The Moderating Effect of CEO Power on the Board Composition–Firm Performance Relationship

REFERENCESAhluwalia, R., Burnkrant, R., & Unnava, R., (2000) Consumer Response to Negative Publicity: The Moderating Role of Commitment, Journal of Marketing Research,37, May, 203-214Ahluwalia, R., (2000) Examination of Psychological Processes Underlying Resistance to Persuasion, Journal of Consumer Research, 27,2, September, p217 Ahluwalia, R., & Gurhan-Canli, Z., (2000) The e=Effects of Extensions on the Family Brand Name: An Accesibility-Diagnosticity Perspective, Journal of ConsumerResearch, 27,2, December, p371Alba, J., & Hutchinson, J.W., (1990) Dimensions of Consumer Expertise, Journal of Consumer Research, 13, March, 411-454Barringer, B., & Harrison, J., (2000) Walking a Tightrope: Creating Value Through Interorganizational Relationships, Journal of Management, 26,3, May p367 Belch, G., & Belch, M., (1987) The Application of an Expectancy ValueOperationalization of Function Theory to Examine Attitudes of Boycotters andNonboycotters of a Consumer Product, in Advances in Consumer Research, 14,eds. Wallendorf, M and Anderson, P., Provo, UT: Association of ConsumerResearch, 232-236Berman, S., Wicks, A., Kotha, S., & Jones, T., (1999) Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship Between Stakeholder Management Models and FirmFinancial Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 42,5, Oct. 488-506 Bettinghaus, E. P., (1973) Persuasive Communication, 2nd ed. Holt: New York Bettman, J., (1979) An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Advances in Marketing SeriesBrown, C. & Carpenter G., (2000) Why is the Trivial Important? A Reason Based Account for the Effects of Trivial Attributes on Choice, Journal of ConsumerResearch, 26,4, March, p372Brown, T., & Dacin. P., (1997) The Company and the Product: Corporate Associations and Consumer Product Responses, Journal of Marketing, 61, 68-84 Buchholtz, A., Amason, A., &Rutherford, M., (1999) Beyond Resources: The Mediating Effect of Top Management Discretion and Values on Corporate Philanthropy,Business and Society,38,2, Jun 167-187Collins, A., & Loftus, E., (1975) A Spreading Activation Theory of Semantic Processing, Psychological Review, 82, 407-428Costley, C., Brucks, M., (1992) Selective Recall and Information Use in Consumer Preferences, Journal of Consumer Research, 18,4, March, p464-475Dawar, N., & Pilluta, M., (2000) Impact of Product-Harm Crises on Brand Equity: The Moderating Role of Consumer Expectations, Journal of Marketing Research, 37,May 215-226Drumwright, M., (1996) Company Advertising with a Social Dimension: The Role of Noneconomic Criteria, Journal of Marketing, 60, 71-87File, K., & Prince, R., (1998) Cause-Related Marketing and Corporate Philanthropy in the Privately Held Enterprise, Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 1529-1539Freeman, R., (1994) Ethical Theory and Business. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prince HallGarbarino, E., & Edell, J., (1997) Cognitive Effort, Affect, and Choice, Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 147-158Griffin, J., Mahon, J., (1997) The Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance Debate: Twenty-Five Years of Incomparable Research, Business &Society, 36,1, 5-31Kahn, B. & Isen A., (1993) The Influence of Positive Affect on Variety Seeking Among Safe Enjoyable Products, Journal of Consumer Research, 20,2, September, p257 Keller, K., & Aaker, D., (1995) Managing the Corporate Brand: The Effects of Corporate Images and Brand Extensions, working paper, 1995 in Building Strong Brands,New York: Free Press.Kirmani, A., (1990) The Effects of Perceived Advertising Cost on Brand Perceptions, Journal of Consumer Research, 17,2, September, p160-172Mandler, G., (1982) The Structure of Value: Accounting for Taste, in Perception, Cognition, and Development; Interactional Analysis, eds. Clarke, M. and Fiske, S., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 3-36MacInnis, D., & Jaworski, B., (1989) Information Processing form Advertisement: Toward an Integrative Framework. Journal of Marketing,53, 1-23Mescon, T., & Tilson, D., (1987) Corporate Philanthropy: A Strategic Approach to the Bottom Line. California Management Review, 2, 49-61Meyers-Levy, J., & Tybout, A., (1989) Schema Congruity as a Bases for Product Evaluation, Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 39-54Meyers-Levy, J., & Malaviya, P., (1999), Consumer Processing of Persuasive Advertisments: AN Intergretive Framework of Persuasion Theories, Journal ofMarketing, 63, 45-60Michael Peters Group (1991), in Environmental Consumer Market, Kashmanian, R., ed.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC.Mick, D., (1992) Levels of Subjective Comprehension in Advertising Processing and their Relations to ad Perceptions, Attitudes, and Memory, Journal of ConsumerResearch, 14,2, March, p411Netemeyer et al., (2001), Facets of Customer Based Brand Equity as a Predictor of Brand-Related Response Variables. Working Paper, Louisiana StateUniversityPark, C., Mothersbaugh, D., & Feick, L., (1994) Consumer Knowledge Assessment, Journal of Consumer Research, 21,1, June, p71-83Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J., (1986) The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19 ed. Berkowitz, L., New York,Academic Press, Inc. 123-205Pullig, C., (2000), The Effects of Negative Events and Firm Responses on Brand Associations, Organizational Associations, and Brand Evaluations. ADissertation, Louisiana State UniversityRasmusson, E., (1997) Cause and Effect, Sales and Marketing Management, 7, 96Ross J., Stutts, M., & Patterson, L., (1991) Tactical Considerations for the Effective Use of Cause-Related Marketing. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 7,2, 58-64Ross J., Patterson, L., & Stutts, M.,(1992) Consumer Perceptions of Organizations that Use Cause-Related Marketing. The Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20,1, 93-97Sanchez, C., M. (2000) Motives for Corporate Philanthropy in El Salvador: Altruism and Political Legitimacy. The Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 363-375 Skowronski, J., & Carlston, D., (1989) Negativity and Extremity Biases in Impression Formation: A Review of Explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 105,1, 131-142Smith, C., (1994) The New Corporate Philanthropy. Harvard Business Review, May-June 105-116Solomon, M.,(1999) Consumer Behavior, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall.Stayman, D., Alden, D., & Smith, K., (1992) Some Effects of Schematic Processing on Consumer Expectations and Disconfirmation Judgments, Journal of ConsumerResearch, 19, 240-255Stendardi, E., (1992) Corporate Philanthropy: The Redefinition of Enlighten Self-nterest.The Social Science Journal, 29,1, 21-30Tokarski, K., (1999) Give and Thou Shall Receive. Public Relations Quarterly, 44,2 34-40Tybout, A., Calder, B., & Sternthal (1981) Using Information Processing Theory to Design Marketing Strategies. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 73-79 Ulmer, R. & Sellnow, T., (2000) Consistent Questions of Ambiguity in Organizational Crisis Communication: Jack in the Box as a Case Study. Journal of BusinessEthics, 25,2, May 143-155Urbany, J., Bearden, W., & Weibaker D., (1988) The Effect of Plausible and Exaggerated Reference Price on Consumer Perceptions and Price Search, Journal of Consumer Research, 15,1, June, p95 111Varadarajan, P.R., & Menon, A., (1988) Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy, Journal of Marketing, 52, 58-74 Wansink, B., (1989) The Impact of Source Reputation on Inferences About Unadvertised Attributes, in Advances in Consumer Research, 16, Surll, T., ed. Provo, UT:Association of Consumer Research 399-406Williams, R. & Barret, J.D., (2000) Corporate Philanthrophy, Criminal Activity, and Firm Reputation: is There a Link?, Journal of Business Ethics, 26, August 341-350Wright, P., (1986), Schemer Schema: Consumers’ Intuitive Theories About Marketers’ Influence Tactics, in Advances in Consumer Research, 13, Lutz, R., ed. Provo,UT: Association of Consumer Research 1-3Zaichkowsky, J., (1985), Measuring the Involvement Construct, Journal of Consumer Research, 12, December 341-353APPENDIX A: EXPERIMENTAL STIMULIProactive General ReebokReebok Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Reebok announces the release of its newest line of athletic shoes. Reebok executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Reebok executives announced a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Reebok’s CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Reebok.”Proactive Directed ReebokReebok Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Reebok announces the release of its newest line of athletic shoes. Reebok executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Reebok executives announced a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Reebok’s CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Reebok.”Control ReebokReebok Releases its New Line(AP Newswire) Reebok announces the release of its newest line of athletic shoes. Reebok executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries.Proactive General AccentAccent Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited a bout their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Accent executives announced a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Accent’s CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Accent.”Proactive Directed AccentAccent Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Accent executives announced a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Accent’s CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Accent.”Reactive General AccentAccent Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Accent’s excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Accent officials promise a statement very soon.Accent Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Accent. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Accent organization, however Accent must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected. Additionally, he stated the Accent would make a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute.Reactive Directed AccentAccent Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Accent’s excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Accent officials promise a statement very soon.Accent Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Accent. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Accent organization, however Accent must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected. Additionally, he stated the Accent would make a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute.Control No Scandal AccentAccent Releases its New Line(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries.Control Scandal AccentAccent Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent, a new brand of athletic shoe designed to compete with leading brands, announces the release of its latest line. Accent executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Accent’s excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Accent officials promise a statement very soon.Accent Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Accent CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Accent. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Accent organization, however Accent must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected.APPENDIX B : PILOT STUDY QUESTIONNAIRESReebok GeneralQuestionnaireA. While considering the information contained in the news release, please answer the following questions regarding Reebok brand athletic shoes.1. Compared to other brands of athletic shoes Reebok is of very high quality.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 72. Reebok consistently performs better than all other brands of athletic shoes.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 73. If you were considering the purchase of a pair of athletic shoes, how likely is it that you would purchase Reebok?Highly unlikely Highly likely1 2 3 4 5 6 74. Reebok is a socially responsible company.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 75. I can always count on Reebok brand of athletic shoes for consistent high quality.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 76. Reebok is a good corporate citizen.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 77. Rate the probability that you would buy Reebok’s if you were considering the purchase of athleticshoes.Not at all probable Very probable1 2 3 4 5 6 78. Reebok is a company that benefits society.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 7B. Please circle the appropriate response regarding the new release you read.1. In the news release was there a donation to a charity directed toward African Americans?yes no2. In the news release was there a donation made in response to a scandal?yes no3. To what extent was the philanthropy in the new release directed toward African-Americans?To no extent To a great extent1 2 3 4 5 6 74. To what extent was the philanthropy a part of the response to the scandal?To no extent To a great extent1 2 3 4 5 6 7C. These last questions are for classification purposes only.1. What is you gender? (please circle one)Male FemaleWhat is your ethnic background? (please check one)African-American _______Asian-American _______Caucasian-American _______Hispanic-American _______Other (please specify) _______Accent GeneralQuestionnaireA. While considering the information contained in the news release, please answer the following questions regarding Accent brand athletic shoes.1. Compared to other brands of athletic shoes Accent is of very high quality.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 72. Accent consistently performs better than all other brands of athletic shoes.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 73. If you were considering the purchase of a pair of athletic shoes, how likely is it that you would purchase Accent?Highly unlikely Highly likely1 2 3 4 5 6 74. The company that markets Accent brand athletic shoes is a socially responsible company.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 75. I can always count on Accent brand of athletic shoes for consistent high quality.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 76. The company that markets Accent brand athletic shoes is a good corporate citizen.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 77. Rate the probability that you would buy Accent’s if you were considering the purchase of athleticshoes.Not at all probable Very probable1 2 3 4 5 6 78. The company that markets Accent brand athletic shoes is a company that benefits society.Strongly disagree Strongly agree1 2 3 4 5 6 7B. Please circle the appropriate response regarding the new release you read.1. In the news release was there a donation to a charity directed toward African Americans?yes no2. In the news release was there a donation made in response to a scandal?yes no3. To what extent was the philanthropy in the new release directed toward African-Americans?To no extent To a great extent1 2 3 4 5 6 74. To what extent was the philanthropy a part of the response to the scandal?To no extent To a great extent1 2 3 4 5 6 7C. These last questions are for classification purposes only.1. What is you gender? (please circle one)Male FemaleWhat is your ethnic background? (please check one)African-American _______Asian-American _______Caucasian-American _______Hispanic-American _______Other (please specify) _______APPENDIX C: MAIN STUDY EXPERIMENTAL STIMULIProactive General ConverseConverse Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Converse executives announced a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Converse’ CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Converse.”Proactive Directed ConverseConverse Releases its New Lineand Philanthropic Initiative(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. Additionally, Converse executives announced a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute as part of it philanthropic activity. Converse’ CEO stated; “helping to improve society is a core value at Converse.”Reactive General ConverseConverse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Converse. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected. Additionally, he stated the Converse would make a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute.Reactive Directed ConverseConverse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Converse. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected. Additionally, he stated the Converse would make a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute.Control No Scandal ConverseConverse Releases its New Line(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries.Control Scandal ConverseConverse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that the company fired the six senior executives involved in racial discrimination practices at Converse. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected.Reactive General Converse Study 2Converse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that the company would make a million dollar contribution to the American Health Institute. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected.Reactive Directed Converse Study 2Converse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that the company would make a million dollar contribution to the African-American Health Institute. The CEO added that he does not believe that the action of the individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected.Control Scandal Converse Study 2Converse Releases its New Linein the Midst of Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse Inc. announces the release of its latest line of athletic shoes. Converse executives are very excited about their new adjustable cushion technology that makes this new line extremely responsive and lightweight, cutting down on potential injuries. However Converse’ excitement was dampened when a number of their senior managers admitted to racial discrimination against African-American employees when confronted with recordings of some high level meetings that surfaced. Converse officials promise a statement very soon.Converse Responds to Racial Scandal(AP Newswire) Converse CEO announced that he does not believe that the action of the six individuals in question in any way reflect the values or beliefs of the thousands of men and women in the Converse organization, however Converse must take responsibility and apologize to the employees that were effected.。

