Automation Highlights from the Literature
L ABORATORY A UTOMATION AND
H IGH-T HROUGHPUT C HEMISTRY
Rapid Multistep Synthesis of1,2,4-Oxadiazoles in a Single Continuous Microreactor Sequence
A general method for the synthesis of bis-substituted1,2,4-oxadiazoles from readily available arylnitriles and activated carbonyls in a single con-tinuous microreactor sequence is described by N.D.P.Cosford et al.The synthesis incorporates three sequential microreactors to produce1,2,4-oxa-diazoles in approximately30min in quantities (40e80mg)suf?cient for full characterization and rapid library supply(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3016592334.html,.Chem.2009,73, 7219e23).
Expanding the Chemical Space in Practice: Diversity-Oriented Synthesis
Diversity-oriented synthesis(DOS)aims to broaden the frontier of accessible collections of complex and diverse small molecules.M.Peuch-maur and Y.-S.Wong dissect the DOS concept through three elements of diversity:building block, stereochemistry,and skeleton.Recent examples in the literature that emphasize the e?cient combinations of these elements to generate diversity are reported(Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen. 2008,11,587e601).
Selective Monolithiation of Dibromobiaryls Using Microflow Systems
Selective monolithiation of dibromobiaryls with one equivalent of n-butyllithium followed by the re-action with electrophiles is achieved by J.-I.Yoshida et https://www.doczj.com/doc/3016592334.html,ing a micro?ow system by virtue of fast mi-cromixing and precise temperature control.Sequen-tial introduction of two different electrophiles based on this method also is achieved using a micro?ow system composed of four micromixers and four mi-crotube reactors(Org.Lett.2008,10,3937e3940). Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings X: A High-Throughput Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Method for Screening Organic Coatings for Corrosion Inhibition
J.He et al.report a high-throughput electrochem-ical impedance spectroscopy(HT-EIS)method for rapid and quantitative evaluation of corrosion pro-tective coatings.A12-element,spatially addressable electrochemical platform has been designed,fabri-cated,and validated.This platform is interfaced to a commercial electrochemical impedance spectros-copy(EIS)instrument through an automated elec-tronic switching unit.The HT-EIS system enables four parallel EIS measurements to be run simulta-neously,which signi?cantly reduces characterization time compared to that of serial EIS measurements using a multiplexer.The performance of the HT-EIS system is validated using a series of model sys-tems,including a Randles equivalent circuit,an
Kerstin Thurow,
Ph.D.
Hilmar Weinmann,
Ph.D.
Correspondence:Hilmar Weinmann,Ph.D.,Bayer Schering Pharma
AG,Global Drug Discovery,Medicinal Chemistry Berlin,D-13342
Berlin,Germany;Phone:t49.30.468.17892;Fax:
t49.30.468.18170;E-mail:Hilmar.Weinmann@bayerhealthcare.
com;or Kerstin Thurow,Ph.D.,University of Rostock,Institute of
Automation,R.Wagner,Street31,18119Rostock,Germany;
Phone:t49.381.498.7800;Fax:t49.381.498.7802;E-mail:
Kerstin.Thurow@uni-rostock.de
JALA2009;14:1e5.
1535-5535/$36.00
Copyright c2009by The Association for Laboratory Automation
doi:10.1016/j.jala.2008.10.002
Literature Highlights
JALA February20091
electrochemical reaction(Ti/K4FeCN6,K3FeCN6),a highly uniform polymer?lm,and several polymer coatings.The re-sults of the validation studies show that the HT-EIS system enables a major reduction in characterization time and pro-vides high quality data comparable to data obtained with conventional,single-cell EIS measurement systems(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3016592334.html,b. Chem.2008,10,704e713).
Resin Capsules:Permeable Containers for Parallel/ Combinatorial Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis
A resin capsule is a permeable container for resin beads designed for combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules consist of a high-density polyethylene ring sealed with peek mesh on both sides.The cylindrical shape of resin capsules enables space-saving packing into plastic column-like reaction vessels commonly used for solid-phase organic synthesis.Resin capsules are evaluated by V. Krchnak et al.for use in combinatorial synthesis,and a set of model compounds with excellent purity is prepared(J. Comb.Chem.2008,10,714e720).
H IGH-T HROUGHPUT A NALYTICS
Ambient Molecular Imaging and Depth Profiling of Live Tissue by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
In conjunction with mass spectrometry,the demand for atmospheric pressure ionization methods that achieve e?-cient ion generation under native-like experimental condi-tions arises.A.Vertes and coworkers from W.M.Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications (George Washington University,Washington,DC)present the lateral mapping of metabolite distributions and their var-iations with depth on plant leaves with laser ablation electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry(LAESI-MS)(Anal. Chem.2008,80,4575e4582).
