Unit 4 英语文章段落展开方法与技巧（1）
第2、3单元讲解了如何避免跑题和明确自己要说明的中心问题。本单元我们讨论英语文章段落展开的方法和技巧。我们知道
当作者在文章的开头提出论题或论点之后，文章中间部分的各个
段落就应该围绕这个中心进行阐述或论证。但是，阐述的方法多
种多样，我们要根据文章的内容而定。例如，在罗素写的那篇《我
为什么活着》的散文中(范文1)，作者使用了举例法(illustrations)
展开段落。也就是说，作者对开头部分提出的论题“为爱情、求
知和怜悯而活着”通过中间部分的各个段落逐一进行了解释和说
明。这种现身说法的手段是根据作者的亲身体验——实例的方式
阐述的，因此称为举例法。而范文3的作者使用了定义、常识、引语还
有事例。这也是本单元要讨论的中心议题：如何展开段落。请
注意，尽管展开段落同样离不开紧扣论题的问题，但是本单元
和接下来的单元将把重点放在阐述和论证的方式上，也就是段落
的展开上，而不是放在围绕论题上。我们将通过分析一组习作和
一篇范文来逐步了解展开段落的方法以及如何选择段落展开的方
式等。因此，本单元主要回答以下几个问题：
1．段落的展开有几种方法?
2．如何确定展开段落的方法?
3．如何同时使用几种论述方法?
4．标题与论题的关系是什么?
下面让我们阅读一组大学生写的议论文和说明文，其主题是围绕我国教育改革而写的。有两篇是议论文(习作10和习作11)，
一篇是说明文(习作12)。
Student Essay 10
Reform the System First or Change the Conceptions First?
1 Last year, four provinces adopted a new form of CET [College English Test]. The new form was quite different from the traditional ones[one] and it was
praised by many people. What’s more important, it demonstrates that an education revolution will take[has taken] place in China. The target of the reform is to cultivate students with comprehensive qualifies[to cultivate students’ comprehensive qualities]. Doubtlessly, it is good. Since the reform was put forward in 1999, it has been two years. How is it carried out? Will the students in this system be more competent?
2 Not long ago, a reporter went to a country of Shandong province [a county in Shandong province]. He saw the facility[that the facilities] had been improved a lot. Computers, multimedia were brought into classes, but it didn’t make the class any more interesting. Whereas, it brought more loads to the students. The teacher made full use of the equipment and asked the students to do more homework. According to the regulations, schools should reduce the number of the required courses[the compulsory courses] and give selective courses[elective courses] to develop students’ abilities. But the reporter saw something different. The number of compulsory courses was not reduced; elective courses were a little [only a few] and the students were given examinations of those courses. Why? The new system is good and can make studen ts innovative. Why isn’t it car ried out successfully?
3 Not long after some educators came up with “Quality Education” [All-Round Education], the government decided to carry out the new system. At then [At that time], not many people knew exactly what it was. People were only told that students who are comprehensively developed are needed. In other words, the system was carried out while people’s conceptions remained the same.
4 For long time[For a long time], the society embraces unitary model of education that houses all the students under one roof. Students were just told to study hard and enter a good university. After entering the university, they could develop other kinds of abilities. Study for more time, play for less time [They were asked to spend more time for study and less time for games], and turn a deaf ear to some “useless” skills. The traditional conceptions not only
hinder students from developing comprehensively (even if the school has started some programs to develop the students’ abilities, the students may ask themselves if they should study or join in these programs), but also influence students’ parents and their teachers. They put pressure on students. Yet, the system is reforming [is being reformed] and people have to follow it. But I want to ask if people’s conceptions are against the reform, how could it be carrri ed out! Changing people’s conceptions has emerged as the most important thing during the course of the reform. Since the elementary thing isn’t prepared, it’s definite that the reform can’t be carried out successfully. People’s conception has fallen behind with the reform[has fallen behind the reform]. It’s quite like that the people in a feu dal society were asked to realize the communism. How could the reform be carried out?