Journal of International Education and Development2022, VOL. 6, NO. 10, 89-95DOI: 10.47297/wspiedWSP2516-250016.20220610The Effect of Parental Helicopter Education on College Students' Anxiety Levels: The Moderating Effect of Mental ToughnessJinghui XiaSchool of Education, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Guangdong 510410, P.R.ChinaABSTRACTIn recent years, "parental helicopter education" has gradually becomemore and more popular, and more attention has been focused on theeffects of this education on children. In this paper, a questionnaire surveywas administered to 50 college students (both undergraduate andgraduate). After statistical analysis, p < 0.05 in the simple linearregression, parents' helicopter education had a significant effect oncollege students' anxiety level; in the linear regression under themoderating model, the interaction term p < 0.05; therefore, mentaltoughness had a significant moderating effect on the effect of parents'helicopter education on college students' anxiety level.KEYWORDSHelicopter education; Anxiety level; Mental toughness; Moderating effect1　IntroductionAfter the last century, four types of parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian, doting, and neglectful have been defined as traditional parenting styles. In the last decade, a new parenting style helicopter parenting style has been proposed, and this paper explores the style, which has only been noticed in recent years.[1]Parents always play an important role in the development of college students, and their parenting style influences their children's emotions and personalities in a subtle and long-term way. The "helicopter parenting style", as a kind of parenting style with high control characteristics, has the same characteristics as the "authoritative" and "authoritarian" parenting style, and may also have a negative impact on the growth of college students. It may also have a negative impact on the growth of college students.After the outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic in 2020, college students, as a special group, have high social expectations and are experiencing a change of roles from students to other identities. In this transition process, college students are often under pressure from different aspects, such as: parents, school, society, etc. Due to various factors, the phenomenon of anxiety is already common among the college students' group. In addition to these external factors and pressures, it needs to be further explored whether the "helicopter parenting style" of college parents affects the anxiety level of college students to a certain extent. At the same time, whether mental toughness, as an essential human quality, can moderate the anxiety level of college students to a certain extent is also an aspect of concern in this paper.This study hypothesized that "helicopter parenting style" would have an effect on "college students' anxiety level", but the "mental toughness level" developed later in life However, theJinghui Xia 90"mental toughness level" developed later in life may effectively help college students who grew up under the "helicopter parenting" environment to alleviate and regulate their inner anxiety, and help them develop and maintain a good mental health level.2　Theoretical Basis(1)　The state of research in China and other countriesIn the journal Psychological Science, Yujuan Xia and Fanchang Kong published "The connotation, impact and aftereffects of helicopter parenting" in 2021, in which they wrote that existing research has mainly focused on examining the association between helicopter parenting and children's developmental outcomes, finding that helicopter parenting has some positive effects on children, but that the negative effects are still predominant [1]. Mengxue Xu and Li Zhang published the article "Helicopter parenting: connotation, origin, impact and development", pointing out the concepts related to helicopter parenting, the characteristics of helicopter parenting, the measurement methods of helicopter parenting and the reasons that trigger helicopter parenting, laying the foundation for later in-depth research on helicopter parenting approaches.[2] In 2020, Lingdan Meng published her master's thesis, which focused on the interaction between helicopter parenting and children's social adjustment and its mediating mechanisms. She concluded that the higher the level of helicopter parenting, the lower the social adjustment of children in adolescence and early adulthood, including life satisfaction, peer relationships, school participation and emotional adjustment [3].The concept of 'Helicopter Parenting' is older and more comprehensively researched than in China. Back in 2018, Sinead Reilly and Maria Semkovska published 'An Examination of the Mediatory Role of Resilience in the Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting and Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Irish University Students',whose findings suggest that the relationship between perceived helicopter parenting and depressive symptoms is mediated through reduced resilience and that future research needs to investigate helicopter parenting in emerging adults as a means of reducing depression in university students and the rising prevalence of depression in the general population as potential targets for intervention [4]. In 2021, Hayes Katey N. and Turner Lisa A. in 'The Relation of Helicopter Parenting to Maladaptive Perfectionism in Emerging Adults' showed that parenting behaviours are associated with mal-adaption through the construct of emotional reactivity perfectionism is correlated. The importance of the behaviours associated with helicopter parenting and the differences in emerging adults' understanding of and responses to these behaviours are further illustrated.[5](2)　The relationship between parenting style and anxietyIt has been shown that both genes and environment are the main factors affecting anxiety and are difficult to change for each individual during the process of growing up.[6]Also, there is the question of whether parenting style has an impact on children's emotions. Previous studies have shown that there is a significant positive correlation between all dimensions of parental psychological control and all dimensions of adolescent anxiety.[7] Therefore, parenting style, as one of the environmental factors, also has a significant impact on adolescent anxiety levels. However, "helicopter parenting" is a new parenting style that has only been introduced in the last decade, and has only been gaining attention in recent years as an "excessive" and "high control" parenting style. It is assumed that this may also influence the anxiety level of college students.Journal of International Education and Development91 (3)　Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Mental T oughnessPrevious studies have shown that resilience and optimism in college students' psychological capital are significantly correlated with anxiety, and anxiety is significantly negatively correlated with resilience and optimism. The more resilient and optimistic college students have positive psychological capital, the lower their anxiety level is. Therefore, the higher the level of psychological resilience, the lower the level of psychological anxiety.[8](4)　Definition of related concepts1)　Definition of "helicopter educationAmerican scholars Foster Cline and Jim Fay first introduced the concept of "helicopter parenting" in their book "Parenting With Love And Logic". The term is used to refer to a phenomenon of excessive, high-control parenting by parents who hover over their children like helicopters, swooping down at any time to make decisions for their children or help them solve problems.[9]2)　Defining "Anxiety Levels"Anxiety is a negative emotional state in which an individual is overly worried and fearful about the future, and may be accompanied by physical symptoms and behavioral responses such as withdrawal. This includes generalized anxiety disorder.[10]3)　Definition of "mental toughness""Mental toughness" refers to a good quality of people, which refers to the ability of individuals to adapt well in the face of life trauma, threats, adversity or other major stresses, i.e. the ability to bounce back in the face of life stress and setbacks.[11]3　Research Methodology(1)　Technical routeThe questions developed by Walker and Nelson to measure "parental helicopter education", Spence's "Generalized Anxiety Disorder Subscale of the Anxiety Inventory" and the "Mental Toughness Scale" were administered to 50 Chinese college students (including master's degree students and undergraduate students). The data were then entered and processed using SPSS.(2)　Operation methodThe contents of the three scales were entered into the "Questionnaire Star" app, and the questionnaires were distributed to college students (including master students and undergraduates) in the form of online distribution. After the sample size reached 50, the data were compiled and exported, and the total scores of the three questionnaires were calculated separately. The total scores of the three questionnaires were used for statistical analysis and imported into SPSS statistical software. The independent variable was the total score of the "Parental Helicopter Education" scale, the dependent variable was the total score of the "Generalized Anxiety Disorder subscale of the Spence Anxiety Inventory" scale, and the moderating variable was the total score of the "Mental Toughness Scale The moderator variable was the total score of the "Mental Toughness Scale".Jinghui Xia (3)　ProceduresStep 1: The total scores of "Parental helicopter education" and "Generalized anxiety disorder subscale of Spence anxiety scale" were standardized, and then simple linear regression was performed on the standardized data to calculate the effect of the independent variable (parental helicopter education) on the dependent variable. The effect of parental helicopter education on the dependent variable (anxiety level of college students) was calculated.Step 2: Data were pooled in SPSS statistical software to calculate the means of the independent and moderating variables (level of mental toughness).Step 3: In the SPSS statistical software, the mean value of the independent variable calculated in the first step was subtracted from the original total score of the independent variable to perform the centering of the independent variable; the centering steps of the moderator variable were the same as the centering steps of the independent variable.Step 4: Calculate the adjustment term in SPSS statistical software, and multiply the centered independent variable value with the centered adjustment variable value.Step 5: Enter the linear regression analysis in SPSS statistical software to obtain the results.4　DiscussionAfter the simple linear regression analysis, Sig < 0.05 in the ANOVA table indicates that the coefficient test is significant, and the independent variable "parental helicopter education" can effectively predict the dependent variable "anxiety level of college students" with more than 95%. The conclusion was correct, and R²=0.736, which is consistent with the hypothesis mentioned above, that the more pronounced the behavior of "parental helicopter education", the higher the "anxiety level of college students".Model summarya. Predictors:(Constant),Total score of independent variablesANOVAAfter the linear regression analysis of the moderated model, the change of R² in the summary table of the model = 0.60 > 0.4, so it is believed that the new variable "mental toughness" explains more strongly the dependent variable "anxiety level", and "Mental toughness" plays a moderating role in the effect of "helicopter parenting" on "anxiety level of college students". In the table of coefficients a, the unstandardized coefficient of the moderator B = -0.09, which indicates that the moderator "mental toughness" plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between "parental helicopter education" and "anxiety level of college students". "The higher the level of mental toughness, the lower the anxiety level of college students; the lower the level of mental toughness, the higher the anxiety level of college students.Models1R .825a²R Square 0.736Adjusted R Square 0.73Std.Error of the Estimate 1.836R Square Change 0.736 F Change 133.498Df11Df248Sig.F Change <.00192Journal of International Education and Development a. Predictors:(Constant),Total score of the moderating variable and Total score of independent variablesModel summarya. Predictors:(Constant),Total score of the moderating variable and Total score of independent variablesb. Predictors:(Constant),Total score of the moderating variable, Total score of independent variables and ModeratoCoefficientsa. Dependent Variable: Total score of dependent variables5　ConclusionThe results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis proposed in the previous section, therefore, the following conclusion is made: "helicopter parenting style" affects "anxiety level of college students", and the level of anxiety produced by college students who grow up under this kind of education style The level of anxiety of college students growing up under such an education can be adjusted by the development of mental toughness later in life. In positive psychology, psychological resilience protects individuals in adverse situations and allows individuals who have been exposed to danger and trauma to recover from negative time. The results of this study suggest that mental resilience plays a good role in regulating anxiety. Moreover, it has been shown that individuals with high mental toughness have more social support and more positive ways of emotion regulation. Thus, mental toughness is a very important quality for individuals to help themModels12Models12Models R .886a².920b²R .886a².920b²R R Square 0.7860.846R Square 0.7860.846R Square Adjusted R Square 0.7770.835Adjusted R Square 0.7770.835Adjusted RSquare Std.Error of the Estimate 1.671.434Std.Error of the Estimate 1.671.434Std.Error of the Estimate R Square Change 0.7860.06R Square Change 0.7860.06R Square Change F Change 86.16217.804F Change 86.16217.804F Change Df121Df121Df1Df24746Df24746Df2Sig.F Change <.001<.001Sig.F Change <.001<.001Sig.F ChangeModels 12(Constant)Total score of independent variablesTotal score of the moderating variable(Constant)Total score of independent variablesTotal score of the moderating variableModerator Unstandardized B24.578-0.222-0.12427.315-0.220-0.159-0.009CoefficientsStd. Error 1.0680.1640.0371.1230.1410.0330.002Standardized Coefficients Beta -0.26-0.638-0.258-0.819-0.303t 23.012-1.355-3.31724.324-1.563-4.802-4.219Sig.<.0010.1820.002<.0010.125<.001<.00193Jinghui Xia 94cope with adversity, negative emotions, etc., and to help them maintain a good level of mental health in the face of adverse circumstances. Overall this study has some limitations:(1)This study used questionnaires to investigate the variables of "helicopter parenting style", "anxiety level of college students" and "mental toughness". The data were obtained from the self-report of the subjects, and the research method was relatively single.(2)Since this study focused on college students, the data collected and the results of the survey were limited because the subjects were in the schooling stage or in the age group preparing to enter the working stage. Other groups may have grown up in a "helicopter parenting" environment, which may also have an impact on their psychological status.(3)This study was conducted for a short period of time, and due to the time, this study only collected data on the current situation of the college students. Future studies can increase the time tracking, such as half a year, one year or normal, and increase the time points of tracking observation, so that we can further investigate the changes of research variables over time. And, there are fewer variables in this study. There are many other factors that may also be influenced by "helicopter parenting". Therefore, further research is needed, both in terms of time and variables.At present, more and more efficient and effective attention is being paid to the mental health of college students. For college students, the previous educational environment can no longer be changed, so they can only regulate their own anxiety level by improving their own mental toughness, thus helping them to maintain a good level of mental health. However, how to help college students or other individuals to cultivate and enhance their own "mental toughness level" is also a topic worth studying.About the AuthorJinghui Xia is undergraduate of Beijing Normal University(Zhuhai Campus), and her research field is educational psychology, psychological development and education.References[1] Xia, Y.J. & Kong, F.C. (2021). The connotation, impact and aftereffects of helicopter parenting. Psychological Science,44: 612-618.[2] Xu, M.X. & Zhang, L. (2017) .Helicopter parenting: connotation, origin, impact and development. ShanghaiEducational Research, 03: 15-20.[3] Meng L.D. (2020). The interaction between parental helicopter parenting and children's social adjustment and itsmediating mechanism. Thesis of Liaoning Normal University, 3: 74.[4] Reilly S. & Semkovska M. (2018). An Examination of the Mediatory Role of Resilience in the Relationship BetweenHelicopter Parenting and Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Irish University Students. Adolescent Psychiatry, 08: 32-47.[5] Hayes K.N. & Turner L.A. (2021) .The Relation of Helicopter Parenting to Maladaptive Perfectionism in EmergingAdults. Journal of Family Issues, 42: 2986-3000.[6] Brook C.A., Schmidt L.A. (2008) .Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors. NeuropsychiatricDisease and Treatment, 1: 123-123.[7] Sun L.P., Ju J.W., Jiang L.Q., et al. (2018) .The relationship between parental psychological control and adolescentanxiety: a cross-lagged study. Psychological Development and Education, 34: 758-768.[8] Liao J., Bai, R. & Luo, C. (2019) .The impact of positive psychological capital on anxiety in college freshmen. ChineseJournal of Health Psychology, 27: 1085-1088.[9] Masten A.S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, andtranslational synergy. Development & Psychopathology, 23: 493-506.[10] Zhao T.Y. (2016). The relationship between life events and anxiety in adolescents: the mediating role of copingstyles, solitude. Thesis of Harbin Normal University, 8: 62.Journal of International Education and Development95[11] Laible D. J., Carlo G., Roesch S.C., et al. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent andpeer attachment, empathy, and social behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 27: 703-716.。

