Unit One
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. D
2.It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking people
toward keeping their mother tongue "pure."
3.The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that they
have gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what they will do to keep French pure in the future.
4. B
5.It refers to the differences between British and American English with
regard to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the Americans' viewpoint.
6. C
7.The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use.
However, as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages
8.Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standard
British English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.
9. B
10.The author thinks that communication is more important than the
purification of the English language.
B
1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)
2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself
3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold
4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons
5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination
6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer
(vulgar meaning)
7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift
8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”.
(rude)
9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital
10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless
11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaids
unfairly (with possible sexual meaning)
12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put to
death
13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes
14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)
15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men and
women must marry in order to live together
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--b 2--d 3--f
4—j 5—I 6--h
B
1. sensitive
2. list
3. prevalent
4. deficiency
5. withheld
6. certainty
7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy
10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious 13. purified 14. highlights 15. novelty
C
1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity
2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory
3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing
4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation
5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent
6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient
7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted
8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted
9. A, spare B. spare C. spare
10. A. stroke B. stroking C. stroke
D
1. C. make alternative
2. B. of taking advantage
3. C. of a head injury
4. D. remains
5. A. accepted
6. A. as much energy as
7. C. would end up 8. C. has been
9. B. or 10. D. with which
E
1. language
2. associates
3. in-laws
4. total
5. responds
6. swell
7. Hardly
8. lives
9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so
13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed 17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. tradition Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。遇到这种情况时，他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付，吕口：(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之)，(2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的。在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际语)。这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语)，但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。在当今世界，将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。
B
1. One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of
the most important factors in language learning.
2. In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided
to lease English films in the original to them.
3. On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or
small, will come up with it by putting up more discount notices.
4. When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in
socie they will gradually be~ by the public.
5. The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but
by management deficiency.
6. Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertis e to
attract customers.
7. It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change;
otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.
8. I feel gratitude to him because every time I encountered difficulties in
my study he would help me.
9. It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the
factory.
10.Those who advocate the purity of a language protect the language for the
sake of their culture.
Reading Practice
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.T
5.T
6.F
7.F
8.T
Unit Two
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. i People have different opinions about lies but they don't differ much in
defining what truth is.
ii Lying is usually regarded as evil but in reality many people lie. This is worthy of our attention.
2. i Lies are intentionally told untruths/an unintentionally told untruth is
not a lie.
ii Almost everyone lies.
3. i All lies are evil and harmful so they should be avoided.
ii Many lies are not evil but are necessary and beneficial to society.
4. Open.(But according to the writer,) standards regarding when lies are ac-
ceptable vary not only with individuals but aJso with different cultures. 5. The statement means that when one grows up, one may have the painful
experience of realizing that other people may not hold the same opinion about honesty as one does. This is because the reality often runs counter to what is taught to children.
6. 2) those that are told with intention to harm the listener or a third party
and to benefit the liar
3) those that don't tell the whole truth (Some information may be left
unsaid.)
4) those that are told with no intention of being kept
5) those that are told to deceive oneself
7. (Open)
8. B
9. Because it prevents one from realizing one's shortcomings and improving
oneself.
10. Different cultures may have different standards regarding when lies are
acceptable. (e.g. People in some cultures feel it is more important not to hurt others than to tell the truth). It may be hard to change these culturally based beliefs.
B
1. People cannot make sound judgement about ...because we have not told
them the truth. We should try to avoid lying because in a society where lying is common, trust becomes impossible, and without trust, cooperati on cannot exist.
2. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars will suffer, but in
reality you find that they often don't, (This is what one's moral beliefs are compared with.)This realizati&n may make you take a skeptical attitude towards your moral beliefs. "It" refers to "the realization" and "them"
refers to "moral beliefs." Because they don't appear to be true.
3. Many of the lies are told within government circles. For example, a person
may lie to the government, or a government official may lie to the public, which falls into the category of"little white lie". Here, the author is critical of the government because he thinks one person's"little white lie"is another person's "dirty lie"
4. In the United States, people do not often tell all the truth in their income
tax reports, which is considered an unquestionable lie by the government.
Because people feel the government already takes too much of their earnigns.
5. Some advertisers and politicians often make false promises, which ruin
the reputation of other advertisers and politicians. It is implied here that some false promises are fairly harmless, but others are taken more seriously and can hurt the listener/receiver.
6. We have to be realistic about our dreams and ambitions on one hand an d
deceiving/tricking ourselves on the other. If we are not, we can't
recognize the need for change, make the necessary changes, and achieve success.
7. The author suggests that ifwe have not looked at our faults, we should
honestly examine ourselves closely to see what we really are like. Be realistic.
8. Ideas about lying vary from culture to culture. One culture may have a
high opinion of truth even if it hurts, while another culture may consider that other people's feelings are more important.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. D 10. B
B
1. going through
2. goes with
3. in response to
4. grew up
5. be having an affair with/have had an affair with
6. turn a blind eye to
7. hold ... together
8. watching for
9. in comparison 10. draw a line between C
1. A. what is
2. A. than have
3. D. it
4. D. ignored
5. C. go
6. D. would he be
7. C. objected to 8. C. though
9. D. to say something 10. C. to his feet
D
1. to
2. than
3. expressing
4. always
5. relief
6. But
7. persuaded
8. cracked
9. accident 10. in turn 11. recalJ 12. the
13. times 14. exchanged 15. uncovered 16. solution
17. nor 18. others 19. mind 20. leave Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。他们会对任何事情说谎。他们似乎无法控制说谎的；中动。对这些人的研究表明，他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭；也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里，真话得不到尊重，没有人说真话。他们似乎比常人更加强烈地需要得到别人的爱不口别人的尊重。但事实上，他们中并非每个人都无法控制自己说谎的欲望。没人能说清为什么有些人能克制说谎而有些入却无法克制说谎。病态的说谎者往往没有亲近的或长期维持的私人关系。他们非常谨慎，通常不介绍自己的熟人相互认识以免他们将
听到的东西进行比较。
* * * * * * * * * * * * 通常，北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事，他们不应该说谎。如果说谎，他们应该感到内疚。在欧美文化中，对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然而通过他们自己的行为，父母也会告诉孩子，在某些情况下，大多数人确实也会说谎。因此孩子在这种双重教育下长大——他们偶尔也会说谎，但是他们会感到内疚，并且不想让别人知道他们已说了谎。
B
1. Different people have different opinions about whether lying is
always bad and whether it should be avoided.
2. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the
skyscrapers of New York.
3. The point at which people draw the line between an acceptab le lie and a
bad lie varies from individual to individual and culture to culture.
4. Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind
eye,t~-~re faults of their children.
5. The country needs a leader who will hold the nation
togetherwhen violence breaks out.
6. A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those
he likes and those he dislikes.
7. She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my intention to hurt her.
8. It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.
9. In some foreign countries, a person who intentionally
leaves his job can find it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other benefits.
10. She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.
Reading Practice
1.B
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.D
Unit Three
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. E
2. "The numbers" means the relatively small number of people competing for
a given job. The author thinks that due to the lower birth rate, there are less
workers aVailabLe in the job market and therefore more job opportunities are available to young people today.
3. They have a gloomy view of the present world.
1) They have been exposed to murder and other types of violence and
some other negative events on TV.
2) Many have been brought up in single-parent families and the emotional
upheaval and conflict have had a negative effect on their value and self-worth.
3) Many feel their chances of finding the job and salary they want are
bleak
4. They will spend more time with their kids and care about them more.
5. No. Because they want to save their money so that they can live better
when they do leave.
6. The parents' attitude:
loyalty and commitment to the workplace
slave away and show their dedication to the company
The youth's attitude:
They don't want to wait around and pay their dues when there is no long-term commitment from the top.
There is life after work.
They will often leave a job at the hint of a better position.
7. Generation X'ers watched their grandparents slave away only to receive a
gold watch and pension upon retirement. Their parents' dedication to the company has been repaid with downsizing and layoffs. They feel there is no such thing as job security. They don't want to commit themselves to their work when there is no long-term commitment from the top. There is more to life than work.
8. They will have better family values, get things done quickly, shorten the
workweek, and create systems that will allow "intrapreneurs."
9. No. Because technology will enable people to be more productive. In
addition, X'ers' dislike of bureaucracy and a desire to solve problems will quickly improve productivity.
10. He intends to tell us about X'ers' potential entrepreneurship.
11. D. Because Generation X has evolved in dramatically different ways
from previous generations and may have dramatically different ways to improve society.
B
1. negative view of the world
less loyalty and commitment
keep options open
stay at home longer
eager to get noticed
unrealistic and materialistic views
gett/ng things done fast
better family values
shorter work week
greater entrepreneurship
2. Becoming successful socially and financially or moving into the upper
social echelon.
3. It is implied that their thirty years' dedication to their company was not
acknowledged and cherished. In fact, they were dismissed without anything.
4. Because they were neglected in their families and classrooms.
5. Because they would like their world to be filled with good-looking people,
dressed in the latest fashions, with lots of money and prestige, and who don't have to work too hard. They desire instant gratification and expect a whole lot for nothing.
6. "McJobs" are poorly-paid entry level jobs which have no power. They are
not the kind of iobs X'ers would want.
7. Be able to solve the problem themselves without dealing with
bureaucracy.
8. Because many of them have an independent, individualistic nature and
Like to be left alone to solve problems.
9. It means fostering innovation and being creative.
10. If we listen to what Generation X'ers will say, we may understand
thern better, and also find they have some very beneficial things to offer.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1.B
2. C
3.A
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. A
8.A
9.D 10. A
B
1. was referred to as
2. take on
3. waiting around
4. piled up
5. jump ship
6. teamed up with
7. look upon 8. on their own 9. cleane d out
10. slaving away
C
1. A. what
2. C. paying for
3. D. one
4. A. By
5. C. seeks
6. C. impaired
7. B. it is 8. C. hardly anything
9. A. There is 10. D. its
D
1. grew
2. plant
3. see
4. inherit
5. debt
6. Among
7. likely 8. die 9. increased
10. gone I I. top 12. expected
13. in 14. face 15. only
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
这些青年人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影0向的情况反而使他们更坚定地自行其事。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。例如，当今的青年夫妇拒绝向更注重表面的社会生活习俗让
步。在我们那一代，年轻的新娘们如果不是家住名区，如果他们家的餐具不够高雅，她们则会咆尝其苦。那时青年人对于有影响的社会关系、部队中的官职、有名的俱乐部成员身份都十分敏感。然而这一代人却坚持希望别人评价他们自身的价值。我常常听说他们小心翼翼地隐藏起出身名门的事实。他们坚持作为一个独立的人被社会接受，这产生一种空前的坦诚。一位女大学生对我说：“你知道我一直都不够诚实，我正在试图改正”。一位退伍土兵在一个男女混合的场合，当着目瞪口呆的双亲面对大家说他在战后的六个月里一直是一个“精神变态者”。这些言词说明自由的坚固性——一种属于自己而不属于虚伪的社会习俗的自由。
B
1. Unlike the young people today, we had to take on family
responsibilities and help our parents with housework when we were teenagers.