5 The “All-Round Education” system is good indeed. If people can change their conceptions, students can learn more skills, such as how to solve problems synthetically and how to think over difficult questions. Those couldn’t be learnt in the traditional teaching, which emphasizes memorization and testing. But first people must change their conceptions, which contradict with [contradict] the advanced system
在评判一篇文章是如何展开段落时首先要看它的标题与内容是否相符，否则在评论时就无从下手。本文的题目是“先改革体
制还是先变革观念?”从标题看本文属议论文。但通读全文之后
我们发现作者的目的是在剖析教育改革无法取得预想效果的原
因。根据文章的内容作者最好把题目改为“教育改革为何没有取
得实效”(Why is the reform not so effective?)较好。现在我们按
照改正过的标题来分析习作10。
本文的论点应该是：“改革没有奏效的原因是人们的观念需要改变”。作者使用了两种展开段落的方法：举例和分析。我们先
来看作者是怎样举例的。第二、三自然段中作者就他所了解的山
东一个县城的情况借以说明陈旧观念是改革无法奏效的原因之
一。但是作者在写法上存在一些问题。他没有使用以主题句引出
实例的惯常手法进行解释和说明，而是先举了山东省某县改革失
败的例子，然后再得出结论。由于写作手法上不合乎英文惯例，读者在理解上感到有些吃力。正确的写法是将第二、三段的顺序颠倒
一下，就符合写作习惯了。
文章第二个段落的展开手法是分析。通过分析人们根深蒂固
的传统观念，作者指出尽管实施了一些改革措施，但是包括学生、家长和学校在内的大多数人仍然抱有传统观念，将学习和考试看
得比发展全面能力还重要，所以谁都不敢轻易减负，让学生学习
自己真正感兴趣的科目。这是改革无法真正实施的第二个原因。
本文还存在一个缺点，那就是作者对“观念"(conceptions)一
词没有定义。文章中的“观念”似乎是指改革的具体内容，而不
是指人们对改革的认识或做出的价值判断。“观念”一词的含义
不明确，使阐述过程缺乏针对性，而且会引起读者的困惑。正确
的写法应该是作者首先为“观念”一词定义，解释此词在本文中
的确切含义是什么，然后再开始论证。因此，给关键词注释或定
义也是段落发展的一个手段。关于这一点我们在范文3已经见到
实例。
通过分析本篇习作我们接触到三种不同的发展段落的方法，
也可以称作说理或阐述的手段。它们是举例、分析和定义。对任
何一种手法的选择都要根据文章的实际需要确定，而不能生搬硬套，为了使用某种方法而使用某种方法。
对本文的修改意见如下：首先根据内容修改标题，使之确
实能反映作者的本意和文章的内容。其次，明确定义关键词“观念”使读者明了其真正含义。第三，每个段落最好有一句表示中
心思想的主题句，以便读者理解接下来的实例或分析。如果作者
做了这样的修改，其习作将会使读者一目了然。
总之，本文的缺点在于文不对题、段落展开的顺序欠佳
该对关键词加以定义等。
Student Essay 11
Education Reform in My Eyes
1 As is known for[As is known to] us all, education reform has been performed in China for some years. However, I think the reform is not thorough and the speed are [is] slow.
2 We all agree that the crucial step of the education reform is the change from exam-oriented education to the quality-oriented education. The idea sounds good. But let’s see what we do [have done] actually. Examinations still play an important role in most Chinese students’ daily life. They try to get high marks in all kinds of exams in order to enter a better high school or a famous college, to get praise from their parents and teachers, to be admired by their classmates. They hear of quality-oriented education every day but nothing significant happens to them. They still have to take their heavy school bag to the classroom and take endless exams. Though several schools take some measures to reduce s tudents’ load, that’s by far not enough.We need a thorough nationwide reform, not just some experiments.
3 To our sadness, a considerable number of teachers haven’t realized the importance of quality-oriented education. Probably they know that, but they do nothing actually. Marks always come first in their eyes. They only regard high-marks[academically successful] students as high-quality students. That’s the tragedy of education. Students will get a wrong direction unless teachers change their attitude towards exams.
4 In Tsinghua, the problems are also serious. When you want to get scholarship, [or] when you want to be recommended as graduate students, the grade you got at school is the most important criterion for teachers’ decisions. In this situation, dare you neglect exams and marks?
5 We know that Chinese government and a lot of specialists on education
have burnt a lot of midnight oil[scratched their brain] to think over the education reform in China. But the result is not satisfying. I think the first thing is to find a standard to measure quality so that we can replace the traditional exams by other measurements. The problem is complicated and difficult to solve, but it’s so urgent. We have the responsibility to accelerate the reform, to solve the problem thoroughly and perfectly.
