科研英文论文写作模板
科研英文论文写作模板1．文化标题
①一般不使用完整的句子，而多用名词（词组）或动名词（词组）。
如：Education for Elite and Its Effect Evaluation （英才教育及其效果评估）Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods（弹性棒材的非线形波）
Boriding and Eutecticuming of Steel（钢的渗硼与共晶化处理）
②标题不宜过长，最好控制在15个词内，有时可以加副标题。应该力求语义明了，言简意赅。
③英文学术论文许多情况下不用“Regarding…”, “On…”, “Studies on…”, “Investigation on…”, “Observations on”, “Probe into …”, “Some Thought on…”, “The Method of …”等等。汉语中的许多谦语，如“会议……”、“初探……”、“试论……”等都不宜对应译成英语。
④少用疑问句标题
2．作者署名
作者及其工作单位、地址应该采用汉语拼音。作者之前不加写学衔、职称，例如Professor, manager 等等。单位地址由小至大，切忌英文和汉语拼音混杂。例如：East Sanhuan, Beijing, 应该写为：Dong Sanhuan, Beijing。在国际会议上发表的论文，作者的单位应该注明国籍和邮政编码。
3. 论文摘要和关键词
关键词写在摘要的下面，一般在4-6个词之间，最少2个，最多不能超过10个。多用名词形式而不使用动词。例如：key word: observation, incubation, examination-oriented education.
4．引言（Introduction）
引言一般应该包括：
①介绍主题内容，即：论文作了何种研究，主题是什么。
②限定研讨范围，指出论文主题的界限，参数范围，研究工作侧重点等。
③点明论文的宗旨及研究成果，以及开展该项研究的意义和必要性。
④列出论文的主要框架，概述个部分的主要内容。
5．正文（Body）
正文一般分为：开头部分（介绍论文的宗旨以及所要探讨的核心问题）；叙述部分（通过观
察、实验或调查、比较、分析、综合、推论、论证和科学的假设等方法，对所研究的问题进行层次清晰、准确鲜明的叙述）；结论和讨论部分（浓缩观察的事实，归纳实验或调研的发现，分析研究的结果，指出尚有争议的问题，阐明自己的观点，得出最后的结论）。
写正文时常用的一些句型：
·阐明论文目的（宗旨）时常用的句型：
1．本文的主要目的是……
1) The purpose of this paper is …
2) The primary goal of this research is…
3) The intention of this paper is to survey…
4) The overall objective of this study is…
5) In this paper, … was provided (given, illustrated)…
6) Our goal has been to provide…
7) In this paper, we aim at…
8) The emphasis of this study lies in…
2．该项工作是关于……
1) The present work is concerned with the processes underlying…
2) The above work deals with the mechanism involved in…
3) Our work at present is devoted to the changes occurring in…
4) the work we have done bears on the effects produced by…
5) The work we are dong is closely related to the deliberations described in…
6) Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with the investigation made by…
7) The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following…
8) The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…
9) Our studies were performed to determine the amount of…
10) The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…
3．该项工作的主要目的是……
1) The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of…
2) The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…
3) The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…
4) Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…
5) The work which is being done now is designed to find some solution to the problem of…
6) Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of…
7) Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in…
8) We did this work hoping to establish…
9) The authors undertook the work with a view to show…
10) By doing this work we expect(ed) to demonstrate…
11) Doing this joint work, we intend(ed) to show…
12) The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection systems and give examples of systems used in …
13) With research of many years, the author’s endeavour is to explain why in…
14) The above-mentioned work has been performed with a view of…
4．该项研究的主要目的是……
1) The chief aim of the present study is to find out…
2) The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of…
3) The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…
4) The study of …was made in order to clarify…
5) The above study has been carried out to determine…
6) Their (pioneer) studies were intended to elucidate…
7) Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for…
8) We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light
some facts about…
9) The authors attempted their studies in order that they might…
10) We undertook the above study to the end that we might…
11) They initiated the present study so that they might…
12) Carrying out this study we hope to find out…
13) Performing these studies the author intended to reveal…