2. Generation X'ers take work seriously, but they disdain the
workaholic, slave~to~the-job mentality of their parents and bosses.
3. Many young kids today can work with a variety of software
programs on their own and comprehend them quickly.
4. They were referred to as the Lost Generation because they were
disillusioned and did not know what to do with their new liberties.
5. The young people of diverse cultural backgrounds all have in
common a love for the same clothing styles, music and entertainment.
6. Generation X has a strong propensity for fun and enjoyment,
and it is a priority for them to have a good time whether they are at work, school or home.
7. Most people in China look upon their job as a career and have
loyalty and commitment to the workplace.
8. Young people desire to upgrade their situation and they are
always jumping ship at the hint of a better position.
9. Being spoiled by their guilt-ridden, seldom-home parents, X'ers
are not ready to take over in politics, education and business.
10. Young entrepreneurs are encouraged to team up with their
colleagues to do the research and create new products at unparalleled rates.
Reading Practice
1. How to manage X'ers.
2. Create conflicts.
3. Because this conflicts with their independence and'embarrasses them.
4. Because they want very much to be stimulated.
5. We should make work enjoyable.
Unit Four
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. He put together the National Worldwide Universal deal and made money
on an electronics acquisition.
2. The question showed that the young man thought twelve million dollars
was a large sum of money to him.
3. a. They have been known to every schoolboy.
b. They have been shown on the covers of glossy magazines.
c. They have been a committee member of important charity balls.
d. They have been the owners of a co-op apartment on Fifth Avenue,
e. They have a stretch limousine,
f. They are the owners of a professional football team.
g. They are the owners of a magazine and the chief columnists.
h. They have made ~fty million dollars.
4. C and D. The whole tone here is very sarcastic.
a. corporate raiders
b. real-estate sharks
5, Because when the young man asked her to marry him he said he would surely amount to something but he turned out to be a "nobody."
6. To be famous. That he will be"somebody.' 'This could mean rich, famous
or outstanding. But obviously, 12 million dollars wasn'~ enough to qualify.
7. exaggeration:
"Two-million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen."
"You can't buy a real magazine for chicken feed." etc.
irony:
He is rich and has all the trappings of being successful but it's not enough for his wife.
He becomes famous because of illegal behaviour, which his wife feels like he is becoming successful.
8. Both.
9. (Open.)
10. The writer entitles his story "success" to satirize the idea of an
American Dream which refers to fame and fortune. Actually true"success' should not involve making a fortune and fame illegally.
This story shows that success ~is not often such a driving force that people lose their morals in pursuit of it.
B
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--f 2---c 3--a 4--h 5--g
6--e 7--b 8--d 9--j 10—i
B
1. corporate
2. devious 3, origins 4. estate 5. greed 6. committing 7. flattering 8. shrewd 9. Electronic 10. violated
C
1. stick by
2. try his luck
3. so to speak
4. amount to
5. end up
6. was working out
7. turned out
8. seek his fortune 9, costs big bucks 10. beyond their dreams
D
1. C. has furthered
2. D. a young man's
3. B. mother-in-law's
4. B. to live
5. C. what they eat
6. C. of
7. D. three-week-old 8. D. acting on
9. A. should be cut 10. B. would have enjoyed
E
1. doing
2. no
3. seldom
4. long
5. others
6. something
7. up
8. into
9. realizing 10. behind
11. all 12. chief 13.~vhat 14. never 15. merely 16. sets 17. Nothing 18. discourage 19. ruin 20. emotional Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
卡尔文·特里林在其描述美国暴发户生活的当代故事“成功”中，讽刺了“美国梦”的观念。出色的讽刺故事的要点之一是：在故事中运用几乎可信的夸大手法。在某个事实被歪曲得几乎成真时，你相信它可能是真的——但是你其实仍在怀疑——这就是好的讽刺故事所要取得的最佳效果。讽8g的另一要点是反语。反语指的是词汇的字面意义与其实际意义完全相反。反语往往有趣，但带有悲伤的意味。课文中妻子的最后几句话完全是反语。
* * * * * * * * * * * * 这个年轻人在他的办公室被带上手铐带走了。当天下午的报纸头版刊登了一幅他被传讯后离开时的照片，证实了他已受到指控。照片上的他试图用他那件价值850美元的意大利名牌外套遮住他的脸。第二天的早报上，刊登了一篇篇幅很长的文章，将他作为那些出身贫寒的华尔街商人最终成为贪婪的牺牲品的代表。他的朋友和同事都避开他。
B
1. A young man of humble origins dreamed of becoming a millionaire, but he
was thoroughly disillusioned because he tried to seek his fortune by means of a law-violating electronics acquisition.
2. She managed what amounted to a smile of satisfaction.
3. He ended up designing a software program to solve this problem which had been unsolved for years.
4. He went to the station in the company of his classmates to pick up his sick mother.
5. After graduation from university, he was granted a govemment scholarship to further his study, which was far beyond his dream.
6. He was an excellent teacher who always stuck by his students whenever they had difficulties.
7. He is nobody here in the city, but I suppose he is a somebody in his own village.
8. She said that it was her father, not herself, who was a millionaire, and that she would like to earn her own living.
9. Therefore I think we must, so to speak adopt more extreme measures to
curb inflation.
10. After his company failed because of poor management, he decided to
try his luck in insurance.
Reading Practice
1.C
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.C
Unit Five
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. When a woman makes more money than the man, life gets complicated,
because the man wilt feel threatened by a woman who earns more
than he does. That's a challenge to the traditional belief that a husband should make more money than his wife.
