Modeling User Behavior by Integrating AQ Learning with a Database Initial Results
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有限元和离散元耦合方法Coupling finite element and discrete element methods has been a popular approach in numerical simulations of complex systems, as it allows for the consideration of both continuum and discrete behaviors. This coupling method involves integrating the finite element method, which models continuous materials, with the discrete element method, which models individual particles or grains. By combining these two methods, researchers are able to study the behavior of materials or structures under diverse loading conditions.有限元和离散元耦合方法在复杂系统的数值模拟中越来越受到青睐,因为它允许考虑连续和离散行为。
这种耦合方法涉及将有限元方法(模拟连续材料)与离散元方法(模拟单个颗粒或颗粒)相结合。
通过结合这两种方法,研究人员能够研究材料或结构在各种加载条件下的行为。
One of the main advantages of coupling finite element and discrete element methods is the ability to capture the micro-macro interaction behavior of materials. The discrete element method focuses on the interactions between individual particles, while the finite element method considers the overall response of the material.By coupling these methods, researchers can study how the microscale behavior of particles influences the macroscale behavior of the material.有限元和离散元耦合方法的主要优点之一是能够捕获材料的微观-宏观相互作用行为。
关于学校培养学生品德的英语作文The cultivation of students' character is an essential part of the education system. A school plays a crucial role in shaping the moral values, ethics, and virtues of its students. By instilling in them the importance of integrity, honesty, respect, and kindness, schools help in the holistic development of students.One of the primary ways in which schools cultivate students' character is through the curriculum. Subjects like Moral Education, Ethics, and Civics are designed to teach students about the importance of values and virtues in life. Through these subjects, students learn about the significance of integrity, empathy, and responsibility. They are taught about the consequences of dishonesty, disrespect, and unethical behavior. By incorporating these subjects into the curriculum, schools emphasize the importance of character development alongside academic learning.Apart from the curriculum, schools also organize various activities and programs that focus on character-building. These include community service projects, leadership workshops, and values-based discussions. Through these activities, students learn about empathy, teamwork, and social responsibility. They understand the importance of giving back to society and helpingthose in need. By participating in these activities, students develop a sense of compassion, altruism, and integrity.Moreover, schools also play a crucial role in modeling positive behavior for students. Teachers, administrators, and staff members serve as role models for students. Their words and actions influence students' attitudes and beliefs. By demonstrating honesty, respect, and kindness in their interactions with students, school staff members set an example for students to follow. This helps in creating a positive and nurturing environment where students feel safe, valued, and respected.In addition to the curriculum, activities, and role modeling, schools also collaborate with parents and the community to promote character development. Parents are encouraged to reinforce the values taught in school and to set a good example for their children. Community organizations are invited to conduct workshops and seminars on character-building. By involving parents and the community in the process of character development, schools create a supportive network that helps students in their moral and ethical growth.In conclusion, the cultivation of students' character is a vital aspect of education. Schools have a responsibility to instill instudents the values, virtues, and ethics that will guide them in their personal and professional lives. By integratingcharacter-building activities into the curriculum, modeling positive behavior, and collaborating with parents and the community, schools play a crucial role in shaping students' moral compass. Ultimately, the goal of education is not just to impart knowledge but also to develop individuals of strong character who will contribute positively to society.。
情感共情能力英语Empathy is a crucial skill not just in our personal lives, but also in professional settings, including the realm of language learning and teaching. When it comes to teaching English, especially to non-native speakers, emotional empathy can significantly enhance the learning experience and outcomes. Here's how emotional empathy can be integrated into English language teaching:1. Understanding Students' Feelings: Begin by recognizing the emotional states of your students. Are they anxious, excited, or perhaps feeling overwhelmed? Acknowledging these feelings can help tailor the teaching approach to their needs.2. Building Trust: Empathetic teachers create a safe and supportive environment where students feel comfortable expressing themselves, making mistakes, and learning from them.3. Cultural Sensitivity: Show empathy by being aware of and respecting the cultural backgrounds of your students. This can involve adjusting your teaching materials to beculturally inclusive and avoiding culturally insensitive content.4. Active Listening: Practice active listening during conversations and discussions. This means not just hearing the words but understanding the emotions and intentionsbehind them.5. Encouraging Expression: Encourage students to expresstheir feelings and thoughts in English. This can be done through role-playing exercises, journaling, or group discussions.6. Teaching Empathy-Related Vocabulary: Introduce andpractice vocabulary that pertains to emotions and empathy, such as "compassionate," "understand," "appreciate," and "sympathize."7. Modeling Empathetic Behavior: As a teacher, model empathetic behavior by showing concern for students' well-being and by demonstrating how to respond empathetically to others.8. Incorporating Empathy into Lessons: Design activities that require students to put themselves in someone else's shoes, such as discussing a character's feelings in a story or analyzing a situation from multiple perspectives.9. Feedback with Empathy: When providing feedback, do so in a way that is constructive and sensitive to the student's emotional state. Celebrate successes and provide encouragement for areas of improvement.10. Encouraging Peer Empathy: Foster a classroom environment where students support each other, showing empathy and understanding towards their peers' struggles and achievements.By integrating emotional empathy into English language teaching, educators can not only improve language proficiency but also foster a more compassionate and understanding classroom community.。
英语对学生的人格塑造作文Shaping Students' Character。
As educators, we have a responsibility to not only teach academic subjects but also to help shape ourstudents' character. Character education is the process of teaching students essential values and skills that will help them lead successful and fulfilling lives. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of character education and some effective strategies for shaping students' character.Firstly, character education is essential because it helps students develop a strong sense of moral and ethical values. In today's society, there are many challenges that students face, such as peer pressure, social media influence, and a lack of positive role models. By teaching students about values such as honesty, respect, responsibility, and empathy, we can help them make better decisions and avoid negative behaviors.Secondly, character education helps students develop important life skills. These skills include critical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, and communication. By teaching students how to think critically and make good decisions, we can help them become more independent and confident individuals. Additionally, by teaching students how to communicate effectively, we can help them build positive relationships with others.So, how can we effectively shape our students' character? One strategy is to model positive behavior. As educators, we must lead by example and demonstrate the values and behaviors we want our students to emulate. Another strategy is to incorporate character education into the curriculum. This can be done by teaching specific lessons on values and skills, or by integrating character education into other subjects.Another effective strategy is to involve parents and the community in character education. Parents play acrucial role in shaping their children's character, andit's important to involve them in the process. This can be done through workshops, parent-teacher conferences, or other events. Additionally, involving the community can help reinforce the values and skills taught in school and provide students with positive role models.In conclusion, character education is essential for helping students develop strong moral and ethical values, important life skills, and positive relationships with others. By modeling positive behavior, incorporating character education into the curriculum, and involving parents and the community, we can effectively shape our students' character and help them become successful and fulfilled individuals.。