组织变革担当的影响因素和效果探析-组织行为学论文-社会学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——摘要：变革担当是指员工自愿付出建设性努力来发起组织功能性变革, 以便在自己的岗位、部门或组织情境中更加有效地开展工作。

文章介绍了变革担当的概念、测量以及前因后效。

其中前因包括个体因素(如前瞻性人格、组织支持感、积极情绪等) 和情境因素(如工作自主性、管理开放性、创新氛围等) 两大类, 后效主要有工作绩效评价、工作态度和变革型领导知觉等。

未来的研究需要进一步完善测量工具、考察组织外部因素的影响、检验影响后效的其他调节因素以及探讨领导者的变革担当行为。

关键词：组织公民行为; 挑战行为; 变革担当; 影响因素; 影响效果;Abstract：In recent years, change-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) have received a great deal of attention from scholars in the field of managerial psychology. There has been growingemphasis on extra-role behavior or employee behavior that goes beyond role expectations in the organizational behavior literature. Scholars have argued that this phenomenon is critical for organizational effectiveness because managers cannot fully anticipate the activities that they may desire or need employees to perform. Although these extra-role activities are important, they are not sufficient for ensuring the continued viability of an organization, and organizations also need employees who are willing to challenge the present state of operations to bring about constructive changes. Hence, in this study, we focus on a form of extra-role behavior that has been largely neglected, namely taking charge.Taking charge refers to voluntary and constructive efforts by individual employees to affect organizationally functional change with respect to how work is executed within the contexts of their jobs, work units, or organizations. This paper introduced taking charges definition, measurement, and relationships with relevant variables, and then summarized the antecedents and consequences of such behavior. Taking charge is conceptually distinct from these more traditional forms of extra-role behavior, such as OCB, models that have been advanced to explain those behaviors are inappropriate for explaining taking charge, and scholars suggest that it is motivated by factors that have not previously been studied in the context of these more traditional forms of extra-role behavior. Taking charge may be viewed as threatening bypeers or supervisors. Thus, an employee who is trying to bring about improvement may actually incite disharmony and tension that will detract from performance.The factors that positively affect taking charge can be classified into two categories: (1) Individual-level factors, such as proactive personality, perceived organizational support and positive emotions; and (2) Contextual factors, such as job autonomy, management openness, and innovative climate. The consequences of taking charge that past research has examined include in-role performance evaluation, job satisfactory, affective commitment, and perception of transformational leadership. Finally, the paper recommends that future research should focus particularly on the following four aspects: (1) Improving the measurement of taking charge;(2) Examining the impact of factors outside the organizations (e.g., environment dynamism and industry competition) ; (3) Investigating more contingencies that moderate the consequences of taking charge, and (4) exploring the issue of leader taking charge in Chinese organizational context.This study expands current understanding of extra-role behavior and suggests ways in which organizations can motivate employees to go beyond the boundaries of their jobs to bring about positive changes. Despite a growing body of work in this area, existing research has provided a limited view of extra-role behavior by neglecting activities aimed at changing the status quo. We provideinsight into more challenging, risky and effortful forms of discretionary employee behavior. It thereby broadens current conceptualizations of extra-role behaviors within organizations, going beyond the more mundane cooperative and helping behaviors that have been the focus of the existing research.Keyword：organizational citizenship behavior; challenging behavior; taking charge; antecedents; consequences;1、前言长期以来, 组织行为学领域的学者对组织公民行为及其前因与后效一直保持着极大的研究热情。

加里·哈普斯特是《战胜混乱：领导自己和他人的圣经智慧》一书的作者。

他是LeadFirst的创始人兼首席执行官。

他是一位主题演讲者、作家和教师，他关注的领域包括领导力、商业和信仰在工作中的整合。

他曾被《Leadership Excellence》杂志评为全美100位管理和领导力领域的顶尖思想领袖之一。

人类的三种欲望可以成就我们，也可以毁灭我们● 文：Gary Harpst ● 责任编辑：付晓******************************Three Human Desires That Can Make or Break Us域外·OVERSEAS人的欲望是一把双刃剑。

