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2021年1月Journal of Medical Information Jan.2021综述沙库巴曲缬沙坦在心力衰竭中的应用现状王晨青，李婧炜(大理大学药学，云南大理671000)摘要：肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统在心力衰竭发生发展过程中起着关键作用遥尽管既往治疗心力衰竭的药物已经取得了很好的疗效,但心力衰竭患者的死亡率和因心衰再入院率仍比较高遥沙库巴曲缬沙坦是一种双重阻断神经内分泌的抑制剂，研究证明，沙库巴曲缬沙坦较血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂类药物能进一步降低心血管死亡风险,从而改善心衰的治疗效果遥本文主要就沙库巴曲缬沙坦在三种不同类型心衰中有效性和安全性进行综述，旨在为临床治疗心力衰竭提供参考依据遥关键词：沙库巴曲缬沙坦曰心力衰竭曰血浆NT-proBNP中图分类号:R541.6文献标识码:A DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2021.01.011文章编号：1006-1959(2021)01-0037-04The Application Status of Sacubatril Valsartan in Heart FailureWANG Chen-qing,LI Jing-wei(School of Pharmacy,Dali University,Dali671000,Yunnan,China)Abstract：The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in the development of heart failure.Although the previous drugs for the treatment of heart failure have achieved good results,the mortality and readmission rates of heart failure patients are still relatively high. Sacubitrilvalsartan is a dual-blocking neuroendocrine inhibitor.Studies have shown that sacubitril valsartan can further reduce the risk of cardiovascular death compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs,thereby improving the heart therapeutic effect of aging.This article mainly reviews the effectiveness and safety of sacubitril valsartan in three different types of heart failure,aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of heart failure.Key words:Sacubitril valsartan;Heart failure;Plasma NT-proBNP近年来有研究发现心力衰竭（heart failure,HF）是我国患者住院的主要原因，再入院风险高，为社会、家庭都带来了沉重负担叫临床上针对心力衰竭的药物治疗包括如利尿剂（氢氯噻嗪）,P受体阻滞剂（如美托洛尔、比索洛尔），醛固酮受体抑制剂（螺内酯），依那普利（ACEI），血管紧张素受体拮抗剂（angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB）等。
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To improve physical fitness,there are several effective ways to engage in regular exercise.Here are some methods that can be incorporated into your routine:1.Aerobic Exercises:These are activities that increase your heart rate and improve cardiovascular health.Examples include running,swimming,cycling,and brisk walking. Aim for at least150minutes of moderate aerobic activity or75minutes of vigorous activity per week.2.Strength Training:Incorporate weight lifting or bodyweight exercises to build muscle strength.Focus on all major muscle groups and aim for at least two days of strength training per week.3.Flexibility Training:Stretching exercises can improve your flexibility and range of motion.Yoga and Pilates are excellent options for this,as they combine flexibility with strength and balance.4.Balance Training:Activities like Tai Chi or balancespecific exercises can help prevent falls and improve overall stability.This is particularly important for older adults.5.Regular Routine:Establish a consistent workout schedule that suits your lifestyle. Consistency is key to making exercise a habit.6.Variety:Mix up your routine to avoid boredom and to work different muscle groups. This can also prevent plateaus in your fitness progress.7.Proper Nutrition:A balanced diet is essential for fueling your workouts and aiding recovery.Ensure you are consuming enough protein,carbohydrates,and healthy fats. 8.Rest and Recovery:Give your body time to rest and recover.Overtraining can lead to injuries and decreased performance.9.Stay Hydrated:Drink plenty of water before,during,and after your workouts to stay hydrated and support your bodys functions.10.Set Goals:Having clear and achievable fitness goals can motivate you to stay committed to your exercise routine.11.Track Progress:Keep a record of your workouts and improvements.This can help you stay motivated and make adjustments to your routine as needed.12.Seek Professional Guidance:If youre new to exercising or have specific fitness goals, consider working with a personal trainer or fitness professional to ensure youre performing exercises correctly and safely.By incorporating these methods into your lifestyle,you can effectively work towards improving your physical fitness and overall health.Remember,the key to success is consistency and finding activities that you enjoy.。
Optimism is a powerful force that can significantly impact our lives in various ways, including the way we age.An optimistic mindset can make us feel and appear younger, both physically and mentally.Here are some reasons why maintaining a positive outlook can contribute to a more youthful existence.1.Stress Reduction:Optimistic individuals tend to experience less stress because they are better at managing challenging situations.High stress levels can accelerate the aging process by causing inflammation and damaging cells.By reducing stress,optimism can slow down the aging process.2.Improved Immune System:A positive attitude can boost the immune system,making it more effective in fighting off diseases and infections.A robust immune system is crucial for maintaining overall health and can contribute to a more youthful appearance.3.Better Sleep:Optimists often have better sleep patterns.Adequate sleep is essential for the bodys repair processes and for maintaining a youthful complexion.Poor sleep can lead to premature aging and a decline in cognitive function.4.Increased Social Connections:People with an optimistic outlook are more likely to engage in social activities,which can lead to stronger relationships and a support network. Social connections are known to have a positive impact on mental health and can help combat feelings of loneliness,which can contribute to aging.5.Enhanced Physical Activity:Optimism can motivate individuals to be more active,as they are more likely to see the benefits of exercise and participate in physical activities. Regular exercise is one of the best ways to maintain a youthful physique and improve overall health.6.Positive Mental Health:A positive mindset can lead to better mental health,reducing the risk of depression and anxiety.Mental health issues can age a person prematurely, both in terms of appearance and cognitive decline.7.Healthy Lifestyle Choices:Optimistic people are more likely to make healthy lifestyle choices,such as eating a balanced diet,avoiding smoking,and limiting alcohol consumption.These choices can have a direct impact on the aging process.8.Longevity:Studies have shown that optimistic individuals tend to live longer.This is partly because they are more likely to take care of their health and engage in activities that promote longevity.9.Cognitive Function:Maintaining an optimistic outlook can help preserve cognitive function as we age.Positive thinking can stimulate the brain and keep it active,which is essential for preventing agerelated cognitive decline.10.Resilience:Optimists are more resilient in the face of adversity.They are better equipped to bounce back from setbacks,which can help maintain a youthful spirit and prevent the negative effects of stress and disappointment.In conclusion,embracing an optimistic mindset can have a profound effect on how we age.By reducing stress,improving health,and promoting a positive outlook on life, optimism can help us stay young at heart and in body.Its never too late to cultivate a more positive attitude and enjoy the benefits of a more youthful life.。
Effects of aging on the human bodyIntroductionAging is a natural process that occurs in the human body as one grows older. This process affects all systems of the body and can lead to changes in physical appearance, function, and health. This article will discuss the effects of aging on the human body, including the skin, bones, muscles, organs, and immune system.Effects of Aging on the SkinThe skin is the largest organ in the body and is the first to show signs of aging. As one ages, the skin becomes thinner and less elastic, leading to wrinkles and sagging. Age spots, skin tags, and moles can also develop. The skin's ability to produce and hold moisture decreases, resulting in dryness and itching. It also becomes more susceptible to injury and infection.UV radiation from the sun plays a significant role in the skin's aging process. Exposure to the sun's rays can cause skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to protect the skin from sun damage by wearing protective clothing, hats, and sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.Effects of Aging on the Bones and MusclesAs one ages, bones may become weaker and more fragile, increasing the risk of osteoporosis, a condition in which bones become brittle and prone to fracture. Muscle mass also decreases, leading to reduced strength and mobility.Exercise is vital for maintaining bone density and muscle mass. