01翻译综合材料

翻译资料汇编

TextⅠ

在纽约，这段时候可以常常听到圣诞歌声从街口的什么地方传出来，哪怕是在最脏的七号线车站，许多人在这里换车，黄昏时，这里上楼梯要排队。

车从这里的地铁爬上天桥，颤颤巍巍地从又乱又脏的街区开过去，往下一望，有时会看到一栋破极了的大楼的窗子里，有一些脸色神秘的东方人，穿着日式的大黑衣服，在练拳。再往下一望，看到一个穿脏花裙子的黑老女人，摇摆着生了痛风病的胖腿，拿着一个大塑料袋，气息奄奄地走过去。要是心情恍惚的话，会以为自己走到好莱坞的影城里去了，这里正好是在拍犯罪片。

这里也是美国啊，做着美国发财享福梦的人，要在这个站口哭起来。

那一天，近着圣诞节了，我在这里换车。天气寒冷又潮湿，人们慢慢地向前动着，要上楼去换7号线。在边上，我看到一只大大的灰老鼠一闪而过。报纸上说，纽约地铁里的老鼠，有七岁孩子的智慧，也许这是真的，地铁里的老鼠，那一闪而过的黑眼睛里，有一种马上可以说话一般的神情。

然后，我听到有孩子的声音，随着小手风琴，在唱歌，在唱《平安夜》。

他们站在楼梯口，一个老人和一个孩子，孩子一手拿着小红铁筒，一手摇着小铁铃铛，黑色大衣上的小脸，被冷空气激得红红的。经过他们的人，有的摸出钱来放在孩子的小红铁筒里，那洋铁的小筒，就丁地一响。

那是救世军在募集圣诞捐款。

寒冷的黄昏里，清脆的铃声响着，孩子在唱歌。

( 陈丹燕《圣诞歌声》) Usually at this time of the year, Christmas carols can be heard all over New York. They will waft from any street and lane, even from the dirtiest station of the dirtiest route, Route 7. Many people have to change trains here. When dusk falls, the commuters have to line up to move upstairs.

The train is to climb up and onto the overpass and wobble its way through this dirty and messy block. Peering downwards and into the windows of some extremely dilapidated building, passengers may sometimes see some mysterious-looking Orientals dressed in Japanese-style dark suits practicing karate. Looking further downwards, they may see an elderly black woman wearing a dirty flowery skirt, and holding a big black plastic bag. Breathing with much difficulty, she is tottering along on legs swollen with gout. If one happens to be in a dreamy and imaginative mood, he might think he has blundered into Hollywood and happens to be watching the making of a crime film.

This is America too! At the sight, some “rags to riches” dreamers might burst into tears.

The other day, Christmas fast approaching, I was changing trains here. It was cold and wet. People inched forward, intending to change to Route 7. Suddenly I caught a glimpse of a king- size grayish rat scurrying by. Some newspapers say that the rats in New York have the IQ of a 7-year-old child. This may well be true. Scuttling by, those rats seem to be talking to you all the while with their dark glinting eyes.

Then I heard the voice of a child, who was singing “Silent Night” to the accompaniment of a small accordion.

They were standing at the foot of the stairs, an elderly man and a little boy. Holding a little red tin can in one hand, the boy was ringing an iron bell with the other. His little face that appeared above his black overcoat was flushed in the cold air. Some passengers produced coins and dropped them with a tinkle into the can.

That was part of the effort of the Salvation Army to collect money donations.

In the bone-chilling dusk, the bell kept ringing, and the child singing, loud and clear.

TextⅡ

秋天，无论在什么地方的秋天，总是好的；可是啊，北国的秋，却特别地来得清，来得静，来得悲凉。我的不远千里，要从杭州赶上青岛，更要从青岛赶上北平来的理由，也不过想饱尝这“秋”，这故都的秋味。

江南，秋当然也是有的；但草木凋得慢，空气来得润，天的颜色显得淡，并且又时常多雨而少风；一个人夹在苏州上海杭州，或厦门香港广州的市民中间，浑浑沌沌地过去，只能感到一点点清凉；秋的味，秋的色，秋的意境与姿态，总看不饱，尝不透，赏玩不到十足。秋并不是名花，也并不是美酒，那一种半开半醉的状态，在领略秋的过程上，是不合适的。(郁达夫《故都的秋》) Autumn, where it is, always has something to recommend itself. In North China, however, it is particularly limpid, serene and melancholy. To enjoy its atmosphere to the full in the onetime capital, I have, therefore, made light of traveling a long distance from Hangzhou, to Qingdao, and thence to Peiping.

There is of course autumn in the South too, but over there plants wither slowly, the air is moist, the sky pallid, and it is more often rainy than windy. While muddling along all by myself among the urban dwellers of Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Hong Kong and Guangzhou, I feel nothing but a little chill in the air, without ever relishing to my heart?s content the flavor, color, mood and style of the season. Unlike famous flowers which are most attractive when half opening, or good wine which is most tempting when one is half drunken, autumn, however, is best appreciated in its entirety.

TextⅢ

改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验，冒一定的风险是必要的。不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一失，谁敢说这样的话？一开始就自以为是，认为百分之百正确，没那回事，我就从来没那么认为。每年领导层都要总结经验，对的就坚持，不对的就丢掉或赶快改，新问题出来抓紧解决。无论是打仗还是搞改革，都经不起慢腾腾的决策。在很多情况下，都需要冒险试一试，然后一边前进一边改正自己的错误。恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面形成一整套更加成熟，更加定型的制度。在这个制度下的方针政策，也将更加定型化。(《邓小平文选》)

We?ve must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned. A certain amount of risk-taking is necessary. Who dares to claim that he is 100% sure of success right from the beginning and without taking any risks? There is no such thing as certainty. I have never had such notions as thinking I?m 100%correct. Every year, leaders should review what they have done so as to hold to what works and discard what does not, or take immediate corrective steps. We should lose no time in tackling them whenever new problems arise. No one can afford the luxury of slow decision-making, whether it involves fighting a battle or making a reform. In many cases, you have to take a chance, and correct your mistakes as you go along. I?m afraid that it may take another 30years to establish a set of more mature and more consistent system in all fields of endeavor, under which all policies will be more consistent, too.

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1敬启者:

我第55号销售确认书项下货物交货日近，然迄今仍未收到有关信用证。请从速办理开证事宜，以便我方顺利装运。为避免日后修正，务请保证信用证条款与确认书条款一致。盼赐早复谨上

Dear Sir,

With reference to the goods under our Sales Confirmation No.55, we wish to draw your attention to the fact that the date of delivery is approaching, but we have not yet received the covering L/C to date. Please do your utmost to expedite same, so that we may execute the order smoothly. In order to avoid subsequent amendment, please see to it that the L/C stipulations are in exact accordance with the terms in the Confirmation.

We await your favorable replay with keen interest. Yours faithfully

2提请卖方注意:我方定单拖欠至今尚未履行.

We brought to the knowledge of the Seller that our order had been outstanding for considerable time. 3如能速报你方产品最低价,我方将不胜感激.

We shall be obliged if you will quote us your rock -bottom prices for your product at your earliest convenience.

4你方上月来函收悉.

We are in receipt of your letter of last month.

5诸多麻烦,容此申谢.

We hope to thank you in advance for your trouble on our behalf.

6随函附寄我方价目单一式两份,烦请查收. Enclosed please find two copies of our price list.

7我方经营多种轻工业产品,详见附表.

We deal in a wide range of light industrial products as per list enclosed.

8 谨告之装船单证正本通过中国银行寄送你方. Please be advised that the originals of shipping documents are being sent to you through the Bank of China.

9现冒昧来函,以谋求与贵公司进行贸易.

We take the liberty of writing to you with a view to doing business with you.

10“雪山牌”羊绒衫色泽鲜艳，手感柔滑，穿着舒适，轻软保暖。其品质优良，做工细致，花型、款式新颖，尺码齐全，深受国内外消费者青睐。

“Snow Mountain” Cashmere Sweaters are lustrous in color, and supple, light, warm and comfortable to wear. Owing to their fine quality, excellent workmanship, novel designs and style, and complete size range, they have gained popularity from consumers at home and abroad.

11 全兴特曲酒为中国名酒，产于中国四川省成都市锦江河畔。历史悠久，始产于满清道光四年。选用优质高粱、上等小麦为原料，采用传统工艺、陈年老窖发酵精心酿制。酒质最佳，具有窖香浓郁、醇和协调、绵甜甘冽、落口净爽的独特风格。

Quanxing Daqu Liquor, one of the famous spirits of China, is made from first-class sorghum and wheat. Produced on the bank of the Jinjiang River in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, the history of it can be traced back to the days of Daoguang, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1824). It is fermented in aged cellars and brewed in a meticulous way with traditional method. Being mildly mellow and crisply refreshing, the liquor boasts its own unique style with a harmonious nature and delicate bouquet.

12 产品能值是加工产品所消耗的总能量，它由加工过程中所用的能源、原材料、劳动力以及能源和原材料的运输提供的能值所组成。

Energy value of a product, being the total amount of energy consumed in the production of the product, consists of the energy values contributed by materials, labors and energies consumed during the processing, as well as the energy values provided by the transportation of energy resources and matters.

13 气垫船能直接从地面升空,这意味着它起飞和着陆都无需港口和机场.

The fact that the hovercraft can rise up directly from the ground means that neither harbor nor airport is required for its take-off or landing.

14 应力是一种平衡外力或荷载的内部阻力。当一个500磅的物体悬挂在一根绳子上，在绳子内部的每一个截面上都存在一个500磅的应力；换句话说，如果把这根绳子的任何地方切断，然后接上一根弹簧秤，这只弹簧秤上的读数将显示为500磅。

A stress is an internal resistance which balances an exterior force or load. For example, when a weight of 500 pounds is suspended by a rope, a stress of 500pounds exists in every cross-section of the rope; or, if this rope is cut anywhere and the ends are connected by a spring balance, this will register 500 pounds.

15 这一简单事实表明，摩擦力减少得越多，球会滚得越远。由此我们可以推论出，如果将起阻碍作用的引力和阻力加以去除，就没有理由认为球一旦开始运动就会停下来。

This simple fact shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of, the farther will the ball travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop.

16 受控条件包括规定生产和安装方法的书面工作规程,使用适当的生产和安装设备,合适的工作环境. Controlled conditions shall include documented work instructions defining the manner of production&installation, use of suitable production and installation equipment, suitable working environment

17 外商投资企业生产的出口产品,除国家另有规定的产品之外,免征关税.

Exports manufactured by foreign-invested enter- prises in the New Area are duty-free, unless other regulated by the State.

18 外籍职工的工资、薪金所得,减半征收所得税.