14) With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…
5．该项实验主要是为了……
1) We made these experiments in order to show a correlation…
2) The author attempted the set experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena…
3) Experiments on…were made in order to measure the amount of…
4) Experiments involving… have been carried out to determine…
5) Experiments using this technique are (not) under way to test (check)…
6) Experiments on… are made to answer the question whether…
7) The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of…
8) We have designed such an experiment for the purpose…
扉页（英文） CulturalFactorsinChinese&EnglishProverbs Translation （TimesNewRoman二号加粗居中） by LiHairong WangZhiyun,Tutor （TimesNewRoman小二居中） RegisteredNo.09 FacultyofForeignLanguages Shanghai Business School December,2011 （TimesNewRoman小二） 论文摘要（英文）及关键词 Abstract （TimesNewRoman二号，加粗，居中） Proverbsreflectcolorfulnationalculturein（TimesNewRoman四号）…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................... .....………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… （空一行） Keywords:proverbs;translation;culture;differences（TimesNewRoman四号） 说明： 1．关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号隔开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写，最后一个词后面无标点符号。 2．“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容，摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。
科技英语论文写作学习心得作为一名刚刚步入科研工作的学生，深切的感触到，科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。而面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流，最多的形式不过于是以文字形式进行传播的科研文章，各个国家学者的文章是大家相互学习的最有效的途径。那么面对不同种族，不同语言，文字的科研工作者来说，要想让更多的相关领域的人们读到自己的文章，对自己的研究成果进行审阅。他们就需要用一种大家都可以看的懂的文字来将自己的文章展现在相关的科研平台上以供大家的查看和检索。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，同样可以用来作为科研领域学术文章流通的工具。那么如何写好一篇英文的科技论文，如何让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员可以读懂你的文章，不会对你所达的内容产生歧义，以达到科研学术结论供大家参考的目的，这其中的方式与技巧，必然与我们平常的英语写作形式，写作以及口语表达习惯有着很大的区别。每一个科研学者都需要自己去阅读和学习，英文科技论文当中大家定性的相关规定与方法，从而了解到其他的科研学者是通过什么样的写作模式将自己的科研成果通过英文的方式让更多的人看到，了解并去传播的。通过对研究生阶段的这门科技英语论文写作课程的学习，让我认识到虽然自己已经经历过从中学到大学的十多年的英文学习，对英文这门语言来说也算是有课一定的掌握，但面对科技论文的写作时发现其有着自己的一套详细而又独特的写作方法，面对这种新颖的写作特点，既觉得新奇有感觉到了有点难受，特别是当面对最后的大作业中文文献翻译成英文时候，深深的感受到其翻译中给我带来的艰难。在课堂上，老师生动，幽默而又不失严厉的教学模式，对学生高标准，严要求，本着对学生负责的态度通过与学生互动对每一个知识点进行讲解，之后又通过在课堂上及时的实战练习，将学过的知识点直接进行应用练习，让学生很快就可以掌握其翻译要领，这样有条有理的教学方法，必然是一个有着多年教学经验的老教师才可以展现出来的风采。教学内容上老师较多将在学术文章中可能遇到的情况进行了举例讲解，如面对实验方法，实验设备，实验数据的分析和结果等语法表达，以及对一篇文章所要具有的结构，主题，除此之外，文章开头的背景，研究课题的意义，目的，价值，研究方法的描写，其中在英语论文的书写中多使用到的语法，时态等都通过不同例句进行分析和学生一起学习。其中的每一个知识点对以后遇到的可能的写作都有着很实用的价值。教学中的每一个环节老师都主动和大家交流互动，引导大家的思维开放，用自己积累的方式与单词将一句话表达清楚，整个过成让人心情愉悦，轻松。其次，课堂上还着重讲解了在引用文章，引用他人的结论时可能出现的问题及技巧，如何通过时态的不同和使用将不同的内容引用的合理，其中的有些规定在科技文章的写作中如果要想表达的准确，明了还是很有必要的，而这个在自己私下的阅读和练习中是很难以注意到的。在用词造句上，口语与书面语的差别，和使用方法也同样通过例句的分析比较传授给学生，让我深刻的感受到书面语言的正式，严谨。在句型上通过对一段长句的划分析，每一个单词的词性和多意的理解，进行揣摩构造，表达出自己想要讲述的内容，并在课堂上老师多次带领学生一起对一整篇已经在科学杂志期刊上发表过的文章进行现场导读讲解，使学生可以完全跟进老师自己的阅读习惯和模式，以达到将自己的英文方面的技能的到传授的目的。在课堂的结束阶段，老师又对以往大家在英文科技论文写作中经常遇到的各种问题与错误进行了总结和指导，让我对今后使用英文对科研类文章的撰写有了更大的信心。总的来说，科技英文论文写作这门课程是一门非常实用的课程，是每一个科研人员都应该学习并拥有的一项必要技能，这门课程对新入学的研究生，即将进入研究岗位的大四学生等都是有着及其重要的教学意义，希望今后将会有更多的接触科研的学生在这个课堂上受益。
Research on Trigonometric Leveling Freedu School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University,Wuhan430079,China E-mail:1111111111@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3d10216852.html, Abstract —As the total station trigonometric leveling can survey without the restrictions oftopography. So, we can use it to survey the third &fourth order level survey in some special areas.In this article, we propose a new total station measuring method from combining the defect of traditional measurementmethods. The advantages of this method is that it can improve the precision without measuring height of device and prism, and it canreplace the third and fourth level of measurement under certain conditions. This