一方面，我们人类的欲望——根植于对权力、繁殖和身份的原始需求——推动着我们将混乱转化为秩序的努力。

但如果不被意识到，不被控制，不被引导，它们就会伤害和破坏我们。

伟大的领导者必须理解欲望的双重性，因为它既可以激励团队齐心协力，也可以让我们的组织偏离轨道。

如果你能理解与你互动的每个人（包括你自己）的欲望的力量和存在，你就会成为一个更好的领导者。

与周围人的心灵和思想接触取决于帮助人们满足这些需求。

它意味着成为欲望的学生，并回答一些重要的问题：我想要什么？我的员工想要什么？优秀的领导者会帮助员工自己找到这些重要的答案。

此外，他们将拥有不同愿望和技能的人团结在一起，实现共同的目标，让人们一起工作。

通过探索我们和我们的员工真正想要的东西，您可以释放未开发的潜力，这不仅能带来商业成功，还可以遏制所有组织中存在的混乱和动荡。

我的书《战胜混乱》（Built to Beat Chaos）为领导者、高管和员工提供了这些以及其他基于圣经的指导。

这里有一些关于欲望的见解，每个领导者都需知道。

在组织中造成混乱和不和谐。

我们都见过，当员工的欲望占据了他们的上风时，工作中随之而来的是混乱。

愤怒的员工容易出现不合作和情绪爆发，这让他们很难相处。

Moderating effect of cultural values on decision making of gift-giving from a perspective of self-congruity theory:an empirical study fromChinese contextShiXiong Liu,Y anXiong Lu,QiuPing Liang and ErYue W eiShenzhen University,Shenzhen,ChinaAbstractPurpose–The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a study undertaken to investigate the effect of Chinese traditional cultural values on the gift-giving behavior of consumers in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)and to check the moderating effects of Chinese traditional cultural values on a consumer’s purchase intention and self-consistency.Design/methodology/approach–Using a survey among a large sample of people in four cities,gift-giving behavior,purchase intention and self-consistency of the consumer in purchasing decisions were measured by the scale.The Chinese traditional cultural values include Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.Factor analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Findings–Results indicates that Chinese traditional cultural values have significant moderating effects on gift-buying intention accords with gift-giver’s image and purchase intention accords with gift-receiver’s image.Consumers with higher value orientation are more careful about consistency between gifts with self-image and receiver’s image.Research limitations/implications–Research results should be interpreted with caution as the study was limited to several major cities in the PRC. Also the questionnaire has neglected some people who did not fully understand the questions.Practical implications–This study points out those Chinese traditional values that play an important role in gift-buying decisions.Results will provide some professional opinion for some insider engage in gift marketing and add new viewpoints.Originality/value–The paper develops new scales for measuring constructs such as Chinese traditional cultural values,attitude for gift-giving and gift-buying intention.Keywords China,Charitable donations,CulturePaper type Research paperIntroductionGift-giving behavior is a widespread social behavior,a process of social integration,the lubricant in social communication (Sherry,1983).Gift-giving behavior itself reflects the process of interpersonal relationships in Chinese culture(Y ang, 1983),it plays a special and important role in building, maintaining and strengthening interpersonal relationships. Y ang(1983)pointed out gift-giving is a kind of behavior be well worth studying in terms of consumer behavior,but studies of gift-giving behavior based on marketing view is much less recently.“Courtesy calls for reciprocity”is a life philosophy of consumption for thousands of years in Chinese society,in recent years,gifts consumption has gradually formed a new economic category of huge potential–“gift economy”,it is estimated that the gifts market scale of China is more than250billion Yuan(Jiang,Lu,Zhou,2007).China is a relationship-based society,Chinese people attaches particular importance to themselves and others’face,while the gifts as a bond between people’s relationship and a carrier of faces,the gifts is supposed to attract people’s attention,so the“shame culture”as one part of Chinese traditional culture has increasingly far-reaching impact on gift-giving behavior. Despite the gift-giving behavior is the most common cultural custom,but as a cultural practice,cultural differences may lead to different awareness of gift-giving and gift-giving behavioral diversity in the various regions.Sherry(1983) pointed out that gift-giving is often constrained by the background which includes the specific scenarios as well as the cultural environments.Belk(1983)also pointed out that the purpose of gifts is not the same in different cultures. Western scholars study the gift-giving behavior from the perspective of gift-giving motivation,but Chinese scholars pay more emphasis on the studies from the view of the relationship.A study found that because of the existence of the relationship orientation in Chinese culture,the gift-buying behaviors of Chinese consumers is not the same as the Western consumers’which is driven by the motive,and it shows the particularity that Chinese consumers have different styles of purchasing decisions in the different situations haveThe current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /0736-3761.htmJournal of Consumer Marketing27/7(2010)604–614q Emerald Group Publishing Limited[ISSN0736-3761] [DOI10.1108/07363761011086353]This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.71002081).604different styles of purchasing decisions in the different situations(Jiang,Lu,Zhou,2007).Apart from relationship and motivation,will consumers consider about the consistency between the image of gift and their self-image/ gift-receivers’image?Whether the Chinese traditional cultural values have a significant impact on gift purchase decisions or not?These are the problems that this study attempts to explore.A prepositive research was done which studied the consistency of self-concept and gift-image how to influence consumers’purchase intention,so this paper will investigate the moderating effects of Chinese traditional cultural values on consumer’s purchasing intention and self-consistency.In order to facilitate this research,this paper set aside the influence of relationship on gift-purchasing decisions.It is premised that the level of relationship between the gift-giver and the gift-receivers is equivalent.Research on gift-givingThe study of gift-giving behavior is a branch of the Western relationship marketing research.It is defined as“occurred in the gift-exchange process between the giver and the receiver”. The gifts are goods or services which including gift-giver’s time,activities and ideas,etc.They have been voluntarily provided refers to the ritual presumption to another person or organization(Belk,1979).The gifts are divided into two kinds from the perspective of sources of presents:the gifts given to them(self-gift-giving behavior)and the gifts given to others.As the gift-givers and the gift-receivers(buyers and end-users)are the same individual in self-gift-giving behavior, so there are many commonalities exist in self-consistency influence on such gift buying behavior and general product or brand purchasing behavior,therefore this paper only studies the gift-giving behavior in general,not do special studies on self-gift-giving behavior.In terms of the motivation of gift-giving behavior, Wolfinbarger(1990)identified three general types of gift-giving motivations:1presentation with egoism(self-interested)or indebtedness engineering;2obey social norms;3altruistic giving or pro-social behavior.This classification criterion is considered by the interests of the gift-givers.Wolfinbarger and Y ale(1993)by means of the perspective of the gift selection summed up three kinds of interpersonal motivation:experienced,compulsory and practical motivation.In the actual gift-giving behavior,the face has become a motivation which cannot be ignored for Chinese people.“Face”is a synthesis of Chinese traditional culture,traditional values,personal characteristic and social cultural.Chinese consumer behavior and psychology hold a strong face complex(Lu et al.,2005).Gift carries the identity, social status and other information of the two sides exchanged gifts,therefore,in order to save face,people will take the initiative to participate in gift exchange,and they should take full account of packaging,brand,price and other factors in the process of gift-selecting and gift-buying,in order to make the gift image match with the image of gift-giver and gift-receiver.Belk(1983)proposed that the purpose of gifts is not the same in different cultures.This makes the studies which account for the impact of cultural factors on gift-giving full ofpractical value.Joy(2001)studied the gift-giving behavior of Hong Kong and indicated that if the paradigm of gift-giving behavior in Asia have a generalized sense should be tested;D’Souza(2003)by comparing gift-giving behavior in China and India,concluded that every country has been dominated by their own distinctive culture which led to special action to fit with itself in specific scenario.Research on self-congruitySelf-concept,also known as self-image denotes to totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings having reference to him/ her as an object(Rosenberg,1979;Sirgy,1982).Generally, self-concept has been construed from a multidimensional perspective(Burns,1979;Rosenberg,1979).In the consumer behavior,self-concept is usually defined from different angles (Lu et al.,2005).Most scholars agree that the terms“self-concept”should include two main components:actual self-concept and ideal self-concept.The actual self-concept meansa person how he actually perceive himself;the ideal self-concept means a person how you want to look at his own (Ross,1971),The ideal self-concept has been referred to as the“ideal self”,“idealized image”and“desired self”(Sirgy, 1982).The ideal self-concept is the reference point of the actual self-concept,if there are gaps between the two components,the individual will strive to meet the ideal condition(Zinkham and Hong,1991).The private self-concept includes two components:actual private self-image which has been defined as the image that one believes himself(herself)hold;the ideal private self-image is the image one would like oneself hold(Hawkins et al., 2000).Also the actual social self-image and ideal social self-image are the items of the social self-image.The actual social self-concept(sometimes referred to as“presenting self”)has been defined as the image that one believes others hold,while the ideal social self-concept(sometimes referred to as “desired social self”)denotes the image that one would like others hold.As a result,self-concept can be divided into four main categories:actual private self-image,ideal private self-image,actual social self-image,and ideal social self-image (Sirgy,1982;Hawkins et al.,2000).This study adopted the above self-concept.The basic assumption of self-consistent theory denotes that consumers tend to choose the product