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Modeling User Behavior by Integrating AQ Learning with a Database Initial Results

Modeling User Behavior by Integrating AQ Learning with a Database Initial Results
Modeling User Behavior by Integrating AQ Learning with a Database Initial Results

Modeling User Behavior by Integrating

AQ Learning with a Database: Initial Results

Guido Cervone and Ryszard S. Michalski*

Machine Learning and Inference Laboratory

School Computational Sciences

George Mason University

Fairfax, VA, 22030

{gcervone, michalski}@https://www.doczj.com/doc/3215388257.html,

*Also with the Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Abstract: The paper describes recent results from developing and testing LUS methodology for user modeling. LUS employs AQ learning for automatically creating user models from datasets representing activities of computer users. The datasets are stored in a relational database and employed in the learning process through an SQL-style command that automatically executes the AQ20 rule learning program and generates user models. The models are in the form of attributional rulesets that are more expressive than conventional decision rules, and are easy to interpret and understand. Early experimental results from the testing of the LUS method gave highly encouraging results.

Keywords: User modeling, Computer intrusion detection, Machine learning, AQ learning, Inductive databases

1 Introduction

The rapidly growing global connectivity of computer systems creates a great need for effective methods that are able to detect unauthorized use of computers. Standard methods for assuring computer security, such as passwords, gateways, and firewalls not always provide sufficient protection from unauthorized accesses. Intruders typically exploit holes in the operating system or crack password files to gain access to the computer system and masquerade as legitimate users. As a result, detection of a sophisticated intruder is increasingly difficult, especially when there are many computer users or the intruder is an insider.

The approach discussed in this paper, called Learning User Style (LUS), applies symbolic learning, specifically AQ learning, to induce typical patterns of interactions between individual users and computers. Given records measuring various characteristics of the interaction between users and computers (in our project process LUS automatically creates models of user behavior (symbolic user

signatures) by employing a machine learning program. The user models are in the form of rulesets relating the measured characteristics to the individual users.

The rulesets are expressed in attributional calculu s, a highly expressive, logic-style language that can concisely represent complex relationships (Michalski, 2001). In the experiments described here, the rules are created by AQ20 learning program, which is the most recent implementation of AQ-type inductive learning. An important characteristic of AQ learning is that the generated rulesets (user signatures) are easy to interpret and understand. This means that they can be inspected and verified by experts, and hand-modified or extended, if desired.

To develop effective user models, large training and testing datasets may be needed for each user. If there are many users, the datasets to be handled may become massive. This creates an issue of how to handle such massive sets effectively both for user model creation and model testing. To address this problem, the learning system was integrated with a relational database and invoked through a create command of KQL, a knowledge generation language under development.

3 Basic Concepts and Terminology

To explain this research, we need to introduce some terminology. An event is a description of an entity or situation under consideration. In the context of user modeling, an event is vector of attribute-values that characterizes the use of computer by a user at a specific time or during a specific time period.

A session is a sequence of events characterizing a user’s interaction with the computer from the login to the logoff. An episode is a sequence of events extracted from a session; it may contain just a few events, or all of the events in a session. In the training phase, it is generally desirable to use long episodes, or even whole sessions, as this helps to generate better user models. In the testing (or execution) phase, it is desirable to use short episodes, so that a user can be identified from as little information as possible.

The report by Goldring et al. (2000) indicated that one of the most relevant characteristics of the user behavior is the mode attribute. Therefore, in initial experiments, we have concentrated on the user model employing sequences of values of this attribute determined from the process table. Specifically, events were n-grams of the mode attribute, that is, sequences of n consecutive values of the mode attribute extracted from the data stream. The behavior of a user was characterized by a set of consecutive, overlapping n-grams (events) spanning a given period of user interaction with the computer.

The sequence of modes recorded in a session was transformed into a set of overlapping n-grams (events), each representing a sequence of n consecutive modes in the session’s log. A set of events selected from one or more sessions of a specific user was used as a training set for learning this user’s signature. In addition to a training set, a different set of testing events was created for each user

for the purpose of testing the learned model. Both training and testing sets were stored in a relational database connected to ORACLE DB through Squirrel SQL client (see Section 6).

Training sets for each user were submitted to an AQ-type symbolic learning program, AQ20, described briefly in the next section. The program generated user profiles (symbolic user signatures) in the form of attributional rulesets—sets of attributional rules characterizing the behavior of one user.

4 The AQ20 Learning System

In this project, we used learning system AQ20, which is the latest implementation of the AQ learning methodology. Among AQ20 features that are most important for user modeling are:

1) generation of attributional rules that are more expressive than conventional ones, and this produces more compact models

2) ability to cope with noisy data

3) ability to work with continuous data without needing discretization. (This feature has been added specifically for this project)

4) ability to learn hypotheses according to a multi-criterion optimization function

5) scalable implementation that can work efficiently with large numbers of training examples (e.g., in this project AQ20 learned from several million examples).

A discussion of an initial (incomplete) AQ20 implementation, and the results from early experiments can be found in (Cervone, Panait, and Michalski, 2001).

5 The “Create ruleset” Command

In order to seamlessly integrate inductive learning and data mining capabilities with a database, a new language is being developed, called KQL (Knowledge Query Language), which includes SQL as a subset. A major command of KQL is Create Ruleset that calls a learning program to create rules from a dataset selected from the database. The general form of this command is:

Create Ruleset from for Using

where

is a relational table that will contain the ruleset to be learned. Individual rules in the ruleset are in the form:

Consequent <= Premise, where PREMISE is a conjunction of

conditions involving one or more attributes (such conditions are called

attributional conditions (Michalski, 2001))

is a relational table that stores training examples

may specify just one value of the output attribute, in which case it is in the form of a simple condition [output-attribute=v], or all values of the output attribute, in which it is in the form [output-attribute=*], or, simply, output-attribute. In more general form, Consequent can be a product of attributional conditions.

specifies all control parameters of the learning program (in this case, AQ20).

