life has roses and thorns. ? 2. 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。 ?In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hit ler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930. ?See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. （二）将词义具体化的引申 ?The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. ?Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in. 三、词义的褒贬 ?（一）有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时就应相应地表达出来。 ?He was a man of high renown. ?His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. ?The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. ?Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. ?“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled. ?We were shocked by his coarse manners. ?(二) 有些词的词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有
基本句子翻译 1．下次你应该早点儿来这儿。 2．你最好不要单独去游泳。 3．让我们开始讨论这个难题吧。 4．这箱子太重，这小孩搬不动。 5．每天我父亲去上班需要一个半小时。 6．瞧!树下有一位老人正在观看孩子们玩游戏。 7．我感到这个问题很难回答。 8．虽然他们个子不太高，人也不太强壮，但他们是一支很好的队伍。9．你的英语学习情况怎样? 10．当我们到达火车站时，火车已开走了。 11．这位老人已当了30多年英语老师了。 12．她脸色显得很焦急，因为她妈妈已病了些时候了。 13．中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日。 14．如果你不理解这篇课文，可以请教老师。 15．这两种语言有什么差异? 16．为了将来更好地为人民服务，我们学习非常刻苦。. 17．据说城里又建造了一所医院。 18．据说今天下午开班会，但你最好去证实一下。 19．她宁愿和我们一道去也不愿呆在家里。 20．星期天我宁愿看书也不愿玩。 21．这颗新星是一位中国科学家发现的。 22．他给我们提供了一条有用的信息。 23．请立刻给我带两瓶牛奶来吧。 24．你们最好不要在大街上踢足球。 25．他已被派到西藏(Tibet)工作去了吗7 26．教育上已取得了很大的成绩。 27．不要嘲笑那些遇到麻烦的人。 28．我把窗户关上你不介意吧? 29．做完作业后，他又接着给父母写了一封信。 30．他用了三周时间看完了这本书。 31．不要躺在床上看电视，这对你的眼睛有害。 32．从那以后我不再是个学生了。 33．我朋友因唱歌而出了名。 34．你吃得越多，长得越胖。 35．他告诉了我，我才知道这件事。 36．你能告诉我从上海到北京乘火车需要多长时间吗? 37．从北京到上海的单程票价是多少? 38．我不仅会说英语，而且会说法语。 39．他给我们讲了那么多有趣的故事，我们都哈哈大笑。 40．那城市的变化使他们感到惊奇。 41．他们对你们的工作评价很高。 42．如今，人们彼此间仍旧做着相同的事。 43．使我吃惊的是，最后他考试及格了。
高一定语从句补充资料 1. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____,for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A.which B. who C. where D. Whom 2. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A.which B. who C. where D. What 3. By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. A．which B．when C．what D．that | “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 将下列句子合并为含定语从句的句子。 Example 1: T hey reached the top of the mountain. Above the mountain appeared a rare rainbow． T hey reached the top of the mountain，above which appeared a rare rainbow． 1. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months. " The sailing time of the journey was 226 days. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _of which_ the sailing time was 226 days. A.of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 2. The English play at the New Year's party was a great success My students acted in the play. The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 3. We went through a period. — Communications were very difficult in the rural areas in that period. We went through a period in which communications were very dificult in the rural areas．我们经历过一段乡村地区通讯非常困难的时期。 was educated at the local high school. He went on to to Peking University after the local high school. He was educated at the local high school，after which he went on to Peking University．在当地中学毕业后．他上了北京大学。 5. For many cities in the world，there is no room to spread out further. New York is all example of the cities． For many cities in the world，there is no room to spread out further,of which New York is all example． 在世界上，对于许多城市来说，再也没有空间可以进一步延伸出去了。纽约就属于这种情况。