与习作10相比，本篇议论文的作者在文章的开头就亮出了自己的观点，“I think the reform is not thorough and the speed is
slow。”接着，作者从三个方面分析了导致教育改革步伐较慢的原
因。在做具体分析之前，作者用一句话为“改革”一词做了定义：
“改革的关键步骤就是将应试教育转变为素质教育”。这就为以后
的论证定下了基调，使段落的展开可以围绕这一主线进行。作者
从我国目前的教育现状入手分析了造成改革缓慢的三个原因：现
行的教育制度、教师理念和评价学生的标准等。在文章的最后作
者提出了解决问题的方法。
下面让我们具体看看作者是如何展开段落的。作者分析的第一个原因就是应试教育仍然在我国占有很大市场。尽管我们耳边
听到的是大力提倡素质教育，但是实际上中学生还跟以前一样背
着沉重的书包上学，为了考高分上大学而拼命地啃书本。他们的
努力也是为了得到家长的赞扬和同学的羡慕(第二段)。
接着，作者对教师的理念进行了分析(第三段)。尽管学校强调素质教育，但教师眼里素质高的学生仍然是那些考试得高分的
学生。他们并没有真正理解什么是素质教育，或者不情愿改变自
己的传统观念。这是影响改革步伐的第二个原因。
最后，作者以自己就读大学的事例说明了为什么教育改革无法快速实施的原因(第四段)。在清华大学学生的分数仍然是获得
奖学金和推荐读研的标准。考试得高分仍然是莘莘学子追逐的目
标，很少有人敢于忽视考试的魔力。这是改革不能贯彻的第三个
原因。
在文章的结尾，作者提出了改变现状的措施，那就是改变衡量学生素质好坏的标准。整篇文章观点明确，条理清楚。
现在让我们总结一下作者论证过程中使用的方法。我们发现作者从分析当前中学和大学存在的问题着手，一步步指出教育改
革速度缓慢和不彻底的原因，进而提出解决这些问题的方法。我
们可以说作者在这篇文章中同时使用了“因果法”和“问题一解
决法”。作者的论题是我们的教育改革不彻底并且速度缓慢，那么
是什么原因造成的呢?作者剖析了来自学生、教师和学校三方面
的原因。从这个角度讲作者使用的是“因果法”。接着在文章的最
后作者又提出了解决这些矛盾的方法，这样一来我们又可以说作
者使用了“问题--解决法”。所以，在发展段落上，作者使用了两
种方法。加上前几个单元学习的“举例法”“定义法”和“分析法”，
我们已经学习了五种有关说明文和议论文发展段落的方法。
Student Essay 12
Education System Reform in China
1 Nowadays, a large scale education reform is taking place in China—from Exam Education to Quality Education[from exam-oriented education to quality-oriented education].
2 Owing to some historical, cultural reasons[some historical and cultural reasons], there are many disadvantages in Chinese education system. Many students study only for good careers and high salaries, for good lives, so they work hard to get high marks for further education. What about the teachers? They try their best to increase the proportion of students entering higher schools [universities], so the teachers give his students [their students] a lot of exercises and exams. And what about the parents? Of course, they want their children to live better, and the best way is to let them have further education. So the same as teachers [Like the teachers], they expect their children to have higher scores. Both the school and parents put pressure on the students. The
real victims are the students. They are put so much pressure that their body and mental heath are badly hurt. When they cannot bear it, they will do foolish things and[which would] result in tragedies. Actually, some students killed themselves; what is more, a student killed his mother.
3 Realizing how important it is, the government have been doing [has done]
a lot to change the present education system since several years ago [for several years]. First, they require the teachers to change teaching methods. Every teacher should try his best to make his lessons easy and interesting. Second, the teachers should take measures in selecting talents and change the exam system. For example,the normal college entrance examination is [the college entrance examination has been] changed from 3+2 to 3+X, 3+1+X and so on. The students can develop in full scales. Third, the government demand [demands that] the teachers to reduce the exercises and exams, give the students enough time for entertainment and other things .... A lot of measures are in progress, and they have made great achievements [they have been quite effective].
4 However, there are still many problems. So long as the normal college entrance examination exists, the students have to take it seriously, the parents have to and the teachers have to[so do the parents and the teachers]. The teachers leave [assign] fewer exercises, but the parents give them more. The schools have two days off on Saturday and Sunday [Saturdays and Sundays], but the students study at home. They cannot ignore the entrance examination, cannot ignore the scores [neither can they ignore the scores] that will change their lives.
5 By no means, the reform is an easy thing. It needs time, but it cannot be too long. We must do all that we can to accelerate the course, to rescue our children!