有关德育方面的英语作文Title: The Importance of Moral Education in Shaping Character。
Moral education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals' characters and contributing to the overallwell-being of society. In this essay, we will delve intothe significance of moral education, its impact on individuals and society, and strategies for effective implementation.First and foremost, moral education instills valuessuch as honesty, integrity, empathy, and respect for others. These values serve as guiding principles that influence individuals' behavior and decision-making processes. By internalizing these values, individuals develop a strong moral compass, enabling them to navigate through ethical dilemmas and make responsible choices.Moreover, moral education fosters social cohesion andharmony by promoting mutual understanding and tolerance among individuals from diverse backgrounds. By cultivating empathy and respect for others' perspectives, moral education lays the foundation for a more inclusive and compassionate society where differences are celebrated rather than stigmatized.Furthermore, moral education equips individuals with essential life skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and conflict resolution. These skills enable individuals to analyze complex situations, weigh ethical considerations, and resolve conflicts peacefully, thereby contributing to a more harmonious and just society.Effective implementation of moral education requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses various stakeholders, including educators, parents, policymakers, and community leaders. Educators play a crucial role in integrating moral education into the curriculum and creating a nurturing learning environment where ethical values are reinforced through both formal instruction and extracurricular activities.Additionally, parents play a vital role as the primary agents of moral socialization, shaping their children's moral development through their words, actions, and values. By modeling ethical behavior and engaging in meaningful discussions about moral issues, parents can instill moral virtues in their children and reinforce the lessons learned in school.Furthermore, policymakers have a responsibility to support initiatives that promote moral education and provide resources for teacher training, curriculum development, and research in moral psychology and ethics. By prioritizing moral education in educational policies and allocating adequate funding, policymakers can ensure that all students have access to quality moral education programs.Community leaders also play a crucial role in fostering a culture of ethics and morality within their communities. By organizing community service projects, promoting dialogue on moral issues, and providing mentorship to youngpeople, community leaders can create opportunities for individuals to practice moral virtues and contribute to the common good.In conclusion, moral education is essential for shaping individuals' characters and fostering a more just, compassionate, and harmonious society. By instillingethical values, promoting social cohesion, and equipping individuals with essential life skills, moral education lays the foundation for a brighter future for generations to come. It is incumbent upon all stakeholders, including educators, parents, policymakers, and community leaders, to work together to prioritize moral education and ensure that it remains at the forefront of our educational agenda.。
如何在大学开展道德教育英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1How to Conduct Moral Education in UniversityAs students, we spend a significant portion of our time pursuing academic excellence, honing our skills, and preparing for our future careers. However, the years spent in university are not just about acquiring knowledge and technical expertise; they are also a crucial period for personal growth, character development, and the formation of moral values that will shape us as individuals and responsible citizens.Moral education is often viewed as a neglected aspect of higher education, but its importance cannot be overstated. In an increasingly complex and interconnected world, where ethical dilemmas arise in various spheres of life, it is essential for universities to play an active role in nurturing the moral compass of their students. By integrating moral education into the curriculum and campus culture, universities can equip students with the tools to navigate challenging situations with integrity, empathy, and a strong sense of ethical responsibility.One effective approach to moral education in universities is through the inclusion of ethics courses within the core curriculum. These courses should not be limited to theoretical discussions but should also incorporate real-world case studies, debates, and opportunities for critical analysis. By examining ethical frameworks, students can develop a deeper understanding of the principles that guide moraldecision-making and learn to apply them in practical scenarios.Furthermore, universities should encourage interdisciplinary collaborations that bridge the gap between different fields of study and highlight the ethical implications of various professions. For instance, business students could engage with philosophy and sociology courses to explore the ethical dimensions of corporate practices, while engineering students could examine the societal and environmental impacts of their designs.Beyond the classroom, moral education should permeate the entire campus culture. Universities can foster an environment that promotes ethical behavior, respect for diversity, and a sense of social responsibility. This can be achieved through various initiatives, such as:Establishing student-led organizations focused on ethical causes, community service, and social justice initiatives. These organizations can provide platforms for students to engage in meaningful discussions, volunteer work, and advocacy efforts, allowing them to put their moral values into practice.Organizing seminars, workshops, and guest lectures featuring influential figures, thought leaders, and experts in篇2How to Conduct Moral Education in UniversitiesAs a university student, I believe that moral education is an essential component of a well-rounded education. While universities primarily focus on academic knowledge and skill development, they also have a responsibility to shape the character and ethical values of their students. In today's rapidly changing world, where we are faced with complex moral dilemmas and ethical challenges, it is crucial that universities equip their students with the tools to navigate these challenges and make ethical decisions.Moral education in universities should not be limited to a single course or lecture series; rather, it should be woven into the fabric of the entire educational experience. From the curriculumdesign to extracurricular activities, universities should create an environment that fosters moral development and ethical reasoning.One effective approach to moral education is through the integration of ethics into existing courses across various disciplines. For example, in business courses, students could explore case studies that highlight ethical issues in the corporate world, such as whistleblowing, environmental sustainability, and corporate social responsibility. In STEM fields, ethical considerations related to technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and data privacy, could be discussed. By incorporating ethical discussions into core