考研英语：增词译法让翻译更通达 刘正锋—英语教研室 增词法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、更通顺地表达原文的思想内容。英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，有些词在英语中省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象，此时就需要使用增词法这种翻译技巧。例如增加原文中省略的部分，增动词，增名词，增加表示时态的词等等，下面跨考教育英语教研室的刘正锋老师将通过翻译真题来具体分析什么情况下使用增词法，以及如何使用增词法是翻译更加通顺。 (1) 增省略 英语中多省略，中文喜欢重复，所以在两种语言在转换时要汉语中要补充出英语中省略的内容。 比如，03年第四篇阅读第一句话It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. 这句话中，in Canada 与inevitable，in California 与optional 之间，省略了主语death, 翻译是，必须补充出来。“据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。” 又比如， How well the predictions will be validated by later performance// depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used// and on the skill and wisdom// with which it is interpreted.(95年，72题) 句子结构是 How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语，depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...， the information used是名词+定语，with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。 本句主干的谓语部分是动词短语depend upon….and on….所带的两个并列的宾语部分，and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 是谓语动词部分第二个并列的宾语，因为是与前面的depend upon相并列的，所以在翻译时，可以加上动词depend，翻译为“取决于…还取决于….” (2)增时态词
绪论 一、翻译小史： 学史以明智，翻译亦如此。据《圣经》记载，人类的祖先们曾经说同一种语言，在足以强大的时候，想要建造一座通天塔（the Babel）上天，从而激怒了上帝。上帝盛怒之下，摧毁通天塔，将人类分散到世界各地，由此产生了不同的种族和不同的语言。此后，人类各民族间的交流就要靠翻译了。事实上，不管是中国还是西方，翻译的历史都是源远流长的。 1.中国翻译史简述 中国的翻译活动源远流长，最早的传译之事可上溯至西周（C.1100-771B.C.）之前。“《礼记?王制》载：‘中国，夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不同，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。’寄、象、狄、译都是指通译言语的人。”（毛荣贵，2002∶3） 翻译事件对于一个国家的历史和社会发展往往产生重大影响。我国历史上翻译影响社会发展最大的有三次翻译高潮。 1）汉唐时期佛经的传译：西汉张骞；东汉安世高；时至唐代，佛经翻译达到了登峰造极的程度，玄奘（600－664）先后主持译出经论75部1335卷1300万字佛经，占唐代新译佛经总数的一半以上。（关键词：佛经，梵语，安世高，支谦，玄奘） 2）明末清初西欧科技翻译：利玛窦（Matteo Ricci, 1552-1660）组织翻译了相当数量的西方天文、数学、水法、测量等方面的著述；徐光启和利玛窦合译《测量法义》。力图使国人能借鉴西方的先进思想、文化或科技，从而富国强民。 3）清末民初西方思潮的翻译：严复《天演论》(T. H. Huxley: Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、《原富》(Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth and Nations)；康有为、梁启超、林纾（林琴南）、王国维等。马列主义经典著作、文艺理论、苏俄及各国的进步文艺作品，如鲁迅、瞿秋白等。 新中国成立后，文革前和文革中以俄语为主，改革开放后以英语为主；我们几乎所有学科的理论框架、术语都译自英语；西方文化进入我们的方方面面很大程度上来自翻译。2.西方翻译史要略 西方翻译史可以简要地分为三个阶段：古典翻译，近代翻译和当代翻译。 1）古典翻译（公元前三世纪――文艺复兴时期13－14世纪）。贺拉斯（Quintus Horatius Flaccus 前65年－前8年），罗马帝国奥古斯都统治时期著名的诗人、批评家，代表作有《诗艺》等。西塞罗（Marcus Tullius Cicero前106年—前43）古罗马著名政治家、演说家、雄辩家、法学家和哲学家。总的来说，西方的古典翻译活动主要围绕圣经进行。比如公元前三世纪七十二名犹太学者就翻译的《圣经?旧约》后被称为《七十子希腊文本圣经》。公元405年，哲罗姆（St. Jerome）对照希伯来原文翻译出了《通俗拉丁文本圣经》（The Vulgate），后来成为罗马天主教承认的唯一文本。中世纪时，由于宗教势力的加强，教会神职人员纷纷用自己的民族语言翻译《圣经》，以使普通老百姓也能读懂《圣经》。14世纪80年代，约翰?威克利夫（John Wyclif）翻译了《圣经》，《圣经》的英译本就此问世。1611年，英国国王詹姆斯一世同意的钦定本《圣经》正式问世。当然，古典翻译活动除了圣经翻译以外，还翻译古希腊、罗马的文学、艺术、科学等名家著作。至文艺复兴时期，圣经翻译和古典文学作品和其他人文科学著作的翻译达到了一个高潮。 近代翻译时期主要是从十七世纪至二十世纪初。在这一时期，翻译的规模虽然不比文艺复兴时期，但是翻译的题材不再局限于圣经或文学翻译，而是呈现了多样化的趋势。同时，
一、词的选择和意义引申 考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略 一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构 二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文 词义选择和词义引申 词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。 1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思； 2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思； 3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思； 4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思； 5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。 词义的选择 例1.I’ll see her home tonight. 今晚我送她回家。 例2. India is the home of elephants. 印度是大象的生长地。 例3.He’s at home with the classics. 他精通古典文学。 例4.New homes are for sale. 新房出售。 例5.She’s at home where she is. 她在哪儿都自由自在。 例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply. 美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。 例7.Much is produced here for home market. 这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。 例8.He looks on London as his home. 他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。 在翻译时，词义的选择应从以下几个方面着手： （一）根据词性确定词义 forecast有“预报，预测”的意思，用作动词和用作名词时意思相同。 increase作动词时，表示“增加，增长，增进”的意思，用作名词时主要还是这些意思。book 这个单词，在作名词时，意思是“书，书籍”；用作动词却表示“预定，预约”的意思。
