(1)That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first night” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the o r i g i n s o f t h i s e f f e c t.
Dr. Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day. She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators. This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, the team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants’ brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, the left hemispheres of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.
Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.
46. What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect?
A) To what extent it can trouble people.B) What role it has played in evolution
C) What circumstances may trigger it. D) In what way it can be beneficial.
47. What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research?
A) She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep.
B) She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way.
C) She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins.
D) She conducted studies on birds’and dolphins’ sleeping patterns.
48. What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment?
A) She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment.
B) She recruited 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences.
C) She studied the differences between the two sides of participants’ brains.
D) She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects.
49. What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment?
A) She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains.
B) She recorded participants’ adaptation to changed environment.
C) She exposed her participants to two different stimuli.
D) She compared the responses of different participants.
50. What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?
A) They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others.
B) They tended to perceive irregular beeps as a threat.
C) They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps.
D) They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones.
(2)
Nobody?really?knows?how?big?Lagos?is.?What's?indisputable?is?that?it's?growing?very?quickly.?Betwee
n?now
and?2050,?the?urban?population?of?Africa?could?triple.?Yet?cities?in?sub-SaharanAfrica?are?not?getting ?richer?the?way?cities?in?the?rest?of?the?world?have.?Most?urban?Africanslive?in?slums;?migrants?are? often?not?much?better?off?than?they?were?in?the?countryside.?Why?
The?immediate?problem?is?poverty.?Most?of?Africa?is?urbanising?at?a?lower?level?of?incomethan? other?regions?of?the?world?did.?That?means?there's?little?money?around?for?investment?thatwould?make ?cities?liveable?and?more?productive.?Without?upgrades?and?new?capacity,?bridges,?roads?and?power?s ystems?are?unable?to?cope?with?expanding?populations.?With?theexception?of?South?Africa,?the?only?li ght?rail?metro?system?in?
sub-Saharan?Africa?is?in?AddisAbaba,?Ethiopia.?Traffic?jam?leads?to?expense?and?unpredictability,?thin gs?that?keep?investors away.
In?other?parts?of?the?world increasing?agricultural?productivity?and?industrialisation?went together.? More?productive?farmers?meant?therewas?a?surplus?that?could?feed?cities;?in?turn,?that?created?a?pool? of?
labor?for?factories.?But?African?cities?are?different.?They?are?too?oftenbuilt?around?consuming?natural? resources.?Government?is?concentrated?in?capitals,?so?is?themoney.?Most?urban?Africans?work?for?a?s mall?minority?of?the?rich,?who?tend?to?be?involved?ineither?cronyishbusinesses?or?politics.?Since?Afric an?agriculture?is?still?
broadly unproductive,?food?is?imported,?consuming?a?portion?of?revenue.
So?what?can?be?done??Though?African?countries?are?poor,?not?all?African?cities?are.?In?Lagos,?foreig n?oil
workers?can?pay?as?much?as?$65,000?per?year?in?rent?for?a?modest?apartment?in?asafe?part?of?town.? If?that?income?were?better?taxed,?it?might?provide?the?revenue?for?betterinfrastructure.?If?city?leaders? were?more?accountable?to?their?residents,?they?might?favourprojects?designed?to?help?them?more.?Yet? even?as?new?roads?are?built,?new?people?arrive.?Whena?city's?population?grows?by?5%?a?year,?it?is?di fficult?to?keep?up.
46.?What?do?we?learn?from?the?passage?about?cities?in?sub-Saharan?Africa?
A)?They?have?more?slums?than?other?cities?in?the?world.
B)?They?are?growing?fast?without?becoming?richer.
C)?They?are?as?modernised?as?many?cities?elsewhere.
D)?They?attract?migrants?who?want?to?be?better?off.
47.?What?does?the?author?imply?about?urbanisation?in?other?parts?of?the?world?
A)?It?benefited?from?the?contribution?of?immigrants.
B)?It?started?when?people's?income?was?relatively?high.
C)?It?benefited?from?the?accelerated?rise?in?productivity.
D)?It?started?with?the?improvement?of?peopled?livelihood.
48.?Why?is?sub-Saharan?Africa?unappealing?to?investors?
A)?It?lacks?adequate?transport?facilities. B)?The?living?expenses?there?are?too?high.
C)?It?is?on?the?whole?too?densely?populated. D)?The?local?governments?are?corrupted.