or brand which is consistent with their self-concept;it links the self-concept which is a psychology construct with symbolic value of goods (Grubb and Grathwohl,1967).Self-congruity refers to the degree of the consumer’s self-concept attached to the image of typical brand users;it means that the image of typical brand users is the base of assessment of Self-congruity.Sirgy(1997) defined the self-image congruence as the subjective experience through the interaction of product-user image and consumer’s self-concept in the consumption process.Lots of studies proved that self-consistency can influence consumer preferences,satisfaction(Jamal,2007),and their purchase intention(Ericksen,1996;Mehta,1999).Self-consistency has the positive affect on product evaluation when consumers were shopping(Graeff,1996).As the above theories,the relevant definition of the image consistency as follows:.The consistency between the gift-giver’s social self-image and gift image–the degree of the gift-giver would likethat gift image attach to his/her public image.605.The consistency between the gift-giver’s private self-image and gift image–the degree of the gift-giver believed that gift image attach to self-image-identity..The consistency between the gift-receiver’s social self-image and gift image–the degree of the gift-giver would like that gift image attach to gift-receiver’s public image. .The consistency between the gift-receiver’s private self-image and gift image–the degree of the gift-giver perceived that gift-receiver’s self-image recognition attach to the gift image.The study discusses gift-purchasing decision based on the gift-giver;therefore all the above constructs are defined from the gift-giver’s viewpoint.Research on attitude and purchase intention “Attitude”is a very important concept in the study of consumer behavior,and sometimes it is applied to explain how social behavior(including consumer behavior)has been promoted because of the close relationship between attitude and behavior.“Purchase intention”also called“purchase inclination”or“purchase conation”,which is a very important concept in marketing.Many studies indicated that the positive correlation exists between purchase intention and purchase behavior(Morwitz and Schmittlein,1992). Schiffma and Kanuk(2007)pointed out that purchase intention is measured the likelihood of purchasing a product by consumers.“Intention”includes action according to some interpretation,and therefore,it is often interpreted as the interpretation of consumer purchase intentions in the research of consumer behavior and marketing(Schiffman and Kanuk, 2007).In order to predict consumer behavior,it is necessary to understand the consumer’s wishes.More and more researches state clearly that brand attitude can influence consumers’purchase intention.Therefore,attitude plays an intermediary role between purchase intention and the consistency in this study.Research on traditional cultural valuesHofstede(1980)defined“culture”as“collective thinking style which hold by some communitarian different from the others”,while cultural values refers to the individual’s lifestyle or the model of understanding the world and the code of conduct.“Cultural value”can be divided into three levels: cultural idea,social system and individual behavior(Y ang, 1994).A great many scholars cannot reach agreement on the dimensions of cultural values because of different research perspective and research backgrounds.Rokeach(1973) proposed two types of value system:1terminal values;2instrumental values.Hofstede(1980)put forward four dimensions of cultural value:1individualism/collectivism(IDV);2uncertainty avoidance(UAV);3power distance(PDI);4masculinity/femininity(MAS).Chinese scholars carried out localization studies of Chinese traditional cultural value based on western researches. Chinese culture value system was divided into three major levels:global outlook;social values and personal outlook(Y ang,1994).Huang(1995)divided Chinese culture value system into two categories:1instrumental value–including moral value and capacity value;2ultimacy value–personal value and social value.Zhang(2005a,b,c)created the measurement system of cultural value which is composed of Confucian,T aoist, Buddhist cultural values based on Chinese consumer behavior.The Confucian cultural value manifested infive dimensions:1focus on interpersonal interdependent relationships based on self-concept;2pursuing the balance of personal interests and group interests;3high recognition of social hierarchy;4complying with the constraints and norms of the organization;5advocating the frugal.The core of T aoist cultural value are that“to comply with nature,go with theflow”,while Buddhist cultural value to believe the fate.Cultural play a decisive role on consumer behavior in comparison with other factors,such as social, personal,psychological,while cultural values is the core elements of culture.Li(2009)summarized the characteristic of Chinese culture exists in the relations of people-to-people and people-to-social in two points:emphasize face and group-oriented,while they have far-reaching historical and cultural background and they reveal all without omission in Chinese culture.Therefore,it is reasonable to adopt the dimensions of traditional Chinese traditional cultural values originate from Professor Zhang.Hypotheses1Influence of the consistency of self-concept and gift image on gift-buying intention.Both the gift-giver’s self-consistency and the receiver’s self-consistency affected the purchasing intention.Some studies suggested that consumers will pay much attention on that self-concept matching brand image;the degree of their consistency would have an important impact on consumer behavior.The product/brand will be selected when consumers believe the product/brand image consists with consumer self-concept(Aaker,1999;Sirgy,1982).The current studies found that gift-givers not only consider seriously about the consistency between gift image and giver-self-image,but also need to consider gift image and receiver-self-image.So that both the gift-giver and gift-receiver would not lose face when gift-givers evaluate and purchase a gift,they often regard the gift as two parts which one relates to self and the other relates to gift-receiver.So purchase intension is influenced synthetically by two parts that are consistency between gift image and giver-self-image as well as receiver-self-image.In the paper called“Give what in case of gift-giving?A study on the effects of the congruence between self-concept and gift-image on consumers’gift purchasing intention”(Liu and Wei,2009),the author brought“the consistency of giver-self concept and gift-image”,“the consistency of receiver-self-concept and gift-image”,“attitude”,“purchase intention”and their item into the structure equations model.The revised structural equation model is shown in Figure1,the values on 606the lines indicate the path coefficients,and the values in parentheses indicate T values.Test results as follows: x2¼1391.83(p¼0.000),df¼580,x2/df¼2.40, RMSEA¼0.056,CFI¼0.98,NNFI¼0.97.A variety of indicators meet the standard values of the structural equation model.The results display that“attitude”has the mediating effect on the relationship of the self-consistency and the purchase intention.Path coefficients indicate that consumers tend to buy the gifts can guarantee the gift image consisting with receiver-image and giver-image.More specific analysis can be found in the literature(Liu and Wei,2009).The following T ext discusses in detail about the mediating effect of China’s traditional cultural values on the consistency of gift-giver image/gift-receiver image consisting with decision making.1Moderating effects of Chinese traditional cultural values on the consistency between consumer’s self-concept and purchasing decision.Lots of scholars agreed with that cultural value has the influence on purchasing decisions(Hofstede,1999;Y au, 1999),while Chinese consumers deeply affected by Chinese traditional cultural values,so there are more research value studying consumer’s purchasing decision from the viewpoint of Chinese traditional cultural values.Confucianism,T aoism and Buddhism are the three pillars of Chinese traditional culture doctrine respectively,which reflected Chinese traditional cultural values from the multi-aspect,and influence the consumer’s purchase intention and behavior directly or indirectly.Zhang(2005,2005,2006)showed that Confucianism,Buddhism,and T aoism cultural values have become the important motivation which influence consumer purchasing behavior system,these three kinds of traditional cultural values effectively interpret the consumer’s symbolic purchase behavior,utility purchase behavior and green purchase behavior.Chinese traditional cultural values affect Chinese consumers’purchase behavior at all times,the gift-giving behavior is involved naturally.In order to investigate the moderating effect of Chinese traditional cultural value on consumers’purchase intention of gift-giver/receiver image consisting with gift image,this paper combined with China’s cultural background,using Chinese traditional cultural values rather than Western culture values,and the research is based on existing studies.First of all,the stronger the Chinese traditional cultural values orientation when consumers hold,they more attentionFigure1Revised model of the influence which the consistency of self-concept and gift image on purchasing decision and path relation ofvariables607consumers pay on the consistency between individual behavior and status,but also more attention to other people’s views,so consumers will emphasize the consistency between social self-image and gift image.Meanwhile consumers will value personal status consisting with gift image.In the previous study the author found that the consistency between giver’s private self-concept and gift image does not directly affected the gift purchase intention based on gift giver’s image-consistency.But the gift purchase intention is affected by intermediary variables of “gift attitude”based on gift giver’s image-consistency.Therefore,the following hypotheses can be proposed and the hypothetical model is shown in Figure 2[1].H1.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing intention (GI)based on the consistency between gift-giver’s social self-image (GS)and gift image.H2.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing attitude (GA)based on the consistency between gift-giver’s social self-image (GS)and gift image.H3.