A foreign employee?s salary-income is taxable 50% less.

19 出让合同中规定必须撤除的技术设备,受让人应按时撤除.

The grantee shall demolish and remove in time such technological equipment as so required by the grant contract.

20 本细则以《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》的公布施行日期为施行日期.

These Rules take force on the promulgation and enforcement date of the Income Tax Law of the

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People?s Republic of China for Foreign Enterprises 21 甲方兹保证供应之货物系中华人民共和国国内制造Party A hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in the People?s Republic of

China.

22“特许产品”系指本协议所述所有装臵和产品以及全部改进和改造的产品或与之有关的研制产品. “Licensed Products”means all the devices and products described in the Agreement annexed hereto, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.

23 双方特此制定协议,乙方除支付受训人员赴德国旅费及其薪金以外,不负担此类培训费用.

It is hereby agreed that Party B shall have no obligation to pay for the costs of such training, other than to pay for trainees? traveling expenses to and from Germany and their salaries.

24 改进和改良的技术,所有权属改进、改良一方,对方不得去申请专利或转让给第三方.

The ownership for and modification and improvement of the Contract Product shall belong to the Party having developed the aforesaid modification and improvement. The other Party shall not apply, for its own profit, for patent right or transfer the information of modification and improvements to third parties.

25 技术文献指的是乙方具有的技术文件、图纸、照片、磁带等。这些文献乙方曾为自己的产品进行开发和应用；也包括在合同有效期内，乙方为合同产品的制作过程中，进行设计、计算、质量控制、安装、维护、测试所进行的应用和开发。

Technical Documentation means the technical literatures, drawings, pictures, tapes, etc, that Party B possesses and have been applied or developed for its own production as well as in its then current manufacture during the validity term of the contract for designing, calculating, manufacturing, quality control, assembling installations, maintaining and testing of the Contract Products. 26 买方于接到卖方根据合同第十一条规定发出的发货通知后，应在发货前三十天由北京中国银行开立以卖方为受益人的、金额为货物总价的不可撤消的信用证。The Buyers, upon receipt from the Sellers of the delivery advice specified in clause 11 hereof, shall, 30days prior to the date of delivery, open an irrevocable letter of credit with the Bank of China, Beijing, in favor of the Sellers, for that total value of shipment.

27 合同可因下列事项解除或终止：协议；适当的履行或清偿；履行请求权的放弃；以新合同替代旧合同；使履行成为不可能或不合法的情况的发生；导致合同落空的事件的发生，即该事件的发生即使不至于使合同完全无法履行，也会使履行大大偏离原来的要求；以及在发生重大违约时，无过错一方将此种违约视为推翻合同。

A contract is discharged and terminated by agree- ment, by due performance or payment, by waiver of performance, by replacement by a new contract, by supervening impossibility or illegality of performance, by frustration through the happening of some event which renders performance, if not impossible, at least fundamentally different from what was contemplated and by breach in a fundamental respect, if the innocent party treats the breach as a repudiation of the contract. 28 走产学研结合的道路,解决科技和教育体制上存在的条块分割、力量分散问题.

We should take the road of combining production, teaching and research by entering into association or cooperation with enterprises in various ways so as to solve the problems of segmentation and dispersal of strength in the realm of science, technology and education.

29 随着经济的发展,必须逐步提高“两个比重”,同时要努力节约开支,把“开源”和“节流”结合起来.

With the growth of economy, it is imperative to gradually raise the share of financial revenue in the gross national product (GNP) and the share of central revenue in nation financial revenue. At the same time, it is necessary to try hard to economize on spending by “increasing revenue and saving expenditures”.

30要形成一种制度确保领导班子年轻化知识化专业化We should institute a system to ensure that a younger, better educated and more professional leadership is maintained.

31 要在全国范围内继续纠正行业不正之风，狠刹公路乱设卡、乱收费、乱罚款、中小学乱收费、向农民乱收费、乱摊派等不正之风。

We shall continue to correct shameful practices in government departments, trades, and professions throughout the country and vigorously put an end to the dishonest practices of imposing fees and fines by putting up check points on highways and the arbitrary collection of fees by primary and middle schools and imposition of production quotas and fees on peasants

32 在以经济建设为中心的前提下，努力使物质文明建设和精神文明建设相互促进，协调发展，防止一手硬、一手软。

We should complement and coordinate the develop -ment of material progress and ethical and cultural progress and avoid emphasizing the former while neglecting the latter under the premise of centering on economic development.

33 建设文明乡镇要以集镇为重点,以镇带村,制定规划,逐步推进.

To build up civilized villages and townships with a high ethical and cultural standard, we will take townships as a focus, and with proper plans, allow the progress to spread to villages to seek grades progress.

34 大力发扬艰苦奋斗、励精图治、知难而进、自强不息的精神.

We should vigorously promote the spirit of hard working, making rigorous efforts, facing up to any challenge, and constantly striving to become stronger.

35 中国将一如既往地重视和加强同世界各国、各地区发展平等互利的经贸关系；在多边贸易体制中发挥积极和建设性的作用，与其他WTO成员一道，为世界经济贸易的发展做出积极贡献。

China will, as always, value and strengthen equal and mutually beneficial economic and trade relations with countries and regions in the world, and play an active and constructive role in the multilateral trading system and make its positive contribution to the progress of world economy and trade together with other WTO members.

36“九五”期间是我国对外经贸事业发展的重要时期，

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我国对外经济贸易经受住了亚洲金融危机的严峻考验，保持了不断发展的良好势头。

The Ninth Five-year Plan period is an important one as far as our foreign trade and economic development is concerned. Foreign trade and economic cooperation of our country withstood the severe test of the Asian Financial Crisis and maintained a sound momentum of constant growth 37 充实和完善“金关工程”，建立健全外经贸管理网络应用系统，初步实现外经贸管理、经营、信息的网络化，在电子商务、电子信息、电子政务上取得重要发展。By substantiating and improving the Project of Golden Customs and establishing a sound on-line administrative system regarding foreign trade and economic cooperation, we can realize network- based administration, operation and information flow of foreign trade and economic cooperation so that important progress can be made in ecommerce, e-information and e-administration.

38 依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动,坚决扫除黄赌毒等社会丑恶现象.

We must crack down on all kinds of crime according to the law and eradicate social evils such as pornography, gambling, and drug abuse and trafficking

39 总结八十年的奋斗历程和基本经验，展望新世纪的艰巨任务和光明前途，我们党要继续站在时代前列，带领人民胜利前进，归结起来，就是必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。

Reviewing the course of struggle and the basic experience over the past 80 years and looking into the arduous tasks and bright future in the new century, our Party should continue to stand in the forefront of the times and lead the people in marching from victory to victory. In a word, we must always represent the development trend of China?s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China?s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of eh overwhelming majority of the people in China.

40 事实上，一个人的缺点正像猴子的尾巴，猴子蹲在地面的时候，尾巴是看不见的，直到他向树上爬，就把后部供大家瞻仰，可是这红臀长尾巴本来就有，并非地位爬高的新标示。

He didn?t realize that a person?s shortcomings are just like a monkey?s tail. When it?s squatting on the ground, its tail is hidden from view, but as soon as it climbs a tree, it exposes its back side to everyone. Nevertheless, the long tail and red bottom are there all time. They aren?t just a mark of having climbed to a higher position.

41 晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。

During the reign period Taiyuan of the Chin Dynasty, a man of Wuling who plied the fisher?s trade, losing all count of distance as he made his way along a certain brook, suddenly came on a grove of peach-trees in blossom which fringed the shore some hundred paces, no other trees interspersed, where on scented fresh grasses and pleasing to the eye lay fallen blossoms in gay profusion, at sight of which the fisherman was much amazed.

42 石油和天然气的勘探资料，以及对石油与天然气化学成分的预测，使人们迅速了解到形成石油与天然气的地质条件。

Understanding of the geological conditions under which oil and gas are formed came quickly from the data of oil exploration and inferences from the chemical composition of petroleum and natural gas.

43 如果适当地调整碳和其他合金元素的比例，并使用不同的热处理方法，我们就能制造具有各种不同物理性能的钢。

A wide range of physical properties in steel is accessible is the amount of carbon and other alloying elements are appropriately controlled with the help of various heat treatments.

44 每收获一季庄稼,土壤中各种必需的养分都会随之被带走一部分,而氮磷钾三种元素常常大量消耗.

As each crop is removed it carries away with it from the soil small quantities of all the essential elements and very often large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

45 在经济全球化的进程中，只有建立起与国际通行规则相适应同时又符合本国实际情况的经济贸易管理体制，才能趋利避害，并在对外开放的同时有效地维护本国的经济安全。

During the course of economic globalization, only by establishing an economic and trade regime in line with international practices and the specific situation of the country, can they avoid their disadvantages and fully play out advantages, and therefore effectively safeguard their respective economic security while opening to the outside world.

46 敬启者: 你方11月12日来函收悉，得知贵公司意与我方在纺织品方面建立业务联系，甚喜。

按贵方要求，现随函空邮我方目录一份及小册子一套，供你方参考。

如目录中所列商品符合贵方要求，请向我方具体询价，我方当迅即寄送报价单。同时，在此头笔生意成交前，务请告知贵方银行行名。

Dear Sirs,

We are in receipt of your letter of Nov.12, from which we are pleased to learn you wish to enter into relations with us in the line of garments.

In compliance with your request, we are sending you by air a catalogue along with a range of pamphlets for your reference.

If any of the items listed in the catalogue meets your interest, please let us have your specific inquiry, and our quotation will be forwarded without delay. In the meantime, please send us the name of your bank prior to the conclusion of the first transaction between us.

Yours faithfully 47 现在我们国内条件具备，国际环境有利，再加上发挥社会主义制度能够集中力量办大事的优势，在今后的现代化建设的长过程中，出现若干个发展速度比较快、效益比较好的阶段，是必要的，也是能够办到的。Since we have the necessary domestic conditions and a favorable international environment, and since under the socialist system we have the advantage of being able to concentrate our forces on a major task, it is now both possible and necessary for us to bring about, in the prolonged process of modernization, several periods of rapid growth with good economic returns.

48Winston Churchill, today an idealized hero of history, was in his time variously considered a

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bombastic blunderer, an unstable politician, an intermittently inspired orator, a reckless self- dramatizer, a voluminous able writer in an old fashionable vein, and a warmongering drunkard. 49Eisenhower later recalled, when MacArthur felt slighted he was capable of expressing himself in “explosive denunciation of politics, bad manners, bad judgment, broken promise, arrogance, unconstitutionality, insensitivity, and the way the world had gone to hell.”