从本文的标题“中国的教育体制改革”我们可以看出作者的目的是向读者介绍我国的教改状况。因此它属于说明文的范畴。
但是从篇幅的长短看，我们发现作者的选题过于宽泛了。因为要用四五百字的篇幅讨论这么一个大问题显然是不可能说得透彻的。除了选题上存在的问题，现在让我们来看作者是如何介绍中国教育改革的。
在提出本文论题“教育改革的实质是变应试教育为素质教育”之后(第一段)，作者接着用了比较大的篇幅(第二段)介绍了改
革的背景极其重要意义。然后作者列举了政府采取的一系列改革措施(第三段)，最后，作者提出了改革面临的困难(第四段)。
下面让我们逐一分析。
作者在展开段落的第一步就是为论题提供依据，也就是提供背景知识，如改革的起因、它的重要意义等。这个步骤是非常重要的。因为假如不说明为什么进行教育改革，读者对它的重要意义无从知起，对接下来的论证就起不到积极作用。作者从中国传统教育的弊端谈起，指出学生、家长和教师在教育的目的上持有同样观念，即只要考高分上大学将来能找个好工作就达到了目的。然而这可苦了学生。由于学习的任务繁重，加上来自老师和家长的压力，有的学生走上了犯罪道路。这就是为什么要进行教育改革的背景。
在介绍了有关背景之后，作者开始陈述我国教育改革的具体内容(第三段)：1)教师要改变教学方法，使所教课程既简单又
有趣：2)将大学入学考试变得更有利于选拔单秀人才：3)减少
课时，给学生留出更多的时间进行娱乐及体育活动。本段应视为全文的核心，因为标题是介绍我国教育改革的。
最后，作者联系现实指出，尽管教育改革势在必行，但是学校的现状不容乐观。高考仍在继续，而学生、老师和家长都无法等闲视之。于是课堂虽然留的作业少了，家长又给孩子增加了额外的负担。文章的结尾作者呼吁加大改革力度，救救孩子。
本文使用的展开段落手法主要是分析法。作者分析了改革的必要性和改革没有彻底实施的原因。但在文章各个部分的安排上
存在不妥之处。文章的标题和首段的论题都表示本文的目的是向读者介绍中国教育改革的状况。但作者花在这上面的笔墨不是很多，只用了一个自然段，缺乏深度。作者没有深入探讨和举例说明改革中具体实施的措施，以及采取一些具体措施的根据是什么。例如教师为什么需要改变以往的教学方法等等。另外，让教师采取措施改变选拔人才和考试制度也是不现实的(第三段)。这就使文
章读起来显得单薄，仿佛光是骨头缺乏血肉。这里提醒我们写作时一定要选一个可以在有限的篇幅里阐述透彻的题目，切忌选题宽泛，缺乏内容。另外，当你选择一个自己十分感兴趣的话题写作时，除了将自己了解的内容写进文章外，如果发现有关资料掌握的不很全面，就应该到图书馆或上网查阅一些相关资料充实
文章的内容。这也是我们在写作时需要掌握的方法。我们每个人的视野是有限的，不可能对每个问题了解得十分透彻，必须通过查找资料或与人交谈来丰富自己的知识。这样一来写出的东西才会有读者，具有说服力。
写作指南
我们现在知道展开段落的方法就是阐述或说理的方法。到目前为止我们已经接触到六种展开段落的方法，它们是定义法(definition)、举例法(illustration)、分析法(analyzing)、因果
法(cause and effect)、问题解决法(problem-solution)和列举法(enumeration，参见习作2)。定义法是通过给所讨论的人或事物
下定义使读者了解它们的方法。这种方法常常用在对标题的解释或对关键词的解释上。如范文3“个人独立与自力更生”就是使
用的这种方法。举例法是作者为了证明自己的观点而在文中使用的具体例子。如范文1《我为什么活着》就是这样。分析法是对
所讨论的对象进行分析评价以使读者信服的方法。因果法是作者对所探讨事物的原因进行分析的方法。问题解决法是由问题引出解决方法的阐述方法。这后三种方法在习作11中都有所体现。最
后是列举法。这在习作2中我们就看到了。作者在陈述自己选修
英语写作课时列举了五个理由，每个理由前面都用了序数词第一
(first)、第二(second)、第三(third)等。
段落展开手法的选择要视具体情况而定。如果作者的写作意图是分析引起失业的原因，则可以选“分析法”和“因果法”。如
果作者的目的旨在提出建议，那么就可以选择“问题解决法”。
下面让我们读一篇范文。请同学们有意识地注意作者在阐述过程中使用了哪些方法。
Model Essay 4
I Want a Wife
Judy Brady
1 I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am A Wife. And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother.
2 Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is obviously looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?
3 I would like to go back to school so that I can become economically independent, support myself, and, if need be, support those dependent upon me. I want a wife who will work and send me to school. And while I am going to school I want a wife to keep track of the children’s doctor and dentist appointments. And to keep track of mine, too. I want a wife to make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean. I want a wife who will wash the children’s clothes and keep them mended. I want a wife who is a good nurturing attendant to my children, who arranges for their schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate social life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc. I want a wife who takes care of the children when they are sick, a wife who arranges to be around when the children need special care, because, of course, I cannot miss classes at school. My wife must arrange to
lose time at work and not lose the job. It may mean a small cut in my wife’s income from time to time, but I guess I can tolerate that. Needless to say, my wife will arrange and pay for the care of the children while my wife is working.