In contrast to electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ioni-zation,which also relies on the postionization of neutrals in a laser plum by ESI,the laser energy used for LAESI causes a resonant process in water-rich targets.With the ESI source in axial spraying mode,the laser light (2940nm)hits the target18mm below and5e8mm down-stream from the tip of the emitter and results in a laser abla-tion area of350l m in diameter and a depth of50l m. Details of the produced ablation craters are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and correlated with the re-corded MS data.As an example,the distribution of metabo-lites in the green and yellow sectors of a Zebra plant leaf is analyzed.At this,over40metabolites are detected and36 could be assigned.The results are in good conformance with other techniques.Summarized,their results demonstrate that LAESI-MS opens a new way for ambient molecular three-dimensional imaging of metabolites in biological tissues and live organisms.Online Coupling of Gas Chromatography to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy:Method for the Analysis of Volatile Stereoisomers
Although HPLC-NMR has evolved into a versatile tool in the analysis of complex samples,the coupling of GC and NMR is still in an early stage of development,despite the fact that?rst experiments were conducted in the1970s.In their article,K.Albert and colleagues(Institute of Organic Chemistry,Chemisches Zentralinstitut,University of Tu bin-gen)describe a new system of coupled GC e NMR for the analysis of volatile cis/trans stereoisomers of alkenes for continuous-and stopped-?ow gas-phase experiments(Anal. Chem.2007,80,5481e5486)In addition to a short review about earlier GC e NMR developments,the authors describe their new technical assembly in detail.In contrast to former experiments,the larger inner diameter of the transfer capil-laries as well as of the inlet of the detection cell dramatically reduces the necessary injection amount,hitherto a major drawback.Furthermore,the recent NMR spectrometer with higher?eld strength facilitates very short dwell times and crucially enhances the signal-to-noise ratio.With the chosen assembly,it is possible to separate the cis and trans isomers of2-pentene and2-hexene in the gas phase and perform con-tinuous-?ow NMR detection to obtain a de?nite2D contour plot.It is also shown that when stopped-?ow experiments use reference spectra from an available spectra database,distinc-tion between two cis/trans stereoisomers can be achieved. The presented results demonstrate the high potential of the coupling of capillary GC and microprobe1H-NMR detec-tion,but some technical challenges still must be overcome.
B IOAUTOMATION AND S CREENING
New Connections across Pathways and Cellular Processes:Industrialized Mutant Screening Reveals Novel Associations between Diverse Phenotypes in Arabidopsis
It is widely known that high-throughput approaches are not limited to the?elds of drug discovery and white biotech-nology.These techniques enter into many other areas,among them,di?erent parts of plant biology.High-throughput anal-yses led to the sequencing of the?rst genome of a higher eu-karyotic organism,the mouse-ear cress Arabidopsis thaliana, and were also essential for setting up large repositories of clones,microarray data and mutants from different model and crop plants.Today,these partially publicly available re-sources are indispensable for progress in any?eld of plant re-search,but the future of high-throughput approaches is not limited to particular?elds.These plant biology techniques can be helpful in any area of research.
Lu et al.present an interesting example for this develop-ment.The authors analyze13di?erent Arabidopsis mutants biochemically and phenotypically.The biochemical analyses are performed with di?erent LC,GC,and MS methods to determine the contents of free amino acids,fatty acids,
2JALA February2009 Literature Highlights
starch,and chlorophyll in di?erent organs.One result of the data is that several new phenotypes are discovered in partic-ular mutants.In a further approach,statistical and bioinfor-matic calculations are performed with the data sets,which reveal novel connections and associations between di?erent metabolic and catabolic pathways.In one conclusion by Lu et al.,parallel analyses of plant germplasm,like mutants or ecotypes,harbors an enormous potential for plant biology, especially for plant breeding.The exploitation of this poten-tial depends on the application of high-throughput methods, especially of automated ones.Currently,such methods need to be improved or invented in the?eld of plant research to address future needs for crop plants(Plant Physiol.2008, 146,1482e1500).
Live-Cell High-Content Screening in Drug Development
Cell-based assays are state of the art in drug discovery and development.They provide toxicological data during an early phase of drug discovery and can thus help to reduce costs.The power of high-content screening technology using living cells is summarized by M.Bickle(Eur.Pharm.Rev. 2008,4,54e60).Live-cell imaging means a further level of complexity to high-content screening(HCS),and relates to new technological challenges.Examples of live-cell HCS ap-plications,such as toxicity assays in HepG2cells,the moni-toring of subcellular localization changes,or the determination of pharmacokinetic data are presented.They show,that live-cell HCS will become more and more popular in drug development in future.
One aspect of the article addresses the challenges and re-quirements for software solutions,for example,kinetic HCS o?er tracking of objects capabilities.There are very few commercially available software products,and one is described brie?y(Eur.Pharm.Rev.2008,4,54e60). Chemogenomics:A Discipline at the Crossroad of High-Throughput Technologies,Biomarker Research, Combinatorial Chemistry,Genomics, Cheminformatics,Bioinformatics,and Artificial Intelligence
E.Marechal gives an overview on chemogenomics and re-lated technologies.Chemogenomics is the study of the inter-action of functional biological systems with exogenous small molecules,or in a broader sense,the study of the intersection of biological and chemical spaces.Chemogenomics requires expertises in biology,chemistry,and computational sciences. Chemogenomics is a descendent of conventional pharmaceu-tical approaches,because it involves the screening of chemi-cal libraries for their e?ects on biological targets,and bene?ts from the advances in the corresponding enabling technolo-gies and the introduction of new biological markers(Comb. Chem.High Throughput Screen.2008,11,583e586).Cell-Based Assays in Practice:Cell Markers from Autofluorescent Proteins of the GFP Family The recently discovered anthozoan?uorescent proteins (FPs)and the classic Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein(avGFP)as well as their derivatives have become ver-satile tools as live-cell markers in?uorescence microscopy.R. Heilker et al.review the use of these FPs in drug discovery assays.Assay examples are given for the application of FPs in multiplexed imaging,as photosensitizers,as?uorescent timers,as pulse-chase labels,and for robotically integrated compound testing.The development of fast microscopic im-aging devices enables the application of automated?uores-cence microscopy combined with image analysis to pharmaceutical high-throughput drug discovery assays,gen-erally referred to as high-content screening(Comb.Chem. High Throughput Screen.2008,11,602e609).