艾森豪威尔后来回忆往事说，只要麦克阿瑟感到有人对他不够尊重，就“发起脾气来，破口大骂人家好耍权术，不懂礼貌，乱出主意，出尔反尔，目中无人，违反宪法，神经迟钝，麻木不仁，如今世道真是见鬼”等等。

50Wartime Marseilles was such a bubbling stew of political double-dealing, financial corruption, racial and nationalist crisscrossings, refugee agonies and tragedies, and Mediterranean finagling dating back to Phoenician times, that compared to Gaither?s daily grind, melodramas and spy yarns paled.

战争年头的马赛本来就已成一锅上下翻腾的大杂烩，政治上狗苟蝇营，钱财上巧取豪夺，种族和国籍混淆纠缠，难民们背井离乡，只有苦难和悲伤，以及从腓尼基人时代就盛行在地中海沿岸的尔虞我诈、勾心斗角，所以和盖瑟每天的挣扎比起来，什么离奇曲折的剧情和阴险诡异的故事都黯然失色。

专八翻译试题1996~2008

1996

Four months before Election Day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan -Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o?clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting. Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan?s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.

It should have been easy. These were battle- tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation?s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and tele- vision commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America—a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government.

近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多，于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬，随笔记下来，似乎不无借鉴之处。

[在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强]。

法国人的名片讲究朴素大方，印刷精美，但很少有镶金边的、闪光多色的或带香味的，名片上的字体纤细秀丽，本人的名字也不过分突出，整张纸片上空白很大，毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。

In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions offer good opportunities for making friends. When strangers meet on such occasions, Asians will invariably, respectfully and with both hands, present their name cards to the strangers before any conversation gets under way. That seems to be indispensable manners. In contrast, the French generally will not observe such a formality. Instead, they will greet each other, have a rambling chat for a while and then walk away. Only when they find their chat agreeable and hope to go on with the contact will they present their name cards. It will seem quite unnatural if a person presents his name card before any conversation really starts.

1997

Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society?s power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theater. These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.

来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。[我的导师是亚裔，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁，但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本实验室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人]。1990年夏天，我不顾别人的劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。

My supervisor is Asian in origin, who loves smoking and drinking, and has a lot temper. Nevertheless, he appreciates Asian students for their diligence and solid foundation of knowledge. Furthermore, he knows them very well. As a result, of all the students enrolled in his laboratory, five are from Asia, only one is from Germany. He even puts a striking notice on the door of his laboratory which reads, “The research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7days per week, from 7 a.m. to 12 p.m., and to concentrate fully on

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their work during working hours.”He is well- known in the school for being strict and merciless. During the three and a half years I stayed there, altogether 14 students were admitted to his lab, but only 5 got their Ph.D. degree.

1998

I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent—e.g. in painting and music—they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all.

To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step. At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own—and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd over- lappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.

97年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多……

[这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题]。

The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century. Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture. They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation. In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness. People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland. The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical stage. At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer. 1999

In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.

In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.

Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family—they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension.

加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世闻名的港口城市，同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮，年货物吞吐量达到8000万吨，全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。

[温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地]。

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Vancouver?s prosper ity owes to the diligence and intelligence of the people there, as well as to the contributions made by a variety of other ethnic groups. Canada is vast country with a sparse population, having a territory larger than that of China but a population of less than 30million. That is why Canada has long adopted a national policy of absorbing immigrants from other countries. We may say that, with the exception of the aboriginal Indian people, Canadians are made up by immigrants, different from each other only in how long they have settled down there. Vancouver is most typical of this which is among the few cities in the world featuring multi- nationalities. Of the 18million people living in Vancouver nowadays, half were not born in Vancouver and 1/4is from Asia. Out of the 250 thousand Chinese-Canadians who have played a decisive role in Vancouver?s economic growth, half have immigrated to the region only 5years before. All these Chinese-Canadians have made Vancouver the region with the largest Chinese communities outside China.

2000

If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths nm on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely —a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.

History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.

中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。

[世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术博物馆，所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙]。

中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。

The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate scientific know- ledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.

The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with wholly novel concepts. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.

2001

Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau?s idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one?s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.

Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “the pleasure of ta king pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.

We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.

乔羽的歌大家都熟悉，他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。

[晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。” ]

In later years, Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing. He asserts: “Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which e xert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one?s temperament and to one?s health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Yu claims: “Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination of fish-eating and the enjoyment of fishing; the third primarily the pleasure of fishing when, confronted with a pond of clear water, one puts aside all his troubling vexations and annoyances and enjoys the total relaxation both mentally and physically.”

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2002

The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.

Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence, and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don?t pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can adore and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.

Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.

[大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一直并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。]

The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, playing the violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down.

2003

In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James, Feminore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest, “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. He?s astonished she can?t see them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.

Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”

[得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。]

Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.

2004

For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.

I am lonely only when I am overtired , when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.

Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and, perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person.

It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bring back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.

[在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿筵席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜]。第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”。

We shouldn?t be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dining in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault- finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking

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the head. What accounts for all this is, in the first place, you are hungry when you start to eat. As the saying goes, “Hunger is the best sauce”, and vice versa.

2005

It is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most common -ly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you?ll find that the author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.

[一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。]

What is the significance of life? Is there any criterion for its measurement? Difficult as it is to advance an absolute one, it will not be so to judge the very meaning of one?s existence generally from whether he is serious about life and what his attitudes are towards work and life.

Throughout the ages, all people of accomplishment take their lives seriously. As long as they are alive, they would rather devote themselves to more work and study than let a single minute slip by in vain. And the same is true of the common laborers as well as the great statesmen and thinkers in our country.

2006

On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his first speech to Parliament. He was preparing the people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at a time when England?s survival was still in doubt.

“...I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.

You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime.

You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs—victory in spite of all terrors—victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.

Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.

I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, …Come then, let us go toward together with our united strength?”

[中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占有比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷基本上比西方人为少为小：因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小的多。何况中国古代素来以不滞于物、不为物役为最主要的人生哲学]。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫里哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴和野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

Chinese people has never thought of human being as the highest creature among everything since ancient times, whose reflection takes a quite appropriate proportion with all others in our natural world in both aspects of philosophy and arts, but not as an absolute dominant ruler. There- fore, our bitterness and depression are basically less than those of westerners, because the intensity of which is growing with the expansion of one?s desire and ambition. People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their wants are far less either. Besides, ancient Chinese always regard “not confined by material, not driven by material”as the major philosophy.

2007

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.

At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.

Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 911, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.

Our world is bursting with knowledge—but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.

For all these reasons I believed—and I believe even more strongly today—in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities.

暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

[也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。]

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Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly any of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have untried the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.

2008

But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had make themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.

都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。

[我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界，心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的明暗。]

I think everyone has a small garden and that is our inner world. People?s intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually took shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of their loved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of themselves and their loved ones.

英汉翻译练习

Text 1

Bringing the World Cup to Asia was supposed to expand the reach of the global game in a happy confluence of good will and good business. The action on the pitch has certainly been dramatic, and most fans were thrilled. But less than half way through the month-long tournament, the good will is already wearing thin and business seems relatively slow, with fewer visitors and related sales than expected. Deeply embarrassed by the image of part-empty stadiums besieged by angry ticket hunters, Japanese prime minister ordered an official investigation into the ticket fiasco. Claiming losses of more than $800,000per game, Korea?s soccer federation even threatened to sue Byrom, the official ticket agent, for failing to print and deliver tickets on time.

Japan and Korea both hoped to score big points at home and abroad—with the World Cup. Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964Tokyo Olympics and the 1988Seoul Olympics, which were considered turning points in their nations?development. Mired in a decade-long slump, Japan longs for anything that might shock its economy back to life. Korea, meanwhile, hopes the Cup will steady its halting recovery from the 1997Asian financial crisis and help brand it as Asia?s most wired nation. Their plan: inject billions of dollars into new facilities, welcome throngs of tourists and for one glorious month showcase their countries to the biggest television audience in history.

Text 2

The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure?s major effects tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.

A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original “deficit spending” or the “tax cut”, so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped. In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.

Text 3

At a time when the public is being assaulted with unsolicited e-mail ads, California is about to launch the toughest counterattack in the nation. A law that goes into effect on Jan. 1 allows computer users in the state to refuse unwanted solicitations en masse and sue spammers who violate their wishes for as much as $1 million.

Those potent weapons for deflecting pitches that offer everything from bigger body parts to lower mortgage rates have attracted the ire of the U.S. Department of Commerce and mass marketers. Fearing that the law will curtail advertising on the Internet, they are pushing for a far weaker national solution that would undercut the tough tactics in

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California and other states that are going the same route.

But such self-interest is hardly enlightened. The growing flood of messages not only annoys PC users, it also slows the transmission of wanted e-mail and forces businesses to spend billions to combat spam.

In fact, a survey released Oct. 22 suggests the proliferation of pitches could hurt the very e- commerce these business groups say they want to preserve. The survey of computer users, funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts, a non-profit group that studies public issues, found 25%use e-mail less because of spam. And 75% were reluctant to give out e-mail addresses, even to online retailers.

Text 4

France today is no superpower, but French influence in some spheres is significant. Nothing has cemented French influence in the world like the decision made by the victorious World WarⅡpowers in 1945 to include France as one of the five permanent, veto-wielding members of the Security Council. Until the end of the Cold War, France rarely found itself in disagreement with Britain or the U.S. on major issues. But the U.N. veto today takes on larger significance as France struggles to decide whether it wants to lead the EU in defiance of American power or in partnership with it.

As America?s great media outlets have begun preparing for coverage of the D-Day celebrations, the question of a “grand gesture”by the French toward the American war in Iraq has been raised. Administration officials hint that, perhaps, just perhaps, the French President will use the occasion of France?s rescue as an opportunity to square the accounts—to issue a blanket endorsement of America?s plan for Iraq?s future and throw its support behind the transfer of power looming at the end of this month. France certainly wants the United States to be successful in Iraq at this point. But France seems unlikely to see D-Day as an opportunity to make good on a 60-year-old debt. Beyond nice speeches and some truly fine cuisine, don?t expect France to liberate America from Iraq. Text 5

Yet the United States benefited greatly from the colonial strife next door. Broke after its Haitian defeat, France sold a large region to the U.S.for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase would prove to be one of the most profitable real estate transactions ever made. Napoleon would not have sold his claims except for the courage and obstinate resistance of Haitian inhabitants.