4 I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after me. I want a wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will see to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school.
I want a wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of scene.
5 I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wife’s duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And
I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.
6 I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not interrupt when I talk about the things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors d’oeuvres, that they are offered a second he lping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their
coffee is served to them as they like it.
7 And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.
8 I want a wife who is sensitive to my sexual needs, a wife who makes love passionately and eagerly when I feel like it, a wife who makes sure that I am satisfied. And, of course, I want a wife who will not demand sexual attention when I am not in the mood for it. I want a wife who assumes the complete responsibility for birth control, because I do not want more children. I want a wife who will remain sexually faithful to me so that I do not have to clutter up my intellectual life with jealousies. And I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy. I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible.
9 If, by chance, I find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one. Naturally, I will expect a fresh, new life; my wife will take the children and be solely responsible for them so that I am left free.
10 When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife’s duties.
11 My God, who wouldn’t want a wife?
本篇范文是一篇议论文。作者想通过说理使读者相信有一个妻子是多么好的一件事。然而，从文章的开头我们了解到作者本
人是位女性，而且身为人妻。这就使本文带有反讽的意味。下面
我们来看看作者是如何围绕论题“我想要个妻子”进行说理的，
也就是说如何展开段落的。作者从五个大的方面论述了自己为什
么需要有一个“妻子”。
第一个理由是出于作者上学的需要(第三段)。作者想重返学校学习，以便今后可以自立，还可以抚养他人。这时“妻子”的
职责是为这个家庭工作挣钱，照顾孩子的衣食住行以及他们的社
会交往，同时还要照顾作者本人的上下学。一旦孩子生病需要特
殊照顾，“妻子”的责任便是请假看护孩子，但不能丢掉工作。
第二个理由是出于照顾作者本人的需要(第四段)。作者说她
需要这个“妻子”来为自己洗衣做饭、打扫卫生。还要买菜、接送作者上下学。在作者生病时还要表现出同情心。在全家度假时这个“妻子”也要一起跟随，一方面照顾孩子，一方面供丈夫使唤。
第三个理由是作者自己社交的需要(第六段)。当作者及其‘‘夫人”受到朋友的邀请时，就需要一个“妻子”来安排照看孩子。
如果有人来家拜访，则需要这个“妻子”先把房子打扫干净，把
孩子们早早喂饱，哄他们去睡觉，以免影响丈夫和朋友的会面。
在与朋友交谈时，“妻子”应该很有眼色，不能打断谈话，并时时
注意客人的需要，如递烟灰缸，斟满酒杯和咖啡以及端甜点等。
第四个理由是要照顾丈夫的性需求(第八段)。“妻子”的责任
是伺候丈夫体贴入微还要注意计划生育。
本单元讨论丁三个问题：展开段落的方法有哪些、如何确定
展开段落的方法、如何同时使用几种方法等。从以上对习作分
析我们可以看出，展开段落的方法多种多样，如定义法、
举例法或分析法。
标题与论题之间的关系。标题一般要涵盖论题。如‘‘Education Reform in My Eyes"，‘‘To Reform First Or to Change Concept First"，‘I Want a Wife’．所以由文章的标题我们就可以判断作者的论题
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 I. Correct the errors in the following sentences.(改写病句)10% Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television .I resolved never to buy that brand again. After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television, I resolved never to buy that brand again. 1.Those berries are poisonous don’t eat them. 2.Our city’s buildings are not as modern as your city. 3.To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 4.He told me that Mary had returned home for a week. 5.I read the book on the bus which did not interest me at all. II. Read the following passages and identify the topic sentence in each by underlining it.(阅读以下每段文章，然后在每段文章的主题句下划线。)20% 1. The biggest problem in ancient DNA reserch is getting the DNA in the first place. The favorite material to work with is bone, and a small chunk of it is best. Cells can lie inside the hard bone structure waiting to be liberated after the calcium has been dissolved away. That’s the easy bit. Getting the DNA out, what little of it that remains is horrendously difficult and many teams have succumbed to pitfalls in the past. The rule is that it has to be done in a clean room better than used to assemble spacecraft to go into deep space, and it has to be done away from any other source of potentially contaminating DNA. 2. Names usually have origins, especially for Indians. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics, might be given names such as Big Foot or Crooked Leg. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named Thundercloud. Grey Eagle, Red-Dog, Big Bear, and Spotted Wolf are examples of Indian names after animals. 3. Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depends on her cleaning ability. In one commercial, we see a woman terribly upset because her guests find spots on her glassware. Countless other commercials blur out the message that a woman will pass muster as a person if her kitchen floor gleams and her toilet bowl is blue. This idiocy must work, because the images of women scrubbing, moping, waxing and smiling keep on coming over the air. 4. As human beings, we are constantly in the stage of change. Our bodies change everyday. Our attitudes are constantly evolving. Something we swore by five years ago is now almost impossible for us to imagine ourselves believing The clothes we wore a few years ago now look strange to us in old photographs. Everything is changing. This is a prediction I can make with absolute certainty. 1
the push-button Neanderthal Today, It’s honor for me to give a small talk to everybody here. What I am going to talk is about professor John Cicardi’s idea of college education. Right, let's get started. Nowadays, many college students hold the idea that non-major is useless to find job when graduated. Indeed, professional courses teach you some necessary professional skills which will be your income, and may it always suffice. The professor agrees that professional skills should be taught because they are necessary for making a living . Without them the students would not be able to keep themselves alive or raise family when they step into the social . Supposing that the non－major courses like literature and philosophy is unnecessary for science students, so,why universities not as vocation school to open professional courses merely? Additionally, what is the differences between college education and technical training? Professor John Cicardi takes the attitude that universities should give student more than just job
浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放专科) 《英语写作基础》期末复习 本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩以百分制计。形成性考核占30%，课程终结考试占70%。 1. 形成性考核：满分100分，占课程总成绩的30%。形成性考核是对学生学习过程和阶段性学习效果的综合评价，包括学生参与各项教学活动和自主学习活动的情况以及阶段性的学习进展情况。本课程的形成性考核内容和方式严格按照“形成性考核册及学习档案”的具体要求执行。 2. 课程终结考试形式为笔试，闭卷。由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统一考试，考试时间为90分钟。试卷分为三部分，卷面分值为100分：第一、二部分为应用文写作，占30分，主要考查学生用英语写“应用文”的能力；第三部分为短文写作，占70分，主要考查学生用英语写作叙述、说明性的短文的能力。 试卷结构 英语写作基础考试样题 一、Write a notice according to the following facts: （10分） 寒假期间，工会将举办一个春节旅游团，去北京旅游3天。游览的地方包括天安门广场、长城、故宫和颐和园，有兴趣者请速到工会报名。报名地点：行政大楼112房间；报名电话：66778800。 二、 Write a note based on the given facts: （20分）： 时间：1月10日星期五
对象：张老师 内容：由于临时出差去外地，所以无法及时交本周的作业册。非常抱歉。保证将在回来时交作业。 留言者：3班学生李玉 三、 Write an essay of no fewer than 200 words: （70分） Title: Travel Helps Me Gain More Knowledge Aids: (1) Your point of view towards traveling. (2) Examples to support your view. (3) Conclusion 英语写作基础形考册部分练习题参考答案 Part II Learning Activity 1 Key to Task 1(p 7) Choose the best connecting word or phrase from the box below to complete the following sentences. 1. No sooner had Jane left college than offers of work came in. 2. The moment Jack left college, he set off round the world. 3. Hardly had Mary left college when she realized she was expecting their first child. 4. The Director looked very pale at the meeting, as though he had just received some very bad news. 5. I have been promised a job as a trainee manager in my uncle’s hotel, provided (on the condition that) I pass all my final-year school examinations.
大学英语基础写作 大学英语几种常用文体 1.书信作文： 事务信函（business letter）和私人信函（personal letter） 2.应用文： 便条（病假条，事假条，邀友来访，借物，订票，留言），请柬，单据，启示，海报，通知（凌茜p110） 3.图表作文： ●常考查的图：餠型图，曲线图，条形图，数据图 ●图表作文常用的展开模式 ●图表作文常用的表达方式 ●图表作文常用的句型 ●范文分析 (是文涛p91) 4.留学申请写作 ●个人陈述Personal Statements ●推荐信Letters of Recommendation ●简历resumes ●与外国大学的联系信及自述信和签证申诉信 5.CET4，CET6写作 ●写作要求，命题规律及评分标准 ●主题句 ●段落展开：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法 ●语篇：结构模式和衔接方法 ●CET4,CET6作文分类讲解及范文分析： 论说文的结构 论说文的类型 (是文涛p91) 6.学术交流英语 ●SCI 写作规范 ●Research report and essay 教学安排 十一周：概况 十二周：书信作文，应用文 十三——十七周：CET4作文，图表作文及练习 十八周：留学申请写作 十九周：学术英语，考试
