翻译研究词典
1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译
按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.
2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译
古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.
3. Abusive Translation 滥译
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。他把滥译界定为“强势的、有力的翻译，它重视尝试使用新的语言表达，对语言习惯进行改变，用符合译文自身特征的文字去对应原文的多重或多元表达手段”。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical alternative approach to literary translation. He defines abusive translation as "strong, forceful translation that values experimentation, tampers with usage, seeks to match the polyvalencies or plurivocities or expressive stresses of the original by producing its own".
4. Acceptivity 可接受[性]
图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。其要求是符合用目标语撰写、“读起来像原创”要求，而不是符合“读起来像原文”，因而译文也就会更有自然“感”。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts. Translations which lean towards acceptability can be thought of as fulfilling the requirement of "reading as an original" written in TL rather than that of "reading as the original" and consequently generally have a more natural "feel".
5.Accuracy 准确
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。通常指源文本的信息内容在目标文本中的保留程度。所谓翻译精准，一般即字面而非自由翻译。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original. It usually refers to preservation of the information content of ST in TT. with an accurate translation being generally LITERAL rather than FREE.
6.Action, Translatorial 译者行动
见Translation Action [翻译行动]。
7.Adaptation 改编
1传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而作出任何目标文本的术语。通常意味着对文本作相当大的改动，以更适合特定读者或特定翻译目的。
2 维纳与达尔贝勒纳用来表达七种翻译程序之一的术语。改编是一种曲径翻译，意指翻译时不依赖源语与目标语之间存在的结构与概念上对应的形式，是一种策略。
1 A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly FREE translation strategy has been adopted. The term usually implies that considerable changes have been made in order to make the text more suitable for a specific audience or for the particular purpose behind the translation.
2 A term used by Vinay & Darbelnet to refer to one of seven translation procedures. Adaptation is described as a type of OBLIQUE translation, which means that it doesn't rely on the existence of structural and conceptual parallels between SL and TL. It is a strategy.
8.Adequacy 充分[性]
1 某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所用的术语。有时被用作相关术语对等的同义词，有时为对等的替代词，有时则表示与对等的意义不同。
2 按照图里（Toury）的解释，指翻译过程中与规范相关的连续体的两极之一。如果译者自始至终都遵循源语、而不是目标语的语言与文学规范来翻译，那么所作出的译文就是充分的译文。
1 A term used by some commentators on translation to discuss the nature of the relationship between ST and TT. It is used sometimes synonymously with, sometimes instead of, and sometimes in contrast with the related term EQUIV ALENCE.
2 According to Toury, one of the two poles of the continuum which relates to the NORMS used in the translation process. A translation is termed adequate if the translator seeks throughout to follow source rather than target linguistic and literary norms.
9.Adjustment 调整
按照奈达的解释，指《圣经》翻译中使用的一套技巧，旨在于目标语中“产生正确的对等形式”，以帮助译文达至动态对等。调整技巧包括材料的增加或减少、改变、增加注脚以及作出语言上的调整，以适应目标读者的经验。
According to Nida, a set of techniques used in Bible translation which are designed to "produce correct equivalents" in TL and thus help a translation achieve DYNAMIC EQUIV ALENCE. Techniques used in adjustment include addition or subtraction of material, alteration, inclusion of footnotes and modification of the language to fit the experience of the target audience.
10.Aesthetic-Poetic Translation 美学诗体翻译
按照卡塞格兰德的解释，是四种翻译类型之一，指诗歌文本的翻译，翻译时必须尽可能保留原作品的表达手法及风格特色。对译者要求很高。
According to Casagrande, one of four types of translation, which refers to the translation of poetic texts, where it is necessary to retain the expressive and stylistic features of the author's work to as large an extent as possible. This type of translation places heavy demands on the translator.
11.Agent 经纪人
塞杰用来指“处于译者与译品最终使用者中间位置”之人的术语。译品经纪人可以是委托翻译的出版商，也可以是分配工作给译者的任何人。经纪人独立于作者与读者之外，决定
是否需要翻译某个文本。
A term used by Sager to refer to the person who is "in an intermediary position between a translator and an end user of a translation". The agent of a translation may be a publisher who commissions a translation, or any other person who assigns a job to a translator. He or she is independent of both writer and reader and decides whether or not a document is to be translated. 12.A.I.I.C 国际会议口译联合会
为保护会议口译员利益而成立于1953年11月的组织。其宗旨包括：评估与保持其成员的语言能力水准、制定口译实务的专业与道德准则、监督工作条件和国际协议执行情况以及提高培训水准。其主要机构为代表大会与理事会。此外还就工作条件、报酬标准等事务与各种国际组织进行谈判。
An organization founded in November 1953 to protect the interests of conference interpreters. The A.I.I.C numbers among its aims the assessment and maintaining of levels of linguistic competence among its members, the development of professional and ethical codes of practice, the monitoring of working conditions and agreements with international organizations, and the improvement of standards of training. Its two main organs are the Assembly and the Council. The A.I.I.C. further furthermore conducts negotiations with various international bodies on matters relating to working conditions, rates of pay, and suchlike.
13.Analogical Form 类同形式
按照霍姆斯的解释，译者在翻译诗体形式时可以采用的四种途径之一。类同形式被界定为具有与源语形式在源文化中相同功能的目标语诗体形式。
According to Holmes, one of four approaches which a translator may use when translating verse form. An analogical form is defined as a TL verse form which fulfills a similar function to that of the SL form in the source culture.
14.Analysis 分析
奈达与泰伯用来描述翻译过程三步骤之中第一步的术语。它被界定为“包括逆转换和成分分析在内的一套程序，目的是找出源文本底层的核心句，以及最清楚地理解意义，为转移做准备”。其中核心句指基本结构成分。
A term used by Nida & Taber to describe the first of the three stages of the translation process. It is defined as "the set of procedures, including back transformation and componential analysis, which aim at discovering the kernels underlying the source text and the clearest understanding of the meaning, in preparation for the transfer". The term kernel refers to the basic structural elements.
15.Appeal-focused Texts 感染型文本
见Operative Texts [运作型文本]。
16.Applied Translation Studies 应用翻译研究；应用翻译学
霍姆斯提出的研究领域，与翻译研究中的理论翻译研究及描写翻译研究相对应。应用翻译研究分为四个次范畴：译者培训，提供翻译工具，制定翻译政策和翻译批评。
The area of investigation within TRANSLATION STUDIES contrasted by Holmes with THEORETICAL and DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES. It is further divided into four subsections: translator training, the production of translation aids, the establishment of translation policy, and the activity of translation criticism.
17.Archaism （又写为Archaicism）古词；废词
用来指译本中使用古文（或指一例具体的此种用词）的术语。避免用词现代化，或采用古文策略来翻译较早历史时期的原作，其目的是制造一种假象，让人感到译作如同原作，并
不是现代文化的产物。
A term which refers to the use of obsolescent language in a translation (or alternatively, a single instance of such usage). It tends to avoid modern idiom or archaize deliberately to translate an ST which dates from an earlier historical period, in order to attempt to create the illusion that the translation, like its original, is not a product of modern culture.
18.Architranseme （简称ATR）元译素
范·路文兹瓦特创造的术语，用来表示在文学文本与其译本之间进行详尽语言比较时所用的理论概念。它是一种理论上的共同分母，用来作为比较源文本译素的基础。反映在元译素中的共同特征，是通过源文本和目标文本共享的实义词，或通过释义的方式来表现的。
A term coined by van Leuven-Zwart to designate a theoretical concept used in the close linguistic comparison of literary texts and their translations. It is a kind of theoretical common denominator which is used as the basis for comparing ST and TT transemes. The common features reflected in an architranseme are expressed in terms of the content words shared by the ST and TT Transemes, or by pharaphrases.
19.Area-restricted Theories of Translation 关于范围的翻译理论
霍姆斯将此界定为关于语言或文化的局部翻译理论。这些理论可以解释为关于一定语对之间的翻译，也可以解释为关于一定社群之间的翻译。只适用于某些（一般为西方的）文化。
Defined by Holmes as PARTIAL THEORIES OF TRANSLATION which are restricted with regard to the languages and/or cultures which are being considered. Such theories may be pair-restricted or group-pair restricted. In fact, they are usually only relevant to certain (generally Western) cultures.
20.ATR 元译素
见Architranseme [元译素]。
21.Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介型文本
见Multi-medial Texts [多媒介型文本]
22.Auftrag
见commission [委托]
23.Automatic Translation 自动翻译
见Machine Translation [机器翻译]
24.Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度
罗斯为翻译分类提供框架而引进的一个概念，被莱顿认为是现代翻译研究的“一个重要突破”。自立幅度是一个连续体，两级分别为“源文本自立”和“目标读者需求”。通过此种方式，译本在自立幅度上的位置反映出译者和原材料的关系，以及译者与目标读者之间的关系。
A concept introduced by Rose to provide a framework for categorizing translation, described by Leighton as "one of the important breakthroughs" of modern translation study. It is a continuum, the two poles of which are "source text autonomy" and "target audience needs". A translation's position on the autonomy spectrum in this way reflects the translator's relation to the source material and the translation's relation to its intended audience.
