当前位置:文档之家› 城市交通规划外文翻译

城市交通规划外文翻译

城市交通规划外文翻译
城市交通规划外文翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)

外文翻译

专业名称:土木工程

年级班级:

学生姓名:

指导教师:

二○年月日

Urban transportation Planning

An urban transportation system is basic component of an urban area's social,economic,and physical structure. Not only does the design and performance of a transportation system provide opportunities for mobility,but over the long term,it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides to land. Planning for the development or maintenance of the urban transportation system is thus an important activity,both for promoting the efficient movement of people and goods in an urban area and for maintaining the strong supportive role that transportation can play in attaining other community objectives.

There are several basic concepts about an urban transportation system that should be kept in mind. Most important,a transportation system in an urban area is defined as consisting of the facilities and services that allow travel throughout the region,providing opportunities for:(I)mobility to residents of an urban area and movement of goods and (2) accessibility to land .Given this definition,an urban transportation system can be further characterized by three major components: the spatial configuration that permits travel from one location to another; the transportation technologies that provide the means of moving over these distances; and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities.

The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System

One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process),proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process),ride the subway to a downtown station (a line-haul process),and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly,one can view a home-to-work trip by car as consisting of similar segments,with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the line-haul capability,a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point,and walking,as before,serving the distribution function.

The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel,when

interconnected to permit movement from one location to another,form a network. Thus,another way of representing the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is as a set of road and transit networks. Even in the smallest urban areas,where mass transit is not available,the local street network provides the basic spatial characteristic of the transportation system.

The transportation system of a city can influence the way in which the city's social and economic structure, often called the urban activity system,develops. At the same time,changes in this structure can affect the ability of the transportation system to provide mobility and accessibility. Thus , the transportation system is closely related to the urban activity system and; historically, has been an important determinant of urban form.

Because of the relation between transportation and urban activities,many of the methods used by transportation planners depend on estimates of trips generated by specific land uses. The relation also suggests that the options available to public officials dealing with transportation problems should include not only those related directly to the transportation system, but also actions such as zoning that affect the distribution of land use, and thus influence the performance of the transportation system.

The foregoing considerations point to two important principles for transportation planning: The transportation system should be

Considered as an integral part of the social and economic system in an urban area.

Viewed as a set of interconnected facilities and services designed to provide opportunities for travel from one location to another.

The Technology of Urban Transportation

The technology of urban transportation is closely related to the spatial configuration of the transportation system in that the design transportation networks reflects the speed, operating , and cost characteristics of the vehicle or mode of transportation being used. Technology includes the means of propulsion, type of support,means of guidance,and control technique.

The development and widespread use of electric streetcars in urban areas during the late nineteenth century was a technological innovation that initiated the transformation of most North American cities. The advent of the electric streetcar permitted urban areas to expand

beyond the boundaries that had been dictated by previous transportation technologies (e. g.,walking,horse,horsecar),spawning `streetcar suburbs' with dramatically lower residential densities along streetcar lines radiating from the central city. Whereas many industries had decentralized along railroad lines leading from the central city,and workers initially had to live near these factories, the introduction of streetcars now permitted more distant living.

The success of the streetcar in providing access from selected suburban areas to central business districts was followed by public acceptance of a second major technological innovation-the automobile,powered by the internal combustion engine. Increasing consumer preferences for lower-density living and for an ability to travel beyond established urban boundaries sparked a phenomenal growth in automobile ownership and usage,beginning in the 1920s . ④The automobile continues and accelerated the evolution of urban structure started by the electric streetcar. Its availability permitted further expansion of urban areas and, more important, provided access to land between the radial streetcar and railroad lines leading into the central city.

The technology of the internal-combustion engine,however, also led to the decline of other transportation modes used in urban areas by providing a less expensive and more flexible replacement for rail-based modes. While the automobile provided new opportunities for personal mobility and urban growth, motor buses rapidly replaced electric streetcars, to the extent that only five North American cities today still operate large-scale streetcar systems-Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Toronto, and San Francisco (although this trend has reversed somewhat in recent years with new `light rail' systems in operation in Edmonton, Calgary, San Diego, and Buffalo). At the same time, the growth of private automobile use has dramatically reduced the use of public transportation in general, particularly since the end of World War II. According to the latest census figures, in 1980, 62. 3 million Americans normally drove alone to work each day, another 19 million car-pooled, and 6 million used public transportation.

The technologies and the resulting modes available today for urban transportation are common to most cities but are often applied in different ways to serve different purposes. It should be noted that certain types of modes are appropriate than others in serving different types of urban trips.

The technological dimension of the urban transportation system suggests a third

principle for urban transportation planning:

Transportation planners must consider the transportation system as consisting of different modes , each having different operational and cost characteristics.

From; Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller "Urban Transportation Planning", 1984

城市交通规划

城市交通系统是市区的社会、经济、和物质结构的一个基本组成部分。一个交通系统的设计和实施不仅为流动性提供机会,并且从长远观点来看,通过它能对土地提供良好使用价值也使经济活动和发展受到益处。这样,为了发展和维护城市交通系统而制定的规划是一项重要的活动,既是为了促进人和货物在市区的有效运转,同时也是为了保持交通在实现其他社团目标方而所能起到的强有力的支援作用。

对于城市交通系统有几个基本概念是应该记住的。最重要的是,一个城市的交通系统被认为是包括交通设施和服务,这两者有助于贯穿全区的出行,并且为以下两方面提供机会:(1)居民的流通量和商品的运转,(2)对于土地的可达性。鉴于这种认识,城市交通系统可以进一步分解为以下三个部分:空间布置,可使一点到另一点的出行成为可能;交通技术,提供两地区运转的手段;机构的机制,提供交通系统设施的规划、建设、运营和维护。

交通系统的空间布置

描述一个城市交通系统的空间尺度的方式是考虑一个人由起点到目的地的出行特点。例如,出行可以包括为达到不同目的的几种类型的流动。离开家的出行者可以乘坐当地的公共汽车而到达另一个郊区地铁车站(出行集合过程),经车站转到地铁站台(换乘过程),乘地铁到达一个商业车站(沿线运行过程),然后步行到工作地点(分散过程)。相似的,人们可以把乘汽车由家到工作地点的出行看作是包括相似的过程,利用当地的街道系统实现出行集合过程,高速公路提供线路的出行能力,在商业中心区的停车场起到换乘点的作用,而步行与前面说的一样,起到分散作用。

当提供这些出行机会的公共设施和服务集合起来,使从一个地点到另一个地点的运动成为可能时就会形成网络。这样,表示一个城市交通系统的空间尺度的另一种方式是一组道路和公共交通的网络系统。甚至在不能利用公共交通的很小的市区内,当地的街道网络也会提供交通系统的基本空间特征。

城市交通系统将会影响到城市的社会和经济结构(通常被称为城市活动系统)的发展方式。同时,这种结构的变化会影响交通系统提供流动性和可达性的能力。因此,交通系统是与城市活动系统密切相关的;从历史上看,城市交通系统曾经是一个决定城市形态的重要因素。

由于交通和城市活动之间的关系,许多交通规划人员所使用的方法取决于特定的土地利用所产生的出行评估。这个关系还暗示可供与交通问题打交道的政府官员多采用的选择方案。而且也应该包括,例如,影响土地利用分布的区域划分,并因此影响到交

通系统特性的一些措施。

上述的考虑指出用于交通规划的两个重要原则:

被认为是市区社会和经济系统的一个完整部分。

被视为目的在于提供从一个地点到另一个地点出行机会的一套互相结合的交通设施和服务。

城市交通的技术

城市交通技术是同交通系统的空间布局紧密相关的,其中交通网设计反映车辆的速度、运行和费用特征所采用的交通模式。技术上包括推进的手段。支撑的类型引导的手段,以及控制技术。