Design of Phenotypic Screens for Bioactive Chemicals and Identification of their Targets by Genetic and Proteomic Approaches
Cell-based screening using phenotypic assays is a useful means of identifying bioactive chemicals for use as tools to elu-cidate complex cellular processes.M.Roberge et al.describe how cell-based screening assays can be designed to maximize the likelihood of discovering selective compounds through the choice of positive readouts,low chemical concentrations, and long incubation periods.Identifying the cellular targets of active chemicals can be especially demanding.Strategies for unbiased target identi?cation by sampling potential targets at the genome-wide and proteome-wide levels also are discussed (Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen.2008,11,610e616). Chemogenomics and Cancer Chemotherapy:Cell-Based Assays to Screen for Small Molecules that Impair Microtubule Dynamics
Microtubules are still a promising target for new thera-peutic agents.Thus,there is ongoing interest in compounds that are able to modify microtubule assembly.Because of its dynamic characteristics,the microtubule cytoskeleton is a suitable target for small molecules that rapidly di?use in the cell cytoplasm.Moreover,compounds targeting the mi-crotubule cytoskeleton prove to be valuable tools for basic research in cell https://www.doczj.com/doc/3016592334.html,fanechere reviews the potential and impact of chemogenomics and cell-based assays in the discovery of new therapeutic compounds and of new regula-tors of the microtubule cytoskeleton(Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen.2008,11,617e623). Chemogenomics and Parasitology:Small Molecules and Cell-Based Assays to Study Infectious Processes Infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites remain chronic problems for humanity.Current advances in high-throughput screening(HTS)technologies and availability of diverse small molecule libraries o?er the promise of accel-erated discovery of new drug targets and new drugs that will
JALA February20093
Literature Highlights
reduce disease burdens imposed on humanity by parasitic protozoa.M.-J.Gubbels et al.provide a status report on HTS technologies in hand and cell-based assays under devel-opment for biological investigations and drug discovery directed toward the three best characterized parasitic proto-zoa:Trypanosoma brucei,Plasmodium falciparum,and Toxo-plasma gondii.Small molecules that interfere with speci?c aspects of protozoan biology,identi?ed in such screens,will be valuable tools for dissecting parasite cell biology and de-veloping antiprotozoan drugs(Comb.Chem.High Through-put Screen.2008,11,624e646).
Plant Pathogen Recognition as a Natural,Original, and Simple Model for Chemogenomics:A Brief Overview of Cell-Based Assays to Screen for Peptides Acting as Plant Defense Activators
As plants lack a circulatory system and adaptive immune system,they have evolved their own defense systems distinct from animals in which each plant cell is capable of defending itself from pathogens.Plants induce a number of defense re-sponses,which are triggered by a variety of molecules derived from pathogenic microorganisms,referred to as microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs).MAMPs include peptides,proteins,lipopolysaccharide,b-glucan,chitin,and ergosterol.The interaction between plants and chemicals in the context of plant defense represents a natural and simple model for chemogenomics at the intersection of chemical and biological diversities.To protect crop plants from dis-eases,it has been shown to e?ectively stimulate plant immu-nity by chemical compounds,the so-called plant defense https://www.doczj.com/doc/3016592334.html,binatorial chemistry techniques can be ap-plied to the search for novel plant defense activators,but it is essential to establish an e?cient and reliable screening sys-tem for library screening.M.Miyashita et al.describe the cell-based lawn format assay for identi?cation of peptides acting as plant defense activators from combinatorial peptide libraries.The requirements and limitations in constructing the screening system using combinatorial libraries in the studies of plant sciences are also discussed(Comb.Chem. High Throughput Screen.2008,11,647e652).
Building a Biological Space Based on Protein Sequence Similarities and Biological Ontologies Assignment of function to protein sequence is a task of growing importance in the life sciences as new high-through-put sequencing DNA technologies generate ever-increasing quantities of genomic data.Clustering similar sequences is a useful technique for?nding conserved sequences.The CluSTr database is a publicly available database that ar-ranges proteins in a hierarchy structured by similarity.The protein classi?cation tool InterProScan builds on this ap-proach by applying a range of methods to detect proteins that contain signatures indicative of the presence of particu-lar conserved domains.P.Kersey et al.review the use of on-tologies to describe a protein function that provides a?exible and abstract language to classify proteins(Comb.Chem. High Throughput Screen.2008,11,653e660).