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing attitude (GA)based on the consistency between gift-giver’s private self-image (GP)and gift image.The second,the stronger the Chinese traditional cultural values orientation when consumers hold,consumers more believe “Predestination”and others’fate.So they will be relatively concerned about whether gift image consisting with gift-receiver self image and social image.Similarly,in the previous study the authors found that the consistency between gift-receiver’s social self-concept and gift image does not directly affected the gift purchase intention based on gift-receiver’s image-consistency.But the gift purchase intention is affected by intermediary variables of “gift attitude”based on gift receiver’s image-consistency.Hence,the followinghypothesis can be proposed and the hypothetical model is shown in Figure 3.H4.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing intention (GI)based on the consistency between gift-giver’s social self-image (GS)and gift image.H5.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing attitude (RA)based on the consistency between gift-receivers’private self-image (RA)and gift image.H6.Chinese traditional cultural values (V)have the significant moderating effect on gift purchasing attitude (RA)based on the consistency between gift-receiver’s social self-image (RS)and gift image.Construction and implementation of the scaleAs for the measurement of self-consistent variables,based on the contribution of Govers and Schoormans (2005),Susan (1994),as well as Hepeng and Liu Jiayuan (2008)and others,this study defined four types of consistency through the following ten statements to measure the consistency the gift-giver’s self-concept and gift image:1“I think the imagine of gifts which I present attaches mypersonal image.”2“I think the gifts which I present should be able to showmy style.”3“The imagine of gifts which I present is in line with howI think myself.”4“The gifts which I present make me feel decent in frontof others.”5“The gifts which I present let others think about this ismy taste easily.”6“The customers who present the same gifts with megenerally should be very similar to me.”Figure 2Model of moderating effects which purchasing decision influenced by Chinese traditional cultural values based on gift giver’s image-consistency6087“I feel that the gifts which I present will be helpful to show my personal taste.”8“I feel that the gifts which I present will help to enhance my personal social image”9“For other persons,the gifts which I present attach my social status.”10“The imagine of gifts which I present attaches my personal image in the eyes of others.”For the measurement of the consistency of the gift-giver’s self-concept and gift image,the initial scale also used the similar ten statements to measure.Bagozzi et al.(2001)divided the attitude into affective attitude and evaluative attitude.However,many studies have mixed them together and measured the comprehensive attitude.This study will mix them together too.Integrated a number of scholars’measure about attitude,this study will measure the attitude to the consistency of the gift-giver’s imagine and gifts and the attitude to the consistency of the receiver’s imagine from the aspect of“love”,“happy”,“comfortable”,“good”,“wise”,“benefited”and“worth”.In various of research literature about purchasing intention,the author drew on Ryan(1982)and Dodds et al.(1991)whose contribution is on the measurement items in measurement scale of purchasing intention,and identified four specific items from the aspect of“considering buying”,“the level of willingness to buy”,“planning to buy”and“the possibility of buying”.Based on the study of traditional cultural values,this paper used the optimized items in Zhang(2005,2005,2006) Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism Culture Values Measurement Scales to measure the customers’cultural values among the behavior of gift-giving from the“behavior attaching the position”,“harmonious nature”,“respect for nature”,“fair and equitable”and“believing fate”and so on. In this study a total64items are used in this study and evaluated by the seven Likert Rating Scales which is extensively used throughout the world.The study selected over18years old Chinese consumer who had the gift-giving behavior as research objects.They have formed clear self-concept and stable personality,and had a certain social experience.So they could understand the gift-giving behavior in the context of Chinese culture.Meanwhile,they can read and understand the meaning which the self-administered questionnaires expressed and make choice.That makes the investigation have higherfidelity and reliability.This study released a total of550questionnaires through direct face to face and e-mail.483questionnaires were recovered.The recovery rate is87.8per cent.Of which including441valid questionnaires.The efficiency reaches91.3per cent.The sample volume can basically meet the research requirements. Data analysis and hypothesis testingBefore conducting formal statistical analysis and interpretation of the results,it is necessary to evaluate the basic situation of the samples to test whether it meets research needs.In this study there were a total of441valid questionnaires.Through SPSS15.0analyzing the frequency of the data and obtained the description of on each basic statistics(see T able I).On the whole,the representation of the samples basically meets the need of research.Scale reliability and validity testingItem analyzing and purificationThe criteria of item purification are:.The item should be deleted if its rotated factor loading is less than0.4or two factors loading are larger than0.5at the same time(Nunally,1978)..The item should be deleted if its item-total correlation ,0.4and after being deleted Cronbach’s alpha will increase.According to the above criteria,items in Attitude Scale and Purchasing Intention Scale meet the standard.Their Cronbach’s alpha are0.898and0.841.This indicates that data has good internal consistency.In the Consistency of the Gift-giver’s Self-concept Scale and the receiver’s Self-imagine Consistency Scale,six items were deleted.A total of14items were preserved after purification and these14items’Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient is0.877.In theFigure3Model of moderating effects which purchasing decision influenced by Chinese traditional cultural values based on gift receiver’s image-consistency609Chinese traditional cultural values scale,the 15th item was deleted.The items of pro-nature and harmonious nature were combined as one factor.The other items were the same as Zhang (2005,2005,2006).Reliability and validityBefore analyzing the data the reliability and validity of Chinese Traditional Cultural Value Scale need to be tested.After purification,the Cronbach’s alpha of traditional cultural values of Confucian,T aoist and Buddhist is 0.714,0.700and 0.741(shown in T able II)and all the items reliability coefficient is 0.781.Cronbach’s alpha .0.70,so Chinese Traditional Cultural Value Scale has good reliability.Validity refers to the correct degree of the measurement tools in reflecting the true meaning of the measuring concept.Generally,it is impossible to test the validity directly.Only the methods of subjective validity,predictive validity,convergent validity and differential validity and other methods could be used to test indirectly.Scale used in this study made reference to the Scales which have been published in leading academic journals,developed and widely quoted.Then the Scale was changed according to the purpose of this study and specific scenarios.So the content validity of this study should have a certain level.For the testing of construct validity,according to measurement theory,there should be moderate degree of relevance between the various factors.If the relevance is too high,it means overlap between the factors and some factors may not be necessary.If the correlation between the factors is too low,it means that some factors may be completely different with the content that you want to investigate.The correlation between the project teams should be 0.10,0.60in order to provide satisfying reliability and validity for investigation.In addition,the correlation of various factors and the total score should be higher than the correlation between each other to ensure that the difference exists between the factors but they are one psychological characteristic.The T able III shows that the correlation between 10factors is lower than the correlation between factors and the total score.It indicates that the questionnaire has good construct validity.Moderating effect analysisAs shown in Figures 2and 3,in addition to the independent variables and the dependent variable,the third variable contains both moderator-variables and intermediate variables in the two models.T aking Model 1for example,Chinese traditional cultural values (V)are the moderator-variable,and the attitude of the image consistency of gifts (GA)it is an intermediate variable.GS *V is a moderating effect item.If it affects the GA,and GA affects the GI,it means that regulatory effect (at least in part)works through intermediate variables GA.Such moderator-variables are called as moderator-variables which have intermediary (mediated moderator).On the basis of the method which was provided by Wen et al.(2006),the moderating effect of Chinese traditional cultural values is tested,and corresponding coefficients are in T able IV .As shown in the Model 1(T able IV),the regression of GI to GS,V and GS *V was processed first,then the regression of GA to GS,GP,V,GS *V and GP *V,lastly the regression of GI to GS,V,GS *V and GA.Before the regression,all data are made central processing using mean difference.Table II Reliability of cultural valuesBuddhistTaoist Confucian Total scale Cronbach alpha0.7140.7000.7410.805Table I Description of basic characteristics of effective samplesDistribution of sample statistics Statistical variableNumber Percentage Gender Male 19544.2Female 24655.8Age 18-2524655.826-3517840.436-4510 2.346-555 1.156-6520.5Above 660Academy degreeJunior high school and below 30.7High School/Technical School:7817.7Junior college18942.9University degree or equivalent experience 9421.3Master or Above7717.5Occupation Civil servants 40.9Educators10 2.3Technology R&D specialist 30 6.8Business manager 7015.9Staffs 16537.4Students9621.8Self-employed entrepreneurs 11 2.5Others5512.5IncomeUnder 1,200Yuan 7617.21,201-2,000Yuan 7517.02,001-3,000Yuan 11425.93,001-4,000Yuan 6815.44,001-5,000Yuan 5111.6Above 5,001Yuan:5712.9Table III Related conditions between each element and the total questionnaire in the questionnaire of Chinese traditional cultural valuesFactor 1234Buddhist 1Taoist 0.33*1Confucian 0.30*0.52*1Total scale0.67*0.83*0.80*1Notes:*Significant at 0.01610。