十九世纪晚期,在市区发展和广泛使用有轨电车是一项技术创新,启动了北美大多数城市的转型。有轨电车的出现使城市地区超出了之前运输技术(例如走路、骑马、马车)所限定的界限进行了扩展。产生了大量的居住密度明显很低的位于由市中心辐射出去的电车电车路线沿线的“电车郊区”。与此同时,许多工业也从由市中心延伸出去的提路沿线疏散了,工人们起初需要在这些工厂附近居住,现在引进了电车,住的远也没有什么关系了。

在电车提供由经过挑选的郊区到中心商业区的道路取得成功后,接着是公众对于第二个重大技术革新,即对内燃机为动力的汽车的欢迎。消费者越来越多的对于低密度的居住生活的热爱,以及对于跨越已确定的城市边界出行能力的偏爱,促进了从二十年代开始的汽车购置和使用方便急剧增长。汽车的可用性促使市区进一步扩展,并且更重要的是,汽车为通向市中心的放射状电车线和铁路路线之间地区的可能性提供条件。

然而,由于内燃机技术提供了比有轨交通方式更为廉价的和更为灵活的汽车,从而导致了市区内其他交通方式的衰落。在汽车为个人流通和和城市发展提供了新机会的同时,公共汽车很快取代了电车,以致目前只有五个北美城市还在使用大型电车系统,即波士顿、费城、匹茨堡、多伦多和旧金山(不过近年来这种趋势又有点逆转,新型“轻轨”系统正在埃德蒙顿、卡尔加里、圣地亚哥和布法罗运营)。于此同时,特别是自第二次世界大战结束以来,私人汽车使用的增长,一般来说已显著的使公共交通的使用缩减。根据最近的统计数字,在1980年有六千二百三十万美国人每天是自己驾驶汽车上班,另外有一千九百万人合伙使用汽车,而有六百万人乘用公共交通。

当前可以应用的城市交通技术和交通模式,对于大多数城市来说是通用的,但也常常以不同的方式应用,为不同的目的服务。应当注意到,某些交通方式较其他方式更适

合于承担不同类型的城市出行。

城市交通系统的技术方面提出一个用于城市交通规划的第三个原则:

交通规划人员应当认为交通系统包括不同的交通方式,每一个方式具有不同的运营和费用特征。

摘自:迈克尔 D.梅耶和艾瑞克J.米勒《城市交通规划》,1984

Traffic signals

In the United States alone ,some 250,000 intersections have traffic signals , which are defined as all power-operated traffic-control devices except flashers,signs,and markings for directing or warning motorists, cyclists,or pedestrians.

Signals for vehicular,bicycle,and pedestrian control are …pretimed?where specific times intervals are allocated to the various traffic movements and as 'traffic actuated' where time intervals are controlled in whole or in part by traffic demand.

Pretimed Traffic Signals

'Pretimed' traffic signals are set to repeat regularly a given sequence of signal indications for stipulated time intervals through the 24-hr day. They have the advantages of having controllors of lower first cost and that they can be interconnected and coordinated to vehicles to move through a series of intersections with a minimum of stops and other delays. Also, their operation is unaffected by conditions brought on by unusual vehicle behavior such as forced stops,which,with some traffic-actuated signal installations may bring a traffic jam. Their disadvantage is that they cannot adjust to short-time variations in traffic flow and often hold vehicles from one direction when there is no traffic in the other. This results in inconvenience, and sometimes a decrease in capacity.

‘Cycle length’the time required for a complete sequence of indications, ordinarily falls between 30 and 120s. Short cycle lengths are to be preferred, as the delay to standing vehicles is reduced. With short cycles, however a relatively high percentage of the total time is consumed in clearing the intersection and starting each succeeding movement. As cycle length increases, the percentage of time lost from these causes decreases. With high volumes of traffic, it may be necessary to increase the cycle length to gain added capacity.

Each traffic lane of a normal signalized intersection can pass roughly one vehicle each 2.1s of green light. The yellow (caution) interval following each green period is usually between 3 and 6s,depending on street width,the needs of pedestrians, and vehicle approach speed. To determine an approximate cycle division, it is common practice to make short traffic counts during the peak period. Simple computations give the number of vehicles to be accommodated during each signal indication and the minimum green time required to pass them. With modern control equipment, it is possible to change the cycle length and division several times a day, or go to flashing indications to fit the traffic pattern better.

At many intersections,signals must be timed to accommodate pedestrian movements. The Manual recommends that the minimum total time allowed be an initial interval of 4 to 7s for pedestrians to start plus walking time computed at 4 ft/s (1. 2m/s). With separate pedestrian indicators,the WALK indication(lunar white) covers the first of these intervals, and flashing DON'T WALK (Portland orange ) the remainder. The WALK signal flashes when there are possible conflicts with vehicles and is steady when there are none. Steady DON'T WALK tells the pedestrian not to proceed.

If pedestrian control is solely by the vehicle signals,problems develop if the intersection is wide, since the yellow clearance interval will have to be considerably longer than the 3 to 5s needed by vehicles. This will reduce intersection capacity and may call for a longer cycle time. On wide streets having a median at least 6 ft (1. 8m)wide,pedestrians may be stopped there. A separate pedestrian signal activator must be placed on this median if pedestrian push buttons are incorporated into the overall control system.

Coordinated Movement

Fixed-time traffic signals along a street or within an area usually are coordinated to permit compact groups of vehicles called `platoons’to move along together without stopping. Under normal traffic volumes,properly coordinated signals at intervals variously estimated from 2500 ft (0. 76km)to more than a mile (1. 6km) are very effective in producing a smooth flow of traffic. On the other hand,when a street is loaded to capacity,coordination of signals is generally ineffective in producing smooth traffic flow.

Four systems of coordination-simultaneous, alternate,limited progressive, and flexible progressive-have developed over time. The simultaneous system made all color indications on a given street alike at the same time .It produced high vehicle speeds between stops but low overall speed. Because of this and other faults,it is seldom used today.

The alternate system has all signals change their indication at the same time,but adjacent signals or adjacent groups of signals on a given street show opposite colors. The alternate system works fairly well on a single street that has approximately equal block spacing. It also has been effective for controlling traffic in business districts several blocks on a said, but only when block lengths are approximately equal in both directions. With an areawide alternate system,green and red indications must be of approximately equal length. This cycle division

is satisfactory where two major streets intersect but gives too much green time to minor streets crossing major arteries. Other criticisms are that at heavy traffic volumes the later section of the platoon of vehicles is forced to make additional stops,and that adjustments to changing traffic conditions are difficult.

The simple progressive system retains a common cycle length but provides 'go' indications separately at each intersection to match traffic progression. This permits continuous or nearly continuous flow of vehicle groups at a planned speed in at least one direction and discourages speeding between signals. Flashing lights may be substituted for normal signal indications when traffic becomes light.

The flexible progressive system has a master controller mechanism that directs the controllers for the individual signals. This arrangement not only gives positive coordination between signals,but also makes predetermined changes in cycle length,cycle split,and offsets at intervals during the day. For example,the cycle length of the entire system can be lengthened at peak hours to increase capacity and shortened at other times to decrease delays.

Flashing indications can be substituted when normal signal control is not needed. Also the offsets in the timing of successive signals can be adjusted to favor heavy traffic movements, such as inbound in the morning and outbound in the evening. Again,changes in cycle division at particular intersections can be made. The traffic responsive system is an advanced flexible progressive system with the capacity to adjust signal settings to measured traffic volumes.

Where traffic on heavy-volume or high-speed arteries must be interrupted for relatively light cross traffic,semi-traffic-actuated signals are sometimes used. For them,detectors are placed only on the minor street. The signal indication normally is green on the main road and red on the cross street. On actuation, the indications are reversed for an appropriate interval after which they return to the original colors.