25.Autotranslation （又名Self Translation）自译
波波维奇将此界定为“由作者本人将原作变成另一种语言的翻译”。但他认为，自译“不可被认为是源文本的变体，而是真正的翻译”；科勒认为在自译情况下，忠实的意思有所不同，因为作者兼译者会觉得有理由对文本进行改动。若细致研究，可获得对双语特性以及语言、思维和个性关系的有趣知识。
Defined by Popovi?as "the translation of an original work into another language by the author himself". However, he argues that it "cannot be regarded as a variant of the original text but as a true translation". Koller says that the issue of FAITHFULNESS is different in the case of autotranslation as the author-translator will feel justified in introducing changes into the text. Closer study could yield some interesting insights into the nature of bilingualism and the relationship between language, thought and personality.
26.Babel, Towel of 巴别塔
《圣经》故事，讲述人类为什么注定要说多种不同语言。从形而上学的角度看，巴别塔不仅可以看作是引发笔译、口译者需求的事件，而且具体说来，还是“从神学、哲学、美学、心理学以及人种学角度......对翻译理论和方法进行讨论的导火线”。
A biblical narrative explaining why man is destined to speak a multiplicity of different languages. It can be seen metaphysically not only as the event which gave rise to the need for translators and interpreters, but also more specifically as "the spark which set off a discussion of translation theory and method....from a theological, philosophical, aesthetic, psychological, and ethnographic point of view".
27.Back-transformation 逆转换
见Analysis [分析]
28.Back-translation 回译
将已译成特定语言的文本译回源语的过程。回译程序的用途各种各样。可用于《圣经》翻译的文献、对比语言学中等等。图里认为翻译的不可逆性使所有这种普遍性结论都不成立。霍姆斯用回译作为例证，认为在时隔与诗歌翻译文本之间不可能存在任何“真正”的对等。
A process in which a text which has been translated into a given language is retranslated into SL. It has been used for various different purposes, and can be found in the literature on Bible translation, contrastive linguistics and so on. Toury argues that the irreversible nature of translation makes all such general conclusions invalid. Holmes uses the evidence of back-translation to argue against the possibility of there being an "real" WQUIV ALENCE between
a poem and its translation.
29.Back Interpreting 双边传译
见Liaison Interpreting [联络传译]。
30.Bilingual Corpora 双语语料库
1 见Parallel Corpora [平行语料库]
2 有时指Multilingual Corpora [多语语料库]，又指Parallel Corpora [平行语料库]。
A term sometimes used to refer to both Multilingual Corpora and Parallel Corpora.
31.Bi-text 双文本
哈里斯引进的术语，用来指既包括源文本又包括目标文本在内的一种概念。对于译者（或双语读者）而言，这个概念是作为一种心理现实而存在的。他认为，源文本与目标文本“同时存在并紧紧交织于”译者的脑子中。他把如此出现的双文本界定为“翻译时并存于译者闹钟的源文本与目标文本”。
A term introduced by Harris to refer to a construct comprising both ST and TT, which exists as a psychological reality for the translator (or the bilingual reader). Harris conceives ST and TT as being "simultaneously present and intimately interconnected" in the translator's mind and defines the resulting bi-text as "ST and TT as they co-exist in the translator's mind at the moment of translating".
32.Blank Space 空位
见Voids [空缺]
33.Blank Verse Translation 无韵体翻译
勒弗维尔所提译诗的其中策略之一。在无韵体翻译中，译者需要满足在一般韵体可预测性与必须提供某种偶然节律变异之间达到平衡的要求，可通过诗行扩张或压缩、跨行连续以及词序变更等手段来达到。其优点是，它的准确性和文学性都优于许多韵体翻译策略。缺点是只注重源文本的一个方面，会产生笨拙的、歪曲的、有时甚至是无意义的目标文本。
Presented by Lefevere as one of 7 strategies for translating poetry. In blank verse translation, the translator needs to observe the requirement of balancing a general metrical predictability with the necessity of providing some occasional rhythmic variation. Both these aims can be achieved by devices such as expansion or compression of the line, use of enjambment, and alteration of the word order. The advantages of it are a greater accuracy and higher degree of literariness. But it only concentrates on only one aspect of TTs which are clumsy, distorted and at times even nonsensical.
34.Borrowing 借用
维纳与达尔贝勒纳描述的七种翻译程序之一。借用被界定为直接翻译，在这种翻译中原文本成分被“平行”的目标语成分所替代。他们将这一过程描述成最简单的翻译类型，因为它只将源语词转移到目标文本，而无须作出任何改动。
One of seven translation procedures described by Vinay & Darbelnet. Borrowing is defined as a type of DIRECT TRANSLATION 4 in that elements of ST are replaced by "parallel" TL elements. They describe the procedure as the simplest type of translation, since it merely involves the transfer of an SL word into TT without it being modified in any way.
35.Calque 仿造（又名Loan Translation [借译]）
该术语用来指把源语词项的单个成分（如单词的各个语素）直译成目标语对等成分的过程。维纳与达尔贝勒纳把仿造看做一种直接翻译，列为七种翻译程序之一。赫维与希金斯将仿造界定为五种文化置换之一。他们认为，仿造与文化借用不同，因为仿造只是仿造源语语法结构，并不逐词借用原文本的表达形式。
A term used to denote the process whereby the individual elements of an SL item (e.g. morphemes in the case of a single word) are translated literally to produce a TL equivalent. Vinay & Darbelnet classify calque as a type of DIRECT TRANSLATION 4 and list it as one of seven translation procedures. Hervey & Higgins define calque as one of five types of CULTURAL TRANSLATION. According to them, calque differs from the similar procedure of cultural borrowing in that it appropriates only the model of SL grammatical structures, and does not borrow expressions verbatim from ST.
36.CAT 机助翻译（全名Computer-aided Translation 或Computer-assisted Translation [计算机辅助翻译]）
见Machine-aided Translation [机器辅助翻译]。
37.Category Shift 范畴转换
卡特福德采用的术语，指两种主要类型的转换之一。所谓转换即指“从源语到目标语过程中的形式对应”的偏离。范畴转换为一般述语，可泛指四种“基本语言学理论的分类”中的任何一种。范畴转换至在不受限翻译中发生，在此类翻译中，属于某一阶段的源语项可以译为属于不同阶段的目标语项。
A term used by Catfford to denote one of two major types of SHIFT, or departure "from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL". The term is generic, and may refer to shifts involving any of the four "fundamental categories of lingoistic theory".
Category shifts will occur only in UNBOUNDED TRANSLATION, where it is possible to translate an SL item of a certain rank by a TL item of a different rank.
38.Chuchotage
见Whispered Interpreting [耳语传译]。
39.Class Shift 词类转换
范畴转换的一种，指使用属于不同语法类别的目标语词项来翻译源语词项。根据韩礼德对词类定义的理解，即指“特定单位的组别，该单位的定义须由它在上一级单位机构里的作用来决定”.词类转换一般是由于源语与目标语的语言系统不同所引起的，而并非由于译者故意作出如此选择。
A type of CATEFORY SHIFT which involves translating an SL item by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class. The term class is understood along Hallidayan lines as being "that grouping of members of a given unit which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above". Instances of class shift are generally the result of differences between the linguistic systems of SL and TL, rather than representing a deliberate choice by the translator. 40.Close Translation 贴近翻译
一些学者（如纽马克）所用的术语，泛指强调在源语与目标语的语言单位之间保持完全对应，而不强调传递源文本总体意义或精神的翻译策略。
A general term used by some writers ( e.g. Newmark) to refer to translation strategies which favour exact correspondence between SL and TL linguistic units over an emphasis on conveying the overall meaning or spirit of ST.