In this project, the ruleset create command has been implemented so far in a somewhat more specialized form. It uses Squirrel/KQL (CREATE RULES, FROM, FOR and USING are terminators).

CREATE RULES [MULTIHEAD] RuleSetFamily FROM FOR USING

: data_table

: Attributional_Complex {[x=1,4,6] & [y > 6]}

| Annotted_Attibute_list

| All_attributes [Except Attribute_list]

| Target_table

Annotated_Attribute_List : Annotated_Attribute_list Annotated_Attribute

| Annotated_attribute

Annotated_Attribute : Attribute [For ]

: Table of parameters and values

| ID for parameter relational table

# IN here Char or Discr mode would be defined

6 Squirrel SQL Client

In this research we employed Squirrel, a complete SQL client. Squirrel is a graphical Java program that allows one to view the structure of a JDBC database (Java Database Connection), browse the data stored in relational tables, issue SQL commands, etc. The distribution of Squirrel is handled by the sourceforge network (https://www.doczj.com/doc/3215388257.html,). The home page for the Squirrel SQL client is at https://www.doczj.com/doc/3215388257.html,/projects/squirrel-sql/. The modifications that we have done to the Squirrel code involved a modification of the Squirrel GUI and handling of SQL queries. An option was also added to the Squirrel that allows one to import raw data in form of comma separated format (CSV). Squirrel does not come with such an option, as it was designed primarily to browse and issue SQL commands rather than import data.

The Create-ruleset command was deeply integrated with the Squirrel program. A new Java class (KQL-adapter) was created that first checks if the query is a “create ruleset” command. If it is not, the control is passed back to Squirrel, which checks if the query is a valid SQL command. If it is, KQL-adapter creates SQL queries that retrieve target data and parameters from the database, store them in

the AQ20 input file, and then runs AQ20 to generate rulesets. The resulting rules are displayed on the screen in text format.

In this project we used Oracle 8.1.7 working under the Irix operating system. The modified by us Squirrel client can be used, however, with any database for which a JDBC connection is supported, such as MySQL, mSQL, PostgreSQL, and others.

7. Datasets used in experiments

Datasets used in this experiment included information about 777 user sessions, collected from a Window operating system’s process table, and characterized activities of 23 different users. The data were obtained from Dr. Thomas Goldring. Prior work done by Goldring et al. (2000) evaluated several existing methods for user modeling and indicated that an important attribute for user modeling is mode that characterizes the type of activity a user is engaged in at a given time, such as reading email, word processing, etc. Therefore, in our studies we also employed the mode attribute.

To be able to apply a learning program to a sequential data stream, the data were transformed to collections of n-grams. Given a sequence of items, an n-gram is constructed using a sliding window of size n. In our experiments we chose n=4, based on findings by Goldring et al. (2000).

The raw data were transferred into 4,808,024 4-grams characterizing 24 users, labeled from User0 to User23. A different number of sessions were extracted for each user, and each session had different length, which led to different numbers of n-grams for each users (Figure 1 and 2). Another characteristic feature of this data was that the number of distinct events (n-grams, in this case) was significantly different from the number of total events. This means is that there were many repetitions of the same n-grams in the data streams from different users.

Figure 1: Number of sessions per user in the Windows dataset

Figure 2: The number of different 4-grams per user in the dataset.

8 Creating user models and matching them against testing episodes

The original datasets were split into training and testing sets. The training set was subsequently split to different portions in order to determine the learning curve. Given a training set for each user, the AQ20 learning system learned rules models from them. These rules were subsequently tested on the testing set. The next section describes one of the experiments and obtained results.

Testing of rulesets typically involves matching single events against the learned rules. Attributional rules created by an AQ-type learning program are matched to events by the ATEST program (Reinke, 1984; Michalski and Kaufman, 2000). In the case of user modeling, to obtain meaningful results, one needs to match user models against a sequence of events (episode). To this end, a special method was developed that matches episodes with attributional rulesets and determines a score. The method was implemented in EPICn (Episode Classifier for n-grams). The EPICn module calls the ATEST module for each of the distinct events in the episode, and for each decision class determines a degree of match between the corresponding ruleset R i. and the episode. For each rule R i,j in ruleset i, it calculates a degree of match, c ijk, between event k and rule R ij, using the selected ATEST method. The degree of match between an event k and a ruleset R i, called an event score for class i and event k, and denoted EV ik, is defined:

EV ik = Max j=1…s(i) (c ijk x t ij) (1) where t ij is the number of training examples satisfying R ij.

The degree of match between an episode and the ruleset R i , called the episode score for class i and denoted EP i , is defined:

EP i =

EV

ik

k =1

z

(2)

EPICn classifies the episode to the class with the highest episode score, if the episode score is above the score acceptance threshold (SATH), and the difference between the highest and the next highest episode scores is greater than the score acceptance tolerance (SATO). The score acceptance threshold and score acceptance tolerance allow the program to avoid making definite decisions when the episode score or the difference between the highest and the next highest episode scores are too small. In such cases, the program classifies an episode as “unknown.” Up to this point, EPICn has run only with the acceptance threshold and the acceptance tolerance of 0, so that no classifications have been assigned “unknown.” Since EPICn calls upon ATEST, both EPICn and ATEST have been integrated within the same program, which leads to a faster execution of the testing process.

EPICn normalizes the scores defined in (2) so that for each episode, the sum total of degrees of match is 1. The definition of the episode score as stated in (2), is one of many possible such definitions.