交通信号

仅在美国,约250000十字路口有交通信号,这被定义为所有除了闪光灯、标志、和标记的用于指导或警告驾驶员、骑自行车的人和行人的电动交通控制装置,。

控制车辆,骑自行车的人和行人的信号是在特定时间间隔分配到各种交通活动的预定时间和在交通运转中控制全部或部分交通需求的的时间间隔。

定时交通信号

定时交通信号是设定为在一天二十四小时内规定的时间定期重复一个规定的信号指示。它们有这些优势,包括有低生产成本的控制器,可以联系和协调使车辆以最少的停靠和其他的延迟通过一系列的交叉口。而且,它们的操作不受异常车辆行为引起的状况的的影响,如一些交通信号控制装置可能带来的交通堵塞引起的强迫性停车。它们的劣势是它们无法适应交通流量的变化和在没有其他交通的情况下约束一个方向的车辆。结果是导致交通不便和有时的通行能力下降。

一套完整顺序的“周期时间”通常在30秒到120秒之间。当车辆延迟减少,短循环时间是优先考虑的。然而对于短循环,清理路口和开始每一次顺利的运转消耗的时间相对较高。当循环周期增加,从这些原因失去的时间减少。对于高流量的交通,可能需要增加循环周期来获得更大的通行能力。

每一个行车道信号正常的路口,一辆车在绿灯下大约2.1秒通过。根据街道宽度、行人需求和车辆靠近速度,每一个绿灯周期后的黄灯(警示)间隔在3秒到6秒之间。要确定一个大致的周期划分,常见的做法是确定高峰期间的短期交通数目。简单的计算给出每一个适应信号指示下车辆数目和车辆通过时最小的绿灯时间。随着现代控制设备,改变循环周期和每天时间次数的划分,或者使闪光信号更好的适应交通模式变的可能。

在许多路口,信号必须被定好来调整行人流动。手册建议行人开始加上步行时间以4英尺每秒(1.2米每秒)计算的最初的间隔允许的最小的总时间是4到7秒。对于单独的行人指示,步行指示(浅白色)包括最开始的时间间隔,禁止通行闪光灯(橘黄色)包括了剩余的时间间隔。当和车辆有可能的冲突步行信号灯闪烁,当没有时步行信号灯不变。禁止通行信号稳定不变时是告诉行人不要继续前行。

如果行人完全由车辆信号控制,如果路口宽问题会变大,因为黄灯间隔将大大高于车辆需要的3到5秒。这将减少交叉路口的通行能力,可能需要一个较长的周期时间。有中线的宽阔街道至少要6英尺(1.8米)宽,行人可能停在那儿。如果行人命令按钮被合并到整体的控制系统,一个单独的行人信号必须放在这个街道中间。

联动移动

一个车道或一个区域的定时交通信号通常联动调来允许一排紧凑的车辆一起移动而不停止。在正常的交通量下,适当的调整从2500英尺(0.76千米)到超过一英里(1.6千米)的各种信号间隔对于形成流畅的交通是非常有效的。另一方面,当一个街道超过了通行能力,调整信号来形成流畅的交通一般是无效的。

四个联动的,同步的,交互的,单一推进式的和弹性连续前进的信号系统随着时间推移已经开发出来。同步的系统使给定的街道在相同的时间内所有的颜色指示相同。它出现在两站之间车速高而整体速度低的街道上。因为这些和其他的错误,今天已经很少使用。

交互式系统在相同的时间有所有的信号转换。但是在一个给定的街道附近的信号灯或者附近的信号群显示互补的颜色。交互式系统在大约相等的街区间隔的信号街上能相当好的工作。它也能有效的在上述说明的商业区控制交通,但是只能当长度在两个方向大约相等时才行。对于全区的交互式系统,绿色指示灯和红色指示灯必须有大约相等的长度。当两条主要街道相交,但是穿过主要街道的次要街道太多绿灯,这种周期划分是令人满意的。批评是在重交通量下后面区域的一排汽车必须强迫做出额外的停止,而改变交通状况的调整是非常困难的。

简易连续式系统保持一个一般的周期时间,但是在每个交叉路口分别提供“前进”指示来匹配交通进展。这允许在设计速度中的至少一个方向的一组车辆速度连续或接近连续流动,并阻碍了信号之间的超速驾驶。当交通变的轻的时候,闪烁的灯光可以取代正常的信号指示。

弹性连续前进信号系统有一种主控制器装置来指导个别信号控制器。这种布置不仅在信号之间做出了积极协调,而且使预定的周期长度,周期分配,白天的时间间隔偏移的变化。例如,全部系统的周期长度在高峰时段可以延长来提升通行能力或者在其他时间缩短来减少延迟。

当正常的信号控制不需要,闪烁的信号指示可以被代替。而且连续信号偏移的计时可以进行调整来适应重交通,比如早上入境和晚上出境。此外,在特定交叉路口的分配周期可以被计算出来。交通感应系统是一种具有调整交通信号设置来测量交通量的能力的先进弹性连续性系统。

在车流量大或车速高的道路动脉一定被流量和车速相对较轻的交叉路所中断处,半触动式交通信号有时被使用。对于它们,探测器仅被布置在次要街道。正常的信号指示

是在主路的绿灯和十字街道的红灯。关于此装置,当它们变回原来的颜色,指示经过一个适当的时间间隔变得相反。

摘自:克拉克森H.奥格尔斯比和R.加里.希克斯《公路工程》,1982

Highway Capacity And Levels of Service

Capacity Defined

A generalized definition of capacity is: The capacity of any element of the highway system is the maximum number of vehicles which has a reasonable expectation of passing over that section (in either one or both directions) during a given time period under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions. A sampling of capacities for modern highway elements is as follows:

Facility Capacity in Passenger Cars Freeways and expressways away from ramps and weaving

2000 sections, per lane per hour

Two-Lane highways, total in both directions, per hour 2000

Three-lane highways, total in each direction, per hour 2000

Twelve-foot lane at signalized intersection, per hour of green

1800

signal time(no interference and ideal progression)

In treating capacity,TRB Circular 212 divides freeways into components: basic freeway segments and those in the zone of influence of weaving areas and ramp junctions. Capacities of expressways,multilane highways,and two- and three-lane facilities also have the two components: basic and those in the zone of influence of intersections. Each of these is treated separately below.

Speed-Volume-Capacity Relationships for Basic

Freeway and Multilane Highway Segments

A knowledge of the relationships among speed,volume,and capacity is basic to understanding the place of capacity in highway design and operation. Figurel3.1,which gives such a relationship for a single freeway or expressway lane, is used for illustrative purposes.

If a lone vehicle travels along a traffic lane,the driver is free to proceed at the design speed. This situation is represented at the beginning of the appropriate curve at the upper left of Fig. 13.1. But as the number of vehicles in the lane increases, the driver's freedom to select speed is restricted. This restriction brings a progressive reduction in speed. For example,many observations have shown that,for a highway designed for 70 mph (113km/h),

when volume reaches 1900 passenger cars per hour,traffic is slowed to about 43 mph (69km/h). If volume increases further, the relatively stable normal-flow condition usually found at lower volumes is subject to breakdown. This zone of instability is shown by the shaded area on the right side of Fig. 13. 1. One possible consequence is that traffic flow will stabilize at about 2000 vehicles per hour at a velocity of 30 to 40 mph (48 to 64km/h) as shown by the curved solid line on Fig. 13. 1. Often,however , the quality of flow deteriorates and a substantial drop in velocity occurs; in extreme cases vehicles may come to a full stop. In this case the volume of flow quickly decreases as traffic proceeds under a condition known as …forced flow.? V olumes under forced flow are shown by the dashed curve at the bottom of Fig.