41.Coherence 连贯
在一般用法中按照弗米尔的解释模式被界定为“文本与情景保持一致”。该术语由赖斯与弗米尔引入翻译研究。按照他们的解释，连贯有两种类型，即“内文连贯”与“互文连贯”。前者涉及到目标文本本身在目标情景中以何种方式被接受。第二种即互文连贯亦称“忠实”，它指的是存在于目标文本与源文本之间的连贯。
Defined in general terms as "the agreement of a text with its situation" after Vermeer. The term was introduced by Reiss & Vermeer to the study of translation; according to these authors, there are two types of coherence, intratextual and intertextual. The first of these concerns the way in which TT per se is received in the target situation. The second type of coherence, the intertextual is the coherence which exists between TT and ST.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,mission 委托
弗米尔在译者行动框架内使用的术语，指译者在做出目标文本时所遵循的工作要求。委托可以指来自客户或者其他第三方的一系列明确的指令和要求。另一方面，委托通常只是译者内化了的一系列内隐原因或选择。弗米尔认为，每一个译本都应当是以这种或那种方式建基于委托之上的，该委托首先要说明目标文本的目的，其次要说明在何种条件下达到这个目的。
A term used by Vermeer within the framework of TRANSLATION ACTION to refer to the specifications which the translator works with when producing a TT. A commission may come from a client or other third party as a set of explicit instructions or requirements. On the other hand, the commission is frequently simply a collection of implicit principles or preferences internalized by the translator. However, Vermeer argues that one way or another every ttanslation should be based on a commission starting firstly the goal (or SKOPOS) of TT. And secondly the conditions under which this goal should be achieved.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,munication Load 传意负荷（又名Information Load [信息负荷]）
奈达在关于翻译过程的模式中所采用的术语。奈达与泰伯将此界定为“信息的难度”。奈达讨论传意负荷的基础是传意过程的模式，在此模式里，源发者通过解码者的信道，将文本信息传递出去，信道容量因接受者个人素质、教育水平和文化背景灯因素的不同而不同。传意负荷由形式与语义两种成分组成，通过信息单位数量与形式单位（即单词）数量之间的比例来量度。
A term used in Nida's model of the translation process, and defined by Nida & Taber as "the degree of difficulty of a message". Nida bases his discussion of communication load on a model of the communication process in which the source communicates the information contained by the message via the decoder's (or receptor's) channel, which wil vary in capacity depending on such factors as the receptor's personal qualities, education and cultural background. Communication load consists of both formal and semantic elements and is measured by "the ratio between the number of units of information and the number of formal units (i.e. words)".
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,municative Translation 1 传意翻译；交际翻译（又名Communicative Approach [传意途径；交际途径]）
用来指任何一种把翻译视作“发生于社会情境之传意过程”的途径的术语。所谓传意翻译，从典型意义上看，一般都趋向于考虑目标语读者或接受者的需要。传意翻译与逐词翻译、字面翻译或词对词翻译等类别形成对照的翻译，它把源文本措词仅仅视为译者需要予以考虑的几个因素之一。
2纽马克将此界定为两种翻译模式之一，在此模式中“译者试图在目标语读者身上，产生相同于原文在源语读者身上所产生的那种效果”。
3赫维与希金斯用来描述一种文化置换的术语。他们将传意翻译界定为一种自由翻译，其中涉及“在目标语中用符合语境/情景的文化对等语来替代源文本的表达形式”。
1 a term used to refer to any approach which views translation as a "communicative process which takes place within a social context". A so-called communicative translation will typically be generally oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient. A communicative translation is one which contrasts with, for example, INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION, LITERAL TRANSLATION 1 or WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION in that it treats the ST wording as merely one of a number of factors which need to be borne in mind by the translator.
2 Defined by Newmark as one of two modes of translation, in which "the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the SL readers".
3A term used by Hervey & Higgins to describe a type of CULTURAL TRANSLATION. They define communicative translation as a style of FREE TRANSLATION which involves "the substitution for ST expressions of their contextually/situationally appropriate cultural equivalents in the TL".
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,munity Interpreting 社群传译（又名Dialogue Interpreting [对话传译]、Public Service Interpreting [公共服务传译] ）
由使用环境区分的一种传译，其目的是为不会说所处社群主要语言的人提供使用公共服务的机会。社群传译通常是在一对一的场合，并且往往是双向传译。社群传译一般是接续式传译，但又不同于接续传译本体。由于使用场合的缘故，大部分社群传译都会涉及大量跨文化的换码现象。
A form of INTERPRETING which is distinguished by the contexts in which it is employed. Its purpose is to provide access to a public service for a person who does not speak the majority language of the community in which he or she lives. Community interpreting normally occurs in a one-to-one setting, and tends to be bi-directional; it is generally performed consecutively, although
differs from CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING proper. Because of the contexts where it typically occurs, most community interpreting involves a significant element of intercultural transcoding. https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,mutation 对换
见Textual Equivalence 1 [文本对等]。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,parable Corpora 可比语料库
贝克采用的术语，指“同一语言里两组互为独立的文本集合”，其中“一个语料库由相关语言中的源文本组成，另一语料库则由该语言中译自特定源语的译本组成”。可比语料库由单语文本集合构成。其重要贡献就是“阐明了翻译文本的性质，说明翻译是一种经过了调停的交际活动”。
A term used by Baker to refer to "two separate collections of texts in the language", of which "one corpus consists of original texts in the language in question and the other consists of translations in that language from a given source language or languages". Comparable corpora are monolingual collections of texts. A significant contribution is in the "elucidation of the nature of translated text as a mediated communicative event".
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,pensation 补偿
赫维与希金斯将此界定为“通过使用与源文本不同的手段，在目标文本中产生近似源文本的效果，以补偿源文本重要特征在翻译中走失的技巧”。他们列出四种不同类型的补偿：在种类上的补偿、用词位置上的补偿、通过词语合并进行补偿和采用分拆方式进行补偿。
A term defined by Hervey & Higgins as "the technique of making up for the translation loss of important ST features by approximating their effects in the TT through means other than those used in the ST". They list four different types of compensation: compensation in kind, compensation in place, compensation by merging, compensation by splitting.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,petence 能力
图里用来研究某些翻译实践特征的术语。图里按照乔姆斯基著名的区分理论，把翻译能力界定为能在翻译中得到理论证实，而在很大程度上又不会实现的源文本与目标文本关系的整个系统。
A term used by Toury for investigating certain aspects of translation practice. Following Chomsky's famous distinction, Toury defines translational competence (as opposed to PERFORMANCE) as the total SYSTEM of ST-TT relationships which could theoretically be manifested in a translation, but which will to a large extent remain unrealized.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,ponential Analysis 成分分析
见Analysis [分析]。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,puter-aided Translation 计算机辅助翻译（又名computer-assisted Translation; 简称CAT）
见Machine-aided Translation [机助辅助翻译]。
52.Concordance 一致性
见Verbal Consistency [词语一致]。
53.Conference Interpreting 会议传译
指用于国际会议以及其他高层次场所如讲座，电视广播或峰会的那一类口译，就此而言，它是一种按其所用场所来界定的口译形式。会遗传译者需要具备各种熟练的翻译技巧。虽然它的主要模式是同声传译，但偶尔也需要使用接续传译，甚至耳语传译。
A term used to refer to the type of INTERPRETING which occurs in international conferences as well as other high-profile settings such as lectures, television broadcasts or summit meetings; as such it is one of the forms of interpreting which is define according to the context in
which it is used. Conference interpreters need to be proficient in a variety of interpreting techniques, as though SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING is the main mode used, there is also occasional call for CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING or even WHISPERED INTERPRETING. 54.Consecutive Interpreting 接续传译
用来指两种基本口译模式之一的术语。严格的说，接续传译只应用来指正规环境如会议或法庭里为大批听众服务的传译程序。接续传译需要一系列不同的能力与技巧，包括高水平的源语理解力、熟练的记笔记技巧、丰富的百科知识、准确的记忆与自信的语言表达方式。
A term used to refer to one of the two basic modes of INTERPRETING. Strictly speaking, tje term should be reserved for the more rigorous set of procedures used when interpreting for large audiences in formal settings such as conferences or courtrooms. Consecutive interpreting entails a number of of different abilities and skills, including a high level of SL comprehension, advanced notetaking skills, excellent general knowledge, an accurate memory and a confident manner of delivery.
55.Constitutive Translational Conventions 建构性翻译常规
诺德提出的两种翻译常规之一。诺德把建构性翻译常规界定为“决定什么样的翻译是特定文化群体可以承认为翻译”的常规。他指出，确定特定文化语境里建构性翻译常规的可行方法，是对这一语境中译者一般会采用的解决具体翻译问题的方法进行分析。
According to Nord, one of two types of translational CONVENTION. Nord defines constitutive translational conventions as those conventions which "determine what a particular culture community accepts as a translation". Nord suggests analyzing the solutions to concrete translation problems which are generally adopted by translators working within that context. 56.Content-derivative Form 派生内容的形式（又名Organic Form [有机形式]）
霍姆斯采用的术语，指译者在目标语中处理诗歌翻译形式时可以采用的四种途径之一。派生内容的形式时译者“从语义材料出发，允许其在翻译过程中为获得自己独特的诗歌形式”而创造出来的形式。
A term used by Holmes to denote one of four possible approaches open to a translator when faced with the problem of tendering verse form in TL. A content-derivative form is one which is created when a translator "starts from the semantic material, allowing it to take on its own unique poetic shapes as the translation develops".
57.Content-focused Texts 重内容文本
见Informative Texts [信息型文本]。
58.Contextual Consistency 语境一致
奈达和泰伯所用术语，指“翻译某个源语词项时，在接受语中采用最符合具体语境的表达形式，而不在所有语境里采用同一个表达形式”。他们认为，这一策略的采用应当优先于词语一致策略，并指出语境一致是动态对等的一个方面。
A term used by Nida & Taber to describe "the quality which results from translating a source language word by that expression in the receptor language which best fits each context rather than by the same expression in all contexts". They consider that such a strategy has priority over verbal consistency, and points out that contextual consistency is one aspect of DYNAMIC EQUIV ALENCE.