Building a Chemical Space Based on Fragment Descriptors
I.Baskin and A.Varnek review the application of frag-ment descriptors at di?erent stages of virtual screening d?l-tering,similarity search,and direct activity assessment d using QSAR/QSPR models.They demonstrate that the power of fragment descriptors stems from their universality, very high computational e?ciency,simplicity of interpreta-tion,and versatility(Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen. 2008,11,661e668).
A Ligand-Based Approach to Mining the Chemogenomic Space of Drugs
The practical implementation and validation of a ligand-based approach to mining the chemogenomic space of drugs is presented by J.Mestres et al.and applied to the in silico target pro?ling of767drugs against684targets of therapeu-tic relevance.The results reveal that drugs targeting aminer-gic G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs)show the most promiscuous pharmacological pro?les.The detection of cross-pharmacologies between aminergic GPCRs and the opioid,sigma,NMDA,and5-HT3receptors aggravate the potential promiscuity of those drugs,which predominantly include analgesics,antidepressants,and antipsychotics (Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen.2008,11,669e676). Machine Learning for In Silico Virtual Screening and Chemical Genomics:New Strategies
Support vector machines and kernel methods belong to the same class of machine learning algorithms that has recently be-come prominent in both computational biology and chemis-try,although both?elds have largely ignored each other. These methods are based on a sound mathematical and com-putationally e?cient framework that implicitly embeds the data of interest,respectively,proteins and small molecules, in high-dimensional feature spaces where various classi?cation or regression tasks can be performed with linear algorithms. J.-P.Vert and L.Jacob present the main ideas underlying these approaches,survey how both the biological and the chemical spaces have been separately constructed using the same math-ematical framework and tricks,and suggest di?erent avenues to unify both spaces for the purpose of in silico chemogenomics (Comb.Chem.High Throughput Screen.2008,11,677e685). LIMS AND P ROCESS C ONTROL S YSTEMS
Information Automation in R&D Laboratories:Past and Future
Ch.Sodano,author and founder of eOrganizedWorld,con-siders IT trends of e-records in an article that traces the history of Laboratory Information Management Systems(LIMS)and Electronic Laboratory Journals(ELNs).The way the?rst
4JALA February2009 Literature Highlights
commercial LIMS appeared in the1980s to the future are dis-cussed in terms of general requirements,interfacing,the need of standardization,and IT infrastructure for collaboration networks.The overviews help to interpret new developments. The retention time for experiments captured in paper-based laboratory notebook or by micro?lm is compared with elec-tronic records(life time of storage media,etc).One of the prob-lems identi?ed is the availability of system software to interpret analytical data after a lot of years,but one of the central points of long life data access is the question of data or information structures.Therefore,the need and importance of general ISO standards for all types of LIMS-and ELN-related data structures are underlined.The general known convergence between LIMS and ELN is con?rmed by the author.If records must be kept in electronic formats for more than10years, a strategy of planning for continuous migration becomes imperative(Eur.Pharm.Rev.2008,4,61e64).
Extensible Open Source Content Management Systems and Frameworks:a Solution for Many Needs of a Bioinformatics Group
Authors from the Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics at Indiana University School of Medicine,fo-cus on the availability of information via Internet or stan-dard Web browsers.Basics and reviews about well-known Web site management tools are discussed and compared with the needs of user groups that conduct research-speci?c activ-ities.The use of content management systems(CMSs)is de-scribed as an interesting alternative to other IT solutions for exchanging scienti?c content.The article provides a good overview to existing types of CMS application and stand-alone tools;and popular open source CMS programming languages and application software are listed with their homepage addresses.The authors divide several types of CMS use in biomedicine,including collaborative Web sites, conference Web sites,content databases in laboratory intra-nets,and write about the use and development of CMS appli-cation plug-ins.The article ends with CMS customization experiences and examples of solutions and recommendations. Comparability of Data in Process and Laboratory As in process automation,equipment and data standard-ization is required for laboratory automation.LIMSs collect and organize information,but are mostly proprietary solu-tions that do not communicate with an organization’s pro-duction area.
Pro?bus is the world’s most popular?eldbus,and it o?ers a fully integrated solution for discrete and process applica-tions.The basic functions,controls,and communication ser-vices are de?ned in standardized device pro?les.The Pro?bus user organization was the?rst of the major?eldbus organi-zations,speci?ed a device pro?le that is especially dedicated to the requirements of laboratory equipment.
U.Jecht and C.Diedrich provide an overview of the de-vice in‘‘LabDevices’’(CIT plus.2008,11(5),13e16).For the speci?c functions of labor devices,three new function blocks(Human Interface,Ramp,and Lab Control Unit) have been developed for the‘‘LabDevices’’pro?le.
The new pro?le‘‘LabDevices’’is a door opener for the seamless integration of labs into Pro?bus systems,and by means of object linking and embedding for process control into other automation worlds.Application of‘‘LabDevices’’allows the use of uniform Pro?bus technology in production and lab automation,and provides signi?cant savings poten-tial even if they are not in the same?eldbus system.