精选全文完整版（可编辑修改）绪论单元测试1.由IBM公司设计的（）计算机与国际象棋世界冠军战胜了当时称霸世界棋坛的卡斯帕罗夫。

A:浅蓝B:深蓝C:浅绿D:深绿答案:B2.在“大众创业、万众创新”的时代大潮中，越来越多的人凭借自己的创意走上了创业之旅，取得了事业的成功，下列属于通过创意走上创业之旅的有（）A:罗振宇从自媒体专栏“罗辑思维”发展到“得到”appB:王兴把美团从一个社交类团购网站变成了生态化网络平台。

C:马东借助“奇葩说”成就了米未传媒D:程维用滴滴出行重新塑造了网约车的商业模式答案:ABCD3.方军在《创意，未来的生活方式》一书中提到，创意就是创造性地分析问题和系统地解决问题，善于运用创意就会拥有未来的无限可能性。

（）A:错B:对答案:B4.（）中提到，苟日新日日新又日新。

人生因创造而美好，普通人因创新而伟大，创业艰辛，正因此创业者被人们尊重；开拓艰难，正因此奠基人被世人铭记。

A:《大学》B:《孟子》C:《论语》D:《中庸》答案:A5.创新创业学习不能仅限于在线课程，还可以通过（）的方式开展。

A:大量阅读学术论文和专业书籍学习B:通过影视剧学习C:向行业精英们学习D:向资深专家们学习答案:ABCD6.诺基亚时代手机多种型号，苹果时代手机只做iPhone一个独生子说明在乌卡时代我们应该以变化来应对变化。

（）A:错B:对答案:B第一章测试1.企业其实是企业家个性的外化，（）决定了企业的发展方向。

（）A:创业者对自身的了解B:创业者的资本C:创业者的心态D:创业者的目标答案:A2.创业的三把钥匙包括（）A:“你能做什么”B:“你是谁”C:“你到哪里去”D:“你从哪里来”答案:BCD3.经济上的成功是创业的原因，但绝不是创业的结果。

（）A:对B:错答案:B4.饿了么曾推出过以下哪些项目（）A:蜂鸟系统B:未来餐厅C:火箭系统D:风车系统答案:AB5.大学生创业热情高、社会经验少，很难一次性取得成功或者取得大得成功。

研究方法如何在顶级管理学期刊发表论文（五）：方法与结果来源：南开管理评论一旦选择一个有趣而适当的选题，设计并执行一个合理的数据收集，制定一个引人注目的“伏笔”和发展一个坚实的理论，这些艰巨而又令人兴奋的工作完成后，人们就很容易坐视不前、麻痹放松，在各种方法和结果中游走。