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, running, and weight lifting, can help strengthen bones and muscles. It is also essential to eat a diet high in calcium and vitamin D to support bone health.Effects of Aging on the OrgansThe aging process can affect all organs in the body. The heart, which pumps blood throughout the body, can become weaker and less efficient with age. Blood vessels also become less elastic and more rigid, leading to high blood pressure. The digestive system may also become less efficient, leading to constipation and other digestive issues.The brain can also experience changes with age, including a decline in cognitive function. This decline may result in difficulty with memory, reasoning, and decision-making. However, it is important to note that cognitive decline is not an inevitable part of aging and can be delayed by engaging in mentally stimulating activities.Effects of Aging on the Immune SystemThe immune system is responsible for protecting the body from infections and disease. As one ages, the immune system may become less efficient, resulting in an increased risk of infections and a reduced response to vaccines. The body may also become less able to fight cancer cells, increasing the risk of cancer.To support the immune system, it is essential to maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly, and getting adequate sleep.ConclusionIn conclusion, the aging process affects all systems of the body and can lead to changes in physical appearance, function, and health. While some of these changes are inevitable, engaging in a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, can help delay the effects of aging and promote overall health and well-being.。
会计acco unting决策人Decision Maker投资人In vestor股东Shareholder债权人Creditor财务会计Financial Accounting管理会计Management Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting私业会计Private Accounting公众会计Public Accounting注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporatio n会计目标Accounting Objectives会计假设Accounting Assumptions会计要素Accounting Elements会计原贝U Accounting Principles会计实务过程Accou nting Procedures财务报表Financial Statements财务分析Financial Analysis会计主体假设Separate-e ntity Assumpti on 货币计量假设Un it-of-measure Assumpti on 持续经营假设Continu ity(Go in g-c oncern) Assumpti on 会计分期假设Time-period Assumpti on 资产Asset负债Liability业主权益Owner's Equity收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益In come亏损Loss历史成本原则Cost Prin ciple收入实现原则Revenue Prin ciple配比原则Matchi ng Prin ciple全面披露原则Full-disclosure (Reporti ng) Prin ciple 客观性原则Objective Principle一致性原则Consistent Principle可比性原则Comparability Principle重大性原则Materiality Principle稳健性原则Conservatism Principle权责发生制Accrual Basis现金收付制Cash Basis财务报告Financial Report流动资产Current assets流动负债Current Liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities投入资本Contributed Capital留存收益Retained Earning(2)会计循环会计循环Accounting Procedure/Cycle会计信息系统Acco un ti ng in formati on System 帐户Ledger 会计科目Accou nt会计分录Journal entry原始凭证Source Document日记帐Journal总分类帐Ge neral Ledger明细分类帐Subsidiary Ledger试算平衡Trial Bala nee现金收款日记帐Cash receipt journal现金付款日记帐Cash disburseme nts journal销售日记帐Sales Journal购货日记帐Purchase Journal普通日记帐General Journal工作底稿Worksheet调整分录Adjusting entries结帐Clos ing en tries(3)现金与应收帐款现金Cash银行存款Cash in bank 库存现金Cash in hand 流动资产Current assets 偿债基金Sinking fund 定额备用金Imprestpetty cash 支票Check(cheque) 银行对帐单Bank statement 银行存款调节表Bank recon ciliati on stateme nt 在途存款Outstanding deposit 在途支票Outstanding check 应付凭单Vouchers payable 应收帐款Account receivable 应收票据Notereceivable 起运点交货价 F.O.B shippi ng poi nt 目的地交货价F.O.B desti nation poi nt 商业折扣Trade discount 现金折扣Cash discount销售退回及折让Sales return and allowa nee 坏帐费用Baddebt expense 备抵法Allowanee method 备抵坏帐Bad debtallowanee损益表法In come stateme nt approach 资产负债表法Bala nee sheet approach 帐龄分析法Aging analysis method 直接冲销法Direct write-off method 带息票据Interest bearing note 不带息票据Non-interest bearing note 出票人Maker 受款人Payee 本金Prin cipal 禾利息率In terest rate 到期日Maturity date 本票Promissory note 贴现Discou nt 背书En dorse拒付费Protest fee com⑷存货存货Inven tory商品存货Merchandise inventory产成品存货Finished goods inventory在产品存货Work in process inventory原材料存货Raw materials inventory起运地离岸价格 F.O.B shipp ing poi nt目的地抵岸价格 F.O.B desti nati on寄销Con sig nment寄销人Con sig nor承销人Con sig nee定期盘存Periodic inventory永续盘存Perpetual inventory购货Purchase购货折让和折扣Purchase allowa nee and disco unts 存货盈余或短缺Inventory overages and shortages 分批认定法Specific identification加权平均法Weighted average先进先出法First-in, first-out or FIFO后进先出法Lost-in, first-out or LIFO移动平均法Moving average成本或市价孰低法Lower of cost or market or LCM市价Market value重置成本Replacement cost可变现净值Net realizable value上限Upper limit下限Lower limit毛禾U法Gross margin method零售价格法Retail method成本率Cost ratio(5)长期投资长期投资Long-term investment长期股票投资In vestme nt on stocks长期债券投资In vestme nt on bonds成本法Cost method权益法Equity method合并法Consolidation method股利宣布日Declarati on date股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-divide nd date付息日Payment date债券面值Face value, Par value债券折价Discount on bonds债券溢价Premium on bonds票面利率Con tract in terest rate, stated rate市场利率Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股Com mon Stock优先股Preferred Stock现金股利Cash divide nds股票股利Stock divide nds清算股利J Liquidati ng divide nds到期日Maturity date到期值Maturity value直线摊销法Straight-Line method of amortization实际禾利息摊销法Effective-i nterest method of amortizati on⑹固定资产固定资产Plant assets or Fixed assets原值Origi nal value预计使用年限Expected useful life预计残值Estimated residual value折旧费用Depreciation expense累计折旧Accumulated depreciation帐面价值Carrying value应提折旧成本Depreciati on cost净值Net value在建工程Con struct ion-i n-process磨损Wear and tear过时Obsolesce nee直线法Straight-line method (SL)工作量法Units-of-production method (UOP)力口速折旧法Accelerated depreciation method双倍余额递减法Double-decli ning bala nee method (DDB) 年数总和法Sum-of-the-years-digits method (SYD)以旧换新Trade in经营租赁Operating lease融资租赁Capital lease廉价购买权Bargain purchase option (BPO)资产负债表外筹资Off-bala nce-sheet financing最低租赁付款额Mi nimum lease payme nts(7)无形资产无形资产Intangible assets专利权Pate nts商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights特许权或专营权Fran chises商誉Goodwill开办费Organization cost租赁权Leasehold摊销Amortization(8)流动负债负债Liability流动负债Current liability应付帐款Account payable应付票据Notes payable贴现票据Discount notes长期负债一年内到期部分Current maturities of Iong-term liabilities 应付股利Divide nds payable预收收益Prepayments by customers存入保证金Refundable deposits应付费用Accrual expense增值税value added tax营业税Business tax应付所得税In come tax payable应付奖金Bonuses payable产品质量担保负债Estimated liabilities un der product warra nties 赠品和兑换券Premiums, coup ons and tradi ng stamps 或有事项Contingency 或有负债Contingent或有损失Loss contingencies或有利得Gain contingencies永久性差异Permanent differenee 时间性差异Timing differenee 应付税款法Taxes payable method 纟纳税影响会计法Tax effect acco un ti ngmethod 递延所得税负债法Deferred in come tax liability method(9)长期负债长期负债Long-term Liabilities 应付公司债券Bonds payable 有担保品的公司债券Secured Bonds抵押公司债券Mortgage Bonds 保证公司债券Guara nteed Bonds 信用公司债券Debe nture Bonds 一次还本公司债券Term Bon ds 分期还本公司债券Serial Bonds 可转换公司债券Con vertible Bonds 可赎回公司债券Callable Bonds 可要求公司债券Redeemable Bonds 记名公司债券Registered Bonds 无记名公司债券Coup on Bonds 普通公司债券Ordi nary Bonds 收益公司债券In come Bonds 名义利率，票面利率Nomi nal rate 实际利率Actual rate 有效利率Effective rate 溢价Premium 折价Disco unt 面值Par value 直线法Straight-line method 实际利率法Effectiveinterest method 到期直接偿付Repayme nt at maturity 提前偿付Repayment at advanee 偿债基金Sinking fund 长期应付票据Lon g-term no tespayable 抵押借款Mortgage loan(10)业主权益权益Equity业主权益Owner's equity股东权益Stockholder's equity投入资本Contributed capital缴入资本Paid-in capital股本Capital stock资本公积Capital surplus留存收益Retained earnings核定股本Authorized capital stock实收资本Issued capital stock发行在外股本Outstanding capital stock库藏股Treasury stock普通股Com mon stock优先股Preferred stock累积优先股Cumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Non cumulative preferred stock完全参加优先股Fully participat ing preferred stock 咅B分参加优先股Partially participat ing preferred stock 非部分参加优先股N on partially participat ing preferred stock现金发行Issuanee for cash非现金发行Issua nee for non cash con sideratio n股票的合并发行Lump-sum sales of stock发行成本Issuanee cost成本法Cost method面值法Par value method捐赠资本Donated capital盈余分酉己Distribution of earnings股禾U Divide nd股利政策Divide nd policy宣布日Date of declaration股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-divide nd date股利支付日Date of payme nt现金股利Cash divide nd股票股利Stock divide nd拨款appropriati on(11)财务报表财务报表Financial Statement资产负债表Bala nee Sheet收益表In come Stateme nt帐户式Account Form报告式Report Form编制（报表）Prepare工作底稿Worksheet多步式Multi-step单步式Single-step（12）财务状况变动表财务状况变动表中的现金基础SCFP.Cash Basis（现金流量表）财务状况变动表中的营运资金基础SCFP.Worki