长句练习 1．The machine would have to be able to move about in a house designed for human beings and would therefore have to go through a normal door, open such a door and close it, and walk up and down stairs over irregularities on the floor. 这种机器（人）应当能够在供人居住的房子里四处走动，因此，它或许就得通过普通的门，会开门关门，会上楼下楼，甚至还得跨过地板上的杂物。（词义慎选） 2．In the western preoccupation with the self, one finds often a sense of encapsulation and isolation, not only in the form of an estrangement from God or from a system of stable values, but also from other persons. 在西方对于自我的先入之见中，往往可以发现困顿感和疏离感，不仅表现为同上帝或某种稳定价值系统的疏远，而且还表现为同他人的疏远。（词义的引申） 3．The professor, annoyed at the interruption of his flow of eloquence, held up his hand：“Wait, just one minute, gentlemen. I have a few more pearls to cast.” 那位教授口若悬河讲得正起劲，突然受到学生的干扰，满怀不悦，于是举起手来说道：“稍等一下，诸位，我还有几粒珍珠要投掷呢！”（成语典故） 4．Zhou came through to Kissinger as subtle, brilliant, and indirect, a politician of vision who refused to get bogged down in petty detail. 在基辛格眼里，周恩来敏锐、聪慧而含蓄，是一位目光远大，不斤斤于细节的政治家。 5．Any writer who deals with a fast-developing subject is faced with a dilemma in choosing a balance between history, present practice and future possibilities. 任何一位想论述一门飞速发展学科的作者，每逢他在以往的历史经验，现有的实际情况以及将来的可能发展这三者间均衡地取材时，都会感到左右为难。（修辞的平衡） 6．They were, in fact, very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humor when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited. 事实上，他们都是非常优雅的小姐；她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是在要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题是在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大。（语气、韵味的翻译） 7．Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical abilities of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other men. 科学探索，知识追求，使人获得了避免天灾人祸的实力。(减缩) 8．For students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another can help them become more quickly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them. 学习写作的人，若能意识到各种文化在修辞模式上的差别，则有助于他们迅速掌握非母语的写作模式。（转换词性、语气） 9．Life lasts the time a match flickers. How, then, can one afford not to make the most of it before it expires? 生命稍纵即逝，既然如此，一个人怎能再起生命之火熄灭以前不加以充分利用呢？（归化）生命之短暂犹如火柴之一划，…… （异化，贴近原文表达）
2020年MBA英语翻译方法：增词法 所谓增词法，就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 英汉两种语言，因为表达方式不尽相同，有些词在英语中能够省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象;还有一些词，虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整，但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。 一、增加原文中省略的部分 (一)增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的，我喜欢体育运动。 Are you tired? Not very. 你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat) A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上文能够判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能理解到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢? 二、增加意义上或修辞上的需要上的部分 (一)增加动词 根据上下文的具体意义，在翻译时经常需要在某些名词及动词之前或之后增加动词，才能使译文的意思明确完整，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。 He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布结束会议。 He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation. 他满怀希望地说谈判会取得成功。 After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting. 在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个重要会议要参加。 (二)增加形容词或者副词
翻译技巧（二）：加词法和减词法 加（增）词法 英汉两种语言，由于表达方法不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象；还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整，但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词译法。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 S y n t a c t i c a l A m p l i f i c a t i o n（从句法结构上考虑的增词） This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns. (1) 增加量词（classifier） 英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。而汉语往往要加量词。 It was a nova! 这是一颗新星！ The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 (2) 增加表达复数的词(convey the concept of plurality)