method can greatly improve efficiency and shortenthe project duration in the construction survey ． Keywords- trigonometric leveling ；total station ；error analysis I. I NTRODUCTION Engineering construction often relates to height measurement. Thetraditional measurement methods are leveling surveying andtrigonometry trigonometric leveling. Although the two methods have their own characteristics, but there are shortcomings.With the widespread use of the Total Station and using the track rod with the total station method to measure the elevation of the increasingly popular, traditional trigonometric leveling method has shown its limitations.After a long journey, a new trigonometric leveling method has been summed up.This approach combines the advantages of two traditional approaches to further improve the accuracy of the trigonometric leveling and tosurvey faster. This article systematically expounds the principle of traditional trigonometric leveling methods and the new methods, compares their advantages and disadvantages, and analyses the main errors and measurement accuracy in the process of trigonometric leveling. II. P RINCIPLE OF T RADITIONAL T RIGONOMETRIC L EVELING AND THE N EW M ETHOD The basic formula of the traditional trigonometric leveling: tan B A H H D i t α=++- (1) where A H is the elevation of a known point, B H is the elevation of the unknown point, D is the horizontal distance between the two points, αis the vertical angle when observe from point A to point B,i is instrument height, t is the height of the prism. For traditional methods, total station must be set up in the known elevation point. At the same time, you must measure out the height ofboth the instrument and the prism if you want to measure the elevation of the unknown points. If we can measure the elevation of the measured point while set point of total station arbitrarily like leveling surveying, instead of set it on a known elevation point, and do not measure out instrument and prism,speed of measurement will be faster. As shown in the figure 1, assuming that the elevation of the point A is known, the elevation of the point B is unknown, here we measurethe elevation of other points by total station. Figure 1. Diagram for trigonometric leveling Firstly, seen by trigonometric leveling principle: (tan )B A H H D i t α=-+- (2) where i, t is unknown, but one thing is sure that once the instrument set, value of i will remain unchanged.At the same time choose tracking lever as a reflecting prism, assume that the value of t is also fixed. Seen from formula (2), tan B A H i t H D W α+-=-= (3) By formula (3),the value of W will remain unchanged in any station. And while both A H and tan D αare known, it is possible to calculate the value of W . Operation of this new method is as follows: Shown in Figure 2, elevation of point A is known, elevation of point B is unknown, and the instrument is set up at point C between A and B. The instruments sight point A to get the reading 1V . That 1V =1D 1tan α, and calculate the value of W, W = A H +1D 1tan α. At this time related constants such as elevation of station, instrument height and prism height can beof any value, not necessary to set before measuring. And then set elevation of point Cto W , set the instrument height and prism height to 0. Then elevation of point C is known. Finally sight the target point B and measured its elevation, that is 22tan B H W D α=+ (4) Therefore, using the new method, elevation of point B is 1122tan tan B A H H D D αα=-+ (5)