ng Capital Basis （资金来源与运用表）营运资金Working Capital全部资源概念All-resources con cept直接交换业务Direct excha nges正常营业活动Normal operati ng activities财务活动Financing activities投资活动Investing activities（13）财务报表分析财务报表分析An alysis of finan cial stateme nts比较财务报表Comparative finan cial stateme nts趋势百分比Trend percentage比率Ratios普通股每股收益Earnings per share of com mon stock股利收益率Divide nd yield ratio价益比Price-earnings ratio普通股每股帐面价值Book value per share of com mon stock资本报酬率Return on investment总资产报酬率Retur n on total asset债券收益率Yield rate on bonds已获禾利息倍数Number of times in terest earned债券比率Debt ratio优先股收益率Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本Working Capital周转Turnover存货周转率Inventory turnover应收帐款周转率Accou nts receivable turnover流动比率Current ratio速动比率Quick ratio酸性试验比率Acid test ratio(14)合并财务报表合并财务报表Con solidated finan cial stateme nts吸收合并Merger创立合并Consolidation控股公司Pare nt compa ny附属公司Subsidiary company少数股权Minority interest权益联营合并Pooli ng of in terest购买合并Comb in ati on by purchase权益法Equity method成本法Cost method(15)物价变动中的会计计量物价变动之会计Price-level cha nges acco unting一般物价水平会计General price-level accou nti ng货币购买力会计Purchas in g-power acco un ti ng统一币值会计Con sta nt dollar acco unting历史成本Historical cost现行价值会计Current value acco unting现行成本Current cost重置成本Replacement cost物价指数Price-level index国民生产总值物价指数Gross natio nal product implicit price deflator (or GNPdeflator)消费物价指数Co nsumer price in dex (or CPI)批发物价指数Wholesale price in dex货币性资产Monetary assets货币性负债Monetary liabilities货币购买力损益Purchas in g-power gains or losses资产持有损益Holdi ng gains or losses未实现的资产持有损益Un realized hold ing gains or losses1 资产assets 11~ 12 流动资产current assets 111 现金及约当现金cash and cash equivalents 1111 库存现金cash on hand 1112 零用金/周转金petty cash/revolving funds 1113 银行存款cash in banks 1116在途现金cash in tran sit 1117 约当现金cash equivale nts 1118 其它现金及约当现金other cash and cash equivalents 112 短期投资short-terminvestment 1121 短期投资 -股票 short-term investments - stock 期投资-短期票券 short-term investments - short-term notes and bills 投资-政府债券 short-term investments - government bonds 1124 益凭证 short-term investments - beneficiary certificates short-term investments -corporate investments - other 1129 short-term 应收票据 investment to market 1132 notes receivable 应收票据-关系人 1137 票据 other notes receivable tible aeeounts- notes 应 收帐款 aceounts bonds 1128 备抵短期投资跌价损失113 应收票 应收票据贴现notes 1139 receivable receivable应收帐款 allowa nee receivable 1147 备抵呆帐-应收帐款其它应收款 other receivables receivable 1122 短 1123 短期 短期投资-受 短期投资么司债 -其它 short-term 1125 短期投资 allowa nee for reduct ion of 据 notes receivable 1131 discounted notes receivable 1138 其它应收 备抵呆帐—应收票据 allowanee for uncollec- 应收帐款 aceounts receivable 1141 应收分期帐款in stallme nt aceou ntsreceivable - related parties 114 1142aeeounts receivable - related parties 1149 118 forwardexcha nge con tract -关系人for uncollec- tible aeeounts - aeeounts receivable1181应收出售远汇款应收远汇款 -夕卜币 forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies 买卖远汇折价 earned reve nue receivable 1182 1183 disco unt on forward ex-cha nge con tract 1184 1185 应收退税款 in come tax refund receivable 其它应收款 其它应收款-关系人 other receivables - related parties 1188 other receivables - other 1189 应收收益 1187 -其它 tible aeeounts - other receivablesmerchandise inventory 1212 goods in tran sit market fini shed 1219 1221 备抵呆帐-其它应收款 121~122 存货 inventories 寄销商品 con sig ned goods 备抵存货跌价损失finished goodsallowa nee 1222 for 1225 1227 allowa nee 1211 1213for uncollec- 商品存货 在途商品inven tory tocon sig nedreduct ion 寄销制成品在制品 work in process 原料raw materialsof 制成品副产品 by-productswork in process - outsourced 12261223委外加工物料 supplies 备抵存货跌价损失goods12241229预付费用 prepaid expenses 1251 prepaidrents 1253 预付保险费 supplies 1255 预付所得税prepaid expenses 126 prepayme nt for purchases 1268 流动资产 other current assets 1228在途原物料materials and supplies in transitallowanee for reduction of inventory to market 125 1252 预付租金用品盘存 office 其它预付费用 other 预付薪资 prepaid payroll prepaid in sura nee 1254 prepaid in come tax 1258 预 付款项 prepayments 1261 其它预付款项 other prepayme nts 预付货款 128~129 其它 1281 (or overpaid payment on 存出保证金 1291 进项税额 VAT paid ( or in put VAT) 1283 暂付款 behalf of others 1285 refundable deposits 1287 递延所得税资产 tax) 1282 留抵税额 temporary payments 1284 员工借支 advances to employees excess VAT paid 代付款 1286 受限制存款 certificate of deposit-restricteddeferred in come tax assets deferred foreig n excha nge losses aceou nt 1294 其它 other current 1293 同业往来 current aeeountassets - other 131292 递延兑换损失 业主(股东)往来 owners(stockholders) current 1298其它流动资产-funds and Iong-termin vestme nts131基金 funds 1311with others基金及长期投资 偿债基金redemption fund (or sinkingfund) 1312 改良及扩充基金fund for improveme nt and expa nsion 1313 意外损失准备基金contingency fund 1314 退休基金pen sion fund 1318 其它基金other funds 132 长期投资Iong-term investments 1321 长期股权投资Iong-term equity investments 1322 长期债券投资Iong-term bond investments 1323 长期不动产投资Ion g-term real estate in-vestme nts 1324 人寿保险现金解约价值cash surre nder value of life in sura nee 1328 其它长期投资otherIon g-term in vestme nts 1329 备抵长期投资跌价损失allowa nee for excess of cost over market value of Ion g-term in vestme nts 14~ 15 固定资产property , pla nt, and equipme nt141 土地land 1411 土地land 1418 土地-重估增值land - revaluatio n in creme nts 142 土地改良物land improveme nts 1421 土地改良物la nd improveme nts 1428 土地改良物-重估增值la nd improveme nts - revaluati on in creme nts。
1.Determination is the key ingredient in achieving ones goals it is the driving force that propels us forward in the face of adversity.2.Resolute determination can turn the seemingly impossible into the possible,and the possible into reality.3.With unwavering determination,even the most daunting tasks can be accomplished with time and effort.4.Determination is the fuel that ignites the fire of ambition,pushing us to reach for the stars.5.A determined mind can overcome any obstacle,for it is the will to succeed that ultimately defines our achievements.6.When faced with challenges,it is our determination that keeps us going,even when the odds seem stacked against us.7.True determination is not just about setting goals,but about the relentless pursuit of those goals,no matter the cost.8.Determination is the bedrock of success without it,even the most talented individuals may falter.9.In life,determination is the compass that guides us through the storms and towards our desired destination.10.Determination is not just a fleeting emotion it is a steadfast commitment to seeing things through to the end.11.The power of determination lies in its ability to inspire and motivate us to push beyond our limits.12.Determination is the silent partner in our success,often unseen but always felt in the culmination of our achievements.13.A determined spirit is one that refuses to accept defeat,even in the face of repeated setbacks.14.Determination is the inner strength that keeps us focused on our goals,even when the path is fraught with difficulties.15.In the pursuit of our dreams,it is determination that often makes the difference between those who succeed and those who do not.16.Determination is the bridge that connects our aspirations with our accomplishments, spanning the gap between hope and reality.17.The flame of determination burns brightest in those who are committed to their cause, undeterred by the trials they face.18.Determination is the wind beneath our wings,lifting us higher and propelling us towards our aspirations.19.With determination as our guide,we can navigate the treacherous waters of life and reach the shores of our dreams.20.Determination is the cornerstone of success,laying the foundation for all our endeavors and ensuring their fruition.。