49.?In?what?way?does?the?author?say?African?cities?are?different?
A)?They?have?attracted?huge?numbers?of?farm?laborers.
B)?They?still?rely?heavily?on?agricultural?productivity.
C)?They?have?developed?at?the?expense?of?nature.
D)?They?depend?far?more?on?foreign?investment.
50.?What?might?be?a?solution?to?the?problems?facing?African?cities?
A)?Lowering?of?apartment?rent. B)?Better?education?for?residents.
C)?More?rational?overall?planning. D)?A?more?responsible?government.
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
春天来了 小燕子随着温暖的春风，从遥远的南方飞回来了，一路呼喊着向大地报告：“春天来了！春天来了！” 小草听到燕子的呼喊，睁开惺忪的睡眼，伸一个懒腰，钻出（）的地面。啊！阳光是这么（）！春风是这么（）！ 桃树听到燕子的呼喊，融化了冰冻的水面，池水映着天空。快乐的青蛙和小鱼，在它的怀抱里尽情地游玩。 鸭子听到燕子的呼喊，一个个欢蹦乱跳的来到大自然中，在温暖的阳光下，随着（）的琴声跳起舞，还尽情地唱着：“欢迎你啊，美丽的春天。” 1.把下面的四个词语送回短文中： 温暖松软悠扬明媚 2.春天来了，它们在做什么？ 燕子睁开眼,伸懒腰，钻出地面。 小草融化了冰冻的水面，青蛙和小鱼在水里玩。 桃树笑着扑向水面，把蝌蚪吓的四处逃窜。 池塘来到大自然中，跳起舞，唱着歌。 鸭子从南方飞回来，向大地报告春天来了。 孩子们开出了花朵，散发着清香。 3.文中写春天来了，（），（），（），（）和（）都听到了（）的呼喊。 4.我也能展开想象仿照短文写一写。 柳树听到燕子的呼喊，摇起（），在春风中（）。
做什么事最快乐 小青蛙想，做什么事最快乐呢？ 它跳到大树下问啄木鸟：“叔叔，做什么事最快乐？”啄木鸟说：“（）最快乐。” 它跳到田野里问水牛：“爷爷，做什么事最快乐？”水牛说：“（）最快乐。” 它跳到花丛中问蜜蜂：“小妹妹，做什么事最快乐？”蜜蜂说：“（）最快乐。” 它回到家里问妈妈：“妈妈，做什么事最快乐？为什么啄木鸟叔叔，水牛爷爷，蜜蜂妹妹说的不一样呢？” 妈妈笑着说：“做对别人有用的事，你就会觉得最快乐。” 1.选一选，把词语填在括号里 耕地采蜜捉虫子 2.连一连 大树下问蜜蜂 小青蛙跳到田野里问啄木鸟 花丛中问水牛 3.请按照第二，三，四自然段的格式，再自己设计一问。 它跳到（）问（）：“（），（）？”（）说：“（）。” 4.读了青蛙妈妈说的话，你懂得了什么？
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
考语文全国卷论述类文本阅读 （2020全国卷1）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。 气候正义是环境主义在气候变化领域的具体发展和体现。2000年前后，一些非政府组织承袭环境正义运动的精神。开始对气候变化的影响进行伦理审视，气候正义便应运而生。气候正义关注的核心主要是在气候容量有限的前提下，如何界定各方的权利和义务，主要表现为一种社会正义或法律正义。 从空间维度来看，气候正义涉及不同国家和地区之间公平享有气候容量的问题，也涉及一国内部不同区域之间公平享有气候容量的问题，因而存在气候变化的国际公平和国内公平问题，公平原则应以满足人的基本需求作为首要目标，每个人都有义务将自己的“碳足迹”控制在合理范围之内。比如说，鉴于全球排放空间有限，而发达国家已实现工业化，在分配排放空间时，就应首先满足发展中国家在衣食住行和公共基础设施建设等方面的基本发展需求，同时遇到在满足基本需求之上的奢侈排放。 