9 Experiment 1 (7 users):

The AQ20 allows the user to tune the learning process to the problem at hand by specifying program control parameters (Michalski and Kaufman, 2000). In the experiment described below, the control parameters were:

ambiguity = empty

mode = Theory Formation and Pattern Discovery maxstar = 1 & maxrule = 1

LEF = (MinNumSelectors, 0.3) (MaxNewPositives, 0.1)

LEF1 = (MaxQ)(MaxNewPositives, 0.0) (MinNumSelectors, 0.0)

LEF2 = (MaxTotalQ)(MaxNewPositives, 0.0) (MinNumSelectors, 0.0)

Several experiments were performed using different combinations of parameters. In every results (characterized by predictive accuracy on the testing set) were very similar. This means that AQ20 was not very sensitive to the input parameters in this application.

For this experiment the dataset was divided into two parts, the first 80% (chronologically) of the sessions for training and the last 20% for testing.Error!

Table 1: Distribution of total and distinct events.

Initially, we experimented on a smaller dataset, consisting of the data from users 0-6 only. Testing was done both on the first 50% of the testing set, and then on the full testing set based on rules generated from training sessions that used 4%, 33%, 66% and 100% of the total training data. Table 1 illustrates the large difference between distinct events and total events, and it explains why some of the rules that have rather high rule quality according to the Q(w) measure (Kaufman and Michalski, 1999) when this is computed using the total events appear to be quite poor when the Q is compared using distinct events.

To illustrate results obtained in this experiment, below are the first two rules from the set of 17 rules generated as a User 1 model (the rules are represented in the form of generalized n-grams, in which each position is occupied not by a single value but by a set):

# -- This learning task took: 11.92 seconds of system time

# -- Number of rules for User 1 = 17

# -- Number of the distinct events in the target class: 348

# -- Number of the distinct events in the other class(es): 5214

# -- Number of the total training events in the target class: 20858

# -- Number of the total training in the other class(es): 671154

[User = 1]

<{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,rundll32,system,welcome,help},

{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,welcome,help}

{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,printing,welcome,dos,help}

{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,rundll32,welcome,dos,help}>

: pd=262,nd=58,ud=118,pt=20718,nt=140,ut=3197,qd=0.607308,qt=0.986414

<{netscape,telnet,office,acrobat,rundll32,welcome,help}

{netscape,msie,telnet,web,acrobat,logon,printing,rundll32,dos,help}

{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,logon,rundll32,help}

{netscape,msie,telnet,network,acrobat,printing}>

: pd=74,nd=6,ud=6,pt=16565,nt=17,ut=7,qd=0.195631,qt=0.79334

The rules were learned by AQ20 from all events in the training set, running in the PD mode using LEF1 rule selection criterion. The first rule states that User 1 behavior is characterized by a set of 4-grams, in which the first position is occupied by any mode from the first set {netscape, msie, telnet, …}, the second

position is occupied by any mode from the second set {netscape, msie, ..help}, etc. This rule thus describes compactly 11979 4-grams.

The lines marked by # provide supplementary information about the experiment. The first line gives information about the system (kernel) time spent on learning the user model (from 20858 training examples). The next line specifies the number of rules learned for User 1. Lines 3-6 specify numbers of different example types used in the experiment.

Each rule is accompanied by annotations that represent various characteristics of the rule. Parameters pd and pt represent the number of distinct positive examples and the total positive examples, respectively, that are covered by the rule. Similarly, nd and nt represent the number of distinct negative and the total negative examples, respectively, covered by the rule. Parameters qd and qt indicate the rule quality measure, which takes into consideration both the number of positives covered out of all positives, and the number of negatives covered out of all negatives in the dataset. The difference between qd and qt is that qd is computed over distinct positives and distinct negatives, whereas qt is computed over the total positives and total negatives.

Figure 2 describes the performance of user models on the testing data. The darkened column indicates the matching score for the correct user model. As figure shows, in every testing case the correct user model was indicated.

Figure 2: Confidence matrix for rules learned from the complete training set.

In order to determine how sensitive is performance to the size of the training set, we have performed experiments in which the learning set was varied from 4%, 33%, 66% and 100% of the training data. The results are shown in Figure 3. As the figure shows, the perfomance was about .6 (60%) correct when the training set had only 4% of the events (random guessing is about 14% correct).

Figure 3: The learning curve for 7 users.

10 Experiment 2 (24 users)

The experiment involved learning user models for 24 users, using nearly 5 million training examples (the complete training set). Results were tested on approximately one million testing examples (the complete testing set). Results are illustrated in Figure 4. As before, darkened columns represent the matching score for the correct user model. As the figure shows, all users were classified correctly except one, User 11. This seems to be due to the fact that the dataset for user 11 had only a small number of sessions and a very small number of events per session (Figure 1 and 2). In some cases, e.g., for users 6 and 14, the matching score was the same for the correct models as for a few other models. This indicates insufficient discrimination.

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

Figures 4-10: Results from testing 24 user models.

To illustrate the rules obtained in this experiment, below a selection of the rules learned for User 0. The learning time was larger in experiment 1, as expected, since have here 24 users rather than 7.