2. They have different meanings. The first one means"~l~SU"the second one"Jl~".
3. Second factor: Women are working full time.
Third factor: Equal-opportunity laws make it possible for women to have
jobs that used to be for men only.
4. B
5. This shows that the man could not bear or accept the fact that his w ife
made more money than he did. This shows also that there is a deeply~ rooted idea that it is not quite right for women to be more successful than their husbands.
6. Apart from emotional and physical abuse,they may show such feeling in a
subtle way, e.g., by drinking more or having an affair.
7. Her technique was to be sure that any man she dated was comfortable
with her wealthy lifestyle. (Open.)
8. First: A high-earning woman must be supersensitive to a man's feelings.
Second: She needs to acknowledge the man's support in private and in public.
Third: She should resolve disputes by reasoning, not by referring to earning power
9. I) The common thing between these two couples is that both men do
not feel threatened by having a wife who earns more.
2) Initially Jim Campbell had a job he could do at home, so he could take
care of his son. Frank Dickey didn't stay at home.Though his job is Iow- paying and he has passed up other jobs so the famil y wouldn't need to move, he enjoys a lot of influence and freedom in his job as a high
school football coach.
10. The trend is growing for women to earn more, it may still be easier to
pretend that everything is fine even though couples m ay not be dealing
with the difference well. The author's attitude is that the problem may
be ignored and perhaps the future will provide the means to resolve
it.
11. He hopes that with an increase in the number of higher-paid women, the
tension might be eased. People may gradually accept the fact that some
women may inevitably earn a higher salary than their husbands.
12. 2.Yes. It's useful because it is close to reality, convincing and persuasive. B
I.B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5.A
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. C 10. B
Vocabulary and Structure
A
I. spouse 2. counterpart 3. touchy 4. counseled
5. subtle
6. therapist
7. prospective
8. adorable
9. opening 10. gallivant
B
I'g 2--o 3--a 4--b 5--c
6--f 7--k 8--1 9--d 10'e
II--j 12--n 13--h 14--i 15—m
C
I. in public 2. holding back
3. take comfort in
4. be done with it
5. make up for it
6. is connected with
7. Aside from 8. is quite comfortable with
D
I. D. until 2. C. become convinced that
3. A. cost of living
4. B. to have to suffer
5. B. facing retirement
6. D. the envy o r admiration
7. C. i sj ud g ed8. B. b ut
9. A. i s th a t wi th I 0. D. fe we r t ha n t ho se who ha ve not E
I. wi th 2. ha p pi e r 3. p o ve rt y 4. b u y 5. pr es en t s
6.lo a ve s
7.in
8.sa t isf y
9.n e ce ssi t ie s10.
i n co m es
I I.sy mb ol s12. as13. a dm ir a ti on14.ot h er15. g rea t er
16. mo n ey17. de s ir e 18.v a ri es19.b e in g 20.
g e ne r al
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
啊哈，钱!也许这就是唯一像性本身一样能使两性之间的生活复杂化的东
西。当一个女人的收入高于她的配偶时，生活就会变得复杂了。目口便是最开明的
男土也会感到妻子挣的钱比他多对他是威胁。而且即使夫妻关系最融洽的夫妇也
认为如果妻子收入高于丈夫，他们必须格外努力去维护这种和谐的幸福生活。
* * * * * * * * * * * *决定男女各自兴趣和职业的性别模式通常并不是没有一点依据的。在某一社
会环境中，男女的性别模式观念一般与某一时期特定的男人或女人概念密切相关。
对于儿童，如果不具有某一社会中人们观念上所公认的性别特征，而仅仅是靠生
理上的性别特征来辨别他们，那么他们的情感，爱好以及将来的体格上将会表现
得不正常。他们必定会终生感到自己在同类中缺乏男子气或女人味。这是因为他
们的文化理念是基于一系列不同的性别模式观念，而这些性别模式观念还是很有
道理的。
B
1. Mr. Black felt somewhat upset when his wife pulled down $1000 a week
2. With the increasing number of high-paid women, more and more men
will be comfortable with their spouses' success.
3. It is atough problem for ca~erwomen howto make up forthe responsibility
to the family that they are supposed to take.
4. In order to comfort the patient, the doctor thought it wise to play down
the serious nature of his illness.
5. It may be hard for a person to adapt to a shift in economic power if his or
her self-esteem is derived mostly from a career or income.
6. A survey shows that some problems between husband and wife are con-
nected with traditional ideas.
7. Owing to the traditional idea, some husbands still try hard to hold their
wives back from working outside their houses.
8. We should make everybody realize that it is stupid to retaliate by drinking
more or having an affair when a person has some problems in life.
9. Wang was offered a good job in the head office of Hong Kong, but she
passed it up because she had a two-year old infant.
10. A famous movie star kept up appearances in public with her husband for
eleven years but recently she has announced a divorce.
Reading Practice
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.B
5.C
Unit Six
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. The philosophy is "managing for both profit and the common good."T he
author thinks that the philosophy may seem revolutionary today, though in the past, it was accepted. He thinks a return to it could be healthy but
probably not possible.
2. Tom has a company which is a leading producer of natural can products.
He has won the support from his wife who shares his values and works together with him.
3. "The idea" refers to the notion of'managing for profit and the common
good.'The word "revolutionary" means "completely new or different?The idea is not new, but it hasn't been practised for a long time. People don't often think about business benefitting man in more than a financial way.
4. The education he has received at Harvard Divinity School.
5. The shared values are:
a. respecting people's dignity;
b. valuingthe community;
c. valuing the environment and animals of our natural worl
d.