courses, students will develop a deeper understanding of the moral implications of their chosen fields and learn to critically evaluate the ethical dimensions of their work.Another valuable component of moral education is the promotion of open dialogue and debate. Universities should create platforms where students can engage in respectful and constructive discussions on controversial ethical issues. These discussions could take the form of seminars, panel discussions, or even informal gatherings, where students from diverse backgrounds can share their perspectives and challenge eachother's views in a respectful manner. Through these discussions, students will learn to articulate their ethical positions, consider alternative viewpoints, and develop critical thinking skills essential for navigating complex moral dilemmas.Additionally, universities should encourage students to engage in service-learning opportunities and community outreach programs. By participating in these activities, students will gain firsthand experience in addressing real-world issues and develop a sense of social responsibility. They will also have the opportunity to interact with diverse communities, fostering empathy, cultural awareness, and a deeper understanding of the ethical implications of their actions.Furthermore, universities should strive to create an inclusive and ethical campus culture. This can be achieved by promoting values such as integrity, respect, and diversity through various initiatives, such as honor codes, diversity and inclusion programs, and ethical leadership training for student organizations. By embedding these values into the campus culture, universities can create an environment that encourages ethical behavior and fosters a sense of moral responsibility among students.It is also important for universities to lead by example and demonstrate ethical behavior in their own practices. Thisincludes adhering to principles of transparency, accountability, and fairness in areas such as admissions, grading, and governance. Universities should also prioritize sustainability initiatives, promote ethical research practices, and ensure that their investments and partnerships align with their ethical values. By modeling ethical behavior, universities can inspire their students to adopt similar values and practices.Moreover, universities should collaborate with external stakeholders, such as businesses, non-profit organizations, and government agencies, to provide students with real-world ethical dilemmas and case studies. These collaborations can take the form of guest lectures, internships, or joint research projects, allowing students to gain practical experience in addressing ethical challenges within various professional contexts.Lastly, universities should recognize and celebrate students who demonstrate exceptional ethical behavior and contribute to the moral development of their peers and communities. This could be achieved through awards, scholarships, or public recognition events, which would not only honor those students but also inspire others to uphold and promote ethical values.In conclusion, moral education in universities is essential for shaping responsible, ethical, and socially conscious individualswho can navigate the complex moral challenges of our time. By integrating ethics into the curriculum, promoting open dialogue, encouraging service-learning and community engagement, cultivating an ethical campus culture, leading by example, collaborating with external stakeholders, and recognizing ethical behavior, universities can create a holistic educational experience that not only imparts knowledge but also instills a strong moral compass in their students. As future leaders, innovators, and decision-makers, university graduates must be equipped with the necessary moral and ethical foundations to positively impact their communities and society as a whole.篇3How to Conduct Moral Education in UniversitiesAs a university student, I can't emphasize enough the importance of moral education on campus. Our years in higher education play a pivotal role in shaping our values, ethical principles, and overall character. While academic knowledge equips us with essential skills for our future careers, moral education nurtures our souls, instilling in us the virtues that make us responsible, empathetic, and conscientious members of society.Moral education should be a multifaceted endeavor, woven into the fabric of university life. It cannot be confined to mere classroom lectures or theoretical discussions but must permeate every aspect of the educational experience. From the curriculum to extracurricular activities, from campus policies to student organizations, moral education should be an ever-present thread, guiding our thoughts and actions.One effective approach is to integrate ethical discussions into academic courses across various disciplines. Whether studying literature, history, science, or business, every subject offers opportunities to explore moral dilemmas, examine ethical frameworks, and engage in critical thinking about the implications of our decisions and actions. For instance, in a literature class, analyzing the moral choices of characters in a novel can spark profound discussions about virtue, integrity, and the consequences of our actions.However, moral education should transcend the boundaries of the classroom. Universities should foster an environment that encourages students to put their ethical principles into practice. This can be achieved through community service initiatives, volunteer programs, and partnerships with local organizations. By actively engaging in service-learning projects, students candevelop a deeper appreciation for social responsibility, empathy, and the value of giving back to the community.Furthermore, universities should actively promote open dialogues and debates on contemporary moral and ethical issues. Hosting guest speakers, panel discussions, and workshops that delve into topics such as environmental sustainability, social justice, human rights, and bioethics can broaden students' perspectives and challenge them to critically examine their own beliefs and values. These discussions should not only provide intellectual stimulation but also inspire students to take action and become agents of positive change.Student organizations and clubs can also play a crucial role in fostering moral education. Encouraging the formation of groups dedicated to various causes, such as environmental protection, human rights advocacy, or charitable initiatives, can create a vibrant culture of ethical engagement on campus. These organizations can organize awareness campaigns, fundraising events, and community outreach programs, allowing students to actively apply their moral values and make a tangible difference.Moreover, universities should lead by example by implementing ethical policies and practices within their own operations. This could include promoting sustainability througheco-friendly initiatives, ensuring fair labor practices for campus employees, and upholding principles of diversity, inclusion, and non-discrimination. By walking the talk, universities can demonstrate their commitment to ethical conduct and serve as role models for their students.It is also essential to recognize and celebrate students who exemplify moral excellence. Instituting awards and accolades for outstanding ethical behavior, community service, or humanitarian efforts can incentivize and inspire other students to follow suit. These recognition programs not only honor those who have made a positive impact but also reinforce the values that universities aim to instill in their students.Lastly, moral education should not be a one-sided endeavor. It should encourage open dialogue, self-reflection, and the willingness to challenge one's own assumptions and biases. Universities should foster an environment where students feel comfortable voicing their opinions, questioning established norms, and engaging in respectful debates. This intellectual freedom and openness to diverse perspectives are essential for nurturing critical thinking and ethical decision-making skills.In conclusion, moral education is an indispensable component of the university experience. By integrating ethicaldiscussions into the curriculum, promoting community service and social responsibility, hosting dialogues on contemporary moral issues, supporting student organizations dedicated to ethical causes, implementing ethical policies within the institution, recognizing moral excellence, and encouraging open discourse and self-reflection, universities can play a vital role in shaping the moral compass of their students. It is through this holistic approach that we can cultivate a generation of ethical leaders, compassionate citizens, and agents of positive change who will contribute to the betterment of society.。