增词法在英汉翻译中的应用浅探 张玲 云南财经大学旅游与服务贸易学院 摘要：翻译是用目的语把源语言的信息传达出来的过程。其标准是“忠实、通顺”,为了达到这一标准,在翻译过程中就必须掌握一定的技巧,增词法就是较常用的一种。所谓增词法，就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词，以达到更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的思想内容的目的。 关键词：增词方法英汉翻译应用 翻译是使用不同语言的人们之间互相沟通的纽带，它的最终目的是为了让读者了解原作的意思。目前翻译界普遍认同“忠实”与“通顺”的标准。为了达到这一标准，翻译中就应当遵循语言服从思想，形式服从内容的原则，一方面不要离开原文而随便加词;另一方面也不要因为片面地忠实于原文而出现翻译成汉语后可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象。 一、增加原文中省略的部分 （一）增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like the weather in Kunming? Yes, I do. 你喜欢昆明的天气吗？是的，我喜欢昆明的天气。 Are you thirsty? Not very. 你渴了吗？不太渴。 （二）增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。（we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat） A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。（a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted） So he did. Along with shaking the tension from his leg he gently laid his pole at his feet. 于是他深深吸了一口气,在摆脱腿部肌肉紧张的同时,他轻轻地把撑杆放在脚边。（三）增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？ 二、根据汉语的习惯搭配，在形容词前增加名词或在名词前后增加动词。 某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如：persuasion说服工作，preparation准备工作，tension紧张局势，arrogance自满情绪。The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese government.发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题之一。 根据语法上的需要，可以在名词前后增加动词，使句子意义明确，通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。如：（1）Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
.增词法翻译练习 用增词法翻译下列句子： 1.The retreat（撤退）commenced（开始，着手）in all haste. 我们撤退的十分匆忙 2.Her grace was a delight. 她优雅的气质让人愉快 3.There was a wide emptiness （空旷）over the street. 街道的上方很空旷 4.His arrogance（傲慢，自负）made everyone dislike him. 他傲慢的性格使人生厌 5.He waited for the booing（发出嘘声）to quiet down, then cleared his throat. 他等到嘘声 渐渐平息，然后清了清喉咙 6.Humans vying（竞争）for dominance（优势，统治）will turn to genetics to compete.人们 对优势地位的竞争会变成竞争的基因。 7.Considering its growing economic importance, the general（普遍的）neglect（忽视）of geology in university teaching is difficult to justify（证明）. 考虑到它在经济上日益增长的重要性，大学教学中普遍对地理学的忽视很难证明 8.Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the 1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying（缓和）both their eating behavior and “stimulus environment”. 心理学者Richard Stuart 在19世纪70年代表示肥胖的女性可以通过缓和他们的饮食习惯和环境刺激来减肥。 9.He had noticed the mounting （可骑的东西）insubordination（不顺从，反抗）, and he realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could have become his own downfall. 他已经注意到他统治的人民开始反抗他的统治，他也尴尬地意识到他自己是导致他垮台本因 10.He is much less selfish and much more peaceful now. 他变得不那么自私，而且心境更平 和。 11.Outside stood a little girl, dripping（湿淋淋的）wet and shivering（颤抖）.外面站着一个 小女孩，她浑身湿透，颤抖不已。 12.If future predictions of a shortage of quality（高级，优质）workers come true, it will become even more important to make employees feel part of the team. 如果关于未来会缺少高技术工人的预言成真，那么让雇员感到是集体中的一员至关重要。 13.If techniques like this sound silly, keep in mind that the power of self-monitoring（监视，监 听）has been conducted over the last four decades. 如果科技听起来像这么傻，那记住自我监控已经过了过去40年。 14.America’s best-known billionaire（亿万富翁）is back to doing what he has always done best---designing exciting new products and making barrels（桶）of money. 美国最著名的亿万富翁正回来做他最擅长的事，设计令人兴奋的产品并通过它来赚成桶的钱 15.Most Chinese children seem to get whatever they want, from ice cream, swees and toys to endless attention from the adults around them. 大多数中国孩子似乎都得到了他们想要的任何东西，从冰欺凌，甜食一直到他们周围大人们无限的关注。 16.“How shall I do it?”----“Just as you wish.”我该怎么做。。就像你希望的那样做 17.Any leak, even at this late date, could have tremendous（巨大的）international repercussions （反响）. 任何漏洞，即使在这样迟的时期，都会一起巨大的国际反响。 18.He did not really represent their opinions to the higher-ups（上级）, although he claimed he did. 他不能真正的代表他们对上级的观点，尽管他说他能。
2016年英语口译笔译初级笔译翻译技巧： 增词法（上） 所谓增词法，就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。用增词法翻译技巧的目的是为了更加准确、通顺和完整的表达原文的内容。当然不能无中生有地随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但是翻译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确或者句子不够通顺的现象;还有一些词，虽然在英语原文中意义明确而完整，但是翻译成汉语后却不通顺。在这种情况下，就需要使用增词法的翻译技巧。 (一)、增加原文中省略的部分 (一)增补回答句中省略的词语 Do you like sport? Yes, I do. 你喜欢体育运动吗?是的，我喜欢体育运动。 Are you tired? Not very.