从时间维度上来看，气候正义涉及当代人与后代之间公平享有气候容量的问题，因而存在代际权利义务关系问题。这一权利义务关系，从消极方面看，体现为当代人如何约束自己的行为来保护地球气候系统，以将同等质量的气候系统交给后代；从积极方面看，体现为当代人为自己及后代设定义务，就代际公平而言，地球上的自然资源在代际分配问题上应实现代际共享，避免“生态赤字”。因为，地球这个行星上的自然资源包括气候资源，是人类所有成员，包括上一代、这一代和下一代，共同享有和掌管的。我们这一代既是受益人，有权使用并受益于地球，又是受托人，为下一代掌管地球。我们作为地球的受托管理人，对子孙后代负有道德义务。实际上气候变化公约或协定把长期目标设定为保护气候系统面授人为原因引起的温室气体排放导致的干扰，其目的正是为了保护地球气候系统，这是符合后代利益的。至少从我们当代人已有的科学认识来看，气候正义的本质是为了保护后代的利益，而非为其设定义务。 总之，气候正义既有空间的维度，也有时间的维度，既涉及国际公平和国内公平，也设计代际公平和代内公平。因此，气候正义的内涵是：所有国家、地区和个人都有平等使用、享受气候容量的权利，页应公平地分担稳定气候系统的义务和成本。 （摘编自明德《中国参与国际气候治理的法律立场和策略：以气候正义为视角》） 1．下列关于原文内容的理解和分析，正确的一项是（3分） A.为了应对气候变化，非政府组织承袭环境正义运动的精神，提出了气候正义。 B.与气候变化有关的国际公平和国内公平问题，实际上就是限制排放的问题。 C.气候正义中的义务问题，是指我们对后代负有义务，而且要为后代设定义务。 D.已有的科学认识和对利益分配的认识都会影响我们对气候正义内涵的理解。 2．下列对原文论证的相关分析，不正确的一项是（3分） A. 文章从两个维度审视气候正义，并较为深入地阐述了后一维度的两个方面。 B.文章以气候容量有限为立论前提，并由此指向了气候方面的社会正义问题。 C.文章在论证中以大量篇幅阐述代际公平，彰显了立足未来的气候正义立场。 D. 对于气候正义，文章先交代背景，接着逐层分析，最后梳理出了它的内涵。 3．根据原文内容，下列说法不正确的一项是（3分） A.如果气候容量无限，就不必对气候变化进行伦理审视、讨论气候的正义问题。 B.如果气候变化公约或协定的长期目标能落实，那么后代需求就可以得到保证。 C.只有每个人都控制“碳足迹”从而实现了代际共享，才能避免“生态赤字”。 D.气候容量的公平享有是很复杂的问题，气候正义只是理解该问题的一种视角。 （2020全国卷2）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。
1.大自然的邮票 春天的树上，长出嫩嫩的芽瓣。夏天的树上，挂满肥肥的叶片。秋天的树上，树叶涂满鲜红和金黄。冬天的树下，树叶落地化成土壤。落叶是大自然的邮票，把一年四季寄给你，寄给我，寄给大家。 （1）这一段话共有（）句； （2）填空： a、一年有________ 、________ 、、四个季节。 b、春天的树上，芽瓣是________；夏天的树上，叶片是________；秋天的树叶颜色有________和________；冬天的树下，满地是________________。 c、大自然的邮票指。 2.人有两件宝 人有两件宝，双手和大脑。双手会做工，大脑会思考。 用手不用脑，事情做不好。用脑不用手，啥也做不好。 用手又用脑，才能有创造。一切创造靠劳动，劳动要用手和脑。 （一）这是一首儿歌，一共有（）段话。 （二）填空： （1）人有两件宝是指________和________ 。做工靠________ ，思考靠 ________。 （2）做事情要用________又用________。这样才能________。 （三）词语搭配： （1）认真地劳动（2）一双手指 辛勤地双手一根手表 勤劳的头脑一只小手 聪明的思考一块手套 3.夏天 初夏，石榴花开了。远看，那红色的花朵像一簇簇火焰。近看，一朵朵石榴花像一个个小喇叭。淡黄色的花蕊在风中摇动，就像一群仙女在翩翩起舞。 1、这段话共有（）句。 2、用--------划出第2、3两句句子。 3、石榴花在开放。它的花蕊是的， 花朵是的。 4、我喜欢石榴花是因为。 5、石榴花很多，从（）、（）等词可以看出。