# -- This learning took:

# -- System time 767.15 sec

# -- Number of rules for this class = 52

# -- Number of distinct training events in the target class: 346

# -- Number of distinct training events in other classes: 71,931

# -- Total number of training events in the target class:

1,826

# -- Total number of training events in the other classes: 3,750,169

[user=0]

<{explorer,install,multimedia,system,time},

{multimedia,system},

{explorer,install,system},

{explorer,install,multimedia,system},

:pd=64,nd=31,ud=8,pt=916,nt=404,ut=11,qd=0.124322,qt=0.348035 <{explorer,install,office,rundll32,system,time},

{multimedia,system},

{install,multimedia,rundll32,system,time},

{explorer,install,rundll32,system,time}>

:pd=68,nd=42,ud=9,pt=919,nt=73,ut=11,qd=0.121131,qt=0.466232

<{explorer,help,install,mail,multimedia,rundll32,system,time,web},

{help,install,logon,mail,office,rundll32,system,time,web},

{help,install,mail,office,printing,rundll32,system,time,web},

{help,install,rundll32,system,time}

:pd=140,nd=343,ud=41,pt=1316,nt=701,ut=66,qd=0.1159,qt=0.470102 <{install,office,printing,system},

{install,rundll32,time},

{install,multimedia,office,sql,system,web},

{explorer,install,multimedia,rundll32,system,web}

:pd=43,nd=4,ud=2,pt=397,nt=4,ut=2,qd=0.11,qt=0.21

10 Conclusion

The presented LUS method employs AQ20 learning program to learn user models from n-grams representing interactions between users and the computer. In view

of the large datasets involved in this application, to make the learning and testing processes easier to handle, the learning systems was deeply integrated with a relational database, accessible through Squirrel, an SQL client. The obtained results for a small number of users (7) indicated perfect recognition rate. In the

case of a larger number of users (24), there was one misclassification, which was likely due to a small number of training examples used.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank Dr. Goldring for providing datasets used in this study and for consultation on the n-gram approach to user modeling, and Dr. Kenneth A. Kaufman for his assistance and feedback in conducting this research. They also thank Dr. Menas Kafatos and Dr. Ruxin Yang for providing access to their mighty esip computer system that was used for storing datasets and running experiments. Valuable help was also given by Colin Bell and all the members of the Squirrel development team. They helped solving many problems, and give valuable information on where to modify the code.

We also wish to thank the School of Computational Sciences for providing other computational equipment and logistic space that was used during the development of this project.

References

Bloedorn, E. and Michalski, R.S., "Data Driven Constructive Induction in AQ17-PRE: A Method and Experiments," Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Tools for AI, San Jose, CA, November 9-14, 1991.

Cervone G., Panait L. A., Michalski R.S., "The Development of the AQ20 Learning System and Initial Experiments," Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IIS 2000), Poland, July 2001.

Michalski, R.S. and Kaufman, K., "Building Knowledge Scouts Using KGL Metalanguage," Fundamenta Informaticae 40, pp. 433-447, 2000a.

Kaufman, K.A. and Michalski, R.S., "An Adjustable Rule Learner for Pattern Discovery Using the AQ Methodology," Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 14, pp. 199-216, 2000b.

Michalski, R.S, "A Theory and Methodology of Inductive Learning, in Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Michalski, R.S, Carbonell, J.G. and Mitchell, T.M. (Eds.), Tioga Publishing Company, 1983, pp. 83-134. Michalski, R.S., and Chilausky, R.L., "Learning By Being Told and Learning From Examples: An Experimental Comparison of the Two Methods of Knowledge Acquisition in the Context of Developing an Expert System for Soybean Disease Diagnosis," Policy Analysis and Information Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1980.

Wnek, J. and Michalski, R.S., "Hypothesis-Driven Constructive Induction in AQ17: A Method and Experiments," Reports of the Machine Learning and Inference Laboratory, MLI 91-4, School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, May 1991.

船舶原理

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船舶原理整理资料,名词解释,简答题,武汉理工大学

第一章 船体形状 三个基准面(1)中线面(xoz 面)横剖线图(2)中站面(yoz 面)总剖线图(3) 基平面 (xoy 面)半宽水线图 型线图:用来描述(绘)船体外表面的几何形状。 船体主尺度 船长 L 、船宽(型宽)B 、吃水d 、吃水差t 、 t = dF – dA 、首吃水dF 、尾吃水dA 、平均吃水dM 、dM = (dF + dA )/ 2 } 、型深 D 、干舷 F 、(F = D – d ) 主尺度比 L / B 、B / d 、D / d 、B / D 、L / D 船体的三个主要剖面:设计水线面、中纵剖面、中横剖面 1.水线面系数Cw :船舶的水线面积Aw 与船长L,型宽B 的乘积之比。 2.中横剖面系数Cm :船舶的中横剖面积Am 与型宽B 、吃水d 二者的乘积之比值。 3.方型系数Cb :船舶的排水体积V,与船长L,型宽B 、吃水d 三者的乘积之比值。 4. 棱形系数(纵向)Cp :船舶排水体积V 与中横剖面积Am 、船长L 两者的乘积之比值。 5. 垂向棱形系数 Cvp :船舶排水体积V 与水线面积Aw 、吃水d 两者的乘积之比值。 船型系数的变化区域为:∈( 0 ,1 ] 第二章 船体计算的近似积分法 梯形法则约束条件(限制条件):(1) 等间距 辛氏一法则通项公式 约束条件(限制条件):(1)等间距 (2)等份数为偶数 (纵坐标数为奇数 )2m+1 辛氏二法则 约束条件(限制条件)(1)等间距 (2)等份数为3 3m+1 梯形法:(1)公式简明、直观、易记 ;(2)分割份数较少时和曲率变化较大时误差偏大。 辛氏法:(1)公式较复杂、计算过程多; (2)分割份数较少时和曲率变化较大时误差相对较小。 第三章 浮性 船舶(浮体)的漂浮状态:(1 )正浮(2)横倾(3)纵倾(4)纵横倾 排水量:指船舶在水中所排开的同体积水的重量。 平行沉浮条件:少量装卸货物P ≤ 10 ℅D 每厘米吃水吨数: TPC = 0.01×ρ×Aw {指使船舶吃水垂向(水平)改变1厘米应在船上施加的力(或重量) }{或指使船舶吃水垂向(水平)改变1厘米时,所引起的排水量的改变量 } (1)船型系数曲线 (2)浮性曲线 (3)稳性曲线 (4)邦金曲线 静水力曲线图:表示船舶正浮状态时的浮性要素、初稳性要素和船型系数等与吃水的关系曲线的总称,它是由船舶设计部门绘制,供驾驶员使用的一种重要的船舶资料。 第四章 稳性 稳性:是指船受外力作用离开平衡位置而倾斜,当外力消失后,船能回复到原平衡位置的能力。 稳心:船舶正浮时浮力作用线与微倾后浮力作用线的交点。 稳性的分类:(1)初稳性;(2)大倾角稳性;(3)横稳性;(4)纵稳性;(5)静稳性;(6)动稳性;(7)完整稳性;(8)非完整稳性(破舱稳性) 判断浮体的平衡状态:(1)根据倾斜力矩与稳性力矩的方向来判断;(2)根据重心与稳心的 相对位置来判断 浮态、稳性、初稳心高度、倾角 B L A C w w ?=d B A C m m ?=d V C ??=B L b L A V C m p ?=d A V C w vp ?=b b p vp m w C C C C C C ==, 002n n i i y y A l y =+??=-????∑[]012142...43n n l A y y y y y -=+++++[]0123213332...338n n n l A y y y y y y y --=++++++P D ?= P f P f x = x y = y = 0 ()P P d= cm TPC q ?= m g b g b g GM = z z = z BM z = z r z -+-+-