59.Controlled language 受控语言
阿诺德等人将此界定为“一种语言的特殊简化版本”。这类语言版本最初被认为是“对...察觉到的语言交际问题的部分解决方法”，现在则被普遍用作改进机器翻译系统工作性能的一种手段。在此语境里，受控语言本质上是源语的一种变体。
Defined by Arnold et al. as "a specially simplified version of a language". While originally conceived as "partial solution[s] to...perceived communication problem[s]", such languages are now commonly used as a means of improving the performance of MACHINE TRANSLATION systems. Within this context, a controlled language is in essence a variant of SL.
60.Conventions 常规
诺德使用的术语。他将常规界定为“规范的具体体现”，各个常规“既不是明确制定出来的，也不是具有约束力”，而仅是建立在人们的常识和共同期待的基础上。翻译常规在本质上可分为建构性翻译常规与规约性翻译常规。
A term used by Nord. He defines conventions as "specific realizations of norms"; they are "not explicitly formulated, not are they binding", but are base simply on common knowledge and shared expectations. Depending on their precise function, translational conventions will be either CONSTITUTIVE or REGULATIVE in nature.
61.Corpora 语料库（单数为Corpus）
翻译研究中传统上沿用的术语，指较小规模的文本集合，（其中有些部分）供人工从中搜索特征有趣的范例。在机器翻译中，语料库被界定为“语法句子的有限集合，用作对语言进行描述性分析的基础”。在描写翻译研究中，该术语现常被理解为“一个以机读形式保存、能以各种方式被自动或半自动分析的文本集合”。
A term traditionally used in Translation Studies to refer to relatively small-scale collections of texts, (parts of ) which are searched manually for examples of features which are of interest. In MACHINE TRANSLATION a corpus is defined as "the finite collection of grammatical sentences that is used as a basis for the descriptive analysis of a language". In DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES the term is now frequently understood to mean "a collection of texts held in machine-readable form and capable of being analysed automatically or semi-automatically in a variety of ways".
62.Correctability 可修正性
按照赖斯与弗米尔的解释，该术语指翻译行动两大特征之一。可修正性这一概念的存在，取决于实际翻译过程中以及之后，译者能否获取整个源文本与目标文本，以使译者能对目标文本作出修正。只要译者能对自己译文进行修正，译文就具有可修正性。
According to Reiss & Vermeer, one of two features which need to apply to a given act of translation. The notion of correctability is dependent on the entire ST and TT being available to be the translator during and after the actual process of translation as as to permit correction of TT by the translator; it is considered to be present in those cases where the translator is able to correct his or her work.
63.Correspondence 对应
用来指源语成分与目标语成分关系的术语，这些成分在某种意义上被认为互为对应。对应通常是一个比更常用的对等概念较为弱势的概念。但两者之间的关系，不同的人却有不同的解释。
A term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other. Correspondence is usually presented as a somewhat weaker notion than the perhaps more frequently encountered concept of EQUIV ALENCE, although the relationship between the two terms varies from author to author. 64.Correspondences, Hierarchy of 对应层次
见Hierarchy of Correspondences [对应层级]。
65.Court Interpreting 法庭传译
由所发生语境界定的一种口译类型。该术语大多特指在法庭上发生的传译。客户通常是被告或证人，并且一般是移民。法庭传译的基本目的，是使客户能够参与法庭诉讼；因此这种传译需要双向进行。法庭传译一般采用接续传译或联络传译模式，但也可能采用其他模式如同声传译与耳语传译。
A type of INTERPRETING which is defined by the context in which it occurs. The term most typically designates interpreting which take place in a courtroom. The client is usually the defendant or a witness, and generally belongs to an immigrant community. The basic purpose of court interpreting is to enable the client to participate in proceedings; such interpreting therefore needs to be bi-directional. Court interpreting is generally CONSECUTIVE or LIAISON, although other modes--such as SIMUTANEOUS (e.g. for high-profile televised trials and WHISPERED)--may also be employed.
66.Covert Translation 隐型翻译
豪斯引进的术语，指两类互为对应的翻译模式之一。其目的是使目标文本的“相似性好像‘本来’就是写给源语接受者那样密切”。因此，隐型翻译可以看作是通过生成与源文本功能对等的文本，来隐藏其属于翻译文本的本质。它适用于在源文化中没有独立地位的源文本。
A term introduced by House to refer to one of two contrasting modes of translation. The purpose is to produce a TT which is "as immediately and 'originally' relevant as it is for the source language addressees". The production of a covert translation can therefore be viewed as an attempt to conceal the translated nature of a TT by producing a text which is FUNCTIONALL Y EQUIV ALENT to ST. Such approach is appropriate for STs which have no independent status in the source language.
67.Cross-temporal Theories of Translation 跨时翻译理论
见Time-restricted Theories of Translation [关于时域的翻译理论]。
68.Cross-temporal Translation 跨时翻译
见Intertemporal Translation [互时翻译]。
69.Cultural Approach 文化途径
见Cultural Translation 1 [文化翻译]。
70.Cultural Borrowing 文化借用
赫维与希金斯采用的术语，指把某个源语表达形式逐词转移到目标语的一种文化置换，原因是在目标语中无法找到合适的对等形式。被借用的这个词语可能不经任何改动，也可能稍事修改。重要的是，所借表达形式的意思必须在目标文本的语境里一目了然。
A term used by Hervey & Higgins to describe the type of CULTURAL TRANSLATION in which an SL expression is transferred verbatim into TL because it is not possible to translate it by a suitable TL equivalent. The borrowed term may remain unaltered, or it may undergo minor alteration; however, what is important is that the meaning of the borrowed expression should be made clear by the TT context.
71.Cultural Substitution 文化替换
比克曼与卡洛在《圣经》翻译语境中采用的术语，指处理目标文化中所缺事物或活动时可能采取的策略。他们把文化替换界定为“用接受文化中的真实所指物来表示陌生的原文所指物，两个所指物具有相同的功能”。
A term used by Beekman & Callow in the context of Bible translation to describe a possible strategy for dealing with objects or events which are unknown in the target culture. They define cultural substitution as "the use of a real-world referent from the receptor culture for an unknown
referent of the original, both of the referents having the same function".
72.Cultural Translation 文化翻译（又名Cultural Approach [文化途径]）
1非正式使用的术语，指作为跨文化或人类学研究工具的翻译类型，或指任何对文化以及语言因素反应敏感的翻译。采用文化途径的译者认为：一、每一语言都包含其所属文化的因素；二、每一文本都植根于特定文化之中；三、产生与接受文本的准则因文化不同而不同。
2 按照奈达与泰伯的解释，文化翻译在《圣经》翻译语境中是指“改变信息内容，以在某种程度上符合接受文化的解释，以及增进原文语言上并未包含的信息的翻译”。
1 A term used informally to refer to types of translation which function as a tool for cross-cultural or anthropological research, or indeed to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as linguistic factors. A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture.
2 Defined by Nida & Taber in the context of Bible translation as a "translation in which the content of the message is changed to conform to the receptor culture in some way, and/or in which information is introduced which is not linguistically implicit in the original".
73.Cultural Translation 文化移植
赫维与希金斯用来指最高程度的文化置换的术语，在这种文化置换中，源文本所包含的源文化成分被目标文化成分替换，结果所产生的文本是在目标文化语境里经过部分改写的文本。
A term used by Hervey & Higgins to denote the highest degree of CULTURAL TRANSLATION, in which details of the source culture contained in ST are replaced by target culture elements with the result that the text is partially rewritten in a target culture setting.
74.Cultural Transposition 文化置换
赫维与希金斯采用的意义宽泛的术语，指“译者在把源文本内容转移到目标文化语境的过程中，可能会采用的对字面翻译的各种不同程度的偏离”。其总体效果是，目标文本值包含有限的源语特征，因而看上去不那么像外国作品，而更接近目标语文化。
A general term used by Hervey & Higgins to describe "the various degrees of departure from literal translation that one may resort to in the process of transferring the contents of a ST into the context of a target culture". The overall effect is a TT which contains a limited number of SL features and thus appears less foreign, and closer to the TL culture.
75.Decision-making, Translation as 翻译即抉择
用以指译者生成目标文本时经历的部分过程的术语。列维把翻译行为描述成一种抉择行为。他所说的“抉择”，是指翻译某个文本时对于特定的翻译问题有几个可能的解决方案，译者必须在这几个方案中作出选择，而所作出的每一个选择又会影响随后所要作的其他选择。威尔斯提出抉择过程中包含了四个主要因素：一是译者的认知系统；二是译者的知识基础；三是与客户或源语作者达成共识的任务说明；四是与特定文本类型相关的问题。
A term used to characterize part of the process which the translator goes through in the course of formulating a TT. Levydescribes the act of translation as one of decision-making. The term decision Levy means a choice which needs to be taken between a number of possible solutions to a given problem encountered while translating a text, and which will influence subsequent choices by opening up or closing off other options dependent on the initial selection made. Wilss suggests four main factors involved in the process of decision-making: the translator's cognitive system, his or her knowledge bases, the task specification agreed with the client or SL author, and problems
specific to the particular text-type.