6. The ideaTom and his wife shared then was that they (both Tom and his
wife) should go into business together, working as close partners. We learn that this idea was quite uncommon in the 1960's, when wives were not supposed to be involved in their husbands' work
7. He has most enjoyed trying to make his vision of the company a reality
8. The author admires but does not agree with Tom. In para. 17, the author
uses"idealist" to describeTom, that is to say, Tom's idea may not be practical or possible.
9. The difference is that his business has not only been a financial success
but also has had a great impact on people's minds.
10. The belief is that it is possible to respect nature, people and communities
on the one hand and run on effective business on the other hand.
B
1. Managing for profit and the common good.
2. By"spirit-to-spirit"Tom means that both businessmen and consumers will
think of others. They will treat each other fairly and with respect.
3. "Nature-conscious" consumers are the people who respect wildlife and
all aspects of the environment.
4. His wife's family has contributed their profits from their mills to the
building of the town, the school, and the libraries, and thus won the respect and a good relationship with the communities. The heritage refers to what her family has done to their communityTom and his wife have upheld this heritage and continued to make contributions to their communities.
5. It refers to the product made from natural ingredients for personal health
care. Yes. Because the intention to produce such a product is more important than the final product itself.
6. As they came from Maine, they like nature and they respect one another.
They can distinguish their product from others' by values.
7. Because it is the"look feel, taste and smell of the kind of personal
experience they have offered" that has kept them in business.
8. The "values world" means the b0siness world in which we set our values
and standards and vocalize them to others.
9. Goodness here refers to the quality of being kind, considerate, and helpful,
in business. Because to them talking about goodness equates to talking about religion which detracts from the idea that they are competent,
rational business people.
10. According toTom, inWestern thinking, people can not simultaneously
offer respect and also maximize the utilization of resources, white the Eastern- inspired approach involves integrating competing a ims into a harmonious middle ground.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1.B
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. B
9.B 10. D
B
1. dignity
2. heritage
3. insight
4. ingredients
5. makes a difference
6. excellence
7. differentiates
8. been ashamed of 9. believe in 10. incorporate
C
1. A. Just as
2. A. so
3. B. that
4. C. twice
5. A. expanding
6. C. would never have considered
7. B. is 8. D. ofwhich
9. D. decomposes 10. B. had read
D
1. motivate
2. cross
3. accepted
4. convinced
5. variety
6. exposed
7. especially
8. explain
9. difference 10. arrogant 11. reasons 12. trouble
13. aware. 14. hide 15. attempt 16. neglected 17.Worse 18. assignments 19. multinational 20. right Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
建立与顾客的联系是Gerstner的目标。在“经济周刊”进行的一系列采访中他说道广我是带着一种观点来到这里的(1BM)，即：你与顾客共同开始新的一天，你将以顾客为中心考虑公司的工作，并以顾客为中心组织工作”。这种方法在某种程度亡是IBM公司在计算机服务业中迅猛发展的原因，也是华尔街突然喜欢起IBM公司的原因之一。IBM就象一台大发动机，多年来首次所有的活塞都开动了：新型的大型机、个人计算机和小型计算机销售情况均喜人。IBM公司努力地争取成为各家公司在公司内部网络装置中应用IBM公司产品时的不可缺少的助手。当今，计算机服务业是IBM公司增长最快的业务。
不仅IBM公司，其它公司的高层领导也试图与顾客建立良好关系。建立关系成了各大公司巨头反复强调的宗旨。西北大学的J．L．KelloSS管理学院的教授PhilipKotler说：“越来越多的总经理意识到，他们本人就是负
责销售的总经理，正在销售信誉”。他还说，“这种销售是在各公司的总经理阶层中进行”。“其建立的不仅是连接销售员与采购经理之间的桥梁，它还是一座连接各公司总经理之桥”。
B
1. Having worked in this company for a certain period of time, most employees came to agreement on its basic beliefs.
2. Each company should keep its peculiarities which will differentiate one from another rather than strip them away.
3. More and more entrepreneur~ believe in managing for profit and the common good and contributing to the well-being of the communities in which their companies are located.
4. Being one of the nation's key universities, it is instrumental in developing the community's culture.
5. Respecting customers and offering the best services have made us more and more competitive with large discount chains.
6. He has devoted himself to his work for the community and is passionate about what he is doing.
7. Some people believe that it does not make any sense to transplant foreign production and managerial techniques into Chinese companies.
8. In spite of the fact that we have made a great success in the development of technology, we are ashar0ed of the damage we have done to our environment.
9. There is no doubt that the introduction of foreign investment has
made a difference to the local economic development.
10. The new scheme is open to discussion and new constructive
suggestions can be incorporated.
Reading Practice
1. Because he wanted to get a large order from a company there.
2. He attempted to talk about business with the host.
3. He wanted to see ifthe writer and the company behind him were reliable.
4. Those who can establish a truly global partnership.
5. B
Unit Seven
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. C
2. Part 2 is from para. 6 to para. 1
3.
Part 2: Human fallibility may be a unique human gift and it is the source of new inventions.
Part 3: 'Computer mistakes should not be bemoaned as they can ultimately be used to improve human life.
3. If a computer makes a mistake, the person who uses the computer is to
blame because it must be a human error and the computer is infallible.
4. In para. 3, the author suggests that computers represent extensions of the
human brain. Computers can do anything we can do, even make mistakes as humans do.
5. No. On the consciousness, he says it would be hard to find out if it were
true, he uses the words "easy to imagine" and finally concludes with "but real thinking and dreaming are other matters."
Yes. On the unconsciousness, he begins with "on the other hand" which indicates opposite point of view. Evidences all around us and as extension of human brain, the possibilities of error are great.