培养孩子的情感英语Teaching Emotional Intelligence in EnglishEmotional intelligence (EI) is a critical life skill that can be nurtured and developed alongside language learning. When teaching English, especially to young learners, incorporating emotional intelligence can lead to a more well-rounded educational experience. Here are some strategies to cultivate emotional intelligence through English language education:1. Vocabulary Building: Teach students the English words fora wide range of emotions. This can include basic emotionslike happy, sad, angry, as well as more complex ones like frustrated, envious, or content.2. Reading Comprehension: Use stories and texts that depict characters experiencing various emotions. Discuss these emotions with the students and ask them to identify how the characters are feeling and why.3. Role-Playing: Create scenarios where students must act out different emotional situations. This can help them practice empathy and understanding of others' feelings.4. Emotion Charades: Play games where students must guess each other's emotions by observing facial expressions and body language. This can be done in English to reinforce both emotional and language skills.5. Reflective Discussions: After activities or lessons, encourage students to reflect on their feelings and how they managed their emotions. This can be done through journaling or group discussions.6. Emotion Recognition: Teach students to recognize emotions not just in themselves but also in others. This can be through the use of flashcards with faces showing different emotions or through video clips.7. Conflict Resolution: Use role-playing to teach students how to handle conflicts in English. This can help them learn phrases and strategies for resolving disagreements in a respectful manner.8. Positive Reinforcement: Encourage the use of positive language when speaking about emotions. Teach students to use phrases like "I feel proud when..." or "I appreciate it when you..."9. Cultural Sensitivity: Discuss how emotions can be expressed differently in various cultures. This can help students understand and respect cultural differences.10. Mindfulness and Meditation: Introduce simple mindfulness exercises or meditations in English that can help students become more aware of their emotional states.11. Emotional Journaling: Encourage students to keep a journal in English where they can write about their feelingsand emotions. This can improve their self-awareness and writing skills.12. Modeling Behavior: As a teacher, model appropriate emotional responses and communication in English. Your behavior can greatly influence how students learn to express their emotions.By integrating emotional intelligence into English language education, you can help students develop the skills they need to navigate social situations, manage their feelings, and empathize with others, all while learning a new language.。
如何提高礼仪教育英语作文(中英文版)Title: How to Improve Etiquette EducationEtiquette education is crucial in today"s society, as it helps individuals navigate social interactions with grace and respect.In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively and demonstrate good manners is more important than ever.This essay will explore methods to enhance etiquette education, with a focus on the English language as a medium for global communication.Firstly, it is essential to integrate etiquette education into the English language curriculum.Schools and educational institutions should emphasize the importance of understanding and practicing proper etiquette when interacting with people from different cultures.This can be achieved through role-playing activities, group discussions, and real-life scenarios that simulate cross-cultural interactions.By doing so, students will develop a deeper appreciation for cultural differences and learn how to adapt their behavior accordingly.Secondly, teachers and educators should serve as positive role models for good etiquette.By demonstrating proper manners in the classroom and beyond, educators can inspire students to adopt similar behaviors.This includes practices such as punctuality, active listening, and respectful communication.Additionally, teachers can share personalanecdotes and experiences related to etiquette, helping students understand the practical applications of good manners in everyday life.Thirdly, utilizing technology and social media platforms can significantly contribute to etiquette education.In today"s digital age, many people interact primarily through written communication.Therefore, it is crucial to educate students on proper email etiquette, netiquette, and the use of social media platforms.By understanding the do"s and don"ts of digital communication, students can avoid misunderstandings and maintain respectful relationships online.Fourthly, involving parents and the community in etiquette education is vital.Parents play a crucial role in teaching their children basic manners and social norms.By collaborating with parents, schools can reinforce the importance of etiquette education and ensure consistent messaging across different environments.Additionally, community workshops and events can provide opportunities for individuals of all ages to learn and practice good manners together.Lastly, incorporating cultural sensitivity into etiquette education is essential.As the world becomes more interconnected, it is crucial to understand and respect cultural differences in social norms and behaviors.Students should be exposed to various cultures through literature, guest speakers, and field trips.This will help them developempathy and adaptability, enabling them to navigate diverse social settings with ease.In conclusion, improving etiquette education is vital in fostering well-rounded individuals who can effectively navigate social interactions.By integrating etiquette into language education, modeling good behavior, utilizing technology, involving parents and the community, and promoting cultural sensitivity, we can create a generation of individuals who possess the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly interconnected world.。
探讨教师职业道德在教育征文中的重要性与实践In the realm of education, the role of teachers transcends beyond imparting knowledge; they are moral architects, shaping minds and fostering values. This essay explores the pivotal importance of teacher professional ethics in educational essays and its practical implications for both educators and students alike.Firstly, let's delve into the significance of teacher professional ethics. In the context of educational essays, these ethics serve as the cornerstone of credibility and trustworthiness. Teachers who adhere to ethical principles such as honesty, fairness, and respect demonstrate integrity, which is a fundamental aspect of their profession. Their essays reflecting on pedagogy, classroom management, or educational policies should reflect these values, fostering an environment of transparency and accountability. Students, in turn, learn to emulate these virtues, fostering a lifelong commitment to ethical conduct.Moreover, teacher ethics contribute to the development of a positive learning community. Teachers who prioritize empathy and inclusivity in their teaching practices create a safe space wherestudents feel valued and heard. This is particularly crucial in essays that discuss the impact of inclusive education or the importance of emotional intelligence. Ethical teachers not only promote intellectual growth but also nurture emotional well-being, a critical aspect of holistic education.Practical implementation of teacher professional ethics in educational essays involves several key strategies. Firstly, educators must integrate ethical considerations into their writing process. This includes fact-checking, avoiding plagiarism, and giving proper credit to sources. They must also be mindful of language choices, ensuring they avoid any form of discrimination or bias. When discussing controversial topics, they should maintain a balanced and objective stance, guided by their ethical principles.Secondly, incorporating ethical discussions in lesson plans can reinforce these values. Assigning essays that require students to analyze ethical dilemmas in the classroom or evaluate the implications of educational policies from an ethical standpoint, helps them internalize the importance of ethical decision-making in their future careers.Lastly, fostering a culture of ethical reflection is essential. Encouraging open dialogue about ethical issues and promotingself-reflection can help students develop a deeper understanding of their own values and how they can apply them in their academic and professional lives. Teachers can lead by example, modeling ethical behavior consistently.In conclusion, teacher professional ethics are not just theoretical constructs; they are integral to the fabric of effective education. In educational essays, they serve as a beacon of integrity, fostering a conducive learning environment and equipping students with the ethical compass they need to navigate life's challenges. By integrating ethical principles into their practice, educators can inspire a generation of responsible citizens who value not only knowledge but also the principles that guide their actions.