76.Definitions of Translation 翻译定义
见Translation [翻译；笔译]。
77.Degree of Differentiation 区分度（又名Degree of Precision [精确度]）
霍尼格与库斯莫尔采用的术语，指翻译源文化特有事物和词汇时使用的一种策略。此类事物对译者构成极大的困难，因为它们在源语中的文化意义根本无法完全再现于目标文本中。
A term used by H?nig & Kussmaul to refer to a strategy for translating words denoting items of the source culture. Such items represent particularly severe problems for the translator, since their cultural significance in SL can never be fully reproduced in TT.
78.Descriptive Translation Studies 描写翻译研究；描写翻译学
霍姆斯将此界定为纯翻译研究的两个分支之一。按照霍姆斯的解释，翻译研究这一研究领域的目的，在于“描述反映我们经验世界的翻译和译品现象”。对于描写翻译研究的目的来说，所谓翻译作品，就是“在目标文化中根据任何理由生成或认定为译文的任何目标语言的话语”。
Defined by Holmes as one of the two subdivisions of PURE TRANSLATION STUDIES. According to Holmes, the aim of this area of the discipline of TRANSLATION STUDIES is "to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience". For the purpose of Descriptive Translation Studies, a translation is taken to be "any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds".
79.Diagrammatic Translation 图表翻译
按照阿德克，指用于满足专业环境里各种翻译需要的七类翻译（或类似翻译过程）之一。在图表翻译中，源文本内容通过图表而非文本的方式转移到目标语中。塞杰评论说，这种提供信息的方式“超越了（许多人认为的）翻译范畴”。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation (or translation-like processes) which serve to meet the various translation needs which occur in a professional environment. In diagrammatic translation the content of ST is transferred to TL by means of a diagram rather than by text. Sager comments that this way of providing information "exceeds what is [by many] considered translation".
80.Dialogue Interpreting 对话传译
见Community Interpreting [社群传译]。
81.Didactic Fidelity 说教忠信
按照比克曼与克洛，指用于《圣经》文本翻译的两种补充性忠信原则之一。说教忠信被界定为在必要情况下改编文本以适应目标读者不同文化的策略；它被用来翻译说教文章而非叙事文章。
According to Beekman & Callow, one of two complementary principles of fidelity which are used in the translation of Biblical texts. Didactic fidelity is defined as the strategy of adapting the text where necessary to fit it with the different culture of the target audience; it is used to translate instructive rather than narrative passages.
82.Differentiation, Degree of 区分度
见Degree of Differentiation。
83.Direct Translation 直接翻译
1 一些学者使用的术语（如图里），指目标文本直接产生于最初源文本而非转译自另一
篇用其他语言所作中介译文的翻译程序。
2 被界定为译者译入而非译出其本族语的翻译类型；相反程序为逆向翻译或服务型翻译。
3 格特将它界定为两种可以采用的翻译类型之一。
4 维纳与达尔贝勒纳采用的术语，指以平行语法范畴或平行概念为基础的翻译程序。他们所提出的直接翻译类型是指借用、仿造、字面翻译等。
1 A term used by a number of writers (e.g. Toury) to refer to the type of translation procedure in which a TT is produced directly from the original ST, rather than via another. Intermediate translation in another language.
2 Defined as the type of translation in which the translator works into, rather than away from, his or her native language (or language of habitual use); the opposite procedure is termed INVERSE TRANSLATION or SERVICE TRANSLATION.
3 Defined by Gutt as one of two possible types of translation.
4 A term used by Vinay & Darbelnet to refer to translation procedures which are based on the use of parallel grammatical categories or parallel concepts.
84.Direction of Translation 翻译方向（又名Directionality [方向性]）
用来指翻译是从医者本族语（或医者常用语）译入还是译出的术语。虽然在过去几个世纪，人们认为翻译方向问题并不重要，但现今大部分翻译活动都倾向于译入医者的本族语。
A term which refers to whether translation occurs into or out of the translator's native language. While in past centuries the issue of direction of translation was not held to be of any importance, most translation activity is today geared towards translating into the translator's native language.
85.Disambiguation 消解歧义
见Semantic Disambiguation [语义消歧]。
86.Discourse Restricted Theories of Translation 关于话语类型的翻译理论
见Text-type Restricted Theories of Translation [关于文本类型的翻译理论]。
87.Documentary Translation 文献型翻译
按照诺德，指根据目标文本应当如何在目标文化中发生作用而定义的两类翻译之一。所谓文献型翻译是指译者充当“作者与源文本接受者之间进行（源文化）交流的一种文献”。所有这类翻译的共同之处，是它们都强调源文本的某些方面或特征（如源文本的措词、语法结构所包含的地方色彩），而忽视其他方面的特征。
According to Nord, one of two types of translation defined according to how TT is intended to function in the target culture. A documentary translation is a translation which serves as "a document of [a source culture] communication between the author and the ST recipient". What all such types of translation have in common is that they focus on certain aspects or features of ST (e.g. its wording or grammatical structures, or the local colour which it contains), while ignoring others.
88.Dolmetschen（德文）口译（Interpreting）
口译[Interpreting]的标准德文用词。Dolmetschen [口译]与übersetzen [笔译]之间的区别在于，译者对前一过程的结果，既不能在随后某个场合进行修改，也不能对它进行检查。
The standard German word for INTERPRETING. Dolmetschen should be distinguished from übersetzen in that the output from the former process can be neither corrected nor checked by the translator on a subsequent occasion.
89.Domesticating Translation 归化翻译（又名Domestication [归化]）
韦努迪用来描述翻译策略的术语，在此类翻译中，译文采用明白、流畅的风格，以便使目标语读者对外来文本的陌生感降到最低度。他指出，归化翻译是英美文化中占支配地位的翻译策略，并认为它与存在于英美文化与其他文化之间的不平衡文学关系是一致的。
A term used by Venuti to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers. Venuti argues that domestication is the predominant translation strategy in Anglo-American culture, and that this is consistent with the asymmetrical literary relations which generally exist between this and other cultures.
90.DTS 描写翻译研究；描写翻译学
见Descriptive Translation Studies [描写翻译研究]。
91.Dubbing 配音
用来指翻译视听材料（如电影、电视节目）的两种主要翻译技巧之一。配音这一术语在两种情况下使用：一是指“用另一种声音覆盖视听作品中的原始声音”的技巧。但该术语通常更多地用其狭义，指“对口形”配音，被界定为“根据电影中演员的口型动作调整外语对白”的过程。
A term used to refer to one of the two main techniques used in the translation of audio-visual material such as films and television programmes. The term dubbing is used in two ways. Firstly, it can refer to any technique of "covering the original voice in an audio-visual production by another voice". However, the term usually refers more narrowly to lip-sync dubbing, which is defined as the process in which "the foreign dialogue is adjusted to the mouth movements of the actor in the film".
92.Dubrovnik Charter 杜布罗夫尼克章程
1963年国际译联（F.I.T）在杜布罗夫尼克市举行的第四届国际翻译者会议所通过的译者章程。该章程的总目标是规定译者的职责与权利及一些重要方针。它强调翻译中译者的道德行为，还强调翻译中必须忠实。该章程同时还涉及到工作环境问题。另一方面，该章程声明译者对其作品享有版权。
A Translator's Charter adopted by the F.I.T. in 1963 at the Fourth International Translators; Conference in Dubrovnik. The general purpose of the Dubrovnik was to delineate the responsibilities and rights of translators, and it includes a number of important recommendations. It stressed the moral involvement of the translator in the translation, and the need for FAITHFULNESS in translation. Working conditions were also covered. On the other hand, it affirmed that the translator should be the copyright holder of his or her work.
93.Dynamics 动态性
见dynamic Fidelity [动态忠信]。
94.Dynamic Equivalence 动态对等
奈达在《圣经》翻译中采用的术语，用来描述翻译过程的两个基本取向之一。动态对等指翻译性质而言，在这种翻译中，“原文信息转移到接受语言，译文接受者的反应与原文接受者的反应基本上相同”。换言之，在动态对等的翻译中，译文的产生要经过三个步骤：分析、转移和重组。
A term introduced by Nida in the context of Bible translation to describe one of two basic orientations found in the process of translation. Dynamic equivalence is the quality which characterizes a translation in which "the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors". In other words, a dynamically equivalent translation is one which has been produced in
accordance with the threefold process of ANAL YSIS, TRANSFER 2 AND RESTRUCTURING. 95.Dynamic Fidelity 动态忠诚
比克曼与卡洛用来描述“结构上自然、内容上有意义”的《圣经》翻译术语。换言之，按照比克曼与卡洛的解释，动态忠信的译文首先必须具有目标语形式和结构上自然性的特点。其次，它必须容易被接受者理解。如果译文达到了这两个标准，那么可以说它维持了原文的“动态性”。
A term used by Beekman & Callow to describe a Bible translation which is "both natural in structure and meaningful in content". In other words, according to them, a dynamically faithful translation must firstly be characterized by the NATURALNESS of the TL forms and strutures which it uses, and secondly must be easily understood by those who receive it. If these two criteria are met, then a translation is said to be preserving the dynamics of the original.