13. 1. Reading from that curve,it can be seen that if the speed falls to 20 mph (32km/h),the rate of flow will drop to 1700 vehicles per hour; at 10 mph (16km/h) the flow rate is only 1000;and,of course,if vehicles stop,the rate of flow is 0. The result of this reduction in flow rate is that following vehicles all must slow or stop,and the rate of flow falls to the levels shown. Even in those cases where the congestion lasts but a few seconds, additional vehicles are affected after the congestion at the original location has disappeared. A …shock wave’develops which moves along the traffic lane in the direction opposite to that of vehicle travel. Such waves have been observed several miles from the scene of the original point of congestion,with vehicles slowing or stopping and then resuming speed for no apparent reason whatsoever.

Effects of the imposition of speed limits of 60, 50, and 40 mph are suggested by the dotted lines on Fig. 13. 1. A 55-mph (88km/h) curve could also be drawn midway between the 60 and 50 mph dotted curves to reflect the effects of the federally imposed 55-mph limit, but this is conjectural since the level of enforcement varies so widely.

Vehicle spacing,or its reciprocal, traffic density, probably have the greatest effect on capacity since it generates the driver's feeling of freedom or constraint more than any other factor. Studies of drivers as they follow other vehicles indicate that the time required to reach a potential collision point,rather than vehicle separation,seems to control behavior. However,this time varies widely among drivers and situations. Field observations have recorded headways (time between vehicles) ranging from 0. 5 to 2 sec, with an average of about 1. 5s.Thus,the calculated capacity of a traffic lane based on this 1. 5 s average, regardless of speed,will be 2400 vehicles per hour. But even under the best of conditions,

occasional gaps in the traffic stream can be expected,so that such high flows are not common. Rather, as noted,they are nearer to 2000 passenger cars per hour.

The ‘Level of Service’ Concept

As indicated in the discussion of the relationships of speed, volume or density, and vehicle spacing, operating speed goes down and driver restrictions become greater as traffic volume increase. …Level of service? is commonly accepted as a measure of the restrictive effects of increased volume. Each segment of roadway can be rated at an appropriate level,A to F inclusive,to reflect its condition at the given demand or service volume. Level A represents almost ideal conditions; Level E is at capacity; Level F indicates forced flow.

The two best measures for level of service for uninterrupted flow conditions are operating or travel speed and the radio of volume to capacity达到最大限度的广播,called the v/c ratio. For two- and three-lane roads sight distance is also important.

Abbreviated descriptions of operating conditions for the various levels of service are as follows:

Level A—Free flow; speed controlled by driver's desire,speed limits, or physical roadway conditions.

Level B—Stable flow; operating speeds beginning to be restricted; little or no restrictions on maneuverability from other vehicles.

Level C—Stable flow; speeds and maneuverability more closely restricted.

Level D—Approaches unstable flow; tolerable speeds can be maintained but temporary restrictions to flow cause substantial drops in speed. Little freedom to maneuver,comfort and convenience low.

Level E—V olumes near capacity; speed typically in neighborhood of 30 mph (48km/h); flow unstable; stoppages of momentary duration. Ability to maneuver severely limited.

Level F—Forced flow,low-operating speeds,volumes below capacity; queues formed.

A third measure of level of service suggested in TR

B Circular 212 is traffic density. This is,for a traffic lane,the average number of vehicles occupying a mile (1. 6km) of lane at

a given instant. To illustrate,if the average speed is 50 mph,a vehicle is in a given mile for 72 s. If the lane carrying 800 vehicles per hour,average density is then 16 vehicles per mile ;spacing is 330 ft (100m),center to center. The advantage of the density approach is that the various levels of service can be measured or portrayed in photographs.

From: Clarkson H. Oglesby and R. Gary Hicks “Highway engineering”, 1982

公路通行能力和服务水平

通行能力的定义

道路通行能力的广义定义是:在繁忙的道路和交通条件下公路系统任何元素的通行能力是对在指定的时间通过一断面(一个或两个方向)的最大数量的车辆有一个合理的预期。一个现代公路通行能力的的抽样情况如下:

设施小客车通行能力

远离斜坡和交织路段的高速公路和每小时每个车道的车

2000

流量

两车道公路,每小时两个方向的车流量2000

三车道公路,每小时一个方向的车流量2000

有信号的交叉路口的十二英寸车道,在绿灯条件下每小时

1800

的车流量(没有干扰的理想通行条件下)

关于通行能力处理量,运输交通委员会发布的公路通行能力手册将高速公路划分为以下部分:基本高速公路路段,这些区域有影响的交织地区和砸道连接处,高速公路,多车道公路。两车道和三车道的通行能力同样有两部分组成:基本路段和这些区域有影响作用的交叉路口。

基本高速公路和多车道公路路段

速度,车流量和通行能力的关系

速度,车流量和通行能力之间关系是了解某一地方公路设计和运行能力的基础。图3.1说明了高速公路中速度、车流量和通行能力之间的关系。

如果司机驾驶一辆汽车一直自由的以设计时速独自行驶在一个行车道上,这种情形在左上角的图13.1中以适当的曲线表示出来。但随着车道上车辆数目的增加,司机自由选择速度受到限制。例如,许多研究表明,一个高速公路的设计速度为70英里每小时(113km/h),当车辆容量达到1900辆每小时时,交通速度下降到43英里每小时(69 km /h)。如果车辆数进一步增加,则建立在低车辆数目的相关稳定和正常的流动条件将会被打破。这种不稳定的区域如右侧图13.1阴影区域所示。一个可能的结果是交通流量将如图13.1的实曲线所示以30到40英里每小时(48到64km/h)的速度下稳定在大约2000车辆每小时。然而在通常情况下,车流量的质量恶化,车速大幅度下降;在极端情况下车辆可能完全停止。在这种情况下,车流量迅速下降,这种情况下的交通受益

被称为“强制性流动”。强制性流动下的车流量如图13.1下部的虚曲线所示。从曲线上可以看出,如果速度下降到20应力每小时(32km/h),车流量将下降到1700辆每小时,以10英里每小时(16km/h)的流量算只有1000辆车;当然如果车辆停止,车辆流速为0。流速减少的结果是以后的车辆都必须减速或者停止,车辆流速下降到显示的水平。即使在这种情况下,交通拥挤的情况人在持续。短暂时间后,拥挤处原来的车辆离开后,其他的车辆又会受到影响。一个沿着相反车道行驶的车辆的冲击波逐渐形成。这样的冲击波已经在视野里从原来的拥挤点达到几英里。伴随着车辆减速或者停止,而且不会明显恢复原来的速度。

速度限制在60、50和40英里每小时的影响在图13.1中的虚线表示出来。55英里每小时(88km/h)的曲线也可以画在60和50英里每小时的虚线中来反映联邦政府限制的55英里每小时的速度的影响。但是因为执法水平的宽泛和多样性,这只是推测而已。

车辆间距,或者它的倒数,交通密度可能对通行能力有最大的影响,因为它对于司机形成自由或者约束的感觉比其他任何因素都要多。对于司机的研究显示,他们跟随其他车辆以到达一个潜在的碰撞点所需要的时间来控制自己的行为,而不是以汽车分开所需要的时间。不过这个时间点对于不同的司机来说差别非常大。实地观察记录车辆的间隔时间(车与车之间的时间)是从0.5秒到2秒,平均大约是1.5秒。因此,根据这1.5秒平均时间,而不是车速,计算的道路通行能力将会达到2400辆车每小时。但是,即使在最好的交通条件下,车流中的差距也是可能会出现的,所以如此高的车流是不常见的。相反,正如文中所指出的,每小时可以接近2000辆小客车通过。

服务水平的概念

正如讨论中所说明的当交通量增加时速度、流通量、车流密度和行车间距、运行速度下降、延迟增加之间的关系。“服务水平”通常被认为是流通量增加时的延迟性效应的程度。每一个路段可以列出一个合理的水平,包括A级到F级,在给定的要求和服务量下来反映道路的运行质量。A级表示几乎理想的条件,E级表示最大限度的状态,F 级表示车辆强制性的流动。