接下来的工作似乎很简单直接，也许有点按部就班——向读者报告：（1）如何获得数据以及为什么获得数据；（2）如何分析数据以及发现了什么。

对于AMJ这一系列的关于如何在AMJ发表的叙述性文章，确实有许多读者在等待着它的出版。

因此，如果我们这篇文章缺乏说服力，我们希望它至少能提供一些信息。

作为作者，我们不得不承认，在写这些章节的时候，我们已经屈服于放松注意力的诱惑。

我们听到同事们说，他们把这些部分交给研究团队的初级成员，让他们在草稿写作中“练手”，好像这些部分的重要性不如开头部分、假设发展和讨论部分那么重要。

也许的确如此。

但作为过去两年来现任编辑团队的成员，我们面对这样一个现实：“方法”和“结果”部分，即使不是最关键的部分，也往往在审稿人如何评价稿件方面发挥着重要作用。

如果这些章节并没有对数据收集程序和结果提供清晰、详细的描述，反而常常让审稿人感到困惑，并会就作者使用的研究程序和发现，提出比他们回答更多的问题。

相比之下，一个有效的陈述可以对作者说服读者相信他们的理论论点（或其中的一部分）得到支持的程度产生至关重要的影响。

高质量的“方法”和“结果”部分也传达了表现作者责任心的积极信号。

知道他们在准备这些章节时是谨慎而严谨的，对于讨论是建议拒绝还是建议修改请求的外审来说可能会有所不同。

为了更好地理解审稿人共同关心的问题，我们在任期内对每一封被拒稿件的决定信进行了评估。

我们发现有几个问题在被拒绝的手稿中比在要求修改的手稿中出现的频率要高得多。

我们的评估结果，如果不令人惊讶的话，揭示了这两个部分的一系列非常一致的主要问题，我们总结为“三个度”（3C:Completeness，Clarity，Credibility）：完整度、清晰度和可信度。

企业绩效管理外文翻译文献综述企业绩效管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Can Performance Management Foster Intelligent Behavior?Bjarte BogsnesThe world has changed, not just in increasingly fast-changing and unpredictable ways, but also the competence and expectations of people in our organizations. Unfortunately, too few seem to understand or accept that these developments call for radically new and different ways of leading and managing. Traditional management practices do not make usthe agile organizations we need to be.The problem starts with the label, "Performance Management" implying, "If I don't manage you, there will be no performance."We need a new mindset, one that is less about managing performance and more about creating conditions for great performance to occur. We need self-regulating models, requiring less management, but more leadership from everyone.Think about traffic, where we want good performance and a safe good flow. Traffic authorities have different ways of making this happen. The traffic light is a popular choice, but those managing the process (programmers) are not in the situation; information used in their process is not fresh, which is clear as you wait in front of that red light.The roundabout is a very different alternative. Those managing are the drivers themselves. The information used isreal time, coming from own observations. While that information is also available in front of the traffic light, drivers do not have the authority to act on it. By the way, the "zipper" or "every second car through" is not a rule, but a guiding principle.The roundabout normally is more efficient than the traffic light, because of two significant differences in the decision-making process, information and authority. A third element is also required for the roundabout to be more efficient: while the traffic light is a simple-rulesbased system, the roundabout is values-based. A value-set based on, "Me first, I don't care about the rest," is not a big a problem in front of the red light, but is a serious problem in a roundabout. Here, a positive common purpose of wanting a safe and good flow is critical. Drivers must be more considerate, open about own intentions while trying to understand the intentions of peers. Instead of managing performance, traffic authorities have created conditions for self-managed performance to occur.What would the implications be for the loathed performance review? The principles and practices described at Return Path are sensible and interesting. I like the concept of horizontal commitments toward peers, instead of vertical commitments to higher management. At the same time, we need to broaden our definition of performance. In traditional performance, a commitment is too often about "hitting the number." This is too narrow. We need to ask questions such as, how are we doing compared to peers? How are we using KPIs to reflect on performance, or using hindsight and management assessment to verify results? Did we really move toward our longer-term ambitions? How sustainable are the results? Last but not least, there has to be room for values if performance systems are tofoster intelligent behavior; we need to ask, how where those results achieved?At Statoil our integrated performance management approach links ambitions to actions. Our targets reflect a broad set of ambitions,including people, health, safety, environment, operations and financial performance. Read more about our management model and how we apply a holistic and values-based approach to this broader performance agenda.The words of Dee Hock, former GEO of Visa, should guide the design of our management processes, including our performance reviews: "Simple, clear purpose and principles give rise to complex, intelligent behavior. Complex rules and regulations give rise to simple, stupid behavior."While researching my book. Talent Economics, I interviewed employees about what really motivates today's workforce. I discovered a disconnect between the performance support my interviewees wanted versus how managers recounted their contribution to these conversations.Over the last 20 years, the employee mindset has evolved faster than has the art and science of management. Nowhere is this starker than in the area of performance management practices, particularly the annual review. In both the developed and developing world, employees report that this end-of-year activity breeds stress, anxiety and mistrust. How ironic that a process aimed at improving organizational performance, is itself underperforming!It's time to "reboot" our performance management operating system, installing two specific system updates: l. The "Democracy" update. As much as we try to make theperformance appraisal a two way dialogue, we cannot run away from the fact that at its core, the conversation today is often a top-down review. My research shows that many 21st century employees are rejecting conversations that are one-way: in hot job markets today, managers must realize "who is appraising whom." With other offers readily available, many employees enter a performance dialogue privately considering if their manager is worth another year of their career. The performance management conversation now reflects a company's Employee Value Proposition, much as we learn in the lead Perspective.The Democracy update means that managers only gain the right to give feedback when they first genuinely seek the same on their own performance as leaders. Not just through 360-degree reviews, but also through authentic conversations asking, "How am I performing as your manager? " and "How can I help you succeed?" Only then can the conversation shift to, "How you can improve?"and "This is what you should focus on."2. The Success module. Greater employee autonomy and empowerment also changes the meaning of management. We have gone from a "supervisor of task and outcomes" to an "enabler of performance, innovative thinking and collective success." To make this shift, we must give up the judge's robes for the coach's uniform. If employees don't succeed, managers are on the hook, too.This is particularly relevant when coaching a team to success. People bring different skills to a team and how well they work together really matters. If team reviews work better to achieve a goal, so be it. The Return Path story illustrates how review processes can be designed and executed around what matters most, and where everyone dons the uniforms of player and coach.What if, instead of making the heart of a performance conversation the evaluation, it became a vehicle to improve success of the individual, the team and the business? What if performance feedback was paired with dialogue about transforming the business, the product or customer experience? This genuinely reboots and upgrades performance management to focus on individual and organizational success.It is indeed time to upgrade performance management practices: we can no longer manage a 21st century employee using 20th century mindsets.People & Strategy. 2013, V ol. 36 Issue 2, p12-13. 2p.译文：绩效管理能促进自我管理行为吗?Bjarte Bogsnes世界随着时间的推移而变化莫测，连那些与时变化而不可预测的通道也随之改变，与此同时组织人员的能力和期望也顺应时代潮流。

0引言高管作为企业的核心引擎，其激励机制对于推动企业的创新投入和提高企业绩效具有重要意义。

然而，在现实中，高管激励机制的设置与执行过程中可能存在不完善之处，从而导致企业绩效的波动。

在过去的研究中，学者们已经探讨了高管激励与企业绩效之间的关系，但对于激励与创新投入这一环节的研究相对较少。

同时，在现实中，企业的创新投入对企业绩效的提升具有关键作用。

创新是驱动企业持续发展的核心动力，尤其在日益激烈的市场竞争环境中，企业要想在市场中保持竞争优势，必须不断进行创新。

因此，深入研究高管激励、创新投入与企业绩效之间的关系，对于优化企业的激励机制、提高创新投入和企业绩效具有重要的理论和现实意义。

1文献综述1.1高管激励与企业绩效的关系研究目前，国内外学者对于高管激励与企业绩效之间的关系得出的结论并不一致。

第一种结论是高管显性激励对企业绩效存在积极的促进作用。

王秀芬和徐小鹏（2017）发现高管股权激励能够积极影响公司业绩[1]。

蔡蕙（2020）则认为机构投资者持股可以加强高管股权激励对企业业绩的作用[2]。

第二种结论是高管隐性激励对企业绩效具有显著的抑制作用。

钟娅红等（2016）的检验结果显示：在职消费会降低企业绩效[3]。

1.2创新投入与企业绩效的关系研究宫义飞和夏艳春（2017）、朱永明和祁亭亭（2018）、赵兴明等（2020）分别证明了内部控制质量、管理者过度自信和政府补助对研发投入与托宾Q 值、营业利润率、总资产利润率关系的调节作用[4-6]。

1.3高管激励、创新投入与企业绩效的关系研究尹美群等（2018）的实证结果表明高管激励机制中薪酬激励对企业创新投入和公司绩效的关系具有显著的正向调节效应，而股权激励在全样本和分行业研究中都没有表现出显著的调节效应[7]。

杨笛（2019）基于制造业上市公司数据回归发现：高管薪酬激励、股权激励均存在调节作用，且后者的调节作用甚至更加显著[8]。

吴铖铖等（2022）认为高管激励正向调节创新投入对经营绩效的影响[9]。