家装各种最佳尺寸标准大全!

提供全方位装修指南,装修设计知识、丰富设计案例! 家装各种最佳尺寸标准大全! 家装最实际的规格尺寸 标准红砖24*11.5*53; 标准入户门洞0.9米*2米, 房间门洞0.9米*2米, 厨房门洞0.8米*2米, 卫生间门洞0.7米*2米, 标准水泥50kg/袋。 厨房 1.吊柜和操作台之间的距离应该是多少? 60厘米。 从操作台到吊柜的底部,您应该确保这个距离。这样,在您可以方便烹饪的同时,还可以在吊柜里放一些小型家用电器。 2.在厨房两面相对的墙边都摆放各种家具和电器的情况下,中间应该留多大的距离才不会影响在厨房里做家务? 120厘米。 为了能方便地打开两边家具的柜门,就一定要保证至少留出这样的距离。 150厘米。 这样的距离就可以保证在两边柜门都打开的情况下,中间再站一个人。 3.要想舒服地坐在早餐桌的周围,凳子的合适高度应该是多少? 80厘米。 对于一张高110厘米的早餐桌来说,这是摆在它周围凳子的理想高度。因为在桌面和凳子之间还需要30厘米的空间来容下双腿。 4.吊柜应该装在多高的地方? 145至150厘米。

提供全方位装修指南,装修设计知识、丰富设计案例! 餐厅 1. 一个供六个人使用的餐桌有多大? 2. 120厘米。 这是对圆形餐桌的直径要求。 140*70厘米。 这是对长方形和椭圆形捉制的尺寸要求。 2.餐桌离墙应该有多远? 80厘米。 这个距离是包括把椅子拉出来,以及能使就餐的人方便活动的最小距离。 3.一张以对角线对墙的正方形桌子所占的面积要有多大? 180*180平方厘米。 这是一张边长90厘米,桌角离墙面最近距离为40厘米的正方形桌子所占的最小面积。 4.桌子的标准高度应是多少? 72厘米。 这是桌子的中等高度,而椅子是通常高度为45厘米。 5.一张供六个人使用的桌子摆起居室里要占多少面积? 300*300厘米。 需要为直径120厘米的桌子留出空地,同时还要为在桌子四周就餐的人留出活动空间。这个方案适合于那种大客厅,面积至少达到600*350厘米。 6.吊灯和桌面之间最合适的距离应该是多少? 70厘米。 这是能使桌面得到完整的、均匀照射的理想距离。 卫生间 1.卫生间里的用具要占多大地方? 马桶所占的一般面积: 37厘米×60厘米。

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C.便于靠离码头D.建造方便 18.集装箱船通常用______表示其载重能力 A.总载重量B.满载排水量 C.总吨位 19. 油船的______ A. 杂物舱C.压载舱D.淡水舱 20 A. 集装箱船B,油船C滚装船 21.常用的两种集装箱型号和标准箱分别是 B.40ft集装箱、30ft集装箱 C.40ft集装箱、10ft集装箱 D.30ft集装箱、20ft集装箱 22.集装箱船设置双层船壳的主要原因是 A.提高抗沉性 C.作为压载舱 D. 作为货舱 23.结构简单,成本低,装卸轻杂货物作业效率高,调运过程中货物摇晃小的起货设备是 B.双联回转式 C.单个回转式D.双吊杆式 24. 具有操作与维修保养方便、劳动强度小、作业的准备和收尾工作少,并且可以遥控操 作的起货设备是 B.双联回转式 D.双吊杆式 25.加强船舶首尾端的结构,是为了提高船舶的 A.总纵强B.扭转强度 C.横向强度 26. 肋板属于 A. 纵向骨材 C.连接件D.A十B 27. 在船体结构的构件中,属于主要构件的是:Ⅰ.强横梁;Ⅱ.肋骨;Ⅲ.主肋板;Ⅳ. 甲板纵桁;Ⅴ.纵骨;Ⅵ.舷侧纵桁 A.Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,ⅣB.I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ D.I,Ⅲ,Ⅳ, Ⅴ 28.船体受到最大总纵弯矩的部位是 A.主甲板B.船底板 D.离首或尾为1/4的船长处 29. ______则其扭转强度越差 A.船越长B.船越宽 C.船越大 30 A.便于检修机器B.增加燃料舱 D.B+C 31