中文翻译:在教育领域,教师的角色超越了知识的传授;他们是道德的塑造者,培养着价值观。
如何解决学生玩手机问题英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1How to Solve the Problem of Students Playing with PhonesNowadays, smartphones have become an essential part of modern life, and students are no exception. Many students spend a significant amount of time playing games, chatting with friends, or browsing social media on their phones, which can be a major distraction in the learning environment. As educators and parents, it is important for us to address this issue and find effective solutions to help students focus on their studies.One way to tackle the problem of students playing with phones is to involve parents in the process. Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children's behavior and habits, so it is important to educate them about the negative impacts of excessive phone use on academic performance. Schools can organize workshops or seminars for parents to raise awareness about the issue and provide practical tips on how to limit their children's phone usage.Another effective solution is to create a phone-free policy in schools. By implementing strict rules that prohibit the use of phones during class time or in certain areas of the school premises, students will be less tempted to sneakily use their phones. Teachers and school staff can monitor compliance with the policy and enforce consequences for students who violate the rules, such as confiscating their phones or assigning extra work.Furthermore, schools can also introduce alternative activities to keep students engaged and entertained during breaks or free periods. Setting up designated areas for socializing, physical activities, or creative projects can provide students with a healthier and more productive way to spend their time instead of being glued to their phones. Encouraging students to participate in extracurricular activities, such as clubs, sports teams, or music groups, can also help them develop new interests and build meaningful relationships with their peers.In addition, it is important for schools to educate students about the importance of time management and self-discipline. Teaching students how to prioritize their tasks, set goals, and allocate their time effectively can help them balance their academic responsibilities with their personal interests, includingphone use. Schools can offer workshops or courses on study skills, organization, and digital literacy to empower students to manage their time more efficiently and develop healthy habits.Moreover, parents and teachers should lead by example and demonstrate responsible phone use to students. By showing respect for boundaries and using phones mindfully in front of students, adults can set a positive role model for young people to follow. Educating students about digital etiquette, privacy, and cybersecurity can also help them understand the potential risks and consequences of irresponsible phone use.Ultimately, solving the problem of students playing with phones requires a collaborative effort between parents, educators, and students themselves. By promoting awareness, setting clear boundaries, providing alternative activities, teaching time management skills, and modeling responsible behavior, we can help students develop a healthy relationship with their phones and prioritize their academic success. Together, we can create a supportive and engaging learning environment where students can thrive and reach their full potential.篇2How to Solve the Problem of Students Playing with PhonesIn today's digital age, smartphones have become an essential part of our daily lives. While smartphones have brought many benefits, they have also created some challenges, particularly in the classroom. Students are increasingly turning to their phones during class time, which can be disruptive to learning. As educators and parents, it is important for us to address this issue and find effective solutions. In this essay, we will explore how to solve the problem of students playing with phones in the classroom.First and foremost, it is crucial for schools to establish clear policies regarding phone usage. Teachers should clearly communicate the expectations for phone use in their classrooms and enforce consequences for students who violate these rules. By setting boundaries and holding students accountable, schools can create a more structured learning environment that discourages phone use during class time.Furthermore, schools can implement technology-free zones or periods during the school day. For example, schools can designate certain areas of the school where phones are not allowed, such as in the classroom or during lunch hour. By creating designated spaces for phone-free activities, schools canhelp students break the habit of constantly checking their phones and encourage more face-to-face interaction.In addition, schools can provide alternative activities to keep students engaged and focused during class time. For example, teachers can incorporate interactive lessons, group projects, or hands-on activities that require students to actively participate. By providing engaging and interactive learning experiences, schools can help students stay focused and reduce the temptation to use their phones.Moreover, schools can educate students about the negative effects of excessive phone use. Teachers can discuss the impact of phone addiction on mental health, academic performance, and social relationships. By raising awareness about the risks associated with excessive phone use, schools can empower students to make more informed decisions about their phone habits.In conclusion, the problem of students playing with phones in the classroom is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By implementing clear policies, creating technology-free zones, providing alternative activities, and educating students about the risks of excessive phone use, schools can effectively address this problem and create a morefocused and productive learning environment. It is essential for educators, parents, and students to work together to find solutions that promote responsible phone usage and enhance the overall learning experience.