It would take six decades for the U.S.to acknowledge Haiti?s independence. Meanwhile, Haiti, burdened by its post-independence isolation and 100 million francs in payment it was forced to give France for official recognition, began its perilous slide toward turmoil and dependency, resulting in a 19-year U.S.occupation and two subsequent interventions in the past 100years. Jefferson once presented dire warnings about what might happen to the US political system in a worst -case scenario, but his words turned out to be a more accurate prophecy for America?s plundered neighbor: “The spirit of the times…will alter. Our rulers will become corrupt…The shackles…which shall not be knocked off at the conclusion of war will remain on long, will be made heavier.” Given a fair chance, Haiti could have flourished and prospered. If that had been the case, this year Haiti would be celebrating the bicentennial of its independence with fewer and lighter shackles. Text 6

The book shows us the progress of a remark- able American, who, through his own enormous energies and efforts, made the unlikely journey from Hope, Arkansas, to the White House—a journey fueled by an impassioned interest in the political process which manifested itself at every stage of his life: in college, working as an intern for Senator William Fulbright; at Oxford, becoming part of the Vietnam War protest move- ment; at Yale Law School, campaigning on the grassroots level for Democratic candidates; back in Arkansas, running for Congress, attorney general, and governor.

We see his career shaped by his resolute determination to improve the life of his fellow citizens, an unfaltering commitment to civil rights, and an exceptional understanding of the practicalities of political life.

We come to understand the emotional pressures of his youth-born after his father?s death; caught in the dysfunctional relationship between his feisty, nurturing mother and his abusive step- father, drawn to be the brilliant, compelling lady whom he was determined to marry; passionately devoted, from her infancy, to their daughter, and to the entire experience of fatherhood; slowly and painfully beginning to comprehend how his early denial of pain led him at times into damaging patterns of behavior.

Text 7

Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly troublesome, and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tediousness up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times, they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles

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of whose earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.

Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to weaken his vigor, he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.

The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one?s own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work…

The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work, but when work is interesting, it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tediousness.

The chief element which makes work interesting is the exercise of skill. Every man who has acquired some unusual skill enjoys exercising it until it has become a matter of course, or until he can no longer improve himself. This motive to activity begins in early childhood: a boy who can stand on his head becomes reluctant to stand on his feet. A great deal of work gives the same pleasure that is to be derived from games of skill. Here of course there is not only the exercise of skill but the conquering of a skilled opponent. Even where this competitive element is absent, however, the performance of rare skills is agreeable. I imagine that an able surgeon, in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done, derives satisfaction from the wonderful precision of his operations. The same kind of pleasure, though in a less intense form, is to be derived from a great deal of work of a humbler kind. All skilled work can be pleasurable, provided the skill required is either variable or capable of indefinite improvement…

(by Bertrand Russell) Text 8

Michael Jordan, a basketball player in whom commentators have discerned aristocratic qualities and supernatural powers, has retired from the game that made him one of the world?s best known and best paid sportsman.

Last week?s announcement was premature by most people?s measurement—Jordan is 30and at the height of his playing and earning power—but it was not, by his own account, taken hastily, or rashly. “This is,” he said, with a rare stumble, “the perfect timing for me to walk away.”

After three championships with the Chicago Bulls, a second gold medal with the US team at the 1992 Olympics, Jordan felt his motivation slipping away. “I?m at the pinnacle,”he told a thronged press conference. “I just feel I don?t have anything else to prove.”

But this explanation may appear too simple to satisfy the skeptics, who have recently discovered that Jordan does not lead an untroubled private life. First came the allegation that he gambled—in a country where gambling is mostly illegal—and that his gambling was out of control. Then his father was shot dead on July 23.

Text 9

Although the American economy has trans- formed itself over the years, certain issues have persisted since the early days of the republic. One is the continuing debate over the proper role for government in what is basically a marketplace economy. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.

Ever since colonial times, the government has been involved, to some extent, in economic decision-making. The federal government, for example, has made huge investments in infra- structure, and it has provided social welfare programs that the private sector was unable or unwilling to provide. In a myriad of ways and over many decades, the government has supported and promoted the development of agriculture.

Text 10

The Reagan administration?s most serious foreign policy problem surfaced near the end of the president?s second term. In 1987 American learned that the administration had secretly sold arms to Iran in an attempt to win freedom for American hostages held in Lebanon by radical organizations controlled by Iran?s Khomeini government. Investigation also revealed that funds from the arms sales had been diverted to the Nicaraguan contras during a period when Congress had prohibited such military aid.

The ensuing Iran-contra hearings before a joint House-Senate committee examined issues of possible illegality as well as the broader question of defining American foreign policy interests in the Middle East and Central America. In a large sense, the Iran-contra hearings, like the celebrated Watergate hearings 14years earlier, addressed fundamental questions about the government?s accountability to the public, and the proper balance between the executive and legislative branches of government.

Text 11

When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced were technical when they were trying to adapt themselves to the new medium. When working on radio, for example, they had become accustomed to seeing on behalf of the listener. This art of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. Above all, he has to be able to create a continuous sequence of visual images which affect meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the case of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is completely different. He is there to make sure that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him focus on particular things, and to

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interpret the images on the television screen. Unlike his radio colleague, he must know the value of silence and how to use it at those comments when the pictures speak for themselves.

Text 12

It has been usual to think of the accumulated wealth of the world as having been painfully built up out of that voluntary abstinence of individuals from the immediate enjoyment of consumption, which we call Thrift. But it should be obvious that mere abstinence is not enough by itself to build cities or drain fens. The abstinence of individuals need not increase accumulated wealth; it may serve instead to increase the current consumption of other individuals. Thus the thrift of a man may lead either to an increase of capital-wealth or to consumers getting better value for their money. There is no telling which, until we have examined another economic factor. Namely, enterprise. It is enterprise that builds and improves the world?s possessions. Thus thrift may be the handmaid and nurse of Enterprise. But equally she may not. And, perhaps, even usually she is not. For the engine which drives Enterprise is not Thrift, but Profit. Text 13

A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedom. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.

Text 14

This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself; and I should under existing circumstances favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it.

The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the separation of the states. The people themselves can do this also if they choose; but the executive, as such, has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present government, as it came to his hands, and to transmit it, unimpaired by him, to his successor. Text 15

It must be emphasized that nonviolent resistance is not a method for cowards; it does resist. If one uses this method because he is afraid or merely because he lacks the instruments of violence, he is not truly nonviolent. This is why Gandhi often said that if cowardice is the only alternative to violence, it is better to fight. He made this statement conscious of the fact that there is always another alternative: no individual or group need submit to any wrong, nor need they use violence to right that wrong; there is the way of nonviolence resistance. This is ultimately the way of the strong man. It is not a method of stagnant passivity. The phrase “passive resistance”often gives the false impression that this is a sort of “do-nothing method” in which the resister quietly and passively accepts evil. But nothing is further from the truth. For while the nonviolent resister is passive in the sense that he is not physically aggressive toward his opponent, his mind and emotions are always active, constantly seeking to persuade his opponent that he is wrong. The method is passive physically but strongly active spiritually. It is not passive non-resistance to evil. It is active nonviolent resistance to evil.

Text 16

The English, as a race, have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.

Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner: no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An English wit, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, “On entering a railway compartment, shake hands with all the passengers”. Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.

It is well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that, given half a chance, they will talk about it at length. Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and speculation to everyone. This may be so. If a foreigner wants to start a conversation with an Englishman (or woman) but is at a loss to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will provoke an answer from even the most reserved of Englishmen.

In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotions, passion, often accompanied by appropriate gestures. The English is somewhat different. Of course, an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language. Imagine a man commenting on the beauty of a young girl. Whereas a man of more

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emotional temperament might describe her as “an exquisite jewel”, “divine”, “precious”, the English- man will flatly state “Um, she?s all right.”An English-man who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting, “It?s not bad, you know,”or on seeing breathtaking landscape he might convey his pleasure by saying “Nice, yes, very nice.”The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement: he must realize that “all right”, “not bad”, and “nice”, are very often used as superlatives with the sense of “first-class”, “excellent”, “beautiful”. This special use of language, particularly common in English, is known as understatement.

Text 17

The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the “game of life” is really a game of trade-offs.

As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you?ve passed some of your “primes,”you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in life.

When you are smartest? From 18to 25, according to IQ scores, but you?re wiser and more experienced with increasing age. You?re sharpest in your 20?s; around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly your ability to perform mathematical computations.

“But your IQ for other tasks climbs,”says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bellak to suggest that “maturity quotients” be adopted for adults.

When are you healthiest? For men, from 15 to 25; for women from 15 to 30. “A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,”says New York internist Dr. Donald Tomkins. “His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients.”Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a 5-year bonus. Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (cell growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism (cell death). “Cells have been dying since birth,”says Tomkins, “but in our late 20?s, they start dying faster than they are replaced.”Also, muscle is replaced with fat.

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China?s modern humiliations began with the early 19th century, with the Opium Wars. There- after the great powers, as occasion permitted, worked industriously to carve it up into spheres and areas for exploitation. China?s central government was a mockery, capable only of feeble response. So out of tune with the world of nation- states was China that it did not even possess a ministry of foreign affairs until as late as 1858. It continued officially in the dream world of former times when a ministry of tribute and capitulations was all that was really needed for dealing with “barbarians”.

With a curious arrogance, made even stranger by its weakness, China at first continued to refuse to accept the West on equal terms and negotiate with them as such. When ultimately it began to negotiate, China?s only real strength lay in playing the powers off against one another—a tactic only partially successful. Despite the spheres of influence and territorial concessions it was driven to concede, China remained a nominally independent state primarily because its very size made it difficult to digest and there were many who wished to attempt it.

America may have fondly imagined that its 1899 Open Door policy toward China, to which the other powers gave lip service, had stayed the process of division. But this was more or less self- delusion. In 1898, Britain, Germany, Russia, and France had forced concessions from China, which, combined together, destroyed China?s future as an economic unit. These leases, which were to run for 99 years (Russia?s lease on the southern Liaotung Peninsula was for only25), provided for Chinese employment of a British inspector general of Chinese customs, exclusive rights (to Germany) to build railroads and open mines in Shantung, the giving over of control of Port Arthur (to Russia), Kwangchow (to France), and Kowloon and Weihai -wei (to Britain). Italy?s demand for a port in 1899 the Chinese government felt strong enough to reject. The complete colonization of China was stayed only by its great mass and by the inability of the powers to agree readily on how to divide up.

In October 1911the long-delayed Chinese revolution began, and in 1912 the six-year-old boy emperor abdicated. Sun Yat-sun, who had been elected President by a revolutionary provisional assembly at Nanking on Dec. 30, 1911, resigned when Yuan Shih-kai, was selected in mid-February as president by the national assembly. Yuan Shih- kai, a would-be Oriental Bonaparte, now attempted to consolidate his power. At the end of 1915he announced his assumption of imperial powers, was forced to cancel this, and in the middle 1916, died. After this date the struggle for power became more confused. Not only were the governments at both Canton and Peking, but between 1920and 1926 warlords fought one another in equal disregard of both. (The Relations of Nations: Asian Powers)

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The catchphrase of the hour is that America is living beyond its means. The expression is used so much by politicians, economists and editorial writers that it is depreciating faster than the dollar. But there?s no way around it. It tells the story. The Data Resources numbers show Americans increase their spending this year almost three times as fast as their after-tax income. What else can we explain it? What is more, as a nation, the U.S.has been doing the same thing throughout the 1990s. For years the country has been consuming more than it produces, making up the difference by borrowing abroad. It can?t go on.