英语四级阅读理解部分附全文翻译1. Part II 阅读理解（40分钟）Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Passage:The development of e-commerce has dramatically transformed the retail industry. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores have been supplemented, and in some cases, replaced by online platforms. This shift has brought about significant changes in the way consumers shop and businesses operate.One of the main benefits of e-commerce is the convenience it offers. Consumers can shop from the comfort of their homes at any time of day, without the need to travel to a physical store. This has particularly benefited those with busy schedules or limited mobility. Additionally, e-commerce allows for a wider selection of products than might be available in local stores, often at more competitive prices.However, the rise of e-commerce has also introduced challenges. The anonymity of online transactions can lead to issues of trust, with consumers sometimes hesitant to purchase from unfamiliar websites. Furthermore, the increased competition has forced many small businesses to either adapt to the digital marketplace or face closure.In conclusion, while e-commerce has revolutionized the retail industry and brought numerous benefits to consumers, it is not without its challenges. Businesses must continue to evolve to meet the demands of this rapidly changing landscape.Word Bank:A) convenienceB) competitionC) transactionsD) transformedE) operateF) mobilityG) adaptH) hesitantI) unfamiliarJ) widerQuestions:1) The development of e-commerce has _______ the retail industry.2) One of the main benefits of e-commerce is the _______ it offers.3) Consumers can shop from home, which is particularly beneficial for those with limited _______.4) The anonymity of online _______ can lead to issues of trust.Section BDirections:In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One:The tourism industry has seen significant growth over the past few decades, driven by the increasing availability of affordable travel options and the rise of social media. These factorshave made it easier than ever for people to explore new destinations and share their experiences with others.One of the most notable trends in recent years is the rise of "sustainable tourism." This approach emphasizes minimizing the environmental impact of travel while supporting local communities. Sustainable tourism can include practices such as choosing eco-friendly accommodations, participating in conservation efforts, and respecting local cultures. However, the growth of tourism has also led to challenges. Popular destinations can become overcrowded, leading to damage to natural environments and cultural sites. In some cases, the influx of tourists can even disrupt local communities, causing resentment among residents. In conclusion, while tourism offers many benefits, it is important to approach travel responsibly to ensure that destinations can be enjoyed by future generations. Questions:1) What has contributed to the significant growth of the tourism industry?A) The decline in travel costs and the popularity of social media.B) The development of new transportation methods.C) The increase in luxury travel options.D) The promotion of international tourism by governments.2) What is a key aspect of sustainable tourism?A) Visiting as many destinations as possible.B) Minimizing environmental impact and supporting local communities.C) Staying in luxury hotels and resorts.D) Traveling to remote and unspoiled locations.3) What is one of the challenges caused by the growth of tourism?A) The decline in international travel.B) The negative impact on local cultures and environments.C) The rise in travel-related costs.D) The decrease in travel safety.4) How can travelers ensure that destinations remain enjoyable for future generations?A) By visiting only popular tourist spots.B) By choosing environmentally friendly travel options.C) By limiting the duration of their trips.D) By avoiding travel during peak seasons.Passage Two:The concept of work-life balance has become increasingly important in modern society. As technology continues to blur the lines between work and personal life, many people struggle to find time for relaxation and leisure. This issue is particularly prevalent in countries where long working hours are the norm.One of the main challenges of achieving work-life balance is the expectation to be constantly available. With the advent of smartphones and email, employees are often expected to respond to work-related communications outside of regular business hours. This can lead to burnout and decreased job satisfaction.Employers are beginning to recognize the importance of work-life balance for employee well-being and productivity. Some companies have implemented policies such as flexible working hours, remote work options, and mandatory vacation time to help employees achieve a healthier balance.In conclusion, work-life balance is essential for maintaining both physical and mental health. Employers and employees alike must work together to create an environment that supports a healthy balance between work and personal life.Questions:1) What has contributed to the difficulty of achieving work-life balance in modern society?A) The rise of remote work opportunities.B) The increasing demand for skilled labor.C) The expectation to be constantly available.D) The decline in job security.2) What is one of the negative effects of being constantly available for work?A) Increased job satisfaction.B) Higher productivity levels.C) Burnout and decreased job satisfaction.D) Improved work-life balance.3) How are some employers helping employees achieve work-life balance?A) By increasing work hours and reducing vacation time.B) By offering flexible working hours and remote work options.C) By eliminating work-from-home opportunities.D) By requiring employees to work on weekends.4) Why is work-life balance important?A) It helps employees earn more money.B) It allows employees to focus solely on their careers.C) It is essential for maintaining physical and mental health.D) It improves job security.Passage Three:The importance of cybersecurity has grown exponentially as the world becomes more connected through the internet. Cyberattacks are becoming more frequent and sophisticated, targeting everything from personal information to critical infrastructure.One of the most common forms of cyberattacks is phishing, where attackers trick individuals into providing sensitive information by pretending to be a trustworthy source. This can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and damage to an organization's reputation.To combat these threats, both individuals and organizations must take proactive measures. This includes using strong passwords, keeping software up to date, and being cautious of suspicious emails and links. Additionally, governments and businesses are investing in cybersecurity technologies and training to protect against potential threats.In conclusion, cybersecurity is an essential aspect of modern life, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to safeguard against the ever-evolving threats in the digital world. Questions:1) What has contributed to the growing importance of cybersecurity?A) The decline in internet usage.B) The increase in cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure.C) The rise of traditional communication methods.D) The reduction in government regulations.2) What is one of the most common forms of cyberattacks?A) Phishing.B) Malware.C) Ransomware.D) Denial of service.3) What can individuals do to protect themselves from cyberattacks?A) Use weak passwords and share them with others.B) Keep software up to date and be cautious of suspicious emails.C) Ignore cybersecurity threats and rely on antivirus software.D) Avoid using the internet altogether.4) How are governments and businesses addressing cybersecurity threats?A) By reducing investments in cybersecurity technologies.B) By training employees and investing in cybersecurity technologies.C) By eliminating the use of the internet in the workplace.D) By ignoring cybersecurity risks.答案部分1. Part II 阅读理解（40分钟）Section APassage:电子商务的发展已经极大地改变了零售业。
Cultivating Strength Through Struggle Strength is not always born from ease and comfort, but rather from struggleand adversity. It is through facing challenges and overcoming obstacles that individuals cultivate resilience, determination, and a deeper understanding oftheir own capabilities. While the concept of embracing struggle may seem counterintuitive, it is often through these difficult experiences that one cantruly grow and develop both personally and professionally. From a personal perspective, struggle can be a catalyst for self-discovery and growth. When faced with adversity, individuals are forced to confront their limitations and push beyond their comfort zones. This process of pushing past perceived boundaries can lead to a greater sense of self-awareness and confidence. For example, someone who has experienced the loss of a loved one may find themselves navigating through the depths of grief and eventually emerging with a newfound appreciation for life anda deeper understanding of their own emotional resilience. Furthermore, struggle can also serve as a powerful motivator for change. When individuals are confronted with challenges, they are often compelled to reevaluate their priorities and make necessary adjustments in order to overcome the obstacles they face. This can lead to personal growth and the development of new skills and coping mechanisms. For