问题解决型作文模板 /Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem…(问题) /It is important for us to…(问题). For instance_____________________(例一) First，_________________________(原因一). Moreover，_____________________(例二) Second，_______________________(原因二) 第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem． /Confronted with…(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation． Firstly，________________________(解决方法一) Secondly，______________________(解决方法二) 第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_______________(我的方法) /To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…(问题) One of them is ________________________(我的方法) The other way is_______________________(方法二)
By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y…(结果) 2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s no doubt that…. 现象解释型作文模板
科研英文论文写作模板 科研英文论文写作模板1．文化标题 ①一般不使用完整的句子，而多用名词（词组）或动名词（词组）。 如：Education for Elite and Its Effect Evaluation （英才教育及其效果评估）Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods（弹性棒材的非线形波） Boriding and Eutecticuming of Steel（钢的渗硼与共晶化处理） ②标题不宜过长，最好控制在15个词内，有时可以加副标题。应该力求语义明了，言简意赅。 ③英文学术论文许多情况下不用“Regarding…”, “On…”, “Studies on…”, “Investigation on…”, “Observations on”, “Probe into …”, “Some Thought on…”, “The Method of …”等等。汉语中的许多谦语，如“会议……”、“初探……”、“试论……”等都不宜对应译成英语。 ④少用疑问句标题 2．作者署名 作者及其工作单位、地址应该采用汉语拼音。作者之前不加写学衔、职称，例如Professor, manager 等等。单位地址由小至大，切忌英文和汉语拼音混杂。例如：East Sanhuan, Beijing, 应该写为：Dong Sanhuan, Beijing。在国际会议上发表的论文，作者的单位应该注明国籍和邮政编码。 3. 论文摘要和关键词 关键词写在摘要的下面，一般在4-6个词之间，最少2个，最多不能超过10个。多用名词形式而不使用动词。例如：key word: observation, incubation, examination-oriented education. 4．引言（Introduction） 引言一般应该包括： ①介绍主题内容，即：论文作了何种研究，主题是什么。 ②限定研讨范围，指出论文主题的界限，参数范围，研究工作侧重点等。 ③点明论文的宗旨及研究成果，以及开展该项研究的意义和必要性。 ④列出论文的主要框架，概述个部分的主要内容。 5．正文（Body） 正文一般分为：开头部分（介绍论文的宗旨以及所要探讨的核心问题）；叙述部分（通过观
英文投稿的一点经验【转载】 1. 首先一定要注意杂志的发表范围, 超出范围的千万别投,要不就是浪费时间;另外，每个杂志都有他们的具体格式要求，一定要按照他们的要求把论文写好，免得浪费时间，前些时候，我的一个同事向一个著名的英文杂志投稿，由于格式问题，人家过两个星期就退回来了，而且说了很多难听的话，说投稿前首先就应该看清楚他们的格式要求； 2. 论文写作一定要言简意赅,特别是摘要,引言和结论部分,特别是摘要和结论不能重复,发现有很多论文这两部分没有差别, 个人认为, 摘要是引人入胜的"药引子",要留悬念;而结论是你论文得出的有证据的东西,要简单明了(很多人写了一大堆,把推测的结果都写上,这种论文质量很差); 另外,很多人认为数据越多, 发表的可能性越大,但经过读一些论文, 发现很多人的论文很烂, 感觉就是数据的简单堆积,所以,论文的重点应该在观点上,保证一篇论文一个新观点,已经足够了. 3. 投稿时,一定要找和你做研究内容相近领域的专家作评阅人,最好是国外的,不是说国内的不好,但就怕有人和你(或你老板)有过节,而且国内的很多所谓专家水平一般,且小心眼; 4. cover letter要简单介绍你的工作的创新性,这样便于论文的快速发表, 当然也应该客气几句,让编辑感到心里舒服,主要是夸杂志好之类的话; 有人写coverletter，就是写上题目、然后说很荣幸投稿之类地话，也有人干脆把摘要全写上，这样个人认为不好，一定用两到三句话说明你论文“新”在哪，这个非常重要。 5. 前些时候看到论坛上很多人说不能写信催编辑,个人认为没关系,必要催信能够让人重视你的论文,一定要让人感到,你的论文在这发不了,好多地方在等着发呢(但很多牛杂志,可不吃这套哟，人家不缺稿，嘿嘿). 当然写信的时候要客气,说一些快速发表对于学术讨论和促进工作等方面的重要性之类的话; 6. 能写英文,就不投中文稿, 特别是不投中文杂志英文版, 好不容易憋了篇英文,还投到低水平的杂志,很不甘心; 最重要的是国内杂志要钱，而国外很多不要。自从国内某杂志告诉我他们之所以收我很高的版面费是为了他们的生
一、研究生必备四本 俗话说好记性不如烂笔头，所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯！作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的 1，实验记录本（包括试验准备本），这当然首当其冲必不可少，我就不多说了； 2，Idea记录本，每次看文献对自己有用的东西先记下，由此产生的idea更不能放过，这可是做研究的本钱，好记性不如烂笔头，以后翻翻会更有想法的； 3，专业概念以及理论进展记录本，每个人不可能对自己领域的概念都了如指掌，初入门者更是如此，这时候小小一个本子的作用就大了； 4，讲座记录本，这本本子可能有些零杂，记录听到的内容，更要记录瞬间的灵感，以及不懂的地方，不可小视！ 这四本是你必不可少的，不过作为我们这些非英语专业的研究生来说，还有一个应该具备的本子就是英语好句记录本。 二、论文写作要点 1、选题要小，开掘要深；不要题目很大，内容却很单薄。 2、写作前要读好书、翻阅大量资料、注意学术积累，在这个过程中，还要注重利用网络，特别是一些专业数据库 3、“选题新、方法新、资料新”的三新原则 4、“新题新做”和“小题大做 总之，一点之见即成文。 三、如何撰写实验研究论文（唐朝枢） 论文发表意识：基础研究成果的表达方式；是否急于发表（创新与严谨的关系）；发表的论文与学位论文的区别（反映科学事实而不是反映作者水平） 论文格式：原著、快报、简报、摘要。不同于教科书、讲义，更不同于工作总结。 撰写前的准备工作：复习和准备好相关文献;再次审定实验目的(学术思想,Idea);实验资料 完整并再次审核 1.Introduction: 问题的提出；研究的现状及背景；以前工作基础；本工作的目的；思路（可提假说）；对象；方法；结果。在… 模型上，观察… 指标，以探讨… （目的） 2. M & M ⑴药品材料和仪器 ⑵实验和制备方法合成方法 ⑶测试及表征 3. Results ⑴归类描述，忌流水帐。不分析不解释，但要体现思路 ⑵文字、图、表相对独立，但避免重复 4. Discussion ⑴背景材料：展开问题的提出；有关本研究的一些基本知识内容（不要离题太远） ⑵本实验结果分析：各指标的意义（与文献值比较），结果说明什么问题 ⑶进一步对结果机理分析：结合文献 ⑷本工作的意义、结语或小结，进一步提出的新问题 其它注意点： ①引证讨论文献知识太多(不同于学位论文)，掩盖了本工作的贡献