4.斧子 老爷爷微笑着说：“孩子，你很诚实。我要把这两把斧子也送给你吧！”孩子说：“老爷爷，不是我的东西，我不要。”说完，拿着自己的斧子走了。 （1）老爷爷说了（）句话，孩子说了（）话。 （2）老爷爷送给孩子两把斧子，他有没有要？为什么？ 答： （3）学了本文后，我们也要做个（）的孩子。 5.时钟花 小白兔没有钟，不知道时间，它请小山羊帮忙想办法。小山羊送给它三盆花。 太阳出来了，牵牛花开了，张开了小喇叭。中午，午时花开了，张开了笑脸。天黑了，夜来香开了，张开了小嘴请轻地唱歌。 1、这篇短文有（）段话。 2、小山羊送给小白兔什么花？-----------、--------------、-------------- 3、（）花早晨开，（）花中午开，（）花晚上开。 6.金鱼 鱼池中的金鱼各种各样，有圆头的，有大眼的，也有尾巴像花朵的。颜色也不少，有金色、黑色、白色，也有白色和金色相间的，很好看。 它们非常活泼，常在水里游，有时互相追逐，有时一起游戏，加上色彩美丽，真令人喜爱。 1、短文有（）段话。 2、文中的金鱼有（）种颜色。 3、金鱼的形状有（）的，有（）的，也有（）的。 4、你最喜欢的金鱼是（）。 7.浪花 我坐在沙滩上玩耍。浪花看见了，迈着轻轻的步子走来，悄悄地瘙痒了我的小脚丫。笑得我眼泪都流出来了，他才哗哗地笑着跑回家。 一会儿，浪花又唱着笑着跑来了。这次它给我捧来了雪白的贝壳，青青的小虾。 哗哗哗，浪花跑去又跑来，像一群淘气的娃娃。 1、短文有（）段，请标出来。 2.填空。 （）的步子（）的贝壳（）的小虾
散文阅读训练题（一） 参考答案 一、 1、⑴燕子与人们和平共处；⑵燕子与人结邻，却不能像先前那样安定；⑶燕子不再与人共处。 2、与第③节所描写的燕巢形成对比，借以说明燕巢在现代化发展进程中发生了变化，揭示了人与自然之间已经有了隔阂，表现了作者对“羲皇上的境界”的一种怀念。 3、⑴为能再与燕子为邻感到高兴，为燕子能否还会如往日一样如期归巢而担忧，期盼能与燕子和写共处。 ⑵对人世沧桑的感慨，对命运多舛的无奈和伤感，对旧居及往日生活的怀念。 4、羲皇上追求的实质人与自然能够和谐相处、克己谅人的一种传统生活方式。现代化的发展过程中，必然会出现环境的改变和破坏，人们生活方式的调整和改变。 二、 1．请分析文中画线句子的表达特色。(4分) 【参考答案】选取有代表性的生活情趣，从听觉、视觉的角度，运用比喻、拟人手法，展现水乡生活情趣，语言表达富有韵味。（特色2分，分析2分） 2．文章第三段两次写祖父，请结合该段的结构思路说说这样安排的作用。(4分) 【参考答案】祖父的悠闲自在与孩子、大人们的劳作收获相映成趣，共同构成了水乡优美的风情画；对“我们”与祖父穿插描写，角度灵活，行文富于变化。（内容、结构各2分） 3．“水乡的人说：十年河东，十年河西，这世界变化快呢!”这句话表现了水乡人什么样的情感?(盼) 【参考答案】对水乡快乐而富有情趣生活的眷念；对水乡淳朴风情失落的叹惜；对世事沧桑变化的感慨追思；对与水相依的美好不再的（每点2分） 4．本文写了水乡生活的几个片断，请探究其中的深刻意蕴。(6分) 人与水的关系：亲近自然，生命有所滋养，心情得以纯洁，生活富有希望；人水鸟的关系，要敬畏生命，学会感恩，并与自然和谐相处；水乡的风情，传统文化令生活富有情趣，应加以保护与传承（每点2分）三、 1、第一问：①春雨象征着人生的童年；②夏雨象征着人生的青年；③秋雨象征的人生的壮年；④冬雨（雪）象征着人生的晚年。每答对两点给1分。 答对一点不给分，依此类推。意思答对即可。 第二问：秋天的成熟的季节、收获的季节；也是萧条的季节、悲凉的季节，所以“秋天的雨声”中有“欢乐”，也有“忧伤”。 每答对一点给1分。意思答对即可。 2、（1）（2分）“把记忆带到雨中来燃烧”是指在雨中回眸人生，用“雨”打开记忆之门，同时也为记忆染上“雨”的色彩。 （2）（2分）“他仿佛仍然无法走入雨中梦幻之中”是指小男孩虽然在雨天出游，但是并没有感受到雨中的乐趣。意思答对即可。 3、第一问：老人喜欢和娃儿打着伞赏雨，娃儿却喜欢和狗在雨中赛跑，把自己融入雨中。 第二问：老人先是受到了“我”的启发，又看到孩子在雨中奔跑后“开心地笑”，终于被感染，也笑了起来。意思答对即可。 4、第一问：①雨韵是人生四季的旋律；②雨韵是增强生命记忆的媒介；③雨韵是大自然美丽的乐意。 第二问：①先议论，谈四季之雨与人生四季；②再叙事，讲老人与小男孩在雨中的故事；③最后抒情，表达作者对雨中的喜爱与赞美之情。 每答对一点给1分。意思对即可。 四、