CET4，CET6写作 一．语段 1.语段的结构： Developing Sentence 1(扩展句) Topic sentence (主题句) ----Developing Sentence 2(扩展句) ---- Terminator(结论句) Developing Sentence 3(扩展句) 2.写好主题句 一个好的主题句必须满足以下基本特征： ●高度的概括性 ●主题思想表达明确 ●能使读者预测其段落的发展方式 ●一般应该是一个观点，想法或意见等 分析下列的例子： 1）It is very necessary to be a good university students. (议论主题句) 2）There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student. (说明体的主题句) 3）What I will do in the future is the following. (描述体的主题句) 根据要求写出主题句 1）Please write about Study Habits 2）Please write about College Life 3）Please write about Your hobby 扩展下列主题句 例如这样的一篇作文：Good Health a.Importance of good health b.Ways to keep fit c.My own practice (是P59) 3. 段落展开 主题句是陈述段落的中心思想。因此，段落的展开（paragraph development）也就是主题句的展开。展开的方式有多种，如：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法等。 列举法常用词语：first/second/third/last; firstly/secondly/finally; to begin with/to start with/inthefirstplace/then/next/in addition to/besides/also/moreover/furthermore/what’s more 以下有3篇短文的题目，请用顺序排列法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Many people now prefer to live in the countryside. The main reasons are… b.Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie c.Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life Making a good impression at an American dinner party is not difficult if you
培养兴趣爱好英语作文 【英语作文】 As a middle school student,I learn many subjects,I study so hard every day. When I get home,I will do my homework and then go over the book. But when holiday comes,I feel a little confused,because I don t want to study and do something new.Then I don t know what to do, my mind get blank. 作为一个中学生,我学许多科目,我每天那么努力学习。当我回家时,我会做作业,然后复习书本。但当假期来临的时候, 我感到有点困惑,因为我不想学习，想做一些新的事情。我就不知道要做什么,我的头脑一片空白。 I decide to develop my interest.Some day,I happened to see a tennis match，and I couldn t stop watching, then I fell in love with tennis. So I started to learn playing tennis,I felt so happy. 我决定培养我的兴趣。有一天, 我碰巧看到一场网球比赛,我无法停止下来看,然后我爱上了网球。因此我开始学习打网球,我感到很高兴。培训兴趣爱好 Now tennis is my favorite sport,I find a way to relax myself. 现在网球是我最喜欢的运动,我找到一个方法来放松自己。
A: All the young children were _________ over the outing. A. excited B. exciting A : What is the least dangerous kind of robbery? B : ________ robbery. A. Safe B. Safety C. Saving All the people were _________ to hear that the pirates attacked our merchant ships. A. astonished B. astonishing All the fruits must before they are paid for. A. weight B. be weighed C. weigh D. be in weight A : What are we all doing at the same time? B : We are all growing __________. A. old B. elder C. elderly B: Be careful __________ you cross the street. A. how B. for C. to D. with C: D: Do you wish me ___________? A. stay B. to stay C. staying D. stayed Didn’t I ask you ________ in your homework this week? A. hand B. handed C. handing D. to hand E: Everyone longs ________ the summer holiday. A. till B. toward C. towards D. for Everybody was _______ at the news of a sudden outbreak of polio in the community. A. alarmed B. alarming F: G: Great changes _______ in our institute in the last few years.
一、就业 1、大学生难找工作， 2、原因很多， 3、解决的办法。 Job hunting has always been a headache for college students. though man y graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after grad uation. The reasons for this phenomenon are various. on the one hand, a few yea rs ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, s uch as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater t han the need in the market. on the other hand, most graduates would rather st ay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country. I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take me asures. first，they should research the market and develop special skills to sui t its need. second，students‘ attitude towards employment should be changed. they should go to small cities and country. there they can also give full play t o their professional knowledge. in a word，if we pay much attention，the sit uation can be improved.
大学英语基础写作常用句型 Part A: 段首句 1. __________________________________ Many people are inclined to __ . In their opinion, _____________________________ they believe that 2. ______________________________________________ There are different opinions among people as to_____________________________ . Some people suggest that 3. ________________________________ People's opinions about vary from person to person. Some people say that _____________ . To them, ___________ . 4. _______________________________________________ N owadays although more and more people __________________________________ , still there are some who think _____________ , they may think ___________ . 5. ____________________________________ R ecently the phenomenon of has caused public concern, and understandably so. 6. __________________________________ Nowadays, it is common to _____ . Many people like __________________________ because _____________ . Besides, ____________ .