篇3How to Solve the Problem of Students Playing with PhonesIn recent years, the issue of students playing with phones in class has become a serious concern for teachers and parents alike. The constant distraction of mobile devices can negatively impact students' learning and academic performance. In order to address this problem, it is important for educators, parents, and students themselves to work together to find effective solutions.First and foremost, teachers play a vital role in preventing phone usage in the classroom. Setting clear rules and expectations regarding phone usage during lessons is essential. Teachers should establish consequences for students who are caught using their phones during class, such as confiscating the device or assigning additional homework. By enforcing these rules consistently, teachers can help students understand the importance of staying focused on their studies.In addition to teachers' efforts, parents also play a key role in addressing the issue of phone usage among students. Parents should monitor their children's phone usage at home and set limits on screen time. By establishing clear boundaries and encouraging alternative activities, such as reading or engaging in physical exercise, parents can help reduce their children's dependency on mobile devices.Furthermore, students themselves must take responsibility for their own behavior. It is important for students to recognize the negative impact that excessive phone usage can have on their academic performance and overall well-being. By practicing self-discipline and limiting their phone usage during class time, students can improve their focus and concentration, leading to better learning outcomes.Another effective strategy for addressing the issue of phone usage among students is to incorporate technology into the classroom in a positive and engaging way. For example, teachers can use educational apps and interactive learning platforms to enhance students' understanding of the material and encourage active participation. By integrating technology into lessons in a meaningful way, teachers can harness students' natural interestin mobile devices and channel it towards productive learning activities.In conclusion, the problem of students playing with phones in class can be effectively addressed through a combination of measures implemented by teachers, parents, and students themselves. By setting clear rules and consequences, monitoring phone usage at home, practicing self-discipline, and using technology in a positive way, it is possible to create a conducive learning environment that fosters academic success and personal growth. By working together, we can help students overcome the distraction of mobile devices and reach their full potential in the classroom.。
Modeling User Behavior by IntegratingAQ Learning with a Database: Initial ResultsGuido Cervone and Ryszard S. Michalski*Machine Learning and Inference LaboratorySchool Computational SciencesGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA, 22030{gcervone, michalski}@*Also with the Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, PolandAbstract: The paper describes recent results from developing and testing LUS methodology for user modeling. LUS employs AQ learning for automatically creating user models from datasets representing activities of computer users. The datasets are stored in a relational database and employed in the learning process through an SQL-style command that automatically executes the AQ20 rule learning program and generates user models. The models are in the form of attributional rulesets that are more expressive than conventional decision rules, and are easy to interpret and understand. Early experimental results from the testing of the LUS method gave highly encouraging results.Keywords: User modeling, Computer intrusion detection, Machine learning, AQ learning, Inductive databases1 IntroductionThe rapidly growing global connectivity of computer systems creates a great need for effective methods that are able to detect unauthorized use of computers. Standard methods for assuring computer security, such as passwords, gateways, and firewalls not always provide sufficient protection from unauthorized accesses. Intruders typically exploit holes in the operating system or crack password files to gain access to the computer system and masquerade as legitimate users. As a result, detection of a sophisticated intruder is increasingly difficult, especially when there are many computer users or the intruder is an insider.The approach discussed in this paper, called Learning User Style (LUS), applies symbolic learning, specifically AQ learning, to induce typical patterns of interactions between individual users and computers. Given records measuring various characteristics of the interaction between users and computers (in our project process LUS automatically creates models of user behavior (symbolic usersignatures) by employing a machine learning program. The user models are in the form of rulesets relating the measured characteristics to the individual users.The rulesets are expressed in attributional calculu s, a highly expressive, logic-style language that can concisely represent complex relationships (Michalski, 2001). In the experiments described here, the rules are created by AQ20 learning program, which is the most recent implementation of AQ-type inductive learning. An important characteristic of AQ learning is that the generated rulesets (user signatures) are easy to interpret and understand. This means that they can be inspected and verified by experts, and hand-modified or extended, if desired.To develop effective user models, large training and testing datasets may be needed for each user. If there are many users, the datasets to be handled may become massive. This creates an issue of how to handle such massive sets effectively both for user model creation and model testing. To address this problem, the learning system was integrated with a relational database and invoked through a create command of KQL, a knowledge generation language under development.3 Basic Concepts and TerminologyTo explain this research, we need to introduce some terminology. An event is a description of an entity or situation under consideration. In the context of user modeling, an event is vector of attribute-values that characterizes the use of computer by a user at a specific time or during a specific time period.A session is a sequence of events characterizing a user’s interaction with the computer from the login to the logoff. An episode is a sequence of events extracted from a session; it may contain just a few events, or all of the events in a session. In the training phase, it is generally desirable to use long episodes, or even whole sessions, as this helps to generate better user models. In the testing (or execution) phase, it is desirable to use short episodes, so that a user can be identified from as little information as possible.The report by Goldring et al. (2000) indicated that one of the most relevant characteristics of the user behavior is the mode attribute. Therefore, in initial experiments, we have concentrated on the user model employing sequences of values of this attribute determined from the process table. Specifically, events were n-grams of the mode attribute, that is, sequences of n consecutive values of the mode attribute extracted from the data stream. The behavior of a user was characterized by a set of consecutive, overlapping n-grams (events) spanning a given period of user interaction with the computer.The sequence of modes recorded in a session was transformed into a set of overlapping n-grams (events), each representing a sequence of n consecutive modes in the session’s log. A set of events selected from one or more sessions of a specific user was used as a training set for learning this user’s signature. In addition to a training set, a different set of testing events was created for each userfor the purpose of testing the learned model. Both training and testing sets were stored in a relational database connected to ORACLE DB through Squirrel SQL client (see Section 6).Training sets for each user were submitted to an AQ-type symbolic learning program, AQ20, described briefly in the next section. The program generated user profiles (symbolic user signatures) in the form of attributional rulesets—sets of attributional rules characterizing the behavior of one user.4 The AQ20 Learning SystemIn this project, we used learning system AQ20, which is the latest implementation of the AQ learning methodology. Among AQ20 features that are most important for user modeling are:1) generation of attributional rules that are more expressive than conventional ones, and this produces more compact models2) ability to cope with noisy data3) ability to work with continuous data without needing discretization. (This feature has been added specifically for this project)4) ability to learn hypotheses according to a multi-criterion optimization function5) scalable implementation that can work efficiently with large numbers of training examples (e.g., in this project AQ20 learned from several million examples).A discussion of an initial (incomplete) AQ20 implementation, and the results from early experiments can be found in (Cervone, Panait, and Michalski, 2001).5 The “Create ruleset” CommandIn order to seamlessly integrate inductive learning and data mining capabilities with a database, a new language is being developed, called KQL (Knowledge Query Language), which includes SQL as a subset. A major command of KQL is Create Ruleset that calls a learning program to create rules from a dataset selected from the database. The general form of this command is:Create Ruleset <Output-tableset> from <Input-tableset> for <Consequent> Using <Parameter-table>where<Output-table> is a relational table that will contain the ruleset to be learned. Individual rules in the ruleset are in the form:Consequent <= Premise, where PREMISE is a conjunction ofconditions involving one or more attributes (such conditions are calledattributional conditions (Michalski, 2001))<Input-table> is a relational table that stores training examples<Consequent> may specify just one value of the output attribute, in which case it is in the form of a simple condition [output-attribute=v], or all values of the output attribute, in which it is in the form [output-attribute=*], or, simply, output-attribute. In more general form, Consequent can be a product of attributional conditions.