科研英文论文写作模板科研英文论文写作模板 1．文化标题 ①一般不使用完整的句子，而多用名词（词组）或动名词（词组）。 如：Education for Elite and Its Effect Evaluation （英才教育及其效果评估）Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods（弹性棒材的非线形波） Boriding and Eutecticuming of Steel（钢的渗硼与共晶化处理） ②标题不宜过长，最好控制在15个词内，有时可以加副标题。应该力求语义明了，言简意赅。 ③英文学术论文许多情况下不用“Regarding …”, “On …”, “Studies on …”, “Investigation on…”, “Observations on”, “Probe into …”, “Some Thought on …”, “The Method of …”等等。汉语中的许多谦语，如“会议……”、“初探……”、“试论……”等都不宜对应译成英语。 ④少用疑问句标题 2．作者署名 作者及其工作单位、地址应该采用汉语拼音。作者之前不加写学衔、职称，例如Professor , manager 等等。单位地址由小至大，切忌英文和汉语拼音混杂。例如：East Sanhuan, Beijing, 应该写为：Dong Sanhuan, Beijing。在国际会议上发表的论文，作者的单位应该注明国籍和邮政编码。 3. 论文摘要和关键词 关键词写在摘要的下面，一般在4-6个词之间，最少2个，最多不能超过10个。多用名词形式而不使用动词。例如：key word: observation, incubation, examination-oriented education. 4．引言（Introduction ）
? 1. When writing proposals, we should concentrate on the reviewers’ preferences.（1分） B 正确错误 ?多选2. Which are included in the biographical sketches?（1分）ABC Key investigators in the https://www.doczj.com/doc/3d10216852.html,cational background.Academic duties.Current status (literature reviews). ?多选3. Which are included in the progress report?（1分）ABCD Background information: A description of current status: results, methodologies,Conclusions.Achievements so far. ?多选4. Which are included in the contents of a proposal?（1分）ABCD Project descriptions.References cited.Biographical sketches .Budget. ?单选5. Which are concluded in current achievements related to the proposed project?（1分） D Related projects completed.Related publications Related duties All the above. ? 6. Which is not included in introduction?（1分） C Motivations..Basis for proposing the project Approach.Current status (literature reviews). ?单选7. What are the strategies when we write proposals?（1分） D We need to present the key ideas clearly and convincingly in first several pages.We have to be creative and try very hard to set up new problems and propose new approaches unlikely to be thought about by others.For different kinds of proposals, we should use different strategies.All the above. ?单选8. Which assumptions should not we accept when writing proposals?（1分）B The reviewers are statistically unbiased and intelligent.The reviewers know the background of the proposal very well.The reviewers are smart but very busy.There are many smart researchers out there competing on the same subject and proposing similar or better ideas ?多选9. Which disciplines are included in “Micro sensor and wireless sensor networks”?（1分）ABCD Information engineering.Mechanical engineering.Physics & chemistry.Biology. ?多选10. Why is the interdisciplinary research important?（1分）ABCD
Distributed Diffusion-based Non-negative Least-Mean-Square Algorithm Over Adaptive Networks Xiaolong Deng ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks, distributed estimation over networks has received a lot of attention due to its broad applicability. We formulate and study distributed estimation algorithm based on diffusion protocols to implement cooperation among individual adaptive nodes. In the networks, every node is equipped with local leaning abilities, and they can share their local estimation and information with their neighbors. When the nodes communicate with each other, they keep to peer-to-peer protocols. And due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is one of the most interesting constraints that can usually be imposed on the parameters to estimate. In distributed diffusion-based least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, we add non-negative characteristics of parameters to the algorithm so that we can get a distributed diffusion-base non-negative least-mean-square algorithm over adaptive networks. Index Terms—Adaptive networks, diffusion algorithm, distributed estimation. least mean square algorithms, nonnegative constraints. INTRODUCTION Consider a network of nodes observing temporal data arising from different spatial sources with possibly different statistical profiles. Each node in the network could function as an individual adaptive filter whose aim is to estimate the parameter of interest through local observations [1]–[3]. An adaptive network structure is obtained where the structure as