6. The first sentence:' 'Mistakes are at the very base of human th ought
embedded there, feeding the structure like rootnodules:'
7. Because the author tries to explain that"trial and error" leads to discovery
and invention. Yes. He explains the reason in para. 9 and 10.
8. The clause is "perhaps even stipulated in our genetic instructions."
9. The examples are the words: blind alleys, up trees, dead ends, blue sky,
turnings and bends.
10. According to the author, lower animals are absolutely infallible while
higher animals like humans are fallible. In comparing the two, the author tries to prove "to err is human."
11. "This" refers to the fact that higher animals are fallible.The second
"this" means organizing ourselves for social living on a planetary scale. 12. The author imagines computers taking on all sorts of difficult,
challenging problems.
B
1. The apologies made by computers are just as quick and impersonal as the
origional mistakes. Both are annoying.
2. Because though computers may look like human in some respects, they
connot do more than they are programmed to do.
3. Yes, he is right. Just as the proverb says,"Failure is the mother of
success."
4. The action is exploring something new and different.
5. Because the author thinks that the hope is in the faculty of wrongness,
(Open)
6. The exploration means to take efforts in finding something different from
what is known before. (Open)
7. Here "fast" means firmly fixed.
8. Planetary means worldwide.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--e 2--h 3--i 4--b 5--a
6--d 7--j 8--c 9--f 10—g
1. instantaneously
2. sheer
3. fling off
4. obscure
5. hypotheses
6. screwed up
7. stipulate
8. blundering
9, credulous 10. nonetheless
B
1. tamper
2. infallible
3. After all
4. choked
5. embedded
6. by the book
7. endowments
8. fallible
9. conned 10. wincing
C
1. B. earlier units
2. A. dictionary effectively
3. C. to illustrate
4. D. learn better
5. A. requires
6. C. has increased
7. A. when an attempt 8. D. for which
9. C. partly because it 10. A. what follows
D
1. thinks
2. informed
3.with
4. challenging
5. off
6. overly
7. absorb
8. without
9. before 10. decided 11. inefficient 12. beg
13. people 14. processing 15. can 16. that
17. Indeed 18. value 19. easy 20. random Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
当存在两种以上的选择时，我们人类会思路活跃作出最佳选择。有时会有十种，甚至二十种不同的方法去做某事，其中肯定有一种方法是对的。然而正是这种大量的可选择性才能把我们带入一个完全崭新的领域。这个过程可称为探索而且基于人类的易犯错误性上。如果我们人类的大脑只有一个中心，只能在当正确的决定作出后才有反应，而不是象一团乱麻似的把不同的、糊涂的或清醒的神经原组合在一起。正是这些神经网络会使我们的思路好象一会儿进入绝路，一会儿跳到树上，一会儿又掉进死胡同，然后又从死胡同跳出后进入一片蓝天，沿着错的转弯处，在错误处徘徊，那厶我们就会像呆在现在所处的原地，静止不前。
* * * * * * * * * * * * 目前，一种被英国警察广泛使用的电脑破案方法称为“模拟影像”。由目击者描述疑犯，然后像拼图版似的用五种不同部位的特征把照片拼出。这五个部位是：发型，眼睛，鼻子，嘴巴和下巴。这种方法对寻找罪犯很有帮助，但二十件案子仅能破一件。事实上，通常几近半数的“模拟影像”是误导。造成这种情形有两个原因。第一种原因是这种模拟影像的照片与疑犯毫无相象之处。第二是相象之处太大众化而没有任何帮助。不幸的是，这种误导的想象会导致一个无辜的人被关押。
B
1. Knowing many places in China were badly flooded, actors and actresses
volunteered to perform and appealed to charitable contributions from society.
2. Ifyou manage to get in touch with Mr. Smith, the problem will be solved
easily because he is an expert in this field.
3. The advisor forgave him for mixing the two chemicals together; after all
he had intended to help his advisor.
4. I want to throw away the computer I am using now for it gets stuck all t he
time.
5. Teachers are worried about students who seem to do everything by the book
6. He was in a bad mood for some time and therefore he felt everything
around him was screwed up.
7. We all believe that he will succeed sooner or later though he failed more
than ten times.
8. Teenagers over 16 years old should be responsible for what they say and
do, because they are considered to have the faculty for doing and saying the right thing,
9. He thought everything was within his grasp but in fact, the result of the
experiment turned out to be controversial.
10. Any average good fax machine can send a message in an instant across
the ocean.
Reading Practice
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.T
5.F
Unit Eight
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. The relationship between crime rates and keeping criminals in prison.
2. Locking up criminals for longer terms will not necessarily decrease
crimes.
3. The logic.
A. a major shift toward mandatory minimum sentences
B. increased use of the death penalty
C. the introduction of"three strikes" laws
4. Because although prison sentences can prevent some crimes, the
question is the degree to which they do.
5. A. We've tripled the prison population and we've doubled spending. That
doesn't tell us that we shouldn't do more.
B. Most of those whom we put'in prison are not necessarily the most
dangerous criminals.
6. Because it helps explain why and how he has become such a strong out-
spoken proponent. It also casts a strong liberal or conservative as in this case, light on his position.
7. A
8. 1) Crime has certainly not decreased in proportion to the rise in ,mprison-
ment.
2) When you look at the relationship between crime rates and size of the
prison population, it's hard to tell what's causing what.
9. Offenders are most likely to commit crimes in their late teens and early
20s, but the crime rate in this bracket has dropped. By the time they are 35, most have virtually stopped committing'crimes. However, more incarceration has taken place in this age bracket.