<Parameter-table> specifies all control parameters of the learning program (in this case, AQ20).In this project, the ruleset create command has been implemented so far in a somewhat more specialized form. It uses Squirrel/KQL (CREATE RULES, FROM, FOR and USING are terminators).CREATE RULES [MULTIHEAD] RuleSetFamily FROM <DATA_TABLE> FOR <TARGET-CONCEPT> USING <PARAM_SPEC><DATA_TABLE> : data_table<TARGET> : Attributional_Complex {[x=1,4,6] & [y > 6]}| Annotted_Attibute_list| All_attributes [Except Attribute_list]| Target_tableAnnotated_Attribute_List : Annotated_Attribute_list Annotated_Attribute| Annotated_attributeAnnotated_Attribute : Attribute [For <attribute_values>]<PARAMETER_SPEC> : Table of parameters and values| ID for parameter relational table# IN here Char or Discr mode would be defined6 Squirrel SQL ClientIn this research we employed Squirrel, a complete SQL client. Squirrel is a graphical Java program that allows one to view the structure of a JDBC database (Java Database Connection), browse the data stored in relational tables, issue SQL commands, etc. The distribution of Squirrel is handled by the sourceforge network (). The home page for the Squirrel SQL client is at /projects/squirrel-sql/. The modifications that we have done to the Squirrel code involved a modification of the Squirrel GUI and handling of SQL queries. An option was also added to the Squirrel that allows one to import raw data in form of comma separated format (CSV). Squirrel does not come with such an option, as it was designed primarily to browse and issue SQL commands rather than import data.The Create-ruleset command was deeply integrated with the Squirrel program. A new Java class (KQL-adapter) was created that first checks if the query is a “create ruleset” command. If it is not, the control is passed back to Squirrel, which checks if the query is a valid SQL command. If it is, KQL-adapter creates SQL queries that retrieve target data and parameters from the database, store them inthe AQ20 input file, and then runs AQ20 to generate rulesets. The resulting rules are displayed on the screen in text format.In this project we used Oracle 8.1.7 working under the Irix operating system. The modified by us Squirrel client can be used, however, with any database for which a JDBC connection is supported, such as MySQL, mSQL, PostgreSQL, and others.7. Datasets used in experimentsDatasets used in this experiment included information about 777 user sessions, collected from a Window operating system’s process table, and characterized activities of 23 different users. The data were obtained from Dr. Thomas Goldring. Prior work done by Goldring et al. (2000) evaluated several existing methods for user modeling and indicated that an important attribute for user modeling is mode that characterizes the type of activity a user is engaged in at a given time, such as reading email, word processing, etc. Therefore, in our studies we also employed the mode attribute.To be able to apply a learning program to a sequential data stream, the data were transformed to collections of n-grams. Given a sequence of items, an n-gram is constructed using a sliding window of size n. In our experiments we chose n=4, based on findings by Goldring et al. (2000).The raw data were transferred into 4,808,024 4-grams characterizing 24 users, labeled from User0 to User23. A different number of sessions were extracted for each user, and each session had different length, which led to different numbers of n-grams for each users (Figure 1 and 2). Another characteristic feature of this data was that the number of distinct events (n-grams, in this case) was significantly different from the number of total events. This means is that there were many repetitions of the same n-grams in the data streams from different users.Figure 1: Number of sessions per user in the Windows datasetFigure 2: The number of different 4-grams per user in the dataset.8 Creating user models and matching them against testing episodesThe original datasets were split into training and testing sets. The training set was subsequently split to different portions in order to determine the learning curve. Given a training set for each user, the AQ20 learning system learned rules models from them. These rules were subsequently tested on the testing set. The next section describes one of the experiments and obtained results.Testing of rulesets typically involves matching single events against the learned rules. Attributional rules created by an AQ-type learning program are matched to events by the ATEST program (Reinke, 1984; Michalski and Kaufman, 2000). In the case of user modeling, to obtain meaningful results, one needs to match user models against a sequence of events (episode). To this end, a special method was developed that matches episodes with attributional rulesets and determines a score. The method was implemented in EPICn (Episode Classifier for n-grams). The EPICn module calls the ATEST module for each of the distinct events in the episode, and for each decision class determines a degree of match between the corresponding ruleset R i. and the episode. For each rule R i,j in ruleset i, it calculates a degree of match, c ijk, between event k and rule R ij, using the selected ATEST method. The degree of match between an event k and a ruleset R i, called an event score for class i and event k, and denoted EV ik, is defined:EV ik = Max j=1…s(i) (c ijk x t ij) (1) where t ij is the number of training examples satisfying R ij.The degree of match between an episode and the ruleset R i , called the episode score for class i and denoted EP i , is defined:EP i =EVikk =1z(2)EPICn classifies the episode to the class with the highest episode score, if the episode score is above the score acceptance threshold (SATH), and the difference between the highest and the next highest episode scores is greater than the score acceptance tolerance (SATO). The score acceptance threshold and score acceptance tolerance allow the program to avoid making definite decisions when the episode score or the difference between the highest and the next highest episode scores are too small. In such cases, the program classifies an episode as “unknown.” Up to this point, EPICn has run only with the acceptance threshold and the acceptance tolerance of 0, so that no classifications have been assigned “unknown.” Since EPICn calls upon ATEST, both EPICn and ATEST have been integrated within the same program, which leads to a faster execution of the testing process.EPICn normalizes the scores defined in (2) so that for each episode, the sum total of degrees of match is 1. The definition of the episode score as stated in (2), is one of many possible such definitions.9 Experiment 1 (7 users):The AQ20 allows the user to tune the learning process to the problem at hand by specifying program control parameters (Michalski and Kaufman, 2000). In the experiment described below, the control parameters were:ambiguity = emptymode = Theory Formation and Pattern Discovery maxstar = 1 & maxrule = 1LEF = (MinNumSelectors, 0.3) (MaxNewPositives, 0.1)LEF1 = (MaxQ)(MaxNewPositives, 0.0) (MinNumSelectors, 0.0)LEF2 = (MaxTotalQ)(MaxNewPositives, 0.0) (MinNumSelectors, 0.0)Several experiments were performed using different combinations of parameters. In every results (characterized by predictive accuracy on the testing set) were very similar. This means that