Data Sharing in Distributed Databases and Peer-to-Peer Databases
Content-sharing systems on the Web have renewed inter-est in the design and development of decentralized database management systems.The need for large-scale data sharing between autonomous and possibly heterogeneous decentral-ized systems on the Web give rise to the concept of peer-to-peer(P2P)database systems.A recently published paper provides insight into this new P2P data management technol-ogy,and compares more established decentralized models, commonly referred to as distributed,federated,and multida-tabases.The goal was to clarify some of the essential di?er-ences and similarities from a data management point of view.
A database system(DBS)is a software that manages one or more databases.A distributed database system is a soft-ware that manages one or more logically related databases, spanning a network.Both a federated database system and a multidatabase system are collections of preexisting DBSs in which operations can be applied to multiple heterogeneous component DBSs in a coordinated manner.The authors dis-tinguish between db-centric and P2P-centric features.The various DBS are characterized by three dimensions:distribu-tion,autonomy,and heterogeneity.
The most important features of P2P paradigm are scal-ability in terms of the number of nodes and distribution; direct access to the data at the source,which guarantees freshness in contrast to centralized repositories;robustness and resilience against attacks and churn by exploiting self or-ganization principles;and simpli?ed deployment,because re-sources from the edge of the Internet can be used and no special infrastructure is required to join the network.A P2P database system is conceived as a collection of autono-mous local repositories that interact in a P2P style with es-tablished correspondences or exchange query and update requests.The local repositories are autonomous peers with equal rights,and are linked to only a small number of neigh-bors.The main data integration and interoperability idea in peer data management is to avoid a global schema by provid-ing mappings between pairs of information sources.Map-pings between all pairs are not necessary.An export schema contains only the elements of the local schema that a peer wants to share with the outside world.
Open and challenging issues in P2P data management are anonymity,security,and access control problems(SIGMOD Rec.2008,37(1),5e11).
JALA February20095
Literature Highlights
文献综述 《中国设计的力量》把当今市场上的白酒酒包装编辑成册，研究酒包装设计对人们的消费观念的影响。书中所列举的包装充分表现出了历史文化和高尚生活元素的结合。随着当今酒市场竞争的激烈，酒包装设计本身所呈现出的价值也越来越得到人们的认可，不仅带给人们实用和审美的艺术价值，还创造了不可估量的经济价值。酒并不是生活必需品，但在社会生活中，酒却具有其它物品所无法替代的功能。酒是随着人类文明不断的发展和创新的。酒包装设计也是在不断更新、变化、发展的。 《设计大师的对话》这不是一本普通的访谈录，而是凝聚着当代日本设计大师们发自肺腑心声的箴言集。本书汇编出了一组包罗万象的时代创意阵容，并且进行访谈的二十五个人物绝对不可缺一。用文字和图片去记录日本设计源头所发生的一切。凭着作者那股近乎门外汉般的好奇精神和不懈的努力，最终成就了他对智慧的生产现场的执著探访。从表面上看，除了要传递那些成为我们新的共同关注点，即设计专业的整体和真实以外，似乎并没有什么特别之处。但是本书却汇编出了一组包罗万象的时代创意阵容，并且到了书中的二十五个人物绝对不可缺一，若有一人被排斥在外便难以成书的微妙地步。 《包装设计基础与创意》这本书介绍了在艺术设计领域中，包装设计以其与人们生活的密切而占有重要的位置。今天的消费在一定程度上，已经成为一种文化消费的趋势。随着文化消费圈层的不断扩大，文化消费已经渗透到我们社会生活的各个层面。人们对商品的购买已经不再是单单的实用，而是越来越注重外观的美感。