instance, someone who has experienced financial hardship may be motivated topursue new career opportunities or develop a more frugal approach to managingtheir finances, ultimately leading to a greater sense of financial stability and independence. In addition to personal growth, struggle can also foster strength and resilience on a professional level. In the workplace, individuals are often faced with demanding projects, tight deadlines, and high-pressure situations.While these challenges may initially seem daunting, they provide an opportunityfor individuals to demonstrate their ability to persevere in the face of adversity. This can lead to the development of valuable skills such as time management, problem-solving, and effective communication, all of which are essential for professional success. Moreover, struggle can also serve as a source ofinspiration and motivation for others. When individuals openly share their experiences of overcoming adversity, they have the potential to inspire and uplift those who may be facing similar challenges. This sense of solidarity and sharedexperience can create a supportive community where individuals feel empowered to confront their own struggles with courage and resilience. For example, a public figure who has openly shared their journey of overcoming addiction may serve as a source of hope and encouragement for others who are on a similar path to recovery. It is important to acknowledge that while struggle can lead to personal and professional growth, it is not always easy or straightforward. The process of facing and overcoming adversity can be emotionally and physically taxing, and individuals may experience moments of doubt, fear, and frustration along the way. However, it is often through these difficult experiences that individuals can cultivate a deeper sense of empathy, compassion, and understanding for both themselves and others. In conclusion, cultivating strength through struggle is a multifaceted and deeply personal journey that has the potential to foster personal, professional, and emotional growth. By confronting challenges head-on, individuals have the opportunity to develop resilience, self-awareness, and a deeper understanding of their own capabilities. Furthermore, the process of overcoming adversity can inspire and motivate others, creating a supportive community where individuals feel empowered to confront their own struggles with courage and determination. While the path to strength through struggle may be challenging, the rewards of personal growth and emotional resilience are invaluable.。
Playing badminton is a fantastic way to engage in physical activity and enjoy numerous health benefits.Here are some of the advantages of this sport:1.Improves Cardiovascular Health:Badminton is an aerobic exercise that helps to strengthen the heart and improve the circulation of blood throughout the body.2.Enhances Flexibility:The sport requires players to move in various directions, stretching and bending,which improves overall flexibility and range of motion.3.Builds Strength:The repetitive movements involved in badminton,such as swinging the racket and jumping,help to build muscle strength,particularly in the arms,legs,and core.4.Boosts Coordination:The quick reflexes and precise movements needed in badminton enhance handeye coordination and body awareness.5.Reduces Stress:Engaging in physical activities like badminton can release endorphins, which are natural mood lifters that help to reduce stress and anxiety.6.Promotes Social Interaction:Badminton is often played in doubles,encouraging teamwork and social interaction with fellow players.7.Improves Balance:The need to move quickly and maintain body control during the game helps to improve balance and stability.8.Burns Calories:Badminton can be an effective way to burn calories and contribute to weight management.9.Develops Agility:The sport requires players to be quick on their feet,which helps to develop agility and quick thinking.10.Encourages a Healthy Lifestyle:Regular participation in badminton can be part of a broader commitment to a healthy and active lifestyle.11.Accessible to All Ages:Badminton can be enjoyed by people of all ages,making it an inclusive sport for families and communities.12.Cognitive Benefits:The strategic thinking required in badminton can help to improve cognitive function and problemsolving skills.13.Low Impact:Compared to some other sports,badminton is relatively low impact, reducing the risk of injuries associated with highimpact activities.14.Fun and Enjoyable:Above all,badminton is a fun and enjoyable sport that can be played casually or competitively,making it an attractive option for those looking to stay active.By incorporating badminton into your routine,you can experience these benefits and enjoy the games unique combination of speed,skill,and strategy.。
Yang Gao School of Physics and Engineering, Key Lab of Materials Physics,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou450052,Chinae-mail:641303569@Zhong-Xia Liu1 School of Physics and Engineering, Key Lab of Materials Physics,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou450052,China e-mail:liuzhongxia@Pei-Chung Wang Manufacturing Systems Research Lab,General Motors Researchand Development Center,30500Mound Road,Warren,MI48090 e-mail:pei-chung.wang@ Effect of Aging on the Strengthof Clinching Galvanized SAE1004 Steel-to-Aluminum AA6111Joints Mechanical clinching method has been shown to be a feasible alternative to self piercing riveting(SPR)for joining dissimilar materials,particularly for vehicle assemblies made in aluminum-to-steel.While a great deal of effort has been focused on studying the pro-cess development,there is an urgent need to understand the effects of aged aluminum on the strengths of the clinching steel-aluminum joints.To evaluate exactly the influence of mechanical properties of aged aluminum alloy on the strength of the clinching joint, 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4aluminum wasfirstly solution heat-treated at550 C for30min followed by nature ageing treatment for various times and then clinching to0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel with SKB die.The section parameters and strength of the clinching joints were measured.The effect of mechanical properties of aged AA6111-T4 aluminum was analyzed using an analytical model.The results showed that aged alumi-num affected little the clinchability but influenced the section parameters and strength of the clinching workpieces.The strength of the clinching SAE1004-to-AA6111-T4joints increased with increasing the strength of AA6111-T4aluminum.This can be primarily attributed to the fact that the strengthening AA6111-T4aluminum resulted in larger re-sidual press stress developed during the clinching.[DOI:10.1115/1.4027596] Keywords:aged aluminum alloys,clinching aluminum-steel joint,section parameters, joint strength,analytical model1IntroductionAutomotive manufacturers are faced with increasing pressure to reduce vehicle mass and thereby improve the economy,reduce emissions,and to enhance the vehicle safety and performance. Therefore,more and more vehicle structures are built using dis-similar materials such as steel,aluminum and magnesium[1]. Because of the different melting points and thermal conductivity between steel and aluminum alloys,it is difficult to join them by the fusion techniques[2]and therefore alternative methods are urgently needed.New generation of mechanical joining techni-ques for thin metal sheets have been developed,such as self-piercing riveting[3–7],friction stir welding[8,9],hybridized fric-tion stirring-riveting[10,11],bonding[12],and clinching.Among the various joining methods,mechanical clinching shown in Fig. 1has the ability to join dissimilar materials[13–16].It has been shown that clinching is environmentally friendly due to low energy requirements,low-noise,no fume emissions and typically involves little heating compared to resistance spot welding[15] and more efficient in mass production compared to friction stir weld[17]even though the strength of the clinching joint is lower than those of self-piercing riveted and friction stir joints.In addi-tion,it has the advantage of low running costs without a rivet if tool service life is guaranteed[18].To facilitate the use of me-chanical clinching for lighter,stronger and more cost-effective ve-hicle structures,design guidelines,and predictive capabilities for clinching parts design are required.Successful implementation of mechanical