The stock market?s tumble, which has caused a loss of $1 trillion in paper wealth, is but the first step in a process that must sober the nation. At the same time, in the next few years the U.S. will have to throw its amazing dream machine into reverse

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and start paying its debts. Inevitably, this will mean a lowering in the U.S.standard of living as Americans are forced to produce more than they consume to service a soaring foreign debt. Per capital income may keep rising but more slowly than in the past. The trade account will go slowly towards balance or even surplus in the mid-1990s. But in the meantime, Americans will receive less for their exports are competitive. And pressure to reduce the federal deficit will tighten the lid on defense spending.

Text 20

Franklin Roosevelt took a great risk with the Normandy landings. This is not well-known. When one weighs the opposing forces, the elements of space and time, and the sea-land transfer problem, one sees that Churchill?s foot-dragging made sense. The landings were very chancy and might have ended disastrously. A pyramiding of mistakes and bad luck on the German side gave Roosevelt success in his one audacious military move.

Eisenhower himself knew the riskiness of Overlord. Even as his five thousand vessels were steaming toward the Normandy coast in the stormy night, he drafted an announcement of the operation?s failure, which by chance has been preserved: “Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based upon the best information available. The troops, the air, and the navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.”

That this document did not become the official Allied communiquéwas due to several factors: A) Germany?s abominable intelligence; B) Germans?confused and sluggish response to the attack in the first decisive hours; C)unbelievable botching by Hitler; D)failure of the Luftwaffe to cope with Allied superiority

The mounting of the invasion armada was certainly a fine technological achievement; as was the production of the huge air fleets, with crews to man them. General Marshall?s raising, equipping, and training of the land armies that poured into Normandy showed him to be an American Scharn- horst. The U.S.infantryman, while requiring far too luxurious logistical support, put up a nice fight in France; he was fresh, well-fed, and unscarred by battle. But essentially what happened in Normandy was that Franklin Roosevelt beat Adolf Hitler, as surely as Wellington beat Napoleon at Waterloo. In Normandy the two men at last clashed in head- on army shock. Hitler?s mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost. Text 21

Until the 19th century, the Asians were relatively successful in holding the European traders and missionaries at bay. The Chinese court assumed an aloof and patronizing attitude toward these Westerners, keeping them confined to the southern port cities of Macao and later, Canton. China?s rulers, supremely confident in their own tradition, professed little need for Western goods and ideas. Thus, responding to a British request for diplomatic representation in Beijing in 1816, the Chinese Emperor avowed that “my dynasty attached no value to products from abroad: your nation?s strange wares do not appeal to me in the least, nor do they interest me.”Earlier, a more sympathetic Chinese ruler had confided to a Jesuit priest that the missionary had better give up his strange ideas about Virgin Birth and resurrection if he was to win any converts in China.

This sense of self-confidence and, indeed, smugness stemmed from China?s historical role in Asia. Unlike Europe, where several sovereign countries with relatively equal capabilities were constantly competing for power, China was a “world empire”without rivals in East Asia. It claimed suzerainty over its smaller neighbors, which had to pay tribute to the Chinese emperor as a sign of submission. The influence of Chinese political and cultural institutions was especially strong in Korea, Japan and Amman (modern-day Vietnam). Thus, it is understandable why China assumed such a looming presence in the early modern history of the Pacific region.

To be sure, China was occasionally invaded by nomadic tribesmen from the north. These invasions brought about the rule by the Mongols and the Manchus during the Yuan (1279-1368) and the Qing (1644-1911) dynasties respectively. How- ever, despite these military setbacks, the Chinese felt secure in their sense of superiority, for their culture and society had always been able to absorb and assimilate alien forces. The Mongols and Manchus had to rely on Chinese bureaucracy and Confucian ideology to maintain their rule.

The dominant Confucian ideology managed to preserve social order and institutional continuity for more than two thousand years (from the establishment of the Han Dynasty in 206B.C.to the Republican Revolution of 1911). The state and Confucianism were remarkably resilient. Yet, it was their past success in preserving order and continuity that made them ill-equipped to cope with the Western assault in the nineteenth century.

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Hemingway?s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focuses on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply value judgments. This was especially obvious in his writings in the 1920s. In his writings done in the 1930s, the sentence structure becomes more complex although the style in general remains his unpretentious diction.

Much more can be said about this simple but vigorous style. Paradoxically, it is this stylistic simplicity that best conveys the very complex emotions involved in Hemingway?s subject matters. These feelings often seem to be negative: a sense of loss, particularly the loss of love, disillusionment, meaninglessness, sadness, grief, frustrations and despair. But they are authentic emotions growing out of the tragedies of life, confrontation of reality, the devastations of war. The simplicity allows the writer, the characters and the reader the opportunity to brace themselves for difficult moments in life without losing their dignity. The style conveys suffering without indulging in sentimentality. Immersed in the style, the reader instinctively understands a kind of nobility associated with courage.

Hemingway “shows”but does not “tell.”In Death in the Afternoon(1932), a book ostensibly about bullfighting, Hemingway often explains the raison détre of his style. This is what he says about

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how he shows: “I was trying to write then and I found that the greatest difficulty, aside from knowing truly what you really felt, rather than what you were supposed to feel, and had been taught to feel, was to put down what really happened in action; what the actual things were which produced the emotions that you experienced; but the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck if you stated purely enough, always, was beyond me and I was working very hard to try to get it.”

The effect of this showing what should be properly called natural action is the effect known as the “tip of the iceberg.” Hemingway explained in an interview: “I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows.”

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Centuries of human history also show that warm hearts alone will not feed the hungry or heal the sick. Determining the best route to economic progress requires cool heads, ones that objectively weigh the costs and benefits of different approaches, trying as hard as humanly possible to keep the analysis free from the taint of wishful thinking. Sometimes, economic progress will require shutting down an outmoded factory. Some- times, as when some countries adopted market principles, things get worse before they get better. Choices are particularly difficult in the field of health care, where limited resources literally involve life and death.

You may have heard the saying, “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”Governments have learned that no society can long operate solely on this utopian principle. To maintain a healthy economy, governments must preserve incentives for people to work and to save. Societies can shelter for a while those who become unemployed, but if social insurance becomes too generous, people come to depend upon the government. If they begin to believe that the government owes them a living, this may dull the sharp edge of enterprise. Just because government programs derive from lofty purposes does not mean that they should be pursued without care and efficiency.

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The economist John Maynard Keynes argued that market behavior could not be rational, or subject to improvement, since existing knowledge did not provide a sufficient basis for a calculated mathematical expectation of investment returns. I think this observation is particularly true when the object of speculation involves the application of a new technology, such as the Internet.

Modern financial theory attempts to surmount the problem of unknowable future by suggesting that returns can be predicted by measuring the past volatility of share prices—shares that exhibit higher volatility are expected to yield greater returns. Yet this assumes the future will be a continuation of the past—like steering a car by looking in the rear-view mirror. Investors therefore remain heavily dependent on their emotions. The feelings of “greed”and “fear”that drive markets remain constant throughout the ages.

The psychology of the market is one that includes both the psychology of investing and the psychology of gambling. There are the compulsive attractions of gambling in the market. The undulating moods of the stock market, alternating between its bull phase of energy greediness and grandiosity, and the bear phase of timidity, anxiety, indecisiveness and self-doubt, reflect the manic behavior of the gambling addict. Speculation differs from most gambling activities in that the beliefs of the participants affect the results. In certain circumstances speculators are capable of creating self-fulfilling prophecies.

Success in speculation is ultimately dependent on finding someone else to buy your shares at a higher price than you paid for him or her. Every speculative bubble resembles a chain letter in that profits are provided by late entrants to the market. Everyone is attempting to anticipate the immediate intentions of competitors. In such circumstances, paying attention to shifts in market psychology becomes essential.

The crowd mentality remains a potent source of investor irrationality. Freud identified the key features of a crowd mentality: irresponsibility, invincibility, impetuosity, contagion, changeability, suggestibility, collective hallucination and intellectual inferiority. Again, we find these traits during the later stages of a bull market. What makes matter even worse that speculators as a group are susceptible to “cognitive dissonance”—they block out negative, or dissonant, information and focus only on the positive aspects of their position. This explains why speculators pay little heed to warnings.

Why are people unable to escape the lure of the crowd? The answer can be found in the nature of our material ambitions. The quest for wealth is calculated not in absolute but in relative terms. We always measure our fortunes against those of our contemporaries. Many people find it too painful to remain inactive while others are speculating and making money. The individual has little to lose by assuming the same risks, because when the market turns, his relative position is unaffected.

Usually, speculators appear to forget their painful experiences quickly. Hence we find the periodical recurrences of speculative booms. There must be a vast fund of stupidity in human nature, or else men would not be caught, a thousand times over, by the same snare. The only way to avoid this fate is to maintain a contrarian position—go against the market psychology—which, of course, is both lonely and involves a great test of will.

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“Masterpieces are dumb.”wrote Flaubert. “They have a tranquil aspect like the very products of nature, like large animals and mountains.”He might have been thinking of War and Peace, that vast, silent work, unfathomable and simple, provoking endless questions through the majesty of being. Tolstoy?s simplicity is “overpowering,”says the critic Baylay, “disconcerting,” because it comes from “his casual assumption that the world is as he sees it.”Like other 19th-century Russian writers he is “impressive” because he “means what he says”, but he stands apart from all others and from most Western writers in his identity with life, which is so complete as to make us forget he is an artist. He is the center of his work, but his egocentricity is of a special kind. Goethe, for example, says Baylay, “cared for nothing but himself. Tolstoy was nothing but himself.”

For all his varied modes of writing and the

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multiplicity of characters in his fiction, Tolstoy and his work are of a piece. The famous “conversion”of his middle years, movingly recounted in his Confession, was a culmination of his early spiritual life, not a departure from it. The changes that led from epic narrative to dogmatic parable, from a joyous, buoyant attitude toward life to pessimism and cynicism, came from the same restless, impressionable depths of an independent spirit yearning to get at the truth of its experience. “Truth is my hero.”wrote Tolstoy in his youth, reporting the fighting in Sebastopol. Truth remained his hero—his own, not others?truth. Others were awed by Napoleon, believed that a single man could change the destinies of nations, adhered to meaningless rituals, formed their tastes on established canons of art. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions, and in every reversal he overthrew the “system,”the “machine,”the externally ordained belief, the conventional behavior in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.