10. 1) long sentences have limited usefulness as a way to incapacitate
Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b15490012.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b15490012.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E. 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b15490012.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的围为他们 开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢3 美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕 业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。||这
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：
Unit 6 A. 正如诗人埃德蒙.斯宾塞在将近四百年前所说的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。她似乎担任了上帝驻地球的总督的职务。斯宾塞把她描写成一位母亲和法官。她管辖着所有的生物之间的往来，并不分厚薄地给予他们权利，因为她是一位公正的母亲。她把他们紧密地联结在一起，就象兄弟姐妹。因而，在斯宾塞看来，生物繁殖及生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则显而易见地是联系在一起的。当我们得知斯宾塞认为大自然也具有公正原则的时候我们或许有点吃惊。然而，斯宾塞不仅以人类的手足之情而是以所有生物的手足之情为依据来坚持自然界有这么一位“公正的”法官。要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞是以生态学作为其可靠依据的。 B. 如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互对抗的，那么，它又是什么样的一种关系呢？对我们来讲，这个变得相当复杂难解，因为正如我先前所讲过的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发的原始森林里或在未经改造的原始大草原上生活，我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。假如我们是园艺家，我们有正当的理由去抱怨园内的杂草。在肯塔基州，如果我们准备改良牧场，我们就很可能成为那一片随风摆动的大蓟的敌人。但是，如果我们还随心所欲，想做什么就做什么，那么，我们就会对那些曾经被我们砍伐破坏了的原始森林和草原着迷，我们会一而再而三地想起它们，想起那些幸存的原始森林和原始草原。我们还会感到大灰熊深深地吸引着我们。我们知道，在整个人类时期我们会一直想起大灰熊及其他一些危险动物。 1.大多数自然保护主义者认为，在良好的生态环境中人类最易兴旺发达，而各种野生动物的生存则是这种良好生态环境的标志。 1. Most conservationists believe that humans thrive best in ecological health and that the sign of this health is the survival of a diversity of wild animals. 2.史密史先生出示了大量证据来表明:在某种程度上，如果我们破坏大自然，那就是毁灭我们。 2. Mr. Smith produced abundant evidence to indicate that we, to some extent, diminish ourselves if we diminish nature. 3.西方各国的许多城市已经转换到使用新的可减少污染含量的汽油，我们中国有些城市也已经这样做了。 3. Many cities in Western countries have switched to a new gasoline formula that reduces the pollution content. This is also true of some cities in China. 4.正如英国诗人艾蒙德.史宾塞在一首诗里描述的那样，大自然不仅是位母亲，而且是位法官，管辖并公平地对待人类和所有的生物。 4. As depicted in a poem written by the English poet Edmund Spenser, nature is not only a mother but a judge, having jurisdiction over and doing justice to all creatures 5.政府的一项调查研究得出结论是:除了过分拥挤和公共交通很差外，该市面临的最大问题是噪音和污染。 5. A government study concludes that besides overcrowding and poor public transport, the biggest problems the city is up against are noise and pollution. 与所有其他动物不一样，人类具有根据自己的判断而行事的能力 6. Unlike all other creatures, humans have the ability to act on their judgment/ understanding.
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
研究生英语应用教程翻译Unit 1~4 英国人把排队叫做“queue up”，美国人把排队叫做“wait in line”，只有纽约人不同，他们把排队叫做“wait on line”。似乎没有人知道纽约人为什么要这样说，这倒是我们在排队时可以好好考虑的问题。 排队是城市生活中一个严峻的现实。尽管对于什么是城市中最难排的队似乎还没有一个一致的意见，但是人们在谈话中经常提到的是午饭时间在银行和邮局前排起的队。年轻人则经常提到买电影票时以及注册上大学时排的长队。 不论排什么队，最基本的原则都是要讲个先来后到，亦即社会学家所说的“公平分配”的原则。例外情况也有可能发生，如在高档饭店里，领班就会优先照顾他们偏爱的某些顾客。但一般来说这条规则还是管用的。 那么从理论上说，每个人都应当同样关心把队排好。但实际上每个人的关注程度会随着在队伍中的位置不同而有所不同。一般来说最强烈的抗议往往来自于那些直接受害者，也就是正好排在插队的人后面的那些人。而排在队伍后面的人就抱怨的相对少些，或者根本不抱怨，尽管前面插了一个人，他们的利益也同样遭受到损失。 1. 一位艾滋病研究专家昨天在华盛顿说，有些人感染了艾滋病毒后仍然十分健康地活着。这为他们的研究提供了“一线希望”，那就是一旦传染上艾滋病并不等于被判了死刑。 2. 是否能够欣赏这些现代画取决于你的想象力。 3. 许多人宁愿放弃比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。 4. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 5. 走在纽约第五大道的人行道上，污雪成浆，阴冷潮湿，他疲惫不堪。
6. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 7. Since he was not clear with this matter, he declined to express his ideas. 8. The sight of him reminds me of his father. 9. The misunderstanding was caused by their quarrel. 10. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. II. Suggested answer: 到了成人阶段，传统观点认为女人感情过于脆弱，不适合权利太大或需要承担责任的职位。通常这些职位都是为男人保留的，而女人则发现她们自己的身份往往是妈妈、主妇或其他一些照顾别人的职业，例如教师或护士。但是现在这些观点正在发生改变。 上世纪下半叶，服务产业增长迅速。在美国，1960到1985年期间，服务业所占的比重从56,增长到69,，而同期在欧洲则从33,增长到55,。另外，计算机在从农业到电信业的各个行业产生了巨大影响。这两者共同促使了我们通常所说的信息时代的到来。这一时代，信息和知识取代了传统制造业的地位。技术，尤其是计算机技术的快速发展，引领了一种全新的工作方式，改变了现代社会对男女角色的看法，而人口老龄化和缺乏有经验的技术人员更加快了这一变化。 过去的传统行业只要求工作人员能够胜任工作要求。然而现在的工作要求已经发生了显著的变化，从“可以胜任”转化为能够与同事合作，解决问题并做出决策。简而言之，工作单位目前需要员工受过良好的教育，有天赋和创造力，并具有良好沟通能力的，而这些则是女性一贯所擅长的领域。 Exercises
Unit 1 愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。 幸福隐藏的另一面 凯思琳?麦克高恩 1 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。 3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。 4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。 5 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。 6 这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。 7 在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。 8 塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，
Translation 第一单元 A． Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised. While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school. Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years. Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese. 对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。 如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。 我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课，美术课和体育课，日程已经排得满满的承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。 不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国小孩相比，西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。 B . The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. Yet , while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms , a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice. In china , more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that –despite their exorbitant fees –are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities , such as shanghai. 因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于巨大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。 尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成，提供了越来越多的选择。 在中国，越来越多的家长会把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园，这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂但在上海等中国最发达的城市却发展迅猛。 中译英 以前流行一句话：”学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。”如今无论是已在工作岗位上磨练多年的中年人，还是初出茅庐的大学毕业生，都有一个共识，那就是：在信息爆炸的时代，知识以飞快的速度更新，“一纸文凭定终身”的日子一去不复返，我们要不断地“充电”。这样一来，终身教育便成为历史的必然。 It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math , physics and chemistry .”However , people nowadays , whether the middle-aged working stagers or those green horn college grads , have reached a consensus- gone are the days when “a diploma determines you life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion , we need to reskill ourselves continuously.