对于达到车辆不间断流动的服务水平的最好措施是行驶速度,到达最大限度时的播报,v/c率。对于两车道和三车道,道路视距也是非常重要的。

对于各种服务水平的运行条件的简单说明如下:

A级—车辆流通顺畅,车速受司机控制,速度受到限制,或者适应实际道路条件。

B级—车辆流通稳定,运行速度是开始稍有延迟,对于特殊车辆的机动性很少或

英文版个人职业生涯规划

英文版个人职业生涯规划 导读:我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英文版个人职业生涯规划》的内容,具体内容:职业生涯规划是帮助个人了解、确定个人职业生涯方向,做出相应职业生涯规划的重要途径,英文的职业生涯规划也能起到这样的作用。下面是由我分享的,希望对你有用。(一)Dur...职业生涯规划是帮助个人了解、确定个人职业生涯方向,做出相应职业生涯规划的重要途径,英文的职业生涯规划也能起到这样的作用。下面是由我分享的,希望对你有用。 (一) During my high school years, I have found chemistry, physics, and mathematics interesting. Actually, I am interested in many subjects such as biology, history, geography, Chinese, and English. But somehow I cannot remember the historical events or the facts about geography in detail. I cannot remember biological terms well, either. On the other hand, chemistry, physics, and mathematics are easy for me because they seem logical to me. After considering my interests and talents I feel that science or engineering might be the best choice for my career. I would like to study science or engineering in college. After graduation from college I hope to go for higher education overseas. Eventually I would like to return to school to teach.

(完整版)城市规划文献翻译毕业设计论文

二○xx 届毕业设计 外文文献翻译

学院:建筑学院 专业:城乡规划 姓名:xxx 学号:xxxxxxxxx 指导教师:xx 完成时间:20xx年x月

绿地,城市持续发展最重要的指标:城市规划效 用研究 Francisco Gómez;José Jabaloyes;Luis Montero; Vicente De Vicente;and Manuel Valcuende 摘要:本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究,即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。之前,已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。根据这些值,一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实,这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用:对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。根据绿地的总量,这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值,即通过统计相关性,测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析,通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了,即达到了统计学上的最确定性。这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议,正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成,接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。 DOI: 10.1061(ASCE)UP... ? 2011 美国土木工程师协会 关键词:城市规划,植物,树木,应用研究,可持续规划 引言:全球人口城市化速度的增长在最近几年值得注意,这一现象的发生根本上是由于城市为居民提供了更优的基本生活条件,极大地增加了他们的自由度。现实情况是,城市地区表现出越来越多的

文献综述城市规划

文献综述城市规划 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】

浅谈城镇建设存在的问题与未来 姓名:李里 摘要:在阅读多篇文章以后,总结出中国目前新城镇建设存在的普遍问题,由于追求快速城镇化,造成城市建设与城市空间都存在问题,同时建设时并没有考虑保护环境这一方面。目前,生态城市成为最新的城市改造建设模式,取代了传统的城市建设模式。 关键词:城镇建设,生态城市,海绵城市,低碳城市 一、城镇建设存在的问题 目前,新城建设中突出的问题是:新城求洋求新,导致千城一面的城市,形象特色危机;大拆大建导致的生态环境破坏和历史文脉隔断;部分新城人气不足,活力缺少,建设成效与期望差距甚远;过于关注形象和规模,新城认为不足,配套缺失;不够重视经济测算,造成一定的财政负担,前期投入多,后期收效不大。 不少城市的领导为了追求任期业绩,既不尊重投入产出规律,也不考虑经济效果和创新,更不考虑资金的回收问题。对老城区部分青红皂白一律推到重建,这是一种最原始、最不科学、最粗野的城市更新方式,造成一些有保留价值的建筑、设施、古木、风貌等的破坏,是城市的有形和无形资产严重受损,甚至完全消失。城市文脉是一座城市在长期建设中形成的历史的、文化的、特有的、地域的、景观的氛围和环境,是一种历史和文化的积淀。目前,城市中普遍存在着低水平的、低层次的简单城市更新,不注重保护和延续城市的文脉,是城市的文脉收到认为的破坏和割裂。城市正在走向雷同,特有风貌消失。随着世界经济一体化进程的加快和信息、文化、科技各个领域交流的扩大,城市更新改造中大量地运用了新技术、新工艺、新材料、新的设计理念大大促进了城市更新的进程和步伐。但是由于各地“追风”现象十分严重,效仿和追大潮成为时尚,是城市更新中出现了雷同,城市正在被克隆,正在失去领域的、文化的、传统的、多样化的特色,建筑正在失去个性和灵魂。在城市更新改造中,将保护建筑视为获得眼前利益的捷径,千方百计的肆意

英语专业职业规划范文3篇

英语专业职业规划范文3篇 其次,英语专业面对的择业范围较为狭窄。一般,只能选择与英语专业有关的职业,而与英语专业相关的职业部外乎就是翻译、新 闻英语之类等。总之,相对与许多专业来说,英语专业的狭窄的。 最终选择还是从事英语方面的工作主要是因为自己的专业是英语专业,而且将来考研是方向极大可能是以上的第二方面。基于英语 专业且在国外读研究生这一因素,决定选择在外企从事有关翻译的 工作。 在对自我进行分析方面,主要考虑的是自我性格,以性格确定自己是怎样的一类人群,从而确定比较适合自己的职业群。在上课过 程中的各种性格等测试都证明我是个随和的人,比较适合的工作是 交流、沟通等方面的工作,于是确定可从事翻译工作。其次考虑的 是我的技能。我目前拥有的技能、特长,我的工作需要使我拥有而 我不具备的技能,通过这一分析给自己定一个目标,把自己不具备 的技能列举出来并且把提高方法列举出来,在日后的训练过程中着 重提高这些方面的技能,从而能更好的胜任这个职业目标。再次, 个人价值观问题对自己价值观进行一个全面透彻的分析。 在择业过程中家庭的影响也是个重要因素。儿女总是父母的希望所在,在择业时也会考虑到父母的期望,我爸爸就希望我做个教师,他说这份工作比较稳定,比较适合女生。在初期,也确实想到要做 教师,然而随着自己对自己的了解越来越来深刻,最终还是决定第 一择业目标是个英文翻译员。职业目标初步定了下来,接下来的就 是如何实现这个具体实践了。我在网上找到关于作为一个外企的英 语翻译员必须具备以下素质: a、基本技能(basicskills):一个英文翻译员最基本的还是能牢固的掌握和运用自己的专业知识。这些技能包括听力理解能力(listening),只有能够听懂外国人在说些什么才有可能跟他们沟通 和交流;表达自己观点的技能(speaking),一个有思想的人必须具备

城市规划环境色彩外文翻译文献

文献信息 文献标题:Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts (城市环境色彩设计初探) 文献作者:Galyna McLellan, Mirko Guaralda 文献出处:《The Journal of Public Space》,2018,3(1):93-102 字数统计:英文3636单词,20879字符;中文7078汉字 外文文献 Exploring Environmental Colour Design in Urban Contexts Abstract The increasing complexity of urban colour and growing recognition of its psychological effects prompts rethinking of the current conceptual and methodological approaches to environmental colour design. Contemporary designers are challenged to understand how evolving colour knowledge can be integrated with the fundamentals of colour design. This paper aims to elaborate on the concept of environmental colour composition (ECC) and outlines an alternative approach to colour design in urban environments. A better understanding of the dynamic relationships between the tangible and perceptual elements of an ECC can bring new meaning to the consideration of colour as an integral component of city design. The proposed concepts of environmental colour events and scenarios provide a foundation for both further theoretical inquiry and practical application of synthesised colour knowledge in the design of urban environments. Keywords:environmental colour composition, environmental colour design, colour event, colour scenario ‘What is the colour of your favourite public place?’ Surprisingly, this simple question often causes confusion among many interviewees. Indeed, the complexity and ambiguity of visual information presented to viewers in a contemporary urban space make it difficult to determine what the prevailing spatial colour is. However,