In his work the artificial and the genuine are always exhibited in dramatic opposition: the supposedly great Napoleon and the truly great, unregarded little Captain Tushin, or Nicholas Rostov?s actual experience in battle and his later account of it. The simple is always pitted against the elaborate. Knowledge gained from observation against assertions of borrowed faiths. Tolstoy?s magical simplicity is a product of these tensions; his work is a record of the questions he put to himself and of the answers he found in his search. The greatest characters of his fiction exemplify this search, and their happiness depends on the measure of their answers. Tolstoy wanted happiness, but only hard-won happiness, that emotional fulfillment and intellectual clarity which could come only as the prize of all-consuming effort. He scorned lesser satisfactions.

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Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest real choice, which is to be found in the mass media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be, have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché—and assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliché nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.

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It has now five years since Margaret Thatcher resigned as Britain?s Prime Minister. In her heyday she strode the international headlines with such bravura that she seemed inevitable, a natural force. The world stage seemed just the right size for her, as she chaffed her conservative soul mate Ronald Reagan or flattered the “new man” Gorbachev.

Now the political world has begun to focus on the immensity of her achievement. How on earth did she manage to get there? She was elected to Parliament at 32in 1958. She parried her way through the complacent, male-dominated councils of power—no woman had ever roiled those waters. Couldn?t the old boys see her coming? After all, there was nothing subtle about her personality or her approach.

As The Path to Power, the second volume of her autobiography, makes clear, Thatcher was too simple and direct for the Tories, with their heavy baggage of class and compromise. She traveled light, proud of her roots as a grocer?s daughter from the small town of Grantham but never tethered by working-class resentments or delusions of inferiority. Her parents taught her the verities they believed in: Methodism, hard work, thrift and the importance of the individual. She has never wavered from them, and they run through the book Text 27

Try to explain social life as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched. Does the guidance of man?s conscience explain? How then does he happen to have the particular conscience which he has? The theory of economic self-interest? But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security, or prestige, or domination, or what is vaguely called self- realization? How do men conceive their security, what do they consider prestige, how do they figure out the means of domination, or what is the notion of self which they wish to realize? Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement, mastery, are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act. There may be instinctive dispositions which work toward such ends. But no statement of the end, or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results. The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. For if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and inferred, indecision and failure would be unknown, and (if each of us fitted as snugly into the world as the child in the womb), Mr. Bernard Shaw would not have been able to say that except for the first nine months of its existence no human being manages its affairs as well as a plant.

(by Walter Lippman) Text 28

Some countries? politicians seemed to revel in the collapse of the World Trade Organization?s ministerial meeting in Cancun (墨西哥城市坎昆) on September 14th. The Philippine trade minister, for instance, told Reuters news agency that he was “elated”by it. Tanzania?s delegate claimed to be “very happy”that poor countries had stood up to rich-country “manipulation”. But others were upset and shocked. The trade minister of Bangladesh had tears in his eyes. “I?m really disappointed,” he said. “This is the worst thing we poor countries could

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have done to ourselves.”

Disappointment is the right reaction. For the Doha round of trade talks run by the WTO was geared specifically to help poor countries. They will be the biggest victims if the talks cannot be revived, and there seems to be scant prospect of that. The negotiations have not been officially abandoned and diplomats pledged to continue talking in Geneva, but momentum has clearly been lost.

Though the speed of the collapse caught even seasoned trade negotiators by surprise, the seeds of disaster were sown long before September 14th. The launch of the Doha round in the capital of Qatar in November 2001was itself a nail-biting negotiation marked by acrimony between rich and poor. From the start of the Cancun meeting, countries disowned big parts of the Doha agenda. The European Union, for instance, denied it had ever promised to get rid of export subsidies. Led by India, many poor countries denied that they ever signed up for talks on new rules. Other poor countries spent more time moaning about their grievances over earlier trade rounds than they did in negotiating the new one. Several rich countries too showed little interest in compromise. Japan, for instance, seemed content simply to say no to any cuts in rice tariffs.

This kind of posturing meant the trade round stagnated for 22months between the meetings in Doha and Cancun. All self-imposed deadlines were missed; all tough political decisions were put off. That placed a needlessly heavy burden on the Cancun meeting. But it was not an overloaded agenda that killed the talks last weekend. It was that too many countries continued grandstanding at the Mexican resort, rather than seeking the compromises on which trade talks depend.

Agriculture was the toughest issue dividing negotiators both before and during the meeting. On agriculture, the rich world?s concessions were too timid and too grudging. America?s bold promises were belied by its actions. Last year?s outrageous increase in American farming subsidies, and the cave-in at Cancun by American negotiators to their domestic cotton growers, made far more of an impression on poor countries than Washington?s high-minded words about freer farm trade—and rightly so.

Europe was stymied not just by its desire to mollycoddle its own farmers, but by the EU?s cumbersome decision-making process. Only after its own internal reforms were agreed to in June could Brussels offer concessions on agriculture, and even then they were meager. Given the mess that their farm policies create, rich countries should have done far more.

But poor countries, too, bear some responsibility for Cancun?s collapse. Although a few emerging economies were tireless negotiators, too many others did no more than posture. Some of the posturing was tactical: for all their public rhetoric, for instance, the G21 group was actively negotiating with both America and Europe. But others, particularly some African countries, could not get beyond their radical public positions. Anti-rich-country rhetoric became more important than efforts to reach agreement.

Finally, blame belongs to the WTO?s own decision-making procedures, or rather the lack of them. The WTO is a democratic organization that works by consensus, but with no formal procedures to get there. Any one of the organization?s 148members can hold up any aspect of any negotiation. Efforts to create smaller informal groups are decried as “non-transparent”by those left out. Not surprisingly, this lends itself more to grandstanding than to serious negotiation. The worst problem, though, is that the WTO?s requirement for consensus makes it virtually impossible for it to be reformed.

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General Provisions of a Contract

1) Entire Agreement: The terms and conditions contained herein, including the Appendices hereto, shall constitute the entire agreement between the parties hereto and shall supersede any and all previous oral and written notices, memoranda, documents, agreements and contracts between the parties.

2) Amendments: Amendments to this Contract may be made only by a written instrument signed by a duly authorized representative of each of the parties and, unless prior approval from the examination and approval authority is statutorily required, such amendments shall become effective upon the signing by the duly authorized representatives of the parties.

3) Headings: The headings to the articles here- of are for ease of reference only, and in no event shall the substance of any paragraph or the intent of the parties be interpreted or controlled by such headings.

4) Effectiveness: This Contract shall take effect from the date of its execution by the duly authorized representatives of the parties.

5) Termination: Either party may terminate this Contract if the other party fails to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder in the event that such failure remains unremedied sixty days after the service of a written notice by the party to the defaulting party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied. The termination of this Contract shall not release either party from performing any of its obligations due at the time of such termination.

6)Language: This Contract is executed in Chinese in two counterparts, and each party shall hold one copy. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. However, if there is any discrepancy between the Chinese version and a version in any other language, the Chinese version shall prevail.

7) No Waiver: Unless otherwise specified here- in, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Contract shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude any further exercise thereof.

8) Subrogation: Under all circumstances, if Party B is in arrears with any amount payable to Party A hereunder, Party B hereby acknowledges and agrees that Party A shall have the right to exercise the subrogation right to claim the debts owned to Party B by any of Party B?s debtors.

9) Severability: If any of the provisions of this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith is hereafter determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, (1) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired, and such

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remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect; and (2) the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision shall be replaced by a valid, legal and enforceable provision that comes closest to expressing the true intent of such invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision.

10)Notices: Notices required or permitted under this Contract shall be effective if in writing, written in English, sent by registered airmail, or by telex or facsimile confirmed by a registered airmail letter, return receipt requested, addressed as follows; unless otherwise specified herein, notices shall be effective from the date of receipt of the telex or facsimile or, in the event the telex or facsimile is not received, eight days after the service of the registered letter.

1 完整协议：本合同包含的条款和条件，包括合同附件，构成合同双方的完整协议，并取代双方以前所有的口头或书面通知、备忘录、文件、协议和合同。

2 修改：对本合同的修改，只能通过各方正式授权的代表签署协议进行。除法律要求须经审批机关事先批准之外，该等修改经各方正式授权的代表签字后即刻生效。

3 标题：本合同条款标题仅为参考方便之用，不得用于解释或控制任何段落的实质内容或双方的意向。

4 生效：本合同自各方正式授权的代表签署之日起生效。

5 终止：如果一方未能完成或履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，而且未能在另一方向该方送书面通知、指出该方违约行为并要求该方予以改进后六十天内予以改正，另一方可以终止本合同。本合同的终止，不得解除任何一方在终止时到期应履行的任何义务。

6 语言：本合同用中文签署，一式贰份，双方各执一份。如有必要，可译成其他文字。但是，本合同的中文文本和其他文本若存在不一致之处，则须以中文文本为准。

7 非弃权：除非本合同另有规定，任何一方未能或延迟行使本合同规定的任何权利、权力或特权，不得视为该方放弃该权利、权力或特权，单项或部分行使任何权利、权力或特权，亦不得排除其对该权利、权力或特权的进一步行使。

8 代位追偿：在任何情况下，若乙方拖欠其在本合同项下应向甲方支付的款项，乙方确认并同意甲方有权向乙方的任何债务人就乙方的债务行使代位追偿权。

9 可分性：如果本合同或涉及本合同而签署的任何文件中的任何条款，日后根据任何适用法律被认定在某方面是无效的、不合法的或不能强制执行的，(1)本合同或涉及本合同而签署的文件的其他条款的效力、合法性和可强制执行性则不受任何影响或损害，并仍然具有完全的效力；(2)该等无效、不合法或不能强制执行的条款，应以有效、合法和能强制执行且最能表达上述无效、不合法或不能强制执行的条款本意的条款所取代。

10 通知：本合同所要求或允许的通知，应是用英文写就的书面通知，用航空挂号信寄出，或用电传或传真发出，随之以航空挂号信确认，并随附回执，寄至下列地址方能生效。除非合同另有规定，通知自收到电传或传真之日起生效，或者在未收到电传或传真的情况下，挂号信寄出后八天生效。

Text 30

Articles Common to a Contract

1Confidentiality: 1)In the course of implementing this Contract, all the oral and written information, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques, experiences, know-how, and name lists of customers (“Confidential Information”), provided by one party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as strictly confidential and shall be used only for the purpose hereof. Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time.

2) Upon the execution of this Contract, unless otherwise required by laws and regulations, no public disclosure (whether or not in response to an inquiry) of the subject matter hereof shall be made by either party unless approved in writing by the other party prior to its release.