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
高考论述类文本阅读试题及详细解析 高考语文真题分类汇编 论述类文本阅读 一、现代文阅读（共6题；共54分） 1.（2018·卷）阅读下文，回答问题。 诸子之学，兴起于先，当时一大批富有创见的思想家喷涌而出，蔚为思想史之奇观。在狭义上，诸子之学与先时代相联系；在广义上，诸子之学则不限于先而绵延于此后中国思想发展的整个过程，这一过程至今仍没有终结。 诸子之学的在品格是历史的承继性以及思想的创造性和突破性。“新子学”，即新时代的诸子之学，也应有同样的品格。这可以从“照着讲”和“接着讲”两个方面来理解。一般而言，“照着讲”，主要是从历史角度对以往经典作具体的实证性研究，诸如训诂、校勘、文献编纂，等等。这方面的研究涉及对以往思想的回顾、反思，既应把握历史上的思想家实际说了些什么，也应总结其中具有创造性和生命力的容，从而为今天的思考提供重要的思想资源。 与“照着讲”相关的是“接着讲”。从思想的发展与诸子之学的关联看，“接着讲”接近于诸子之学所具有的思想突破性的在品格，它意味着延续诸子注重思想创造的传统。以近代以来中西思想的互动为背景，“接着讲”无法回避中西思想之间的关系。在中西之学已相遇的的背景下，“接着讲”同时展开为中西之学的交融，从更深的层次看，这种交融具体展开为世界文化的建构与发展过程。中国思想传统与西方的思想传统都构成了世界文化的重要资源，而世界文化的发展，则以二者的互动为其重要前提。这一意义上的“新子学”，同时表现为世界文化发展过程中创造性的思想系统。相对于传统的诸子之学，“新子学”无疑获得了新的涵与新的形态。 “照着讲”与“接着讲”二者无法分离，从逻辑上说，任何新思想的形成，都不能从“无”开始，它总是基于既有的思想演进过程，并需要对既有思想围进行反思批判。“照着讲”的意义，在于梳理以往的思想发展过程，打开前人思想的丰富容，由此为后继思想提供理论之源，在此意义上，“照着讲”是“接着讲”的出发点。然而，仅仅停留在“照着讲”，思想便容易止于过去，难以继续前行，可能无助于思想的创新。就此而言，在“照着讲”之后，需要继之以“接着讲”。“接着讲”的基本精神，是突破以往思想或推进以往思想，而新的思想系统的形成，则是其逻辑结果。进而言之，从现实的过程看，“照着讲”与“接着讲”总是相互渗入：“照着讲”包含对以往思想的逻辑重构与理论阐释，这种重构与阐释已
论述文阅读真题训练 一、本大题共8小题，共24分。（北京2017） 阅读下面的材料，完成1—8题。 材料一 首都博物馆正在举办两个精品展，一个是南昌汉代海昏侯国考古成果展，一个是纪念殷墟妇好墓考古发掘四十周年特展。展览甫．一开始，便引来热切关注，预约名额很快告罄．。文物曾“乏人问津．”，只为少数专家学者所识，如今竟备受大众青睐。这反映了大众对文物价值的渴求，也提醒我们，要合理利用文物，充分发掘其文化内涵，让沉睡的古老文物“活”起来，发挥它们在公众知史爱国、鉴物审美，以及技艺传承、文化养心等方面的作用。 文物是人类触摸历史的“活化石”，每一件文物都是历史故事的讲述者。一件件出土文物，一个个考古故事，足以让每个观展者沉浸在千年历史之中——无论是拿着放大镜对着一枚玉器细细观察的老人，还是那些被罕见金饼“亮瞎眼”的年轻人。很难想象，三千多年前的工匠，如何将一块玉石切割成型，又琢磨成高8．1厘米、厚只有0．3厘米、憨态可掬．的对尾鹦鹉。那一套套大气而不失华丽的西汉编钟，虽静默无声，却仿佛让我们听到了古老的宫商角徵羽……那些走向博物馆的热切步伐，让我们看到了经济快速发展后现代人对“精品文化”消费的需求，更看到了现代人对自己从哪里来、到哪里去的历史追问。 