《城市道路交通规划设计规范》

城市道路交通规划设计规范 1总则 1.0.1为了科学、合理地进行城市道路交通规划设计,优化城市用地布局,提高城市的运转效能,提供安全、高效、经济、舒适和低公害的交通条件,制定本规范。 1.0.2本规范适用于全国各类城市的城市道路交通规划设计。 1.0.3城市道路交通规划应以市区内的交通规划为主,处理好市际交通与市内交通的衔接、市域范围内的城镇城镇与中心城市的交通联系。 1.0.4城市道路交通规划必须以城市总体规划为基础,满足土地使用对规划的需求,发挥城市道路交通对土地开发强度的促进和制约作用。 1.0.5城市道路交通规划应包括城市道路交通发展战略规划和城市道路交通综合网络规划两个组成部分。 1.0.6城市道路交通发展战略规划应包括下列内容: 1.0.6.1确定交通发展目标和水平; 1.0.6.2确定城市交通方式和交通结构; 1.0.6.3确定城市道路交通综合网络布局、城市对外交通和市内的客货运设施的选址和用地规模; 1.0.6.4.提出实施城市道路交通规划过程中的重要技术经济对策; 1.0.6.5提出有关交通发展和交通需求管理政策的建议; 1.7城市道路交通综合网络规划应包括下列内容: 1.0.7.1确定城市公共交通系统、各种交通的衔接方式、大型公共换乘枢纽和公共交通场站设施的分布和用地范围; 1.0.7.2确定各级城市道路红线宽度、横断面形式、主要交叉口的形式和用地范围,以及广场、公共停车场、桥梁、渡口的位置和用地范围; 1.0.7.3平衡各种交通方式的运输能力和运量; 1.0.7.4对网络规划方案作技术经济评估; 1.0.7.5提出分期建设与交通建设项目排序的建议。 1.0.8城市客运交通应按照市场经济的规律,结合城市社会经济发展水平,优先发展公共交通,组成公共交通、个体交通优势互补的多种方式客运网络,减少市民出行时耗。 1.0.9城市货运交通宜向社会化、专业化、集装化的联合运输方式发展。 1.0.10城市道路交通规划设计除应执行本规范的规定外,尚应符合国家现行的有关标准、规范的规定。 2术语 2.1标准货车 以载重量4-5T的汽车为标准车,其他型号的载重汽车,按其车型的大小分别乘以相应的换算系数,折算成标准货车,其换算系数宜按本规范附录A.0.1的规定取值。 2.2乘客平均换算系数 衡量乘客直达程度的指标,其值为乘车出行人次与换算人次之和除以乘车出行人次。

大学生英语师范专业职业生涯规划书

大学生英语师范专业职业生涯规划书英语专业是培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和比较广泛的科学文化知识,能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的英语高级专门人才的学科。以下是小编精选的大学生英语师范专业职业生涯规划书范文,仅供参考。 当今,大学生的职业生涯规划是个时髦的话题,许多大学开设了相关的课程或是专题报告与讲座,网络上也大肆炒作,一时间职业生涯规划成了大学毕业生最为关注的热点之一。但不少大学毕业生还没有真正理解职业生涯规划的确切含义,对职业生涯规划的重要意义认识不足,不了解职业生涯规划的程序,缺乏进行规划的具体技巧。所以不少大学生对职业生涯规划或冷眼相对,或茫然无以适从,或使规划流于形式,或不顾主客观条件任意随自己的兴致来"规划",这都会导致职业生涯规划的应有作用不能充分发挥。 自我分析 从小到大,我的家庭教育比较严格,在这种严谨的家庭教育下,使我养成了做事情不怕困难,比较有毅力,对想要做成的事不轻易放弃的性格。父母也给我足够的空间,让我独立地对自己的事情加以选择判断,发展自己的个性。但同时,父母也给了我太多的关爱呵护,让我有些时候总希望依赖他人,做决定时有些优柔寡断。

因此说,我的性格有着两面性。一方面,我比较开朗,喜欢和不同的人打交道,主动去了解一切新鲜的事物,对自己不喜欢的事情,会直接地说出来,并不在在它上面做过多留恋。另一方面,我性格有比较沉静,一些时候喜欢一个人独处,安静地看书或做别的事情,不善于和不太熟悉的人交往,也就导致在一些公开场合,我会显得比较拘束,不能自如地表达自己的想法和观点。 专业就业方向及前景分析 现在我所学的专业是英语。英语专业是语言专业中一门重量级的学科,它旨在培养英语方面的专业人才,使其从事外事、经贸、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等领域的工作,满足社会对翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的相应语言高级专门人才的需求。该专业学生主要学习相应语语言、文学、历史、政治、经济、外交、社会文化等方面的基本理论和基本知识,受到英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好的熟巧训练,掌握一定的科研方法,具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的业务水平及较好的素质和较强的能力。 职业分析 作为英语专业的学生,现在我心中的职业目标主要有以下几个。其一是将来做一名英语翻译,从事笔译或口译工作,其二是做出版社编辑,从事英文文字编辑工作,然后便是做一名教师。

城市交通规划外文翻译

本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译 专业名称:土木工程 年级班级: 学生姓名: 指导教师: 二○年月日

Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic component of an urban area's social,economic,and physical structure. Not only does the design and performance of a transportation system provide opportunities for mobility,but over the long term,it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides to land. Planning for the development or maintenance of the urban transportation system is thus an important activity,both for promoting the efficient movement of people and goods in an urban area and for maintaining the strong supportive role that transportation can play in attaining other community objectives. There are several basic concepts about an urban transportation system that should be kept in mind. Most important,a transportation system in an urban area is defined as consisting of the facilities and services that allow travel throughout the region,providing opportunities for:(I)mobility to residents of an urban area and movement of goods and (2) accessibility to land .Given this definition,an urban transportation system can be further characterized by three major components: the spatial configuration that permits travel from one location to another; the transportation technologies that provide the means of moving over these distances; and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities. The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process),proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process),ride the subway to a downtown station (a line-haul process),and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly,one can view a home-to-work trip by car as consisting of similar segments,with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the line-haul capability,a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point,and walking,as before,serving the distribution function. The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel,when

气候学知识在城市规划中的应用大学毕业论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:气候学知识在城市规划中的应用文献、资料英文题目: 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业: 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