3) The obligation of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of ten years

2 Force Majeure

1) Force majeure means any unforeseeable events beyond the parties?control which prevent the performance of any obligations under this Contract.

Force majeure includes, but is not limited to, strikes in general, embargo, acts of government, riots, war, whether declared or not declared, mobilization and requisition, fires, floods.

2) Force majeure preventing one party from performing any of its obligations under this Contract, in whole or in part, may be asserted against the other party only if the prevented party gives notice by registered mail of the inception and cessation of the force majeure within fifteen days in each case enclosing a confirmation by the proper authorities or published information attesting the reality of the facts and the accuracy of the data supplied. The party claiming force majeure has the burden to prove the direct relation -ship between the force majeure and the non -performance of its obligations under this Contract.

3)If one party is prevented from performing any of its obligations under this Contract due to an event of force majeure, the time for performing the obligations hereunder specifically prevented from performance by such event of force majeure shall be extended by a period equal to the period of delay caused by such event of force majeure. The party claiming inability to perform its obligations due to an event of force majeure shall take appropriate measures to minimize or remove the effects of the event of force majeure and, within the shortest possible time, do its best to resume performance of the obligations affected by the event of force majeure. In the event of force majeure, neither party shall be responsible for any damage, incurred cost or loss which the other party may sustain by reason of such failure or delay in performance, and such failure or delay shall not be deemed a breach of this Contract. All other obligations hereunder and the time for performance thereof shall not be affected.

3Applicable Law: The formation, validity, interpretation, execution and termination of this Contract shall be governed by the laws and regulations of the People?s Republic of China. Where the laws and regulations of China do not govern a certain matter, international legal principles and practices shall apply.

4Dispute Settlement: 1)Any dispute arising from, out of, or in connection with this Contract shall be settled by the parties through friendly discussion. Such discussion shall begin immediately after one party has sent a written request for such discussion to the other party. If the dispute is not settled by the parties through discussion within thirty days after the delivery of such notice, the parties may submit the dispute to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Committee for arbitration.

219

2) The arbitration award shall be final and binding on both parties. No party may appeal in connection with the matters relating to the arbitration award.

3) During the period when a dispute is being resolved, each party shall continue to implement this Contract in all respects other than the matter(s) in dispute.

1 保密：1) 在履行本合同的过程中，一方向另一方提供的一切口头和书面信息，包括但并不限于制造工艺、程序、方法、配方、数据、技术、经验、诀窍和客户名单(机密信息)，收受方均应予以严格保密，且仅用于本合同规定的目的。该等信息的所有权及相关权益始终为提供方所有。

2) 本合同签署后，任何一方事先未征得对方书面同意，不得公开披露本合同标的(不论是否为回应查询)，但法律和法规要求公开的除外。

3) 本条款规定的保密义务，在本合同终止或期满以后十年期间仍然有效。

2 不可抗力：1) 不可抗力是指双方无法控制的、不可预见的、阻碍双方履行本合同项下任何义务的任何事件。不可抗力包括但不限于罢工、禁运、政府行为、骚乱、宣布或未宣布的战争、动员和征用、火灾水灾。

2) 一方因遭受不可抗力而不能全部或部分履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，可以通知另一方不可抗力的存在，但遭受方须在不可抗力发生和终止后十五天内，分别用挂号信发出该不可抗力的起始和终止的通知，并附上有关当局的证明或公开发布的信息，证明事实真相和所提供的材料的准确性。声称不可抗力的一方有举证责任，须证明不可抗力与不履行本合同规定的该方义务有直接关系。

3) 如果一方因不可抗力事件而不能履行其在本合同项下的义务，受到不可抗力事件影响的本合同规定的义务的履行时间应予以延长，延长时间相等于该不可抗力事件所导致的延误时间。声称遭受不可抗力事件而不能履行义务的一方，应采取适当措施减少或消除受不可抗力的影响，并应努力在尽可能短的时间内恢复履行受不可抗力事件影响的义务。如有不可抗力事件发生，任何一方毋须对因不可抗力事件未能或延迟履行其义务而使另一方遭受的任何损害、费用支出或损失承担责任。此等未履行或延迟履行不应视为对本合同的违约。本合同规定的所有其他义务及其履行时间则不应受其影响。

3适用法律：本合同的成立、效力、解释、执行和终止，均受中华人民共和国的法律和法规管辖。中国的法律和法规对某一事项未作出规定的，适用国际法律准则和惯例。

4 争议的解决：1) 因本合同引起、产生于本合同或与本合同有关的任何争议，应由双方通过友好协商解决。协商在一方向另一方发出有关协商的书面要求后立即开始。如果在上述通知发出后三十天内，争议未能通过协商解决，各方可将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会进行仲裁。

2) 仲裁裁决为终局裁决，对双方都具有约束力，任何一方均不得就仲裁裁决所涉及事项起诉。

3) 在争议解决期间，除有争议的事项外，各方应继续全面履行本合同。

Text 31

The Japanese were the most alien enemy the United States had ever fought in an all-out struggle. In no other war with a major foe had it been necessary to take into account such exceedingly different habits of acting and thinking. Like Czarist Russia before us in 1905, we were fighting a nation full armed and trained which did not belong to the Western cultural tradition. Conventions of war which Western nations had come to accept as facts of human nature obviously did not exist for the Japanese. It made the war in the Pacific more than a series of landings on island beaches, more than an unsurpassed problem of logistics. It made it a major problem in the nature of the enemy. We had to understand their behavior in order to cope with it.

The difficulties were great. During the past 75 years since Japan?s closed doors were opened, the Japanese have been described in the most fantastic series of “but also?s” ever used for any nation of the world. When a serious observer is writing about peoples other than the Japanese and says they are unprecedentedly polite, he is not likely to add, “But also insolent and overbearing.” When he says people of some nation are incomparably rigid in their behavior, he does not add, “But also they adap t themselves readily to extreme innovations.” When he says a people are submissive, he does not explain too that they are not easily amenable to control from above. When he says they are loyal and generous, he does not declare, “But also treacherous and sp iteful.” When he says they are genuinely brave, he does not expatiate on their timidity. When he says they act out of concern for others? opinions, he does not then go on to tell that they have a truly terrifying conscience. When he describes robot-like discipline in their Army, he does not continue by describing the way the soldiers in that Army take the bit in their own teeth even to the point of insubordination. When he describes a people who devote themselves with passion to Western learning, he does not also enlarge on their fervid conservatism. When he writes a book on a nation with a popular cult of aestheticism which gives high honor to actors and to artists and lavishes art upon the cultivation of chrysanthemums, that book does not ordinarily have to be supplemented by another which is devoted to the cult of the sword and the top prestige of the warrior.

商务印书馆90年版:

在美国曾经全力以赴与之战斗的敌人中，日本人的脾气是最琢磨不透的。这个强大对手，其行动和思维习惯竟与我们如此迥然不同，以至我们必须认真加以对待，这种情况在其他战争中是没有的。我们正如此前1905年的沙俄一样，作战的对手是一个不属于西方文化传统、而又充分武装和经过训练的民族。西方国家所公认的那些基于人性的战争惯例，对日本人显然是不存在的。这就使得太平洋上的战争不仅是一系列岛屿登陆作战和困难卓绝的后勤工作问题，从而使了解“敌性”成为一个主要问题。为了与之对抗，我们就必须了解他们的行动。

困难是巨大的。自从日本锁国的大门被打开以来的75年间，对日本人的描述总是使用一系列令人极为迷惑的“但是,又…”之类的词句，远非对世界其他民族的描述可比。一个严肃的观察家在论及其他非日本民族时，是不大会既说他们彬彬有礼，又加上一句说：“但是，他们又很蛮横、倨傲。”他也不会既说该民族无比顽固，又说：“但是，他们又极易适应激烈的革新”；也不会既说该民族性格温顺，又说他们不轻易服从上级的控制；也不会既说他们忠诚、宽厚，又宣称：“但是他们又心存叛逆，满腹怨恨”；也不会既说他们勇敢成性，又描述他们如何怯懦；也不会既说他们的行动完全出自考虑别人的评价，即自己的面子，又说他们具有真诚的良心；也不会既讲他们在军队中接受机器人式的训练，又描述那个军队的士兵是如何不服管教，甚至犯上作乱；也不会既讲该民族热诚仰慕西方文化，又渲染他们顽固的保守主义。他不会既写一本书，讲这个民族如何普遍爱美，如何对演员和艺术家给予崇高荣誉，如何醉心于菊花栽培，又另外写一本书来补充说，该民族崇尚刀剑和武士的无上荣誉。

上海三联书店07年版: (请挑出译文的不妥之处) 美国曾与日本发生全面战争，发现日军与自己迥然

220

翻译资料英语

FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1

翻译范文及原材料

翻译原材料 THE SCHOOL FACILITIES The suitability of the facilities available to a school in terms of scope and general condition has serious impact upon the ability of that school to fulfill its stated sense of purpose and mission. This section of the self-study asks the school, under the leadership of the Buildings and Ground Committee of the Parish Council, to examine the school facilities as to their impact upon the overall school operation. Concerns such as sanitation, safety, and environment meaningfully affect the teaching, learning, and formational activities that take place in the Catholic elementary school and warrant close and professional attention. Schools are encouraged to reach outside the immediate school staff, if necessary, to enlist the talents and experience of individuals who may be able to contribute to this report. Indicate to what extent you agree with the numbered statements. Circle SA for strongly agree, A for agree, D for disagree, SD for strongly di sagree, and U for don’t know. Then, answer any questions that follow the statements. SA A x D SD U 1. Maintenance of school facilities is done in an orderly, and routine manner with an appropriate degree of input from the principal. SA A x D SD U 2. The school building is maintained as a generally clean facility. SA A x D SD U 3. The facilities available are sufficient to permit the school to pursue i ts stated philosophy and purposes. SA A x D SD U 4. Learning spaces facilitate the effectiveness of the instructional program. SA A x D SD U 5. A healthy and comfortable temperature is maintained in the school building. SA A x D SD U 6. Light fixtures are adequate in number and in serviceable condition. SA A x D SD U 7. The building is arranged to facilitate the safe and orderly movement of staff and students. SA A x D SD U 8. There is an adequate degree of flexibility with reference to the use of space in the building. SA A x D SD U 9. Equipment is maintained to be useful and safe for students and