特别是产品的包装，更是文化和艺术的载体。这需要我们对包装的设计，进行深入地研究与发掘。在继承的前提下充分融合时代需求，不断地发展与创新，满足人们的文化追求。从包装发展的历史中涉取宝贵的经验与教训，这样才能在继承优秀的外在形式和内在的精神基础上不断提高和创新，才能超越和创造历史，把包装设计艺术不断的创新和发展下去。 《设计中的设计》这本书中，原研哉认真阐述了“设计领域的再配置”这一问题。显然，他对设计的思考已经远远超出了技术层面，而是围绕信息传达这一设计的本质功能，以充满自省的精神在深化和反思自己的设计意识。在原研哉看来，设计不是一种技能，而是捕捉事物本质的感觉能力和洞察能力。所以，设计师要时刻保持对社会的敏感度。他正是以这一想法为中心展开论述。原研哉以“无中生有”的理念为圭臬，凸现了“无”的力量。同时，作为一名非常具有社会责任感的设计师，他也把引导消费欲望作为自己的任务之一，并对其进行了深入的思考。 《绝对包装》此书体现了包装设计创新的精华理念。以大量成功经典作品为案例，对其创意的关键所在进行深入分析。食品、非酒精类饮料、酒精类饮料、CD、化妆品、生活用品、礼品盒等包装精品光彩夺目、美伦美奂；作者的点评文字，敏锐精当，每每切入作品独特奥妙之处。 《标牌与标签设计》在这本书中作者，列举了大量的实例。详细地介绍了国外标牌与标签设计的发展情况。在国外设计分工越来越细，一个小的标牌，不过方寸。却显示出大
文献综述 建筑设计参考文献综述： [1]《房屋建筑学》，邢双军主编 建筑学作为一门内容广泛的综合性学科，它沙及到建筑功能、工程技术、建筑经济、建筑艺术以及环境规划等许多方面的问题。般说来，建筑物既是物质产品，又具有一定的艺术形象，它必然随着社会生产生活方式的发展变化而发展变化，并且总是受科学技术、政治经济和文化传统的深刻影响*建筑物—一作为人们亲手创造的人为环境的重要组成部分，需要耗用大量的人力和物力。它除了具行满足物质功能的使用要求外，其空间组合和建筑形象又常会赋予人们以精神上的感受。 [2]《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006） 1.0.1 为了防止和减少建筑火灾危害，保护人身和财产安全，制定本规范。 1.0.2 本规范适用于下列新建、扩建和改建的建筑： 1 9层及9层以下的居住建筑（包括设置商业服务网点的居住建筑）； 2 建筑高度小于等于24.0m 的公共建筑； 3 建筑高度大于24.0m 的单层公共建筑； 4 地下、半地下建筑（包括建筑附属的地下室、半地下室）； 5 厂房； 6 仓库； 7 甲、乙、丙类液体储罐（区）； 8 可燃、助燃气体储罐（区）； 9 可燃材料堆场； 10 城市交通隧道。 注：1 建筑高度的计算：当为坡屋面时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其檐口的高度；当为平屋面（包括有女儿墙 的平屋面）时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其屋面面层的高度；当同一座建筑物有多种屋面形式时，建筑 高度应按上述方法分别计算后取其中最大值。局部突出屋顶的瞭望塔、冷却塔、水箱间、微波天线间或设 施、电梯机房、排风和排烟机房以及楼梯出口小间等，可不计入建筑高度内。 2 建筑层数的计算：建筑的地下室、半地下室的顶板面高出室外设计地面的高度小于等 于 1.5m 者，建筑底部设置的高度不超过2.2m 的自行车库、储藏室、敞开空间，以及建筑屋顶上突出的局部设备用房、出屋面 的楼梯间等，可不计入建筑层数内。住宅顶部为两层一套的跃层，可按1 层计，其它部位的跃层以及顶部 多于2 层一套的跃层，应计入层数。 1.0.3 本规范不适用于炸药厂房（仓库）、花炮厂房（仓库）的建筑防火设计。 人民防空工程、石油和天然气工程、石油化工企业、火力发电厂与变电站等的建筑防火设计，当有专门的国家现行标准时，宜从其规定。 1.0.4 建筑防火设计应遵循国家的有关方针政策，从全局出发，统筹兼顾，做到安全适用、技术先进、经济合理。 1.0.5 建筑防火设计除应符合本规范的规定外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
包装对食品发展的影响 消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的运输和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有着显著的提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在规定的贮存温度条件下产品保持其质量和安全性的时间。在保质期内，产品的生产企业对该产品质量符合有关标准或明示担保的质量条件负责，销售者可以放心销售这些产品，消费者可以安全使用。 保质期不是识别食物等产品是否变质的唯一标准，可能由于存放方式，环境等变化物质的过早变质。所以食物等尽量在保质期未到期就及时食用。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包开启（百货配送研究所，IGD）。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。 自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Norway Romsdal Folk Museum Photograph from : Stiftelsen Romsdalsmuseet The Romsdal Folk Museum is an architectonic attraction and a treasured landmark that embodies the history and identity of the entire region. Our intention in this project was to let the structure signal its meaning and function through an architectural expression and the use of local materials. The scale of the building refers to the urbanity and morphology of the town. The overall layout of the museum grounds the connections to the town by linking different surrounding areas in an overall plan where all circulation is linked in a unified structure. The project conveys an open and progressive attitude that makes diverse utilization possible. The Museum design approach is rooted in rationality and sustainability. The