考试大纲-重庆交通大学知识交流

硕士生入学复试考试《船舶原理与结构》 考试大纲 1考试性质 《船舶原理》和《船舶结构设计》均是船舶与海洋工程专业学生重要的专业基础课。它的评价标准是优秀本科毕业生能达到的水平,以保证被录取者具有较好的船舶原理和结构设计理论基础。 2考试形式与试卷结构 (1)答卷方式:闭卷,笔试 (2)答题时间:180分钟 (3)题型:计算题50%;简答题35%;名词解释15% (4)参考数目: 《船舶原理》,盛振邦、刘应中,上海交通大学出版社,2003 《船舶结构设计》,谢永和、吴剑国、李俊来,上海交通大学出版社,2011年 3考试要点 3.1 《船舶原理》 (1)浮性 浮性的一般概念;浮态种类;浮性曲线的计算与应用;邦戎曲线的计算与应用;储备浮力与载重线标志。 (2)船舶初稳性 稳性的一般概念与分类;初稳性公式的建立与应用;重物移动、

增减对稳性的影响;自由液面对稳性的影响;浮态及初稳性的计算;倾斜试验方法。 (3)船舶大倾角稳性 大倾角稳性、静稳性与动稳性的概念;静、动稳性曲线的计算及其特性;稳性的衡准;极限重心高度曲线;IMO建议的稳性衡准原则;提高稳性的措施。 (4)抗沉性 抗沉性的概念;安全限界线、渗透率、可浸长度、分舱因数的概念;可浸长度计算方法;船舶分舱制;提高抗沉性的方法。 (5)船舶阻力的基本概念与特点 船舶阻力的分类;阻力相似定律;阻力(摩擦阻力、粘压阻力、兴波阻力)产生的机理和特性。 (6)船舶阻力的确定方法 船模阻力试验方法;阻力换算方法;阻力近似计算的概念及方法;艾尔法、海军系数法等。 (7)船型对阻力的影响 船型变化及船型参数,主尺度及船型系数的影响,横剖面面积曲线形状的影响,满载水线形状的影响,首尾端形状的影响。 (8)浅水阻力特性 浅水对阻力影响的特点;浅窄航道对船舶阻力的影响。 (9)船舶推进器一般概念 推进器的种类、传送效率及推进效率;螺旋桨的几何特性。

装修预留的尺寸标准

【精华】室内装修,必须预留的最佳尺寸标准大全 2014-08-29筑龙房地产筑龙房地产 阅读引语 强烈推荐大家存的一份装修预留尺寸标准!!非常实用!! 现在新房子的设计一般都会交给专门的设计师来做,但哪怕是专业设计师制作的设计图稿,没有实地接触的设计师可能还会存在一些设计尺寸上的死角。另 外,落实图稿的是施工队的工人,工人往往疏忽大意就会犯错。于是房子装修完了,总是小错误不断。因此小哥觉得大家有必要存一份尺寸标准,监工时要用起来 哦!且看且分享吧! PART1:【客 厅】 【面积:20平方米~40平方米】 客厅是居室的门面,可以说对家具尺寸的要求是最严格的,多大的沙发配多大的茶几,多远的距离适合摆放电视等等,别看都是一些小数字,却足以令你的客厅成为一个舒适协调的地方。

电视组合柜的最小尺寸? 【200×50×180厘米】 对于小户型的客厅,电视组合柜是非常实用的,这种类型的家具一般都是由大小不同的方格组成,上部比较适合摆放一些工艺品,柜体厚度至少要保持30厘米;而下部摆放电视的柜体厚度则至少要保持50厘米,同时在选购电视柜时也要考虑组合柜整体的高度和横宽与墙壁的面宽是否协调。 长沙发或是扶手沙发的椅背应该有多高? 【85至90厘米】 沙发是用来满足人们的放松与休息的需求,所以舒适度是最重要的,这样的高度可以将头完全放在*背上,让颈部得到充分放松。如果沙发的*背和扶手过低,建议增加一个*垫来获得舒适度,如果空间不是特别宽敞,沙发应该尽量靠墙摆放。 扶手沙发与电视机之间应该预留多大的距离?

【3米左右】 这里所指的是在一个29英寸的电视与扶手沙发或和长沙发之间最短的距离,此外,摆放电视机的柜面高度应该在40厘米到120厘米之间,这样才能让看者非常舒适。 与容纳三个人的沙发搭配,多大的茶几合适呢? 【120×70×45厘米或100×100×45厘米】 在沙发的体积很大或是两个长沙发摆在一起的情况下,矮茶几就是很好的选择,茶几的高度最好和沙发坐垫的位置持平。 目前市场上较为流行的是一种低矮的方几,材质多为实木或实木贴皮的,质感较好。 细节补充: 照明灯具距桌面的高度,白炽灯泡60瓦为100厘米,40瓦为65厘米,25瓦为50厘米,15瓦为30厘米;日光灯距桌面高度,40瓦为150厘米,30瓦为140厘米,20瓦为110厘米,8瓦为55厘米。 PART2:【餐 厅】 【面积:10平方米~20平方米】 用餐的地方是一家人团聚最多的地方,通常也是居室中较为拥挤的一个空间,因为有较多的餐椅需要放置,也是家人同时集中的地方,所以它的尺寸就更要精打细算才能使餐厅成为一个温馨的地方。