clinching requires the knowledge of issues related not only to processing but also joint performance.Figure1schematically shows the TOX clinch model[19].As shown,the joining punch moves to the die and exerts a press force on the workpieces to be joined.The material of the workpieces is placed below the punch and penetrated down to the die bottom. Then,the material is upset between the punch and die such that a radial materialflow occurs toward the outside.The die lamellae opening during the upsetting phase controls the radial material flow such that an undercut is created between the materials to be joined on the punch and die side.The main geometrical parame-ters describing a clinching joint are shown in Fig.2.As shown, undercut between the upper and lower workpieces,neck thickness of upper workpieces and bottom thickness are three primary sec-tion parameters.The undercut and neck thickness determine the strength of the clinching joint while the bottom thickness can be used to monitor the quality of the joint[20].To improve the strength of mechanical clinching joint,it is important to increase the undercut as well as the neck thickness of the upper sheet[21]. In general,three basic modes of failure have been observed when a joint is loaded[21–23].The Insufficient undercut and neck thickness may result in the joints failed in the button pull-out mode(shown in Fig.3(a))and neck cracking mode(shown in Fig. 3(b)).It has been shown that button pull-out failure mode is the separation of the upper and lower workpieces mainly due to minor geometrical interlocking of the mechanical clinching joint caused by insufficient deformation,while neck cracking failure mainly resulted from an insufficient amount of material in the neck of upper workpieces,which can attribute to the smaller clearance of the tool diameter or deeper die depth of die which leads to exces-sive elongation in the region of the joint neck,causing the forma-tion of a crack[22].Both result in the joints having low joint strengths.If there is a good balance between the neck thickness and undercut,a mix failure mode(shown in Fig.3(c))with a combina-tion of button pull-out and neck cracking may occur.In this fail-ure mode,one edge of the joint fails,whilst the other is deformed in thefirst stage.Subsequently,the workpieces separate without any further fracture.Because of the joint subsequently opens as a press-stud during the workpieces are deformed,a high shear load can be accommodated with this failure mode.Therefore,the joints1Corresponding author.Contributed by the Manufacturing Engineering Division of ASME for publicationin the J OURNAL OF M ANUFACTURING S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING.Manuscript receivedDecember29,2013;final manuscript received April29,2014;published online May21,2014.Assoc.Editor:Donggang Yao.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering AUGUST2014,Vol.136/041016-1Copyright V C2014by ASMEfailure in a mixed failure mode has been evaluated the best mode and have the desired joint strength [23].The experimental and various numerical investigations showed that the strength of the clinching joint was closely related to the punch force,section parameters of joints [21,24–28],geometric parameters of punch and die [21,22,29–31],thickness and me-chanical properties of the clinching workpieces [32–35].Though a majority of analytical models were developed to estimate the strength of the clinching joints [36–41],the variation in material properties of the lower sheet on the clinchability was rarely stud-ied.Lee et al.[21]proposed Eqs.(1)and (2),for estimating the strengths of the joints failed by neck cracking and button pull-out,respectively.According to Eqs.(1)and (2),the strength of the clinching joint is determined by the mechanical properties of the upper sheet,punch radius R P ,neck thickness t N ,undercut t U ,and friction coefficient l (as shown in Fig.2).F N ¼r f ÁA N ¼p 2R P t N þt 2N ÀÁÁr f (1)F B ¼p Á2R P t N þt 2N ÀÁÁr y Á1þl =tan a l =tan a 1Àt Nt U þt N!l =tan a (2)It is obvious that Eqs.(1)and (2)ignore the effect of mechanical properties of the lower sheet.In fact,as a mechanical joining method,both upper and lower sheets involve the severe local plas-tic deformation.The mechanical properties of the lower sheet may change its deformation resistance and formability,which might have an influence on the strength of the clinching joint.Therefore,to evaluate the strength of the clinching joints,the influence of the mechanical properties of the lower sheets must be considered.As the workpieces to be joined may subject to various manufacturing processes (e.g.,stamping,trimming,etc.)prior to clinching,the workpieces often are held various times at ambient temperature after solution treatment (T4condition).As a result,the material may age,and thus the initial state (such as,strength,ductility)of the clinching workpieces may change,which may result in a variation of the strength of the clinching joint.There-fore,the development of clinching process will require detailed understanding on the effect of aging on the joint strength of the clinching joints.In this study 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel and 1.0mm thick aluminum AA 6111-T4were selected as upper workpiece and lower workpiece,respectively,to investigate the effect of mechanical properties of the lower workpiece on the strength of the clinching joints.To change the mechanical proper-ties of the lower sheet,AA6111-T4aluminum was first treated with solution treatment and then aged for various times at ambient temperature.Then,galvanized SAE1004steel and aluminum AA6111-T4aged with various times were clinching.The effectofFig.3Failure modes of the mechanical clinching joint:(a )button pull-out,(b )neck cracking,and (c )mixfailureFig.1The principle of clinching with a round tool [19]Fig.2Primary section parameters of the clinching jointTable 1Chemical composition of galvanized SAE1004steel (mass %)CMg P S Fe Galvanized SAE1004steel0.02–0.060.35max0.03max0.035maxBal.Table 2Chemical composition of AA6111-T4aluminum (mass %)SiMg Cu Mn Fe Zn Ti Cr Al AA6111-T4aluminum1.150.720.700.270.260.160.150.11Bal.Table 3Mechanical properties of SAE1004steel and AA6111-T4Yield strength(MPa)Tensile strength(MPa)Elongation (%)SAE1004Steel 151.12288.7843.84AA6111-T4Aluminum151.27290.7923.45041016-2/Vol.136,AUGUST 2014Transactions of the ASMEmechanical properties of the lower aluminum workpiece on the section parameters and strength of the joints were measured.Finally,an analytical model was proposed to elaborate the effect of mechanical properties of the aged aluminum on the strength of the clinching steel-aluminum joints.2Experimental Procedure2.1Material.0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel and 1.0mm thick aluminum AA6111-T4were used.Per the manufac-turers’data sheet,the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of galvanized SAE 1004steel and aluminum AA6111-T4are given in Tables 1–3,respectively.2.2Heat Treatment of AA6111-T4Aluminum.Since alu-minum AA6111-T4would be naturally aged in the ambient environment,it was heat-treated first in solution at 550 C for 30min to make that the material properties are consistent.Then,solution heat-treated AA6111-T4was natural aged for various times (i.e.,0,5,10,15,20days)at ambient temperature.2.3Mechanical Properties Tests.To study the variations of the mechanical properties of AA6111-T4aluminum sheets after solution-natural aging,the mechanical properties were measured by MTS 810materials test system according to ASTM E8-04.Static tests were performed at room temperature at a stroke rate of 2mm/min.Standard tensile specimens shown in Fig.4were used.The engineering strain versus stress curves was automatically recorded.Three replicates were performed,and the average yield strength,tensile strength and elongation were reported.2.4Joint Fabrication.To investigate the effect of the me-chanical properties of AA6111-T4aluminum on the strength of the clinching joints,lap-shear specimens with an overlap length of 15mm shown in Fig.5were fabricated using TOX CEB15Hy-draulic and Pneumatic Clinch System with TOX@SKB die as shown in Fig.6.As shown,the SKB die has both solid and flexi-ble segments.The clinching workpieces and the punch are cen-tered by the fixed segments,and thereby guaranteeing that the joint formation is perfectly concentric.The mobile elements between the solid segments allow an undercut of the materials in the joint.The coupons with a size of 38.1Â126mm which simu-lates