plan geometry is deceptively simple, the characteristic angled shapes are limited to the roof and the external wall, making the circulation and internal organisation clear and flexible. The public areas are clearly separated from the administration wing, which is located on both the ground and first floor. Exhibition rooms, the auditorium and the library are all placed on the ground floor to increase flexibility and user experience. The transparency of the reception room permits supporting internal and external activities. Large sliding doors separate the permanent and temporary exhibition areas, giving the curators the ability to combine or separate the spaces. The archives and workshops are located on the basement level, with the vertical circulation of large items facilitated by a large goods lift.Pine is the primary building material of the museum. Exterior walls and roof are made of solid timber in combination of steel beam when required. The terrain entailed the use of concrete, however its use was reduce to the foundations. Exterior walls and ceilings covered with maintenance-pine relief tempered with bio-based oil.Different openings filter the daylight in such way that the internal space are enriched by gradations and translucency nuances. However, the main exhibition rooms are black boxes, giving the curators total control of artificial lightening in these areas. All the glazing units have high-energy performance glass, in some locations with silk printed colours and patterns. The impact on the Nordic society:The Romsdal Folk Museum is a great example of strategic use of low-tech building solutions. It embodies the national policy in Norway to aim for a more sustainable future. The museum is built using Norwegian timber technology and acts as a hub for
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
绪论 结构和应用材料对于影集来说至关重要，影集的结构设计是影集包装的重要组成部分，材料是影集包装的物质基础。首先要了解包装结构设计中包含了哪些力学基本原理，包装材料的设计应用，以及结构与材料的相互关系。 包装设计的目的是依循相关的营销背景以及一个品牌的战略目标而定。无论包装设计是服务于新产品还是现有产品，其基本目的就是促进销售，而实现这一目标的方法就是快速清楚地传达该品牌和产品的本质特征。在影集本身和包装的设计中利用材料的特性来显示个性影集的特色，使材料、结构与影集的内在属性得到了充分的结合，认识现代包装设计发展动态与趋势。这就要了解消费者的消费心理，明白消费者的心理特征，使包材料综合搭配，实现现代包装设计策略，达到让消费者有购买欲望。 主体 一、包装结构设计中力学基本原理 容器的力学性质不仅与结构有关，而且还与材料的力学性能密切相差，所以必须研究材料的力学性能。力学性能是通过实验方法来测定，一般通过拉伸与压缩实验来进行测试。 （一）材料拉伸力学性能 当结构设计时，一般要求受力材料在弹性范围内。但当冲压加工等生产工程中则应利用材料塑性变形的特性。
（二）结构的刚度问题 在包装结构设计中要考虑的一个很重要的问题就是结构的刚度问题，包装容器如纸箱、纸盒、塑料容器等都必须具有一定的刚度，即结构抵抗变形的能力，这样才能较好地保护好产品和结构本身。一般来说，提供构件刚度的方法有： 选择弹性模量较大的材料，提高材料厚度与抗弯截面模量在结构上增加加强筋。 1 / 5 （三）结构的稳定性 当细长杆件或薄壁结构受到压力作用时，即受到的应力远低于材料的强度极限，也会由于失去平衡而突然快速变形，甚至破坏，这种现象叫作失稳。 二、包装材料的设计应用 现代包装所实用的材料是十分广泛的，包装设计中对材料的选择则通常是以科学性、经济性、适用性为基本原则的。目前最常用到的包装材料包括有四大类： 纸材、塑料、金属和玻璃。纸包装材料基本分为纸、纸板瓦楞纸三大类。 三、结构与材料的关系 结构与材料有着紧密的关系。一方面，特殊的结构可以提供、改善材料的韧性与强度；另一方面，特殊的材料其本身的特点决定了它适合