材料英语翻译

①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。

英文翻译支撑材料

Web服务发现基于行为的签名 沈中南 计算机科学部门 加州大学 圣芭芭拉,CA 93106 - 5110 szn@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3a18016657.html, 苏建文? 计算机科学部门 加州大学 圣芭芭拉,CA 93106 - 5110 su@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3a18016657.html, 摘要 服务发现是一个关键的问题是一些服务预计将大幅度增加。服务发现目前主要是基于关键词，或接口的网络服务通过使用本体论。我们认为，“行为签名”操作说明应发挥重要作用服务发现过程。在本文中，我们提出一个新的行为模式的服务利用自动机逻辑形式。大致上，联想信息模型活动和采用iopr OWL - S 模型描述活动。一个新的查询语言是表达时间和语义特征对服务行为。查询评估算法的开发；特别，一个优化的方法使用re-tree和启发式显示性能的改善。具体来说，实验结果表明，使用re-tree降低了查询评价时间的一个数量级，启发式它的性能提高了2个数量级。这显然是一个令人鼓舞的起点。 1、介绍 网络服务已经收到越来越多的利益从电子商务，科技，电信应用，和研究社区在不同的领域，很明显最近的研究（的社区活动，icws，鳞状细胞癌，等。）。一个根本问题的网站服务涉及服务发现。例如，服务组成可能开始寻找适当的存在可以使用的服务和集成在一起。要求用于选择服务可能侧重于不同方面网站服务，从不同的服务类别服务语义，从服务接口服务行为。目前的工作对服务发现的重点功能描述，我们认为，行为特征[ 11 ]随着业务水平的描述应该发挥重要作用的服务发现。

以激发讨论，我们考虑购买服务的例子在图1。复合服务的需求找到一个购买服务，满足以下要求。 R1: A service in the purchase service category and provided by some company A. R2: A service that provides aWSDL operation PlaceOrder with input message PurchaseRQ and output message AcceptRS. R3: A service whose behaviors satisfy all of the following properties: (P1) Charging activity is before Shipping activity. (P2) To purchase a product, the requester first needs to log into the system and finally log out of the system. (P3) The product can be out of stock, and the credit card is not charged in this case. (P4) The credit card is charged at most once. (P5) The service accepts American Express.

英译汉翻译材料：爱尔兰

英译汉翻译材料：爱尔兰 为了帮助大家练习英语翻译小编整理了一份英语笔译练习材料后面附有参考翻译希望能帮到大家 IrelandisasovereignstateinwesternEurope,occupyingaboutfives ixthsoftheislandofIreland.ThecapitalandlargestcityisDublin, whosemetropolitanareaishometoaroundaquarterofthecountry’ s4.6millioninhabitants.ThestatesharesitsonlylandborderwithN orthernIreland.Itisaunitary,parliamentaryrepublicwithanelec tedpresidentservingasheadofstate.Theheadofgovernmentisnomin atedbythelowerhouseofparliament. 爱尔兰是西欧主权国家面积占爱尔兰岛的5/6仅与北爱尔兰接壤首都都柏林是最大的城市人口约为全国460万人口的1/4爱尔兰是单一制议会制共和国总统由选举产生并担任国家元首政府首脑则由众议院提名产生 【注释1】 Unitary:有参考译文翻译为“中央集权制”这里个人感觉“单一制”更贴切一些百度能搜到不少爱尔兰是中央集权的表述但可靠度有待考证 以维基百科对unitarystate的解释来看其相对词汇为federations而且unitarystate也包括意大利意大利则是非中央集权国家所以“中央集权”这个词义可能不太合适

材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案

材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】

UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性

翻译专业一些参考资料

翻译专业一些参考资料(转载1)_Live Lively_新浪博客2009-08-16 16:52 一、翻译理论与理论相干书纲 开天振主编. 《该代国外翻译理论导读》. 地津:南启大学出版社,2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京:外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史新事大解——英国舒》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚刚. 《英汉汉英段降翻译与理论》. 上海:复夕大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚刚. 《英汉写做比较研究》. 上海:单夕大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚刚. 《英语写做与笼统实词里达》. 上海:单夕大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、下鄂. 《白楼梦》. 旧订危. 《英汉比拟取翻译》. 北京:外邦对于外翻译出版母司, 1991. 陈祸康. 《中国译学理论史稿》(订正原). 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 旧廷祐. 《英文汉译技能》. 北京:外语教授教养与研讨出版社. 2001. 陈看道. 《修辞学收凡是》. 上海:上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与训练》. 北京:世界学问出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义好译》. 上海:上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈虔诚. 《词语翻译丛道》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 凶林:吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译答题摸索》. 北京:商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 双其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 双其昌. 《汉英翻译道评》. 北京:对外商业教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润浑. 《语言与文化——英汉语行文化对比》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树怨. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综开领导》. 地津:天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜启南等,《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通信》编纂部. 《翻译研讨论白散(1894-1948)》. 北京:外语教授教养与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通信》编纂部. 《翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范怯主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津:南启大学出版社. 2006. 圆梦之、马秉义(编选). 《汉译英理论与技拙》. 北京:旅逛教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津:天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大齐》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《体裁与翻译》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《体裁翻译论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯成功. 《汉语的韵律、词法取句法》. 北京:北京小教出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998.

英文翻译材料

债权人（商业银行）视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架 ———基于工业工程理论 严化川 (东南大学,江苏南京210000，中信银行南京分行，江苏南京210000) 摘要：每个企业都是一个复杂的、有生命力和连续变化的“社会—技术”系统。系统本身与周围环境有着物质和能量的交换。在公司进行财务活动的过程当中，最为典型的“物质和能量”交换便是现金的交换。现金的流动带动了公司相关的供应链和价值链的正常运转。公司的筹资、投资和股利分配三大理财活动构成企业现金交换的完整过程。作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行，面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者，深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据，必然身陷泥潭，血本无归。因此债权人（商业银行）必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价。本文基于工业工程理论，对债权人（商业银行）视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架进行浅析，以期基于此框架所设计的企业经营业绩评价体系能够帮助债权人实现维护自身利益的目标。 关键词： 中图分类号：F832 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-4428（2009）08-71-03 企业业绩的测试、评价与改进，是组织系统管理的重要组成部分。作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行，面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者，深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据，必然身陷泥潭，血本无归。因此债权人（商业银行）必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价，并且作为企业业绩的评价主体，必须基于自己的视角构建企业经营业绩评价体系，以满足自身对企业经营业绩评价的需求。 基于债权人视角的企业经营业绩评价体系的框架结构应当由评价理念、评价程序、评价方法和评价指标共同构成，它是商业银行以防范信用风险和操作风险为目标的内控制度的重要环节。 一、确立正确的评价理念 管理首先是一种理念，管理的实践是一项系统工程，管理是在一定的理念指导下为了实现现实目标的系统工程。 评价理念是指导企业经营业绩评价的基本原则，是整个评价体系运行的前提。根据工业工程的基本原理，我们应当确立系统变异的观点，从全局\ 整体系统思考的观点，以及价值定向的观点。 （一）系统或过程/流程变异的观点 分析和掌握系统或过程/流程变异的观点是工业工程建立有效的测量系统的重要出发点。 设计企业经营业绩评价体系，需要考虑组织背景对企业经营业绩评价的影响。这里所说的组织背景是指企业的生产经营活动所面临的外部环境和内部环境，包括外部环境、技术、组织战略、组织结构、规模、文化等变量。 工业工程理论提出：企业是一个复杂的，有生命，连续变化，“今天和昨天不一样”的大系统，具有时变的动态特征。近些年来，经济全球化使企业变得更加复杂化和动态化，企业面对市场变化、竞争规则、经济、市场和资源条件都同已有的经验极不同，企业面临着日益增大的商务风险，并且这种风险还处在不断变化当中。 因而在设计企业业绩评价体系时，我们必须按照工业工程所指出的那样，利用数据统计方法和量化分析掌握系统或过程/流程的变异，了解变异的本质，并对之实施管理控制。鉴于了解工作性能/业绩方面统计思考起着更加关键的作用，我们应当按照以下要点进行统计思考： 1、所有的工作都是相互关联的过程或流程的一部分。 2、变化（变异或变差）总是存在于每个过程/流程中。 3、85%以上的问题是过程流程变化造成的。 4、过程决策必须建立在合适的过程数据基础上。 （二）从全局/整体进行系统思考的观点

英文简历必备-个人资料中英翻译

个人资料 name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地点 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区 county 县 nationality 民族，国籍citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址 current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男

female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数none 无 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况blood type 血型 short-sighted 近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员，资格president 会长 vice-president 副会长director 理事 standing director 常务理事

土木工程外文翻译参考3篇

学校 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号： xxxxx 姓名： xxx 所在系别： xxxxx 专业班级： xxx 指导教师： xxxx 原文标题： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing 2012年月日 .

建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理1 摘要 混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。 关键词：混凝土裂缝预防处理 前言 混凝土是一种由砂石骨料、水泥、水及其他外加材料混合而形成的非均质脆性材料。由于混凝土施工和本身变形、约束等一系列问题，硬化成型的混凝土中存在着众多的微孔隙、气穴和微裂缝，正是由于这些初始缺陷的存在才使混凝土呈现出一些非均质的特性。微裂缝通常是一种无害裂缝，对混凝土的承重、防渗及其他一些使用功能不产生危害。但是在混凝土受到荷载、温差等作用之后，微裂缝就会不断的扩展和连通，最终形成我们肉眼可见的宏观裂缝，也就是混凝土工程中常说的裂缝。 混凝土建筑和构件通常都是带缝工作的，由于裂缝的存在和发展通常会使内部的钢筋等材料产生腐蚀，降低钢筋混凝土材料的承载能力、耐久性及抗渗能力，影响建筑物的外观、使用寿命，严重者将会威胁到人们的生命和财产安全。很多工程的失事都是由于裂缝的不稳定发展所致。近代科学研究和大量的混凝土工程实践证明，在混凝土工程中裂缝问题是不可避免的，在一定的范围内也是可以接受的，只是要采取有效的措施将其危害程度控制在一定的范围之内。钢筋混凝土规范也明确规定：有些结构在所处的不同条件下，允许存在一定宽度的裂缝。但在施工中应尽量采取有效措施控制裂缝产生，使结构尽可能不出现裂缝或尽量减少裂缝的数量和宽度，尤其要尽量避免有害裂缝的出现，从而确保工程质量。 混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多，有变形引起的裂缝：如温度变化、收缩、膨胀、不均匀沉陷等原因引起的裂缝；有外载作用引起的裂缝；有养护环境不当和化学作用引起的裂缝等等。在实际工程中要区别对待，根据实际情况解决问题。 混凝土工程中常见裂缝及预防: 1.干缩裂缝及预防 干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩，且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果：混凝土受外部条件的影响，表面水分损失过快，变形较大，内部湿度变化较小变形较小，较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束，产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低，水泥浆体干缩越大，干缩裂缝越易产 1原文出处及作者：《加拿大土木工程学报》

材料科学与工程计划专业英语第三版翻译以及其答案

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