a whole is able to respond in real-time to the temporal and spatial variations in the statistical profile of the data [4]–[6]. Different adaptation or learning rules at the nodes, allied with different cooperation protocols, give rise to adaptive networks of various complexities and potential. Our formulation is useful in several problems involving estimation and event detection from multiple nodes collecting space–time data [7]–[12]. In many real-life phenomena including biological and physiological ones, due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is a desired constraint that can be imposed on the parameters to estimate in order to avoid physically absurd and uninterpretable results. Over the last 15 years, a variety of methods have been developed to tackle nonnegative least-square problems (NNLS)[13]. Active set techniques for NNLS use the fact that if the set of variables which activate constraints is known, then the solution of the constrained least-square problem can be obtained by solving an unconstrained one that only includes inactive variables. The active set algorithm of Lawson and Hanson [14] is a batch resolution technique for NNLS problems. It has become a standard among the most frequently used methods. In [15], Bro and De Jong introduced a modification of the latter, called fast NNLS, which takes advantage of the special characteristics of iterative algorithms involving repeated use of non-negativity constraints. Another class of tools is the class of projected gradient
英文科技论文写作 一篇好文章分享 撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。 IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题： Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？ Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？ Results（结果）：发现了什么? Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么? 按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。 英文科技论文的基本格式包括： Title-论文题目 Author(s)-作者姓名 Affiliation(s) and address(es)-联系方式 Abstract-摘要 Keywords-关键词 Body-正文 Acknowledgements-致谢，可空缺 References-参考文献 Appendix-附录，可空缺 Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定 其中正文为论文的主体部分，分为若干章节。一篇完整的科技论文的正文部分由以下内容构成： Introduction-引言/概述 Materials and Methods-材料和方法 Results-结果 Discussion-讨论 Conclusions-结论/总结 下面对科技论文主要构成部分的写法和注意事项进行详细介绍。 1．Title（论文题目） 由于只有少数人研读整篇论文，多数人只是浏览原始杂志或者文摘、索引的论文题目。
A STUDY ON DIFFERENCES IN MARKETING STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY WULIANGYE AND MAOTAI by 拼音姓名 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION for Joint Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Program between Tianjin University of Technology (TUT), Tianjin City, P. R. China and Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, B. C., Canada May 28, 2012
摘要白酒在中国具有悠久的历史 关键词：白酒竞争营销策略
ABSTRACT Wine has a long history in China, and has always been famous for its superb brewing process, the unique taste and legendary culture. However, in recent years, the market share of wine has gradually declined. The competition in the wine industry is becoming increasingly intense. MAOTAI and WULIANGYE are two well-deserved giants of Chinese wine industry and have made great success doing business. Comparing their marketing approach, there are a lot of differences. Recently, the major consumers are gradually aging. In the coming decade, the after eighties and nineties will become the major force of consumption. To change the fate of wine, companies must improve marketing methods to adapt to modern society and the needs of new generation of customers. Referring to the related theory, this thesis will focus on analyzing the differences of marketing strategy and method between MAOTAI and WULIANGYE. Recommendations for the current wine market have also been proposed for companies in this industry to learn from. Key Words: Wine Competition Marketing Strategy