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船舶维修技术实用手册

船舶维修技术实用手册》出版社:吉林科学技术出版社 出版日期:2005年 作者:张剑 开本:16开 册数:全四卷+1CD 定价:998.00元 详细介绍: 第一篇船舶原理与结构 第一章船舶概述 第二章船体结构与船舶管系 第三章锚设备 第四章系泊设备 第五章舵设备 第六章起重设备 第七章船舶系固设备 第八章船舶抗沉结构与堵漏 第九章船舶修理 第十章船舶人级与检验 第二篇现代船舶维修技术 第一章故障诊断与失效分析 第二章油液监控技术 第三章新材料、新工艺与新技术 第三篇船舶柴油机检修 第一章柴油机概述 第二章柴油机主要机件检修 第三章配气系统检修 第四章燃油系统检修 第五章润滑系统检修 第六章冷却系统检修 第七章柴油机操纵系统检修 第八章实际工作循环 第九章柴油机主要工作指标及其测定 第十章柴油机增压 第十一章柴油机常见故障及其应急处理

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完整家装尺寸大全

家具设计地基本尺寸(单位:) 衣橱:深度:一般;推拉门:,衣橱门宽度: 推拉门:,高度: 矮柜:深度:,柜门宽度: 电视柜:深度:,高度: 单人床:宽度:,,;长度:,,, 双人床:宽度:,,;长度,,, 圆床:直径:,,(常用) 室内门:宽度:,医院;高度:,,,, 厕所、厨房门:宽度:,;高度:,, 窗帘盒:高度:;深度:单层布;双层布(实际尺寸) 沙发:单人式:长度:,深度:;坐垫高:;背高: 双人式:长度:;深度: 三人式:长度:;深度: 四人式:长度:;深度 茶几:小型,长方形:长度,宽度,高度(最佳) 中型,长方形:长度;宽度或者 正方形:长度,高度 大型,长方形:长度,宽度,高度(最佳) 圆形:直径,,,;高度: 方形:宽度,,,,;高度 书桌:固定式:深度(最佳),高度 活动式:深度,高度 书桌下缘离地至少;长度:最少(最佳) 餐桌:高度(一般),西式高度,一般方桌宽度,,;长方桌宽度,,,;长度,,,,圆桌:直径,,,, 书架:深度(每一格),长度:;下大上小型下方深度,高度 活动未及顶高柜:深度,高度 木隔间墙厚:;内角材排距:长度()* 室内常用尺寸 、墙面尺寸 ()踢脚板高;—. ()墙裙高:—. ()挂镜线高:—(画中心距地面高度). .餐厅

() 餐桌高:—. () 餐椅高;—. () 圆桌直径:二人.二人,四人,五人,六人,八人,十人,十二人. () 方餐桌尺寸:二人×(),四人×(),八人×(), () 餐桌转盘直径;—. 餐桌间距:(其中座椅占)应大于. () 主通道宽:—. 内部工作道宽:—. () 酒吧台高:—,宽. () 酒吧凳高;一. 在客厅 .长沙发与摆在它面前地茶几之间地正确距离是多少? 厘米 在一个(**高厘米)地长沙发面前摆放一个(**高厘米)地长方形茶几是非常舒适地.两者之间地理想距离应该是能允许你一个人通过地同时又便于使用,也就是说不用站起来就可以方便地拿到桌上地杯子或者杂志. b5E2R。 .一个能摆放电视机地大型组合柜地最小尺寸应该是多少? **高厘米 这种类型地家具一般都是由大小不同地方格组成,高处部分比较适合用来摆放书籍,柜体厚度至少保持厘米;而低处用于摆放电视地柜体厚度至少保持厘米.同时组合柜整体地高度和横宽还要考虑与墙壁地面积相协调..如果摆放可容纳三、四个人地沙发,那么应该选择多大地茶几来搭配呢? **高厘米 在沙发地体积很大或是两个长沙发摆在一起地情况下,矮茶几就是很好地选择,高度最好和沙发坐垫地位置持平. .在扶手沙发和电视机之间应该预留多大地距离? 米 这里所指地是在一个英寸地电视与扶手沙发或长沙发之间最短地距离.此外,摆放电视机地柜面高度应该在厘米到厘米之间,这样才能使观众保持正确地坐姿. .摆在沙发边上茶几地理想尺寸是多少? 方形:**高厘米. 椭圆形:*高厘米. 放在沙发边上地咖啡桌应该有一个不是特别大地桌面,但要选那种较高地类型,这样即使坐着地时候也能方便舒适地取到桌上地东西. p1Ean。 .两个面对面放着地沙发和摆放在中间地茶几一共需要占据多大地空间? 两个双人沙发(规格 **高厘米)和茶几(规格**高厘米)之间应相距厘米. .长沙发或是扶手沙发地地靠背应该有多高?