气候学知识在城市规划中的应用 埃利亚松Ingegaè编写 哥德堡大学气候学在自然地理学、地球科学研究中心 瑞典哥德堡Box 460,S-405,30 收稿于1999年7月19日,修稿于1999年11月1日,发行于1999年11月23日 摘要 城市景观创造的气候会反过来影响城市,这是一既成事实;例如:人类的舒适性,空气质量以及能量消耗。然而尽管理论上如此,人们往往认为气象因素对于城市规划实施的实际操作影响很小。其原因是一重要的课题,因为答案要求之于气候学家,规划者和规划过程中。目前研究的主要目标旨在探讨如何以及何时使用气候变化知识在城市化过程中。该研究策略是由跨学科研究团体及气候学家和规划者策划的。案例研究包括不同的采访技巧以及历史数据,这是由在瑞典的三个直辖市从事城市规划工作的各种参与者提供的。研究表明,城市规划者对气候方面较感兴趣,但对气象信息的使用却是杂乱无章,从而结果得出气候学对城市规划影响较低。低冲击是由于几个可能与五个解释变量:概念和基于知识、技术、政策、组织和市场有关。这次讨论提出了某些方面的一些关键的结论,旨在解决这些限制。城市气候学家满足规划者需求驱动的需要提供好的参数,合适的方法和工具是很重要的。城市气候学家也鼓励规划者、决策者和公众提高对城市气候重要性的认识。然而,随着规划是一项政治活动并非总是基于甚至关系到科学知识,一些确定的约束只能通过中和在社会环境的规划制度能力的改善。 关键词:城市气候;城市结构;土地利用;环境规划 1、介绍 1.1、城市气候——简短背景 城市景观为当地创造了一个不同于周围的乡村景观的气候。最证据确凿的是城市热岛效应,研究表明城乡在晴朗和平静的夜晚存在12℃的温差(奥科;1981)。然而城市土地利用变化常常与由一个温暖与寒冷地区拼接的独特的城市土地利用的变化作比较;例如,在公园和建筑物周围能产生的内部城市温度差异高达7℃(斯普瑞肯?史密斯、奥科;1998)。街道几何也是非常重要的城市温度场。天空视角系数(SVF),图1已表明城市温度与其表面温度有关,而不是空气温度(Baè rring et al., 1985;Eliasson, 1992, 1994)。然而对于一个城市的平均SVF已被证明不同城市与最大城市热岛(空气温度)有良好的相关性(Oke, 1981; Park, 1987)。城市中的物质(沥青、砖块、玻璃等)的热特性不同于与在农村发现的物质(树、草、裸露的土壤等)。一般来说,建筑材料在城市中的运用会通过它们储存热量的特性来加剧城市的热岛效应。奥科认为材料和结构的多样性同样是热岛效应的两个主要原因。其他一

城市规划相关外文翻译

Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic Park Client: Olympic Delivery Authority Location: London, UK Project Credit: Atkins Text: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, Atkins How do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesite in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkins’engineers of the wetlands and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions. Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, London’s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europe’s biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east London’s Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape that’s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of

《城市道路交通规划设计规范》.doc

关于发布国家标准《城市道路交通规划设计规范》的通知 建标[1994]808号 根据国家计委计综(1986)250号文的要求,由建设部会同有关部门共同制订的《城市道路交通规划设计规范》已经有关部门会审,现批准《城市道路交通规划设计规范》GB50220—95为强制性国家标准,自一九九五年九月一日起施行。 本标准由建设部负责管理,具体解释等工作由上海同济大学负责,出版发行由建设部标准定额研究所负责组织。 中华人民共和国建设部 一九九五年一月十四日 1总则 1.0.1为了科学、合理地进行城市道路交通规划设计,优化城市用地布局,提高城市的运转效能,提供安全、高效、经济、舒适和低公害的交通条件,制定本规范。 1.0.2本规范适用于全国各类城市的城市道路交通规划设计。 1.0.3城市道路交通规划应以市区内的交通规划为主,处理好市际交通与市内交通的衔接、市域范围内的城镇与中心城市的交通联系。 1.0.4城市道路交通规划必须以城市总体规划为基础,满足土地使用对交通运输的需求,发挥城市道路交通对土地开发强度的促进和制约作用。 1.0.5城市道路交通规划应包括城市道路交通发展战略规划和城市道路交通综合网络规划两个组成部分。 1.0.6城市道路交通发展战略规划应包括下列内容: 1.0.6.1确定交通发展目标和水平;

1.0.6.2确定城市交通方式和交通结构; 1.0.6.3确定城市道路交通综合网络布局、城市对外交通和市内的客货运设施的选址和用地规模; 1.0.6.4提出实施城市道路交通规划过程中的重要技术经济对策; 1.0.6.5提出有关交通发展政策和交通需求管理政策的建议。 1.0.7城市道路交通综合网络规划应包括下列内容: 1.0.7.1确定城市公共交通系统、各种交通的衔接方式、大型公共换乘枢纽和公共交通场站设施的分布和用地范围; 1.0.7.2确定各级城市道路红线宽度、横断面形式、主要交叉口的形式和用地范围,以及广场、公共停车场、桥梁、渡口的位置和用地范围; 1.0.7.3平衡各种交通方式的运输能力和运量; 1.0.7.4对网络规划方案作技术经济评估; 1.0.7.5提出分期建设与交通建设项目排序的建议。 1.0.8城市客运交通应按照市场经济的规律,结合城市社会经济发展水平,优先发展公共交通,组成公共交通、个体交通优势互补的多种方式客运网络,减少市民出行时耗。 1.0.9城市货运交通宜向社会化、专业化、集装化的联合运输方式发展。 1.0.10城市道路交通规划设计除应执行本规范的规定外,尚应符合国家现行的有关标准、规范的规定。 1总则 1.0.1为了科学、合理地进行城市道路交通规划设计,优化城市用地布局,提高城市的运转效能,提供安全、高效、经济、舒适和低公害的交通条件,制定本规范。 1.0.2本规范适用于全国各类城市的城市道路交通规划设计。

英语教师职业生涯规划书

英语教师职业生涯规划书 导读:本文英语教师职业生涯规划书,来源互联网,仅供读者阅读参考. 篇一 一,外语类学生的就业形势与前景分析 英语专业出来一般就是几条路: 1、教师 如果你就是一个一般本科毕业,那么就去自己的城市的小学中学当个英语教师,如果继续考研读博,那么可以留在高校当老师。现在大学已经严重贬值,英语专业更是下坡路,我们这边现在很多初中都要求华师本部以上学历。(我的家乡还只是3线城市)现实真的很残酷,除非你有很硬的关系。 2、外贸 外贸几乎是所有英语专业学生都会提及的职业,要说完全和英语专业对口,其实也没那么恰当,先不说这个职业的前景,但你自己必须考虑到这个职业一般要去大城市和沿海,要远离家乡。很多人把做外贸当跳板做几年后然后自己发展,也有做到中途放弃的,怎么说了,做外贸没有做教师稳定,谋事在人成事在天,一切看自己的造化。 3、翻译 说到翻译,英语专业的孩纸一定不会陌生,但是殊不知翻译真的是一条漫长而艰巨的旅途,不要以为过了专八过了高口就可以很好的胜任。一切都是浮云,翻译要求的精准性与时效性不言而喻,不是说随便把一段话自己翻译的认为不错就可以了,作为一个专业的翻译对于个人各方面的素养以及文化底蕴要求是很高的。翻译这门艺术真的是高不可测,不过如果你只想去一下什么小作坊之类的公

司翻翻字典就可以翻译的。 专家介绍,从企业需求上看,英语专业学生就业形势确实不容乐观。很多企业目前更急需的是两类英语人才:英语专业能力特别强的人才从事文字类工作,比如翻译;除具备英语能力外还具有其它专业背景的综合型人才从事市场、管理类工作。“近年来家长和学生对于英语专业的热情和投入一直居高不下,过度关注的结果,导致市场需求饱和,使大批只掌握了英语的求职者陷入了求职无门的窘境,故而目前,英语专业就业形势不是很乐观。” 二、自我评估(认识自我) 1、自己的兴趣、爱好 出生在教师家庭的我,从小就培养了许多兴趣爱好。打乒乓球、下象棋、慢跑、阅读、听音乐、上网等等,步入大学校门后,视野就更加开阔了,就更关心社会时事,感觉到的青年大学生肩头上的责任感和使命感。 2、认识自己的职业性格 (1)性格的态度特征我的性格是比较诚实、正直的,相对谦虚但不乏张狂。 (2)性格的情绪特征我的性格在情绪上偏向理智,因为从小打乒乓球的我在打球时体会到越是在比分拉近、关键的时候,沉着冷静是多么的重要,从这里我学会了平静心情以应对。可有时矛盾的是,还是会感性,情绪易波动。 (3)性格的意志特征我的性格在意志方面是比较有毅力、坚持对一些事情不会轻易放手。 (4)性格的理智特征在感知注意方面,我是属于那种主动观察的类型,在想象方面,我是属于主动想象的类型,是那种发散型的类型,同时我认为自己在做事情的时候是现实主义与幻想主义的结合。如果按照美国霍兰德的职业兴趣理论