the joint pitch for automotive components were machined from 1.0mm thick aged AA6111-T4aluminum and 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel workpieces.The rolling direction is parallel to the longer axis of the coupons.In all cases,galvanized SAE1004steel was placed as the upper workpiece while the aged aluminum AA6111-T4was placed as the lower workpiece.Before fabricating a test sample,a proper set of joining process parame-ters must be determined.This is a trial and error process.Utilizing existing guidelines for joint quality,satisfactory process parame-ters are determined by a combination of visual inspection and static joint performance.Table 4lists the process parameters for the clinching process.The joint strength was evaluated bytheFig.4Configuration of specimen for tensile testing (dimen-sion inmm)Fig.5Configuration of a lap-shear joint (dimension inmm)Fig.6Configuration of TOX@SKB diesTable 4Process parameters used for clinching of 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004and 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4aluminum Punch diameter (mm)Die diameter (mm)Die depth (mm)Punch force (kN)5.68.21.248Fig.7Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of AA6111-T4aluminumJournal of Manufacturing Science and EngineeringAUGUST 2014,Vol.136/041016-3peak load.Three replicates were performed,and the average peak loads were reported.2.5Characterization of Clinching Steel-to-Aluminum Joints.To investigate the quality of the clinching steel-to-alumi-num joints,the joints were characterized by three section parame-ters,namely,undercut,neck thickness,and bottom thickness.The joints were sectioned and examined by optical microscope to mea-sure the section parameters.Three specimens were examined for each condition and three replicates for every section parameter were measured and the average values were reported.2.6Quasi-Static Testing.Quasi-static tests were performed by loading each specimen to failure in a MTS 810tester.To mini-mize the bending stresses inherent in the testing of lap-shear specimens,filler plates were attached to both ends of the sample using masking tape to accommodate the sample offset as shown in Fig.5.Load versus displacement curves were obtained as the specimens were loaded at a stroke rate of 2mm/min.Three repli-cates were performed,and the average peak loads were reported.Postfailure analysis was performed with optical microscopy to study the failure mechanisms.3Results and Discussion3.1Effect of Aging on Mechanical Properties of AA6111-T4Aluminum.To investigate the effect of aging on the mechani-cal properties of AA6111-T4aluminum,AA6111-T4aluminum was solution-aged for various times at ambient temperature and then tested quasi-statically.Figure 7presents the effect of aging time on the mechanical properties (i.e.,tensile strength,yield strength,ductility,and yield ratio (i.e.,the ratio of yield strength to tensile strength)of AA6111-T4aluminum.As shown,with an increase in natural aging time,the tensile strength,yield strength,and yield ratio increased while the elongation decreased.The changes were particularly pronounced for aging time between 0and 5days.The strengthening of AA6111-T4aluminum from natural aging primarily resulted from the block of the solute atom clusters to the motion dislocation [41].As the aging time increased,moresoluteFig.8Effect of aging time on the cross-section of clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to AA6111-T4aluminum joints:(a )0,(b )5,(c)10,(d )15,and (e )20daysFig.9Effect of yield strength of aged AA6111-T4aluminum on the section parameters of the clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4joints041016-4/Vol.136,AUGUST 2014Transactions of the ASMEatoms were aggregated by diffusion to form the cluster and the size of clusters increased in the ambient condition.As a result,the strength of aged aluminum increased with an increase in aging time.As the aging time exceeded 5days,the short range solute atoms had been consumed to form the clusters.The formation and growth of new clusters relied on the aggregation of long range sol-ute atoms.Since low diffusion ability of solute atoms in the ambi-ent condition made it difficult for the long range atoms to aggregate and form the clusters continuously,the solute cluster barely grew after aging 5days.Consequently,the strength of aged AA6111-T4aluminum increased slightly.These results suggest that the natural aging increased the strength and decreased the ductility of AA6111-T4aluminum.3.2Section Parameters of Clinching Galvanized SAE1004Steel-Aged AA6111-T4Aluminum.Since natural aging affected the mechanical properties of aluminum AA6111-T4,one concern is if the variation of the material properties would affect the qual-ity of the clinching joints.To examine the joint quality,clinching 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel (upper sheet)and 1.0mm thick aged AA6111-T4aluminum joints (lower sheet)were fabri-cated with a 1.2mm depth SKB die under a punch force of 48KN.The clinching joints were cross-sectioned and the results areshown in Fig.8.It can be seen from Fig.8that steel and aluminum workpieces were interlocked intimately.Experimental observations indicated that the section parame-ters,such as the undercut,neck thickness,and the residual bottom thickness,shown in Fig.2,play an important role in affecting the joint strength [24–28].To examine if the aging of AA6111-T4aluminum affects the joint strength,the correlation among the yield strength,yield ratio and section parameters (i.e.,undercut,neck thickness,and bottom thickness)were plotted and shown in Figs.9and 10.As shown,with the increase in yield strength (Fig.9)and yield ratio (Fig.10)of aged aluminum AA6111-T4,the undercut of the clinching joint decreased while the bottom thickness increased.But the change in neck thicknesses was little.Apparently,a decrease in undercut and an increase in residual bot-tom thickness were primarily attributed to both low ductility and high yield stress and yield ratio of aged aluminum,restricting the deformation and radial material flow during the clinching.3.3Strength of Clinching Galvanized SAE1004Steel-Aged AA6111-T4Aluminum.Clinching 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004steel and 1.0mm thick aged AA6111-T4aluminum joints were tested quasi-statically and the failure modes areshownFig.10Effect of yield ratio of aged AA6111-T4aluminum on the section parameters of the clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4jointsFig.11Effect of aging time on the failure modes of the clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4joints.(a )0,(b )5,(c )10,(d )15,and (e )20daysFig.12Relationship among yield strength and yield ratio of aged AA6111-T4aluminum and strength of clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4jointsJournal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering AUGUST 2014,Vol.136/041016-5in Fig.11.As sown,though aged AA6111-T4aluminum had a distinctly influence on the section parameters,all the clinching joints had the similar failure mode,a mixed button pull-out and neck cracking failure.These results suggested that the strengthen-ing of aged AA6111-T4aluminum likely affected little the joint strength.However,test results shown in Fig.12indicated that the strength of the clinching joints increased with increasing the yield strength and yield ratio of the aged aluminum.To understand how the yield strength and yield ratio affected the joint strength,the section parameters of the joints were correlated with the yield strength of aged AA6111-T4and the correlations are shown in Fig.13.As shown,the joint strength increased with the increase of bottom sheet thickness and decreased with the increase of undercut.These results suggested that the strengthening of aged aluminum is beneficial to the strength of the clinching joints.The increase in joint strength caused by the strengthening of aluminum likely offset the decrease in joint strength caused by the low undercut,which will be discussed in Sec.3.4.3.4Effect of Aged AA6111-T4Aluminum on Joint Strength.As discussed in Secs.3.2and 3.3,though the strength-ening of aged AA6111-T4workpiece had an adverse effect on the undercut,it is beneficial to the strength of the clinching joints.These results suggested that the aged aluminum likely enhanced the mechanical interlock between the upper steel and lower alumi-num workpieces even though the undercut of the joints decreased.To understand the effect of mechanical properties of aged