The summary of Unit5 Sandwich generation In the modern society，there are a large group，They are the so-called Sandwich generation，people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders，often while holding down a job as well.The Sandwich generation are living a hard life. The statistics show that the proportion of seniors living with their children is decreasing，those who do move in with their children enter households profoundly changed from previous generations.Because toda y′s seniors had fewer children than their predecessors，there are fewer family members to share the burden.They not only have some elder-care responsibilities，ranging from occasional help with groceries to fulltime care at home，but also care for their children.In fact，the parents of an average family now work 65 to 80 hours a week，up from 40 to 45 hours a week in the 1950s.To stay in the place
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Unit 7 Behavior Preview Cheating or plagiarism is not new to us all. In such an age of information explosion，various new forms of plagiarism occur with the development of the Internet，and we develop corresponding antiplagiarism technology to counter them. The due blame and penalty，of course, lie on the plagiarists. But this seems not the whole story。Should teachers be tolerant of such behavior? Or is it a right for plagiarists to choose plagiarism？ Part I Text Reading Warm-up I. What is plagiarism？ How to avoid it？ College and university students are required to write research papers。One of the most important things about writing a research paper is giving proper credit to your source of information. Failing to do this is called plagiarism。It’s a kind of stealing or at le ast unauthorized borrowing of others' ideas。How can we avoid plagiarism？Please discuss the topic with your partner。 The following tips may be useful for your discussion. ·To copy the sentences or words precisely in your notes，and to enclose them in quotation marks. ·To be careful in gathering information. ·To assimilate the information you read from books or articles。 ·To do a good job of paraphrasing. ·To capture the main idea from your source without actually using phrases from it。 ·To summarize the id ea in your own words. ·To incorporate the idea you read appropriately in your paper。 ·To give the original writer proper credit for your source of information。 is How should acts of plagiarism be punished？ Different schools have different punishment for plagiarism. Please discuss how a plagiarist should be punished。 The following tips may be useful for the discussion。 ·Failing marks should be given to the paper。 ·Credits of the course should not be given. ·The degree of plagiarizing students should not be g ranted. ·Plagiarizers should be dismissed from school。
Unit3 美国人的酷爱 我父亲是别克人。在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于 上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的 社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的 社会地位。与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。 我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其 他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。 我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。一想到这样的速度就会令男人 们兴奋不已。我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的 名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。 20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。然而，与电 话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠 物。我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时 诅咒它们。在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。 人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。他们想象着我们加入未来 拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。这种态度不是现在才有的。首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已 使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公 爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。 汽车呢，而今大家都认同的是，它污染环境、杀人、残害人、驱使人们离家游荡，实在可鄙。因此，汽车应被开除球籍，越快越好(还应带走路边购物中心、“免下车’’餐馆以及垃圾食品店等等乱七八糟的东西)。 的确，汽车应该对出现的许多问题负责，然而，汽车也是伟大的解放者。批评家们却宁愿对 这一事实视而不见。汽车可以使人口大规模地流动：从城市到郊区，从东部到西部，从南方 到北方。而近来更多的人又从北方回到南方，因为数百万人希望找到改善经济状况的机会。 一片片蔓延无矩的都市建筑群拔地而起——洛杉矶、澳兰多、亚特兰大、夏洛特、达拉斯、 拉斯韦加斯、菲尼克斯等等，其规划都是以适应汽车的需要为出发点。这样的规划并不完美(若代之以适应公共交通的规划也完美不起来)，但实际状况仍然是：南部和西部环绕汽车兴 建的城市正在飞跃发展。环境保护主义者在担忧，大多数人却照样开着车。 在美国有1亿7千5百万人持有驾驶执照，开着近2亿辆汽车，行驶在390万英里的道路上。人们坐上自己的轿车、轻型货车、摩托车、带卧室的汽车、运动用车，每年行驶约2万4千亿英里。每年约有1，500，百万辆崭新的轿车和轻型货车涌上公路。赛车已成为这个国 家发展最快的运动项目。汽车行业雇了230万员工，比任何其他制造业都要多。