你累了吗?不太累。 (二)增补并列结构中省略的词语 We don’t retreat, we never have and never will。 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreat) A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted) (三)增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译时要适当加以补充。 Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢? Students should learn from teachers and vice versa. 学生应该想老师学习，老师也应该向学生学习。
词法翻译篇 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一 1. 他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。 He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressing[1] in the hospital. 2. 佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲聪明能干，却也舒服。 The life of a tenant farmer’s family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to scrape along because mother was a clever and able woman. 3. 豪华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。 You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture 4. 我那新郎官哪！那个死东西！他就是死也不肯仅洞房。 My betrothed! Damn him, he simply refused to come into the bridal chamber! 二、量词搭配 1. 一窝蜜蜂 a swarm of bees 一窝小鸡 a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬 a litter of pups 2. 一群美女 a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭 a team of ducks 一群羚羊 a herd of antelopes 3. 积极支持 unfailing support 积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resources
定语从句翻译练习（综合版） 1.我有一位非常喜欢音乐的朋友。 2.我将永远记住在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 3.英语是全世界都使用的语言。 4.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的运动。 5.今天是我们经历过的最寒冷的一天。 6.你需要做的第一件事就是学习英语。 7.玛丽所指的是哪一幅画。 8.那班我正在等的火车现在已经晚了半小时。 9.我们在街上遇见的那位女士是我们的数学老师。 10.他告诉我侦探们他们想要知道的所有事情。 11.这是我第一次遇见我班主任的地方。 12.我们发现一家餐厅，那里的食物精美可口。 13.那是你借给他钱的男士吗？ 14.这是你必须改掉的习惯。 15.你照顾的所有的孩子都喜欢游泳。 16.我有一位同学，他的母亲是一位著名的歌唱家。 17.我住在一间窗户朝北的房间里。 18.这首诗正如人们所知道的那样，这首诗是由汪国真写的。 19.他为什么缺席的原因不明确。 20.我真的很喜欢甜食，这就是我牙齿不好的原因。 21.正像老师昨天说的那样，他考试及格了。 22.正如刚才讨论的那样，学习英语很容易。 23.我将永远记住呆在农村生活的那段日子。 24.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。 25.你知道他打算出国留学的原因吗？ 26.我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。 27.我永远也忘记不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。 28.她是我见过的最善良的女孩。 29.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页。 30.昨天在购物中心，我遇到了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。 31.人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。 32.这就是我们昨天参观过的那个图书馆。
参考答案 1. I have a friend who likes music very much. 2. I will always remember the teacher who taught us chemistry at high school. 3. English is the language which is used all over the world. 4. Football is a sport that/which most boys like. 5. Today is the coldest day (that) we have ever had. 6. The first thing (that) you need to do is learn English. 7. Which is the picture (that) Marie refers to? 8. The train (that) I was waiting for is now half an hour late. 9. The lady (whom/that) we met in the street is our math teacher. 10. He told me all (that) detectives wanted to know. 11. This is the first time (that) I met my class teacher. 12. We found a restaurant where the food was delicious. 13. Is that the man (that) you lend money? 14. This is the habit (that) you must change. 15. All the children (that) you care for are fond of swimming. 16. I have a classmate whose mother is a famous singer. 17. I live in a room whose windows face north. 18. This poem, as is known to all, is written by Wang Guozhen. 19. The reason why he was absent is not clear. 20. I really like sweet food. That's the reason why I don't have good teeth. 21. As the teacher said yesterday, he passed the exam. 22. As we have just discussed, learning English is very easy. 23. I will always remember the days when I lived in the countryside. 24. The book which was written by Mr. Sun is the best book in the world. 25. Do you know the reason why he plans to study abroad? 26. I hate the hotel where I stayed. / in which I stayed. 27. I will never forget the autumn when we lived and studied together. 28. She is the most kindhearted girl (whom/that) I have ever met. 29. This is the page where you can find the answer. 30. Yesterday at the shopping center, I met the professor (whom/that) I met at a party. 31. People will always remember the time when Hongkong and Macao returned to the motherland. 32. This is the library (which/that) we visited yesterday.