96.Effort Models 用功模式
贾尔杜撰的术语，指他于20世纪70年代末、80年代初提出关于口译过程的一套模式。这些模式试图对口译中大量存在的固有困难进行解释，以“有助于选择和提出良好口译行为的策略和技巧”。贾尔引入“用功”这一术语来指口译过程的各个组成部分。每一个组成部分都需要获取可用处理能力，因为会占用口译者的部分注意力。
A term coined by Gile to refer to a set of models of the INTERPRETING process, which he developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The effort models represent an attempt to explain the considerable difficulties inherent in interpreting in a way that "should facilitate the selection and development of strategies and tactics toward better interpreting performance". Gile introduces the term effort to refer to these individual components of the interpreting process, each of which makes its demands on the available processing capacity and thus occupies a share of the interpreter's attention.
97.Emprunt
见Borrowing [借用]。
98.Equivalence 对等（又名translation Equivalence [翻译对等]）
1 许多学者用来描述源语和目标语文本或更小语言单位之间关系性质和范围的术语。就这个意义而言，对等在某种程度上是指语内同义词在不同语言之间的对应形式。
2 维纳与达尔贝勒纳用来指七种翻译程序之一的术语。对等是一种曲径翻译，它不依赖于源语和目标语之间存在的平行范畴。按照他们的解释，对等是指“用完全不同的措词来复制和原文一样的情境”的一种程序。
1 A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units. As such, equivalence is in some senses the interlingual counterpart of synonymy within s single language.
2 A term used by Vinay & Darbelnet to refer to one of seven translation procedures. Equivalence is a kind of OBLIQUE translation, which means that it does not rely on the uses of parallel categories existing in SL and TL. According to Vinay & Darbelnet, equivalence is a procedure which "replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording".
99.ESIT 巴黎高等翻译学校
见Interpretive Theory of Translation [翻译释意理论]。
100.Ethnographic Translation 种族学翻译
卡塞格兰德提出的四种翻译类型之一。其目的就是说明源文本的文化背景及其在人类学上的意义，说明“两种语言中表面上对等的信息要素”在意义上的区别。通过翻译本身或解
释性的注释可能达到这一目的，但有时也需要说明。
One of four classifications of translation proposed by Casagrande. The aim of an ethnographic translation is to explicate the cultural background and anthropological significance of ST and the differences in meaning between "apparently equivalent elements of messages in the two languages"; this may be achieved in the translation itself, or in explanatory annotations. Explication would also be needed.
101.Ethnolinguistic Model of Translation 翻译的种族语言学模式奈达用此术语来描述在《圣经》翻译中很常见的一种情形，译者在两种习得的语言之间进行翻译，即在原文的希腊文或希伯莱文与译者印欧语言之外的现代语言之间进行翻译。按照奈达的解释，在这种情况下，译者通常要运用其本族语——通常为英语或者其他西欧语言——来工作。这种情形当然不太理想，但却往往无可避免。
A term used by Nida to describe the situation, common in Bible translation, in which the translator translates between two languages both of which he or she has acquired, namely the Greek or Hebrew of the original, and a modern, often non-Indo-European language. According to Nida, this situation usually requires the translator to work through his or her native language, which is usually English or another Westerm European language. Such a situation is of course less than ideal, although is frequently inevitable.
102.Excluded Receiver 非目标接受者
皮姆用此术语指不能参与某个文本信息的读者（或听者），因为该文本显然不是对他们说的。
A term used by Pym to denote a reader (or listener) who is unable to participate in the message of a text because it is explicitly not addressed to him or her.
103.Exegetic Translation 诠释性翻译
赫维与希金斯将其界定为“一种在目标文本中把源文本中未能明确传达出的额外细节加以表述、解释的翻译类型”。换句话说，指“目标文本同时对源文本内容进行扩充和解释”的翻译类型。如此一来，从所传达的信息量来看，它和要旨翻译策略形成鲜明的对照。
Defined by Hervey & Higgins as "a style of translation in which the TT expresses and explains additional details that are not explicitly conveyed in the ST", or in other words one in which "the TT is, at the same time, an expansion and explanation of the contents of the ST". As such it contrasts sharply with the strategy og GIST TRANSLATION in terms of the amount of information that is conveyed.
104.Exegetical Fidelity 诠释忠信
按照比克曼与卡洛的解释，此术语用来指严格按照正确理解原文信息进行翻译的原则。对他们而言，正确“诠释”的概念，即通过仔细研究源文本及参考书籍，如词典、文法、评论等，确定“原作者的用意”，至关重要。
According to Beekman & Callow, a term used to describe the principle of basing a translation strictly on a correct understanding of the original message. For them, the notion of correct exegesis -- or determining the "meaning intended by the original author" by means of a careful study of ST and of reference works such as lexicons, grammars and commentaries--is of central importance.
105.Exoticism 异国情调
赫维与希金斯将其界定为文化置换的最低程度。源文本的语言和文化特征只作了很少改动或未经改动就转移到目标文本中，结果目标文本看起来就有一种明显的“外国”味。这可能是为了使目标文本对目标语读者更有吸引力，但这种做法对目标语读者产生了一种源语文
本对源语读者所未有的影响，因为对源语读者来说，源文本决无外国情调。
A term defined by Hervey & Higgins as the lowest degree of CULTURAL TRANSLATION. Linguistic and cultural features of ST are taken over into TT with little or no adaptation, so that TT has an obvious "foreign" appearance. This may be deliberate, in order to make TT more attractive to the TL audience, but it affects the TL audience in a way that ST did not affect the SL audience, for whom the text was in no way foreign.
106.Expectancy Norms 期望规范
切斯特曼用来指两类翻译规范之一的术语。切斯特曼认为，目标文本的读者对于译文应当是什么样的、译文与本族语文本相比较或相对照应当具有什么特点有所期待，这些期待就确立了期望规范。他认为，这些规范不仅有反映翻译实践的功能，而且还有指导翻译实践的功能。
A term used by Chesterman to refer to one of two types of translation NORMS. According to Chesterman, expectancy norms are established by TT readers' expectations of what translations should be like and how they should compare or contrast with native texts. He understands the function of norms as being not only to reflect translational practice but also to regulate it.
107.Explicitation 明示
维纳与达尔贝勒纳提出的术语。用通常语言来说，明示是指这样一种现象，即目标文本往往以比原文更明确的形式来陈述源文本的信息。此过程是通过译者补充源文本而产生的。
A term introduced by Vinay & Darbelnet. Explicitation can be characterized in general terms as the phenomenon which frequently leads to TT stating ST information in a more explicit form than the original. Such a process is brought about by the translator filling out ST.
108.Expressive Texts 表情型文本（前称Form-focused Texts [重形式文本]）赖斯用来指三种主要文本类型之一的术语。表情型文本的主要特点是它们包含了一种审美成分，因为作者“为了艺术性、创造性地交流思想，会利用语言的各种可能的表达及联想手段”。这意味着，翻译此类文本时，译者在重现原文语义内容时应致力于如何创造出一种类似的审美效果。
A term used by Reiss to refer to one of three main text-types. The major characteristic of texts of the expressive type is that they include an aesthetic component, as the author "exploits the expressive and associative possibilities of the language in order to communicate his thoughts in an artistic, creative way". This means that when translation such texts the main concern of the translator should be to try to produce an analogous aesthetic effect, as well as reproducing the semantic content of the original.
109.External Transfer 外部转移
见Transfer 1 [转移]。
110.Extraneous Form 外来形式
霍姆斯提出的术语，描述将诗歌翻译成目标语时的四种策略之一。按照霍姆斯的解释，选择这种方法的译者“将元诗[即源文本]打造成一种绝非原文在形式或内容上所隐含的形式”。霍姆斯将这种策略描述为“偏离”，因为它从各方而来说都不是从原诗派生而来。
A term suggested by Holmes to describe one of four strategies for rendering verse form in TL, according to Holmes, the translator who opts for this approach "casts the metapoem [i.e.ST] into a form that is in no way implicit in either the form or the content of the original". He describes this strategy as "deviant" as it does not derive from the original poem in any way.
111.Faithfulness 忠实（又名Fidelity [忠信]）
这两个英语词都是普通术语，用以描述按照某种标准，一个目标文本在多大程度上介意
被看作是源文本的恰当代表。在传统的翻译讨论中，忠信这一概念可能是衡量翻译质量的最基本、运用最广泛的准绳；然而近些年来，它已被对等等概念所取代。
General term used to describe the content to which a TT can be considered a fair representation of ST according to some criterion. In traditional discussions of translation the concept of fidelity has probably been the most basic and widely used yardstick for measuring translation quality, however, it has more recently been replaced by notions such as EQUIV ALENCE.