AA6111-T4on the interlock of the workpieces,an analytical model is put forward as shown in Fig.14.In this model,based on the section observations shown in Fig.8,the undercut between the upper and lower workpieces is taken to start from the half of the thickness of the lower workpiece (i.e.,A point in Fig.14)to end at the corner of the upper workpieces button (i.e.,C point in Fig.14).Under this circumstance,the angle of the interlock region shown in Fig.14can be estimated as follows:tan a ¼t U H m þ12d 2À12t B(3)where t U is the undercut,H m is the die depth,and d 2is the thick-ness of the lower workpiece.Experimental observations revealed that the clinching joints failed by slowly pulling out the button from the lower workpiece while the button rotated,and eventually the joints failed in a mixed button pull-out and neck cracking.To simplify the model,the button is assumed to rotate clockwise around point O in the lower workpiece shown in Fig.14.The stress distribution of the button in the upper workpiece under an applied F shown in Fig.14is analyzed next.As shown in Fig.14,F stands for the load applied to the clinch-ing joints and N and f ¼l N represent the contact pressure and fric-tion between the upper and lower workpieces of the clinching joints,respectively.The frictional force,f ,can be decomposed into a lateral and a vertical components.The vertical component restrains the button from pulling out of the lower workpieces while the lateral component pushes the button rotating around point O in the lower workpiece.Both induce the interlock forces between the upper and lower workpieces,which determines the strength of the clinching joints.Since the contact pressure N and frictional force f develop at the location B under an applied F ,the maximum interlock force occurs at this location.With these sim-plifications,the joint strength (applied load F )can be estimated byF ¼4Ásin a þl cos a ðÞÁt U þt N þR P ðÞN2H m þd 1þd 2Àt B(4)It can be seen in Eq.(4)that the joint strength F is proportionate to the contact pressure N .During the clinching,the punch force pushes the materials flowing into a die and forces the upper work-piece to undercut the lower workpiece to form a local permanent set and a mechanical interlock between the workpieces.It is obvious that the undercut is the results of the plastic deformation of the lower workpiece under the contact pressure N of the upper workpiece.Therefore,the contact pressure N (in Eq.(4))is related to the deformation resistance of the lower workpiece.Assuming the plastic deformation of AA6111-T4aluminum workpiece is in accordance with the von Mises yield criterion as in the followingequation:Fig.13Relationship among undercut,bottom thickness and strength of clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4jointsFig.14Simplified model of a clinching joint under quasi-staticlap-shearloadingFig.15Stresses acting on the lower sheet in the interlock region of a clinching joint041016-6/Vol.136,AUGUST 2014Transactions of the ASMEr 2s¼12r 1Àr 2ðÞ2þr 1Àr 3ðÞ2þr 2Àr 3ðÞ2h i (5)where r 1,r 2,and r 3are the principal stresses in the interlock region.The values of r 1,r 2,and r 3can be expressed according to Fig.15as follows:r x ¼r y ¼r N cos a þlr N sin a ¼r 1¼r 2(6)r z ¼r N sin a Àlr N cos a ¼r 3(7)where r N is the press stress,which is the contact pressure per unit of area on the interface applied by the upper workpiece during the bining Eqs.(5)–(7),the press stress r N can be obtainedr N ¼r scos a ð1þl ÞÀsin a ð1Àl Þ(8)It is noted that the undercut was formed between the joined materials.The plastic deformation of the lower workpiece is actually restrained by both die and upper workpiece during the clinching.Once the clinching is completed and the clinching workpieces are removed from the die,the restraint from the die is relived while the restraint from the upper workpiece remains after clinching.Therefore,a spring back in the lower workpiece is developed after clinching,which produced by the elastic recovery and may release the contact pressure N between the upper and lower workpieces.Because the spring back is closely related to the material properties [42,43],high yield strength and yield ratio r s /r b may result in low formability and significant spring back af-ter plastic deformation [44].Therefore,to evaluate the effect of spring back on the joint strength,we assumed the spring back is proportional to the yield strength and yield ratio of the material and characterized by an imaginary force P shown in Fig.15,which is expressed by an empirical formula:P ¼b r s =r b ðÞr s(9)where r s /r b is the yield ratio and b is the empirical parameter that is determined by the formability of the materials.It can be season-ably assumed that the higher the formability is,the lower the b value is.The actual value of residual press stress r N after spring back can be estimated according to Eq.(10)as follows:r AN ¼1cos a ð1þl ÞÀsin a ð1Àl ÞÀb r s =r b ðÞr s (10)The actual value of contact pressure N existed on the interface between the upper and lower workpieces can be obtained by the following equation:N ¼r N ÁS ¼p t U þt N ðÞ2þ2R P t U þt N ðÞh ir AN (11)where S is the effective action area of r N ,which is the projectionarea of the button shown in bining Eqs.(4)and (11),the strength of the clinching joints,F ,can be estimated using Eq.(12)F ¼4p Ásin a þl cos a ðÞÁt U þt N þR P ðÞt U þt N ðÞ2þ2R P t U þt N ðÞh im 12BÁr AN (12)According to Eqs.(8)–(12),the strengthening caused by natural aging increases the resistance of plastic deformation of AA6111-T4aluminum.This strengthening may decrease the undercut of the joints,which is unfavorable to the joint strength.To compensate this,the upper galvanized SAE1004steel workpiece must exert a large press force r N on the lower workpiece to ensure the undercut during the clinching.Therefore,there may exist significant contact pressure N on the interface between the upper and lower workpie-ces to interlock them together after clinching.The large contact pressure,N ,increases significantly the friction between the upper and lower workpieces to restrain pulling out and rotating the but-ton,which is favorable to the increase of the joint strength.To estimate the joint strength,there is a need to set a suitable value of b to characterize the effect of spring back.As the free na-ture aged aluminum had good formability and low spring back while aged aluminum had low formability and high spring back,the value of b in Eq.(12)is assumed as 0.75for free nature aged aluminum while the value of b is 1.23for aged aluminum.The joint strengths were estimated by substituting the thicknesses of the workpieces (i.e.,d 1¼0.7mm and d 2¼1.0mm),the die and punch diameters in Table 4,the mechanical properties of the aged aluminum in Fig.7and the section parameters of the clinching joints in Figs.9and 10into Eq.(12).Figure 16presents the com-parison of the modeling results with the experimental measure-ments.As shown,the modeling results are consistent with the experimental measurements.4Conclusion(1)Natural aging of aluminum AA6111-T4at ambient tempera-ture increased the tensile and yield strengths and decreased the elongation of aluminum,which resulted in a decrease in undercut and an increase in bottom thickness of the clinching galvanized SAE1004and AA6111-T4aluminum.(2)Aged AA6111-T4aluminum increased the strength of the clinching 0.7mm thick galvanized SAE1004to 1.0mm thick AA6111-T4joints even though it decreased the undercut of the clinching joints.(3)An analytical model has been developed to estimate the strength of the clinching steel-to-aluminum joints.Based on the model,the influence of aged aluminum AA6111-T4on the joint strength was primarily attributed to the strengthening of alumi-num,which required large force to make the undercut in the lower AA6111-T4aluminum workpiece during the clinching.Therefore,large residual press stresses existed on the surface of the lower workpiece to lock the upper workpiece after clinching.AcknowledgementThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical support provided by GM-Research and Development to carry out the present work.References[1]Miller,W.S.,Zhuang,L.,Bottema,J.,Wittebrood,A.J.,De Smet,P.,Haszler,A.,and Vieregge,A.,2000,“Recent Development in Aluminum Alloys for the Automotive Industry,”Mater.Sci.Eng.A ,280,pp.37–49.Fig.16Comparison of calculated and measured strengths of clinching 0.7mm thick SAE1004and 1.00mm thick AA6111-T4jointsJournal of Manufacturing Science and EngineeringAUGUST 2014,Vol.136/041016-7。