城市规划 外文翻译英语词汇总结

草图Draft drawing/sketch 平面Plan 总平面master plan 剖面Section 立面Elevation 正立面Fa?ade 透视图Perspective 轴测图Axonometric view 示意图/分析图Diagram 地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram 图表chart/table 容积率floor area ratio 覆盖率Coverage 城市设计Urban design; civic design 区域规划Regional planning 总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act

控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan 修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning) 场地规划Site planning 近期建设规划Immediate planning 步行轴Walking axis 概念设计conceptual design 方案设计schematic design 扩初设计design development 详细设计、细部设计Detail Design 城市化Urbanization 城市生态Urban ecology 城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture 经济能量来源Economy energy sources 可持续发展Sustainable development 历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities 旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan 城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment

城市规划与建筑设计术语中英文对照

城市和城市化 2.0.1 居民点 settlement 人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。按性质和人口规模,居民点分为城市和乡村两大类。 2.0.2 城市(城镇)city 以非农不业和非农业人口聚集为主要特征的居民点。包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇。 2.0.3 市 municipality; city 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.4 镇 town. 经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。 2.0.5 市域 administrative region of a city 城市行政管辖的全部地域。 2.0.6 城市化 urbanization 人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程,表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。又称城镇化、都市化。 2.0.7 城市化水平 urbanization level 衡量城市化发展程度的数量指标,一般用一定地域内城市人口占总人口的比例来表示。 2.0.8 城市群 agglomeration 一定地域内城市分布较为密集的地区。 2.0.9 城镇体系 urban system 一定区域内在经济、社会和空间发展上具有有机联系的城市群体。 2.0.10 卫星城(卫星城镇)satellite town 在大城市市区外围兴建的、与市区既有一定距离又相互间密切联系的城市。 城市规划概述 3.0.1 城镇体系规划 urban system planning

一定地域范围内,以区域生产力合理布局和城镇职能分工为依据,确定不同人口规模等级和职能分工的城镇的分布和发展规划。 3.0.2 城市规划 urban planning 对一定时期内城市的经济和社会发展、土地利用、空间布局以及各项建设的综合部署、具体安排和实施管理。 3.0.3 城市设计 urban design 对城市体型和空间环境所作的整体构思和安排,贯穿于城市规划的全过程。 3.0.4 城市总体规划纲要master planning outline 确定城市总体规划和重大原则的纲领性文件,是编制城市总体规划的依据。 3.0.5 城市规划区 urban planning area 城市市区、近郊区以及城市行政区域内其他因城市建设和发展需要实行规划控制的区域。 3.0.6 城市建成区 urban builtup area 城市行政区内实际已成片开发建设、市政公用设施和公共设施基本具备的地区。 3.0.7 开发区 development area 上国务院和省级人民政府确定设立的实行国家特定优惠政策和各类开发建设地区的统称。 3.0.8 旧城改建 urban redevelopment 对城市旧区进行的调整城市结构、优化城市用地布局、改善和更新基础设施、整治城市环境、保护城市历史风貌等的建设活动。 3.0.9 城市基础设施 urban infrastructure 城市生存和发展所必须具备的工程性基础设施和社会性基础设施的总称。 3.0.10 城市总体规划 master plan, comprehensive planning 对一定时期内城市性质、发展目标、发展规模、土地利用、空间布局以及各项建设的综合部署和实施措 施。 3.0.11 分区规划 district planning

城市道路交通规划精华

1、交通: 广义:交通是人、物、信息的流动,是以某种确定的目标,按照一定的方式,通过一定的空间进行的。 狭义:交通是人和物的流动,是采用一定的方式,在一定的设施条件下,完成一定的运输任务。包括航空、水运、铁路、道路上的交通。 2、城市对外交通:泛指城市与其他城市间的交通,及城市地域范围内的城区与周围城镇、乡村间的交通。 3、城市交通系统:城市大系统中的一个重要子系统,体现了城市生产、生活的动态功能关系。由城市运输系统,城市道路系统,城市交通管理系统组成,是城市的社会、经济和物质结构的基本组成部分。 4、TOD模式:以公共交通线路为轴线,以轴线上公交站点为轴心的点轴式的完整社区型的集约发展,源于带型城市的理论思想。 特点:不能适应城市中心地区密集型、高强度综合发展的客观实际,不符合形成功能基本完备的城市基本组合体所需的合理规模要求,也忽视了城市双向和多向发展的必然性,是与一般城市发展规律不符的。 5、田园城市:使工业区之间的货运交通在城市外围呈环向流动;居住区之间的生活性交通在居住区内呈环向流动;工作与居住间的交通在城市外半部呈放射性流动;居住与购物游憩间的交通在城市内半部呈放射系流动;各类性质不同的交通因用地的合理布局而互不干扰,实现了道理的功能分工。 6、工业城市:作为生产单位的城市应该靠近原材料产地,要从工业生产对交通的需要去布置道路;工业区应该设在交通运输最方便的地方,靠近铁路和码头,道路密度较低;生活居住区应该靠在环境最优美的地方,道路采用密方格网形式;工业区与生活居住区应用交通干路和地铁相连。 7、城市交通与道路系统规划的主要内容和目的:分析城市用地产生的不同性质的交通,按照其特点和功能要求把他们组织到不同的运输系统中去,并通过城市用地和道路交通系统的调整,合理的组织城市交通;使城市用地的布局、交通的性质要求道路的功能和能力相互协调,做到城市交通快捷、方便、安全、经济,取得整个城市布局和运转的最佳经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。 8、交通分流的3种基本形态: (1)交通性交通与生活性交通的分流,表现为城市道路按交通性和生活性的分类或按疏通性和服务性的分类,把骨干性的繁忙交通与枝节性的宜人交通分离开来。 (2)快速交通与常速交通的分流,表现为城市道路分为快速道路系统和常速道路系统,以及道路客运交通与路外轨道客运交通的分离 (3)机动交通、非机动交通和步行交通的分流,表现为城市道路系统中设置机动车专用道、自行车专用道和步行专用道。 9、城市道路的分类: 1、快速路也叫快速干道——-快速、长距离交通;全市性干道 2、主干路也叫主干道——以交通功能为主;全市性干道,连接各主要分区 3、次干路也叫次干道以交通功能为主,兼有服务功能; 4、支路也叫一般道路或地方性道路——以服务功能为主;连接次干道与街坊路,解决局部地区交通。 城市道路分级:主干路、次干路、支路按城市规模分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。 特大、大城市——Ⅰ级,中城市——Ⅱ级,小城市——Ⅲ 11、城市道路按功能分类:

职业生涯规划-英文版

职业生涯规划-英文版 Career planning and academic planning my dream when I was little years old, I thought that the greatest person is teacher, because they know many things that I can’t understand at that time, therefore I want to become the person like teacher. As I grow older, I I knew, teacher is one kind of occupation, teacher possibly will also make mistakes, teacher will also have the thing that he/she do not understand, therefore my dream changes, I had my future to be a scientist, because I knew that teacher's knowledge comes from scientist, the most important is that I thought scientist know everything and with respection of many people. Among the people I knew, no one is scientist, I had wanted to become a unique person. And I understand clearly that to be a scientist is not easy. If a person wants to be a scientist, He/she needs to read many books, but my school score was not that well. Therefore I changed my dream once again, my anticipation of the future is to be a businessman, on the one hand I thought that I should take responsibility to the built up of my family, I realized that we need money to support a good life, this has also been the mine idea environment instilled to me. As far as I Know. I am not sure that I should to be a merchant or a teacher, in other words I have no idea of my future occupation. So I need to do the things below. ·Self assessment I quit understood that the self assessment is very important to my occupation choices and life choices, I need to know what I want. every

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档