112.False Friends 假朋友
用于描述形式上相同或非常相似但意义不同，从而最终导致翻译（一般来说实际上是语际交流）困难的源语和目标语词项的标准术语。假朋友现象是由历史机缘造成的。另外，假朋友有时相互之间仅是内涵意义不同。
A standard term used to describe SL and TL items which have the same or very similar form but different meanings, and which consequently give rise to difficulties in translation (and indeed interlingual communication in general). The phenomenon of false friends is caused by historical chance. In addition, sometimes false friends differ from each other only connotatively.
113.Faux Amis 假朋友
见False Friends [假朋友]。、
114.Fictitious Translation 假翻译
见Pseudotranslation 1 [伪翻译]。
115.Fidelit?t 忠信
见coherence [连贯]。
116.Fidelity 忠信
见Faithfulness [忠实]。
117.F.I.T. 国际译联（英文全称：International Federation of Translators）翻译者组织的协会，于1953年成立于巴黎。二战后，翻译者开始形成他们自己的协会，来自法国、西德、意大利、挪威、丹麦、土耳其的翻译者先锋社团签署了宪章，建立了国际译联。1954年3月18日被授权作为一个国际性协会运作。
An association of translators' organizations founded in Paris in 1953. Translators had begun to form their own associations after WWII, and the charter establishing F.I.T. was signed by pioneer societies of translators from France, West Germany, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Turkey.
F.I.T. was authorized to operate as an international association by a ministerial order of 18 March 1954.
118.Foreignizing Translation 异化翻译（又名Minoritizing Translation [小众化翻译]；[少数化翻译]）
韦努迪使用的术语，指生成目标文本时会通过保留原文中某些异国情调的东西来故意打破目标语惯例的翻译类型。他将异化翻译描述为一种“民族偏离的压力”，并因而认为它具有“记录外来文本的语言和文化差异，使读者置身国外”的作用。
A term used by Venuti to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. Describing foreignizing translation as an "register the linguistic", Venuti thus sees its role as being to "register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad". 119.Form-derivative Forms 派生形式的形式
霍姆斯创立的一个普通术语，用以指诗歌形式翻译的两种策略，即类同形式与模仿形式。采用派生形式的方法，译者就得选取能在一定程度上反映源文本诗体特征的目标诗体，从而
PCB 专业术语中英文翻译 很多PCB 的书上使用的是英文，但是大多数的人又看不懂英文， 这时候怎么办呢，我们需要翻译，但是如果每看到一个不会的词 儿就去翻译，那么就太耗费时间了，所以我们捷多邦总结了一些 常用的专业术语的中英文对照，希望能对大家有用。 1.印制电路：printed circuit 2.印制线路：printed wiring 3.印制板：printed board 4.印制板电路：printed circuit board (pcb) 5.印制线路板：printed wiring board(pwb) 6.印制元件：printed component 7.印制接点：printed contact 8.印制板装配：printed board assembly 9.板：board 1 10.表面层合电路板：surface laminar circuit (slc) 11.埋入凸块连印制板：b2it printed board 12.多层膜基板：multi-layered film substrate(mfs) 13.层间全内导通多层印制板：alivh multilayer printed board 14.载芯片板：chip on board (cob) 15.埋电阻板：buried resistance board 16.母板：mother board 17.单面印制板：single-sided printed board(ssb) 、管路敷设技术通过管线不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行 高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况 ，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。
《综合教程2》翻译部分参考译文： Unit 1 1. 那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。(illusion) Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存下来。(devastate) That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3. 他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。 The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4. 那场大地震中，我们听到太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。(leave behind) In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。 The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6. 1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。(meet up with) In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7. 这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8. 在电影界要达到顶峰是非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。 It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director, Xie Jin did it. Unit 2 1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却已经迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。 Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3. 那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。 For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life. 4. 我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。 I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is at the mercy of the weather. 5. 他早年到日本学医，回国后却改变了主意，一辈子从事文学创作。 When he was young, he went to Japan to learn medicine, but after he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life. 6. 她最近和一个足以做她父亲的老头好上了，这使她父母感到非常丢脸。（take up with）She’s taken up with a man old enough to be her father, which is a disgrace to her parents. 7. 1978年以来，我国经济发展迅速，相比之下，一些发达国家反而滑坡了。（witness）
Unit 1 1. sentences 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/ purchase it? 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. 2. passage translation To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. Unit 2 1. Translate the Sentences 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life. 5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs. 2. Translate the passage With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals,
1、伦敦是个非常国际化的大城市. London is a very cosmopolitan city. 2、她的母亲是在一个喧嚣的都市环境中长大的。 Her mother grew up in a hectic urban environment. 3、纽约被认为是一个充满旅游特色的城市。New York is thought of as a touristy city. 4、我几年前住过的那个城市是一个充满活力的城市。 The city where I lived a few years ago was a dynamic one. 5、那班火车非常拥挤。The train was very crowded. 6、英国人经常喝茶。The English / British often drink tea. 7、地球围绕太阳转。The earth moves round the sun. 8、去年我常去那些大学的图书馆。 Last year,I often went to the library of that university. 9、他十分钟前离开了。He left ten minute ago. 10、昨晚你去哪里了？Where did you go last night? 11、昨晚是谁打的电话？ Who phoned / called last night? 12、昨晚发生了什么事情？ What happened last night ? 13、你的哥哥是做什么 的？ What does your brother do? 14、他正在与谁说话？ Who is he talking with? 15、他们是什么时候离 开的？ When did they leave? 16、现在的年轻人都喜 欢上网冲浪，获取各种 信息。 Nowadays,young people like to surf the net to get all kinds of information. 17、网络是一个大家可 以聊天交流的好地方。 The Internet is a good place where people can chat and exchange ideas. 18、这些天来，我一直 都在为我的论文寻找资 料。 These days I've been looking for materials for my paper. 19、每年人们都举行各 种活动庆祝元旦。 Every year,people organize various activities to celebrate New Year's Day. 20、他每件事情都有自 己独立做。 He does everything on his own. 21、我正在大街上漫步 时遇到了凯西。 As I was walking down the street ,I met Cathy. 22、我们正在吃饭时， 叔叔来了。 My uncle arrived while we were having dinner. 23、当他在看信时突然 听到有人敲门。 While he was reading the letter,he heard a knock at the door. 24、当我在花园里浇水 时，天开始下起雨来。 I was watering the garden when it began to rain. 25、我们正在聚会时， 灯熄灭了。 We were having a party when the lights went out. 26、当我还是个孩子时， 我就常收集邮票。 I used to collect stamps when I was a child. 27、过去人们通常是坐 公交汽车去上班。现在 很多人自己开车去。 People used to go by bus , but now many people drive to work. 28、过去我长期玩通过 写信和朋友联系，但现 在懒了，只是偶尔打打 电话而已。 I used to write to contact my friends, but now I am lazy and only make a call. 29、我的家乡曾经是个 美丽的地方，但现在空 气污染很严重。 My hometown used to a beautiful place, but now it is heavily air-polluted. 30、看见他时，我差点 没认出来。他以前很胖。 I hardly recognized him, when I saw him ,he used
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编88 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、词语翻译(总题数：27，分数：50.00) 1.英译汉 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 2.civil law （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：民法) 解析： 3.mass transit （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：公共交通；大容量公共运输(工具)) 解析： 4.wage theory （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：工资理论) 解析： 5.mock epic （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：讽刺史诗) 解析： 6.counterespionage （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：反间谍活动) 解析： 7.high seas （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：公海；远海) 解析： 8.CYO （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：首席元老(Chief Yearly Officer)) 解析： 9.irrigation and drainage （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：灌溉与排水) 解析：
1.你愿意把你的经验和组里的其他人分享吗？ Would you like to share your experience with the rest of the group? 2.你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。 If your father were still alive,he would be very proud of you. 3.她开车转弯上了自家的车道(driveway)，不料发现路已被堵塞(block)。 She turned up the driveway,only to find her way blocked. 4.他没有告诉任何人就走了，因为他不想卷入那件事He went away without telling anyone,because he didn’t want to get involved in that matter. 5.最终，产品的成功还是取决于高明的销售手段Ultimately,the success of the product depends on good marketing. 1.我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。 I found myself having great interest in spoken English. 2.驱车行驶在高速公路上，我意识到近几年来，中国的公路系统发生了巨大的变化。 Driving on the expressway,I realized that enormous changes had taken place in China's highway system in recent years. 3.我简直不敢相信他这么快就学会了操作计算机。 I can hardly believe that he has learned how to work a computer so quickly/in such a short time. 4.三年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了：不到两周我就要回国了。 Three years have passed by and the final moment has come./After three years,the time has come. In less than two weeks,I will return home/go back to my country. 5.许多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要出国，而我却宁愿和家人一起呆在国内。 I know a lot of people who can't wait to go abroad, but I prefer to stay with my family in my own country. 1.我们急匆匆地赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚开走。We hurried to the railway station,only to find the train had just left. 2.你和你哥哥都不是细心的人，你们两个都不能做这件需要细心和技巧的工作。 You are no more careful than your brother.You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill. 3.多一个人参会对会议安排不会有什么影响。 One more person wouldn’t make any difference to the meeting arrangements. 4.他一直工作到昨天深夜，或者更确切地说，是到今天凌晨。 He worked till late last night,or rather,early in the morning. 5.“还有其他一两本书也值得一提，”教授给我们列了一个长长的参考书目后补充说。 “A couple of other books are also worthy of mention,”added the professor after giving us a long list of reference books. 1.并不是我不喜欢那个工作，而是我没有时间去做。Not that I dislike that job,but that I have no time to do it. 2.成功不是没有惧怕，而逆境也不是没有希望。Success is not without fear,and adversity is not without hope. 3.如果你就想要一份工作，我可以给你提供。 I could get you a job here if that’s what you want. 4.他们的钱花完了，不得不放弃这个项目。 They ran out of money and had to abandon the project. 5.直到1972年这个建设项目才最终结束。 It was not until1972that the construction project finally came to an end. 1.这钢琴有些不对劲，但是我无法说清楚。Something is wrong with the piano,but I can't put my finger on what it is. 2.这条裤子不但太大，而且也与我的夹克不相配。Apart from being too large,the trousers don't match my jacket,either. 3.不论理由是什么，反正我喜欢流行音乐。 I love pop music,for whatever reasons. 4.他对外国文化怀有浓厚的兴趣，经常博览群书以寻找有用的信息。 He has great interest in foreign cultures,often browsing through piles of books to look for any useful information. 5.在是否要创办一个新社团的问题上，我们意见很不一致。 Opinions on whether we should open up a new society vary a great deal.