精美的文物凝聚着工匠们的心血和智慧，不仅代表了当时高超的技艺水平，而且有助于现代技术发展。古代不少青铜器都是用失蜡法制造的。20世纪初，德国人曾用失蜡法铸造工业用齿轮；1929年，又对失蜡法进行改造，以硅酸乙酯为耐火涂料，用熔点达1500℃的铬钨钴合金制成假牙。第二次世界大战期间，美国人奥斯汀在云南保山见到用失蜡法铸成的青铜器，大受启发，铸成了喷气发动机叶片和涡轮盘。之后，失蜡法技艺发展成为现代精密铸造技术。 （取材于杨雪梅、黄洋等的相关文章） 1．下列对材料一的理解，不正确 ．．．的一项是（3分） A．以前因为精品不多，所以文物展览观者寥寥 B．要合理利用文物，发掘其内涵，发挥其作用 C．文物热反映大众对“精品文化”消费的需求 D．奥斯汀从失蜡法铸造的青铜器中得到了启发 2．下列加点字词的读音和解释，全都正确的一项是（3分） A．甫．一开始：“甫”读作pǔ意思是“刚刚” B．告罄．：“罄”读作qìng 意思是“尽” C．乏人问津．：“津”读作jīn意思是“路” D．憨态可掬．：“掬”读作jū意思是“令人喜爱”
中考语文散文阅读专题专题训练及答案 一、中考语文散文阅读专题练习 1．阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。 废园外 巴金 ①晚饭后出去散步，走着走着我又走到这里来了。 ②从墙的缺口望见园内的景物，还是一大片欣欣向荣的绿叶。在一个角落里，一簇深红色的花盛开，旁边是一座毁了的楼房的空架子。屋瓦全震落了，但是楼前一排绿栏杆还摇摇晃晃地悬在架子上。 ③我看看花，花开得正好，大的花瓣，长的绿叶。这些花原先一定是种在窗前的，我想，一个星期前，有人从精致的屋子里推开小窗眺望园景，赞美的眼光便会落在这一簇花上。也许还有人整天倚窗望着园中的花树，把年轻人的渴望从眼里倾注在红花绿叶上面。 ④但是现在窗没有了，楼房快要倾塌了。只有园子里还盖满绿色，花还在盛开。倘使花能够讲话，它们会告诉我，它们所看见的窗内的面颜，年轻的面颜，可是，如今永远消失了。花要告诉我的不止这个，它们一定要说出8月14曰的惨剧。精致的楼房就是在那天毁了的，不到一刻钟的工夫，一座花园便成了废墟了。 ⑤我望着园子，绿色使我的眼睛舒畅。废墟么?不，园子已经从敌人的炸弹下复活了。在那些带着旺盛生命的绿叶红花上，我看不出一点被人践踏的痕迹。但是耳边忽然响起一个女人的声音：“陈家三小姐，刚才挖出来。”我回头看，没有人。这句话就是在惨剧发生后的第二天听到的。 ⑥那天中午我也走过这个园子，不过不是在这里，是在另一面，就是在楼房的后边。在那个中了弹的防空洞旁边，在地上或者在土坡上，我记不起了，躺着三具尸首，是用草席盖着的。中间一张草席下面露出一只瘦小的腿，腿上全是泥土，随便一看，谁也不会想到这是人腿。人们还在那里挖掘。远远地在一个新堆成的土坡上，也是从炸塌了的围墙缺口看进去，七八个人带着悲戚的面容，对着那具尸体发愣。这些人一定是和死者相识的罢。那个中午妇人指着露腿的死尸说：“陈家三小姐，刚才挖出来。”以后从另一个人的口里我知道了这个防空洞的悲惨故事。 ⑦一只带泥的腿，一个少女的生命。我不认识这位小姐，我甚至没有见过她的面颜。但是望着一园花树，想到关闭在这个园子里的寂寞的青春，我觉得心里被什么东西搔着似的痛起来。连这个安静的地方，连这个渺小的生命，也不为那些太阳旗的空中武士所容。两三颗炸弹带走了年轻人的渴望。炸弹毁坏了一切，甚至这个寂寞的生存中的微弱的希望。这样地逃出囚笼，这个少女是永远见不到园外的广大世界了。 ⑧花随着风摇头，好像在叹息。它们看不见那个熟悉的窗前的面庞，一定感到寂寞而悲戚罢。 ⑨但是一座楼隔在它们和防空洞的中间，使它们看不见一个少女被窒息的惨剧，使它们看不见带泥的腿。这我却是看见了的。关于这我将怎样向人们诉说呢? ⑩夜色降下来，园子渐渐地隐没在黑暗里。我的眼前只有一片黑暗。但是花摇头的姿态还是看得见的。周围没有别的人，寂寞的感觉突然侵袭到我的身上来。为什么这样静?为什么不出现一个人来听我愤慨地讲述那个少女的故事?难道我是在梦里?