船舶原理 名词解释啊

1长宽比L/B 快速性、操纵性 宽吃水比B/d 稳性、摇荡性、快速性、操纵性 深吃水比D/d 稳性、抗沉性、船体强度 宽深比B/D 船体强度、稳性 长深比L/D 船体强度、稳性 2船长:船舶的垂线间长代表船长,即沿设计夏季载重水线,由首柱前缘至舵柱后缘或舵杆中心线的长度 3型宽:在船体最宽处,沿设计水线自一舷的肋骨外缘量至另一舷的肋骨外缘之间的水平距离 4型表面:不包括船壳板和甲板板厚度在内的船体表面 5型深:在船长中的处,由平板龙骨上缘量至上甲板边线下缘的垂直距离 6型吃水:在船长中点处由平板龙骨上缘量至夏季载重水线的垂直距离 7型线图是表示船体型表面形状的图谱,由纵剖线图、横剖线图、半宽水线图和型值表组成; 8浮性:船舶在给定载重条件下,能保持一定的浮态的性能; 9平衡条件:作用在浮体上的重力与浮力大小相等、方向相反并作用于同一铅垂线上; 10净载重量NDW:指船舶在具体航次中所能装载货物质量的最大值 11漂浮条件:满足平衡条件,且船体体积大于排水体积; 12浮心:浮心是船舶所受浮力的作用中心,也是排水体积的几何中心; 13漂心:船舶水线面积的几何中心; 14平行沉浮:船舶装卸货物前后水线面保持平行的现象; 15每厘米吃水吨数(TPC):船舶吃水d每变化1cm,排水量变化的吨数,称为TPC。 16储备浮力:满载吃水以上的船体水密容积所具有的浮力 17干舷:在船长中点处由夏季载重水线量至上甲板边线上缘的垂直距离 18船舶稳性:船舶在外力(矩)作用下偏离其初始平衡位置,当外力(矩)消失后船舶能自行恢复到初始平衡状态的能力 19静稳性曲线:稳性力臂GZ或稳性力矩Ms随横倾角?变化曲线 20动稳性曲线:稳性力矩所做的功Ws或动稳性力臂I d随横倾角?变化的曲线 21吃水差比尺:是一种少量载荷变动时核算船舶纵向浮态变化的简易图表,它表示在船上任意位置加载100t后,船舶首、尾吃水该变量的图表 22最小倾覆力矩(力臂):船舶所能承受动横倾力矩(力臂)的极限 23进水角:船舶横倾至最低非水密度开口开始进水时的横倾角 24可浸长度:船舶进水后的水线恰与限界线相切时的货仓最大许可舱长称为可浸长度 25稳性衡准数K是指船舶最小倾覆力矩(臂)与风压倾侧力矩(臂)之比 26稳性的调整方法:船内载荷的垂向移动及载荷横向对称增减 27静稳性力臂的表达式:1)基点法2)假定重心法3)初稳心点法 28船体强度:为保证船舶安全,船体结构必须具有抵抗各种内外作用力使之发生极度形变和破坏的能力 29局部强度表示方法:①均布载荷;②集中载荷;③车辆甲板载荷;④堆积载荷 30MTC为每形成1cm吃水差所需的纵倾力矩值,称为每厘米纵倾力矩 31载荷纵向移动包括配载计划编制时不同货舱货物的调整及压载水、淡水或燃油的调拨等情况 32重量增减包括中途港货物装卸、加排压载水、油水消耗和补给、破舱进水等情况 33抗沉性:是指船舶在一舱或数舱破损进水后,仍能保持一定浮性和稳性,使船舶不致沉没或延缓沉没时间,以确保人命和财产安全的性能

装修常用家具尺寸表

装修常用家具尺寸 在工地 1、标准红砖23*11*6;标准入户门洞0.9米*2米,房间门洞0.9米*2米,厨房门洞0.8米*2米,卫生间门洞0.7米*2米,标准水泥50kg/袋。 在厨房 1.吊柜和操作台之间的距离应该是多少? 60厘米。 从操作台到吊柜的底部,您应该确保这个距离。这样,在您可以方便烹饪的同时,还可以在吊柜里放一些小型家用电器。 2.在厨房两面相对的墙边都摆放各种家具和电器的情况下,中间应该留多大的距离才不会影响在厨房里做家务? 120厘米。 为了能方便地打开两边家具的柜门,就一定要保证至少留出这样的距离。 150厘米。 这样的距离就可以保证在两边柜门都打开的情况下,中间再站一个人。 3.要想舒服地坐在早餐桌的周围,凳子的合适高度应该是多少? 80厘米。 对于一张高110厘米的早餐桌来说,这是摆在它周围凳子的理想高度。因为在桌面和凳子之间还需要30厘米的空间来容下双腿。

4.吊柜应该装在多高的地方? 145至150厘米。 这个高度可以使您不用垫起脚尖就能打开吊柜的门。 在餐厅 1.一个供六个人使用的餐桌有多大? 120厘米。 这是对圆形餐桌的直径要求。 140*70厘米。 这是对长方形和椭圆形捉制的尺寸要求。 2.餐桌离墙应该有多远? 80厘米。 这个距离是包括把椅子拉出来,以及能使就餐的人方便活动的最小距离。 3.一张以对角线对墙的正方形桌子所占的面积要有多大? 180*180平方厘米 这是一张边长90厘米,桌角离墙面最近距离为40厘米的正方形桌子所占的最小面积。 4.桌子的标准高度应是多少? 72厘米。

这是桌子的中等高度,而椅子是通常高度为45厘米。 5.一张供六个人使用的桌子摆起居室里要占多少面积? 300*300厘米。 需要为直径120厘米的桌子留出空地,同时还要为在桌子四周就餐的人留出活动空间。这个方案适合于那种大客厅,面积至少达到600*350厘米。 6.吊灯和桌面之间最合适的距离应该是多少? 70厘米。 这是能使桌面得到完整的、均匀照射的理想距离。 在卫生间 1.卫生间里的用具要占多大地方? 马桶所占的一般面积:37厘米×60厘米 悬挂式或圆柱式盥洗池可能占用的面积:70厘米×60厘米 正方形淋浴间的面积:80厘米×80厘米 浴缸的标准面积:160厘米×70厘米 2.浴缸与对面的墙之间的距离要有多远? 100厘米。想要在周围活动的话这是个合理的距离。即使浴室很窄,也要在安装浴缸时留出走动的空间。总之浴缸和其他墙面或物品之间至少要有60厘米的距离。

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