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译 本文为市场营销中经常用到的一些中文与英文互译的标准用语，希望对市场营销从业人员有所帮助。 《财富》杂志Fortune 案头调研Desk Research 奥美公司Ogilvy & Mather 白色商品White Goods 百乐门Parliament 百威啤酒Budweiser 包裹销售法Banded Pack 宝洁公司Procter & Gamble 宝丽来Polaroid 宝马BMW 边际成本Marginal Cost 边际收益Marginal Benefit 标准差，均差Standard Deviation 别克Buick 波立兹调查公司Alfred Politz Research, Inc 波旁王朝Ancient Age Bourbon 波特福洛分析Portefolio Analysis 产品差异Product Differentiation 产品生命周期Product Life Cycle 产品系列Product Line 产品组合Product Mix 阐述Presentation 超级市场Supermarket 成对比较法Paired Comparisons 成功的理想主义者Successful Idealist 承诺型消费者Committed Buyer 程度测试Tachistoscope 橙色商品Orange Goods 冲动购买Impulse Buying 重叠率Duplication 抽样Sampling 传销Pyramid Selling 传阅发行量Pass-on Circulation 词语联想法Word Associaton 刺激营销Incentive Marketing 促销Promotion 达彼思广告公司Ted Bates & Copany 大卫·奥格威David Ogilvy 戴比尔斯De Beers
2010年首都师范大学英语翻译基础真题答案 一、1. nuclear nonproliferation treaty《不扩散核武器条约》 2. comfort woman慰安妇 3. cultural industry文化产业 4. open economy开放型经济 5. non-profit organization非营利组织 6. Interior Ministry俄罗斯内务部 7. down payment首付 8. IMF：International Monetary Fund (联合国)国际货币基金组织 9. NATO北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization） 10. a stock exchange证券交易所 11.The State Council中华人民共和国国务院即中央人民政府， 12. Mount Everest埃佛勒斯峰（喜马拉雅山主峰之一，中国称珠穆朗玛峰） 13. anti-dumping反倾销 14. breaking news大事件，爆炸新闻；即时新闻。 15. national census全国人口普查 二、1.出口配额export quota 2.贸易逆差trade deficit，Unfavorable Balance of Trade 3.财政赤字financial deficits; budgetary deficit 4.中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
5.外资企业foreign-funded enterprise; foreign-invested enterprise 6.人才市场careers fair; talent market 7.珠江三角洲Pearl River Delta 8.网络犯罪network crime; cyber crime 10.生物恐怖主义: bioterrorism 11.美国参议员: senator. 12.联合国教科文组织United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization 14.美国国会Congress，United States 15.女权主义Feminism 三、1. A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished. 很多人年纪轻轻，就不再去丰富自己有限的知识储备了。到了一定年龄之后，比如25岁，他们就认为自己的教育已经完成了。 2. It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happening as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts. 经历过痛苦而乏味，所谓的明确教育，他们可能会很自然地认为教育已经完成了，自己已经有能力去归类生活中的每一件事，将其分门别类。但是，如果一个人可以把所有的事情都归为一类，那么他就没必要去
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编74 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、词语翻译(总题数：27，分数：50.00) 1.英译汉 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17689269.html,ernment watchdog （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：政府监督) 解析： 3.carbon footprint （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：碳足迹，碳排放) 解析： 4.Twitter （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：推特) 解析： 5.funemployment （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：失业乐活) 解析： 6.Diesel oil （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：柴油) 解析： 7.汉译英 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 8.借词 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：loanword) 解析： 9.全球暖化 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：global warming) 解析： 10.经济不景气 （分数：2.00）
新编大学基础英语综合教程4课后翻译答案UNIT 1 Page10 4. 1.I have offered her a wide range of choices. 我给了她很大的选择范围 2.We can’t identify fortune with happiness. 幸福和财富不能混为一谈 3.People constantly search for better career prospect. 人们总是不断地寻找更好的职业前景 4.Teaching is not a highly rewarding job. 教书酬劳不太高 5.Busy work can take one’s mind off family issues. 繁忙的工作总会使人不去想家庭问题 Page11 3. 1.I want to apply for a visa. 我想申请签证
2.It is difficult to speak in public. 当众演讲是很难的 3.The old man wishes to go back to his hometown. 这位老人的愿望是回到故乡 4.She covers her face with her hands to conceal her excitement. 或She buries her face in her hands to conceal her excitement. 她用手捂着脸来掩饰她的激动情绪 5.It would be good to see him again. 能再见到他该多好啊 Page12 5. 1.The police appealed to the crowd not to panic. 警方向人群呼吁不要惊慌 2.We should assume that he is innocent until he is proven guilty. 要是还没有证实他有罪，我们就得认为他无罪 3.His wife’s death made him feel vulnerable and depressed. 妻子的去世使他感到十分脆弱和消沉
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编79 (总分：12.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00) 1.汉译英（分数： 2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 2.2010年12月，为了向年轻一代普及航天科学教育，海南省开始在文昌市建设航天主题公园。公园占地1800亩，紧邻文昌卫星发射中心。工程预计花费30亿元，在2013年完工。这个航天主题公园将分四个展览区，包括地球、月球、火星和太阳。游客甚至可以进入发射台，实地观看火箭发射。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：To promote aerospace science and general aviation knowledge among the younger generation, in December 2010, Hainan province begins to build a Space Flight Theme Park in Wenchang Cit-y. Covering an area of 1,800 mu (120 hectares) , the theme park is located at Wenchang Satellite Launch Center. The whole project is estimated to cost 3 billion yuan (455 million U. S. dollars) and is expected to be finished in 2013. The park will have four exhibiti-on sections, featuring the earth, moon, Mars and the sun. Visitors can even enter the launch station and watch the actual rocket launch.) 解析： 3.1957年10月苏联成功发射第一颗人造卫星，揭开了人类历史由地球迈向太空的第一页。此后短短半个世纪里，人类的外空探索活动突飞猛进，取得了辉煌的成就。人类不仅成功登陆月球，而且还将研究的触手伸向火星等更为遥远的星球。截止到2006年底，环绕地球飞行的各类人造物体，包括人造卫星、航天飞机、国际空间站、空间实验室等接近6000个。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：On October, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite, which turned the first page in human history of entering the space. During the half century coming after, humans" explorations in outer space have grown by leaps and bounds and have made brilliant achievements. Humans not only successfully landed on the moon, but also reached toward even more distant planet such as Mars. At the end of 2006, the number of the various types of artificial objects flying around the Earth, including satellites, space shuttles, international space stations, space laboratories, etc. is already close to 6,000.) 解析： 4.博鳌论坛的经历给了刘晓宁不小的打击，生活上的拮据让她开始反思自己做公务员两年多的经历。都说公务员舒服，但刘晓宁每天的工作时间都在10小时以上，加班到晚上八九点钟，是很正常的事。如果有活动，赶工到夜里12点，也是家常便饭。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The experience in Boao Forum is not a small blow to Liu Xiaoning. The bare livelihood forced her to reflect on her life as a civil servant for more than two years. Every one says that civil servants enjoy a comfortable life, but Xiaoning works more than 10 hours everyday. Working overtime until eight or nine in the evening is perfectly normal. When there are activities, staying up to 12 at night is also not uncommon.) 解析： 5.我国人口老龄化对经济增长的潜在影响理论研究认为，老龄化会减少劳动力供给，降低社会储蓄率，导致产出和资本形成能力下降，最终影响经济增长。同时，发达国家的实际表明，随着人口老龄化，养老费用及人均医疗费用均会大幅上升，加重政府财政负担。与发达国家“富老同步”或者“先富后老”相比，