2017学年—2018学年上学期高三语文期末复习题（一） 论述类文本阅读要求： 阅读论述类文本时，要求大家做到： 第一步阅读全文，勾画文中信息要点 1．勾画出文中重要词语 (1)表述中心论点的关键词语 (2)体现论证对象转换的词语，即往往体现论证思路的词语 ①因果。如：因为、因此、……原因在于、因而、由于、从而，等等。 ②转折。如：但是、反而、其实、实际上，等等。 ③并列或递进。如：也、又、不是……而是……、不仅……还……，等等。 ④分类分层。如：第一……第二……、首先……其次……、一方面……另一方面……、不仅如此……、此外，等等。 ⑤举例子。如：例如、如，等等。 (3)修饰、限制性词语 ①年代(时间多次依序出现)。 ②程度。如：最、基本、根本、十分、非常，等等。 ③范围。如：部分、全部、总共、所有、都、全、少量、多数、几乎、仅仅，等等。 ④数量(具体数据、比例等)。 ⑤已然、未然，或然、必然。如：目前为止、迄今为止、将、正在、假如、可能、如果、一定、必然，等等。 ⑥代词。如：这、那、它、其、此，等等。 2．勾画出文中重要句子 (1)统摄全篇的句子——论点句、中心句、总结句。 (2)作论据的句子——论述类文章作论据的材料分为两种：一种是事实论据，另一种是理论论据。 (3)揭示文章脉络层次的句子——论证的思路是沿着逻辑思维的过程展开的。段落与段落之间有明显的逻辑关系：或总分，或并列，或对比，或递进，或点与面。这些逻辑关系往往有一些标志性的语句，如“首先、其次”等语句。如果没有这样的语句，可标记每一自然段的开头句或结尾句，然后提取每一段的主要信息，把握文脉。 3．简短批注 对重要词语，对表因果关系的句子，起表明中心、理清结构、区分层次、暗含材料与观点关系等作用的句子，作简短批注，为下一步操作起警示作用。 第二步提取要点，整体把握：勾画诸多要点是为整体把握文章内容作铺垫的。 1．梳思路，明结构
（一） Dragons are not real animals, but look like a combination (结合体) of many animals such as snakes, fish and have two horns (角) and a long moustache (胡子).With fantastic power, they fly in the sky or swim in the can make rain, Chinese dragon is a symbol of strength and good emperors of ancient China loved clothes were covered with pictures of dragons. We are proud to call ourselves the “descendants (传人) of the dragon”.In Chinese, “excellent” people are often called “dragons”.A number of Chinese sayi ngs and idioms talk about dragons, for example, “Hoping_one's_child_will_become_a_dragon.” which means hoping he or she will be successful. It is said that people born in the Year of the Dragon have certain are creative, confident, brave and quick? are s ome famous “dra?gons” who have done excellent things, for example, the great man Deng Xiaoping, the famous businessman Li Jiacheng and the movie star Zhao are all very successful. There are also some traditional festivals about dra?gons in China, such as Dragon Head?Raising Day and Dragon Boat have different kinds of activities to celebrate two festivals come every year, but the Year of the Dragon comes every twelve years.