AQ20 was not very sensitive to the input parameters in this application.For this experiment the dataset was divided into two parts, the first 80% (chronologically) of the sessions for training and the last 20% for testing.Error!Table 1: Distribution of total and distinct events.Initially, we experimented on a smaller dataset, consisting of the data from users 0-6 only. Testing was done both on the first 50% of the testing set, and then on the full testing set based on rules generated from training sessions that used 4%, 33%, 66% and 100% of the total training data. Table 1 illustrates the large difference between distinct events and total events, and it explains why some of the rules that have rather high rule quality according to the Q(w) measure (Kaufman and Michalski, 1999) when this is computed using the total events appear to be quite poor when the Q is compared using distinct events.To illustrate results obtained in this experiment, below are the first two rules from the set of 17 rules generated as a User 1 model (the rules are represented in the form of generalized n-grams, in which each position is occupied not by a single value but by a set):# -- This learning task took: 11.92 seconds of system time# -- Number of rules for User 1 = 17# -- Number of the distinct events in the target class: 348# -- Number of the distinct events in the other class(es): 5214# -- Number of the total training events in the target class: 20858# -- Number of the total training in the other class(es): 671154[User = 1]<{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,rundll32,system,welcome,help},{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,welcome,help}{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,printing,welcome,dos,help}{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,web,acrobat,logon,rundll32,welcome,dos,help}>: pd=262,nd=58,ud=118,pt=20718,nt=140,ut=3197,qd=0.607308,qt=0.986414<{netscape,telnet,office,acrobat,rundll32,welcome,help}{netscape,msie,telnet,web,acrobat,logon,printing,rundll32,dos,help}{netscape,msie,telnet,explorer,logon,rundll32,help}{netscape,msie,telnet,network,acrobat,printing}>: pd=74,nd=6,ud=6,pt=16565,nt=17,ut=7,qd=0.195631,qt=0.79334The rules were learned by AQ20 from all events in the training set, running in the PD mode using LEF1 rule selection criterion. The first rule states that User 1 behavior is characterized by a set of 4-grams, in which the first position is occupied by any mode from the first set {netscape, msie, telnet, …}, the secondposition is occupied by any mode from the second set {netscape, msie, ..help}, etc. This rule thus describes compactly 11979 4-grams.The lines marked by # provide supplementary information about the experiment. The first line gives information about the system (kernel) time spent on learning the user model (from 20858 training examples). The next line specifies the number of rules learned for User 1. Lines 3-6 specify numbers of different example types used in the experiment.Each rule is accompanied by annotations that represent various characteristics of the rule. Parameters pd and pt represent the number of distinct positive examples and the total positive examples, respectively, that are covered by the rule. Similarly, nd and nt represent the number of distinct negative and the total negative examples, respectively, covered by the rule. Parameters qd and qt indicate the rule quality measure, which takes into consideration both the number of positives covered out of all positives, and the number of negatives covered out of all negatives in the dataset. The difference between qd and qt is that qd is computed over distinct positives and distinct negatives, whereas qt is computed over the total positives and total negatives.Figure 2 describes the performance of user models on the testing data. The darkened column indicates the matching score for the correct user model. As figure shows, in every testing case the correct user model was indicated.Figure 2: Confidence matrix for rules learned from the complete training set.In order to determine how sensitive is performance to the size of the training set, we have performed experiments in which the learning set was varied from 4%, 33%, 66% and 100% of the training data. The results are shown in Figure 3. As the figure shows, the perfomance was about .6 (60%) correct when the training set had only 4% of the events (random guessing is about 14% correct).Figure 3: The learning curve for 7 users.10 Experiment 2 (24 users)The experiment involved learning user models for 24 users, using nearly 5 million training examples (the complete training set). Results were tested on approximately one million testing examples (the complete testing set). Results are illustrated in Figure 4. As before, darkened columns represent the matching score for the correct user model. As the figure shows, all users were classified correctly except one, User 11. This seems to be due to the fact that the dataset for user 11 had only a small number of sessions and a very small number of events per session (Figure 1 and 2). In some cases, e.g., for users 6 and 14, the matching score was the same for the correct models as for a few other models. This indicates insufficient discrimination.0.05 0.04 0.03 0.020.050.040.030.020.060.050.040.030.02Figures 4-10: Results from testing 24 user models.To illustrate the rules obtained in this experiment, below a selection of the rules learned for User 0. The learning time was larger in experiment 1, as expected, since have here 24 users rather than 7.# -- This learning took:# -- System time 767.15 sec# -- Number of rules for this class = 52# -- Number of distinct training events in the target class: 346# -- Number of distinct training events in other classes: 71,931# -- Total number of training events in the target class:1,826# -- Total number of training events in the other classes: 3,750,169[user=0]<{explorer,install,multimedia,system,time},{multimedia,system},{explorer,install,system},{explorer,install,multimedia,system},:pd=64,nd=31,ud=8,pt=916,nt=404,ut=11,qd=0.124322,qt=0.348035 <{explorer,install,office,rundll32,system,time},{multimedia,system},{install,multimedia,rundll32,system,time},{explorer,install,rundll32,system,time}>:pd=68,nd=42,ud=9,pt=919,nt=73,ut=11,qd=0.121131,qt=0.466232<{explorer,help,install,mail,multimedia,rundll32,system,time,web},{help,install,logon,mail,office,rundll32,system,time,web},{help,install,mail,office,printing,rundll32,system,time,web},{help,install,rundll32,system,time}:pd=140,nd=343,ud=41,pt=1316,nt=701,ut=66,qd=0.1159,qt=0.470102 <{install,office,printing,system},{install,rundll32,time},{install,multimedia,office,sql,system,web},{explorer,install,multimedia,rundll32,system,web}:pd=43,nd=4,ud=2,pt=397,nt=4,ut=2,qd=0.11,qt=0.2110 ConclusionThe presented LUS method employs AQ20 learning program to learn user models from n-grams representing interactions between users and the computer. In viewof the large datasets involved in this application, to make the learning and testing processes easier to handle, the learning systems was deeply integrated with a relational database, accessible through Squirrel, an SQL client. The obtained results for a small number of users (7) indicated perfect recognition rate. In thecase of a larger number of users (24), there was one misclassification, which was likely due to a small number of training examples used.AcknowledgmentsAuthors thank Dr. Goldring for providing datasets used in this study and for consultation on the n-gram approach to user modeling, and Dr. Kenneth A. Kaufman for his assistance and feedback in conducting this research. They also thank Dr. Menas Kafatos and Dr. Ruxin Yang for providing access to their mighty esip computer system that was used for storing datasets and running experiments. Valuable help was also given by Colin Bell and all the members of the Squirrel development team. They helped solving many problems, and give valuable information on where to modify the code.We also wish to thank the School of Computational Sciences for providing other computational equipment and logistic space that was used during the development of this project.ReferencesBloedorn, E. and Michalski, R.S., "Data Driven Constructive Induction in AQ17-PRE: A Method and Experiments," Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Tools for AI, San Jose, CA, November 9-14, 1991.Cervone G., Panait L. 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