有关教学设计论文参考文献(中文索引20篇) [1]王家友.《运动起来会怎样（二）》教学案例--基于网络资源的小学科学教 学设计[J].小学科学(教师版),2014,(10). [2]刘艳艳.《沉与浮》教学设计[J].教育实践与研究，2014,(8). [3]杨世凤.谈新课程下的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].少儿科学周刊(少儿 版),2014,(7). [4]黄晓,孙丽伟.小学科学教学设计的规范化和学科化[J].全球教育展望， 2014，43（4）:111-120. [5]陈磊.谈小学科学课堂教学设计模式之运用[J].赤子(中 旬),2014,(1):90. [6]吕笃康.基于问题学习模式的小学科学教学设计——以《水》教学为例[J]. 教学月刊(小学版)综合,2014,(1). [7]洪玉叶.基于个体差异的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].中国校外教育，2013， (25):113-114. [8]焦东林.浅谈小学科学实验教学的设计[J].科学大众（科学教育），2013， （1）：67. [9]叶宝生.小学科学教学观察实验设计的依据和方法[J].课程教材教法， 2013，（12）:68-72. [10]袁平.浅谈小学科学的有效教学设计[J].生物技术世界,2013,(9):121. [11]黄晓钰.支架式教学模式在小学科学中的教学设计[J].读与写(上,下 旬),2013,(9). [12]王军.论谈小学科学实验教学设计[J].数字化用户,2013,19(33). [13]汪丽,孙铭明.建构性教学策略在小学科学课堂教学设计中的应用[J].基 础教育研究,2013,(3). [14]胡俊.多媒体运用课——《心脏和血液循环》教学设计[J].科学大众（科 学教育），2013，（4）. [15]王慧君.科学探究教学设计:依据、实施与评价[J].中国电化教育，2013， （9）. [16]曹志刚.《运动的方式》教学设计[J]. 科学大众（科学教育），2013，（1）. [17]张庆法.小学科学有效课堂教学设计的研究[J].小学科学:(教 师),2012,(7). [18]孙长华.《观察我们周围的材料》教学设计——小学科学三年级上册材料 单元第一课[J].小学时代(教育研究),2012,(12). [19]郑琳弋.小学科学课“声音的强弱与高低”教学设计[J].科学大众(科学教 育),2012,(2). [20]王利亚.小学科学教学的几点反思[J].新课程:教师,2012,(10). 有关教学设计论文参考文献(英文索引10篇) [1]Chun-Yen Chang, Hagmann, Johannes-Geert, Yu-Ta Chien, Chung-Wen Cho. Leveraging educational pathway to bridge in-school and out-of-school science
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
建筑设计外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 外文： Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper. Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load
【课堂教学设计参考文献】课堂教学 设计参考 【--个人简历表格】 1．激发学生热爱社会主义新生活，热爱劳动人民的感情。 2．引导学生体会本文的构思技巧；通过对平常事物的体察，引发出富于哲理的思考，并以生动的画面烘托跌宕的情思，从而表现出歌颂新生活及其创造者的中心思想。 3．理解文章标题的含义及作用。 二、难点、重点分析 1．作者是如何赞美蜜蜂的?又如何转而歌颂劳动人民的? 分析：首先通过写蜂蜜来间接赞美蜜蜂，如荔枝蜜的特点是成色纯，养分多，喝着这样的好蜜，你会觉得生活都是甜的呢。 更多的是直接赞蜜蜂，如那沸沸扬扬的情景会使你想，说不定蜜蜂也在赶着建设什么新生活呢。多可爱的小生灵啊!对人无所求，给人的却是极好的东西。蜜蜂是在酿蜜，又是在酿造生活；不是为自己，而是为人类酿造最甜的生活。蜜蜂是渺小的，蜜蜂却又多么高尚啊！这天夜里，我做了个奇
怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。 通过上述语句，歌颂了劳动人民在建设社会主义新生活中，忘我劳动的高贵品质和崭新的精神面貌。 那么，作者为何说蜜蜂是渺小，却又是高尚的呢?这是否矛盾?不矛盾。渺小是指蜜蜂的形体而言，高尚指蜜蜂的品质。即对人无所求，给人的却是极好的东西。 作者通过视点转移的办法来完成两个事物的衔接。当我们参观养蜂大厦，赞颂蜜蜂，为蜜蜂的可贵精神激动不已时，作者又将视线移向远方，透过荔枝树林展现出田野广阔的现实情景：望着远远的田野，那儿正有农民立在水田里，辛勤地分秧插秧。这样自然地由蜂写到了人。 这里作者抓住了人和蜂之间的共同点，赞美蜜蜂，也是歌颂广大劳动人民。蜜蜂在酿蜜，给人们带来清香、甘甜，农民实际也是在酿蜜为自己、为别人，为后世子孙酿造生活的蜜。他们在建设社会主义新生活中，忘我劳动，无私奉献，给人们带来极好的东西。这里作者采用点睛之笔，深刻地揭示了作品的思想意义。 作者在结尾处写自己在梦中变成了一只小蜜蜂，这样就表现了作者向小蜜蜂学习，向劳动人民学习，为社会，为他人辛勤、忘我地工作的强烈愿望，起到了深化主题的作用。 2．本文的结构是怎样的? 分析：文章的题目叫荔枝蜜，但是，荔枝蜜并不是本文
文献综述论文 茶叶包装的应用与发展 姓名： 学号： 班级：2006级包装工程1班 指导老师：周家华教授 日期：2009年5月
摘要 茶叶自从成为世界贸易重要一部分之后，对于其包装的设计定位、发展趋势和存在问题应用方面有着明显严格的要求，因而，近年来，茶叶包装的应用发展引起了众多学者和商家的深入研究。本文针对茶叶包装中涉及的定位、文化、包装形式、设计可预见问题、多功能多用途设计、发展趋势、存在问题进行研究，以便找到最佳切合点，使得茶叶包装的应用发展得到改善，促进茶叶贸易的发展。 茶叶是具有中国典型文化意义和文化形象的的传统产品，可谓源远流长，而茶文化更是历史悠久、内涵丰富，并融入了中国传统文化的精髓。本文从茶文化、设计定位和发展趋势的角度出发研究茶叶包装的方法，不但可以增加茶叶视觉效果和商品的附加值，创造更高的经济效益；而且可以通过茶叶包装设计弘扬茶文化，并给茶文化注入新鲜的血液。 首先，回顾古代的茶叶包装，以古鉴今，研究茶文化的特性、内涵和艺术体现。其次，研究茶的包装形式方法分析和技术要求，目的是为包装奠定理学基础。再次为茶叶包装做设计定位，分析可预见的问题，展开多功能多用途设计的思考，最后就茶叶包装的发展趋势和存在问题进行分析，探讨茶叶包装的去向，由此探索出茶叶包装设计的新思路。 关键词：茶叶茶文化茶叶包装设计多功能多用途茶叶包装包装多样化
目录 1 前言 (1) 2 茶叶包装的文化性 (1) 2.1 文字的应用 (1) 2.2 图案的应用 (2) 2.3 色彩的应用 (3) 3 茶叶包装形式 (3) 3.1 茶叶分类及特性 (3) 3.2 茶叶包装形式 (4) 3.2.1 纸包装 (4) 3.2.2 竹包装、木盒包装 (5) 3.2.3 陶瓷包装 (5) 3.2.4 金属容器包装 (6) 3.2.5 塑料袋包装 (6) 4 茶叶包装设计定位 (6) 4.1 设计创意定位 (6) 4.2 视觉表现 (7) 4.3 结构材料 (7) 5 多功能多用途茶叶包装 (7) 6 茶叶包装注意可预见的问题 (8) 6.1 产业包装设计中考虑文化因素 (8) 6.2 茶叶包装设计对茶叶信息传达要正确 (8) 7 茶叶包装的存在问题 (9) 8 浅析茶叶包装的应用发展趋势 (10) 8.1 茶叶包装与环境保护相结合，设计绿色化、人性化和品牌化是未来茶 叶包装之路 (10) 8.2 快速发展茶叶的深加工产品包装 (10) 8.3 发展旅游系列的茶叶包装 (10) 8 小结 (11)