第一部分英语写作基础(答案) 第一章句子写作 1.1 句子的种类 I. 1) Is there any water in the bottle? 2) Can she sing and dance very well? 3) Has he a brother in England? Or: Does he have a brother in England? 4) Does it often rain here in summer? 5) Did you always play together at that time? 6) Who is he? 7) How many times have you been to Beijing? 8) Where do they live? 9) What does your father like very much? 10) Why did he go to school yesterday? II. 1)“Shall we go by bus or by train?”“Better go by train.” 2)“Are we going to have the meeting today or tomorrow?”“Tomorrow.” 3)“You are not ready, are you？”“No, I am not.” 4)We can’t take these books out, can we?”“No, we can’t” 5)Take care not to catch cold. 6)Speak a little slower. I can’t follow you. 7)Let’s not waste our time arguing about it. 8)How pretty you are in that skirt! 9)What a beautiful city Hangzhou is! 10)How I miss my parents! III. 1)She has not had her lunch. 2)I was too excited to say a ward. 3)None of the problems is difficult. 4)You can find this kind of mobile phone somewhere. 5)He opened the door and we all went in. 6)Put on your coat, or you will catch cold. 7)It was late, so we went home. 8)He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely. 9)Turn off the light before you leave the room. 10)I hope that you will enjoy your stay here. 1.2句子的基本句型 I． 1）SVC 2) SV 3)SVC 4) SVOC 5. SVOA 6) SVO 7) SVOC 8) SVOiOd 9) SVOC 10) SVA II. 1)My ink has run out. (SV)
教育为什么如此之重要大学英语作文 When asked about why education is important, different people hold different attitude. Some people think education is a social phenomenon , there is inexistence or not important, while the rest think education is very essential.Personally, I think education is a good way to cultivate successors. 当被问及为什么教育很重要的时候，不同的人持有不同的态度。 有些人觉得教育是一种社会现象，不存在重不重要。而其他人则觉得教 育很重要。就我个人而言，我认为教育是培养接班人的一个好方法。 First,education can help a man of good conduct. When a kid is growing, he doesn’t know how to distinguish good or bad, so , he need to be taught by his parentsor teachers to identify the right thing, Then he can be a good man and adjusthimself to the modern society. Second, nowadays, the world is intellectual,people live in this world without knowledge will be very hard to survive. So,the education is very important, people have to learn academically knowledge to live a better life. 第一，教育可以帮助一个人形成良好的行为举止。一个还在发育 中的孩子，他不知道如何区分好坏，所以，他必须由父母或老师来教导 区分正确的事情。这样他可以成为一个有用的人，适应现代这个社会。 第二，如今，世界是知识的世界，没有知识的人将很难在这个世界上生 存。因此，教育是非常重要的，人们必须学会学术知识去过更好的生 活。 Therefore,a natural conclusion can be drawn that education is a way to make people to become a intelligent and good behavior one, besides it’s never too old to learn. 因此，自然可以得出这样的结论：教育可以使人变得更聪明和形
全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 全部题目用英文作答。 I.重写句子(15 points,1.5points each) Revise the following sentences according to the requirement. Example: The history of English words in the history of our civilization in many ways.(periodic sentence) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 1.I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.(compound sentence) 2.If you sit by the window facing the sun on a sunny winter day, you may feel nice and warm.(loose sentence) 3.Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.(complex sentence) 4.His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.(complex sentence) 5.I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.(periodic sentence) 6.Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.(simple sentence) 7.Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.(compound sentence) 8.I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.(compound-complex sentence) 9.Jack applied for a job. He went for an interview. He was hired.(parallel structure) 10.Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.(periodic sentence) II.改写病句(15 points,3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences. 11.The rain might last for a while, clouds covered the entire sky. 12.In the evening we would swim in the lake and dancing afterward. 13.That woman just bought her dog a milk shake in a red skirt. 14.To pass the course, your term paper must be handed in on time. 15.Harry wouldn’t make a good negotiator he doesn’t have the patience. III.标出主题句(15 points,5 points each) 16.Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the choice in the blank. A.I eat a lot of homemade ice cream. B. Homemade ice cream is my favorite.
关于大学教育的英语作文 wtt整理的关于大学教育的英语作文，希望对大家有帮助。 关于大学教育的英语作文1：university education Some people think that university should not provide theoretical knowledge, but to give practical training benefit to society. Do you agree or disagree? Use your own experience and knowledge to support your idea. Nowhere in the world has the issue of student been so much debated as in our society. In this petitive society, ability of work and employment experience have bee very important features of ordinary students' future; therefore, many people think that university should teach students the real knowledge that es from practice and direct experience. The above point is certainly wrong; this essay will outline three reasons. The main reason is that students' study will be delayed and disadvantaged. The academic knowledge of students will be hard to make greater progress in order to practical training and employment experience. In this special period of life, students have the best memory and intellect. If they do not work hard at study, they will
2018年自学考试《英语写作基础》试题及答案 Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in the City Like many other city dwellers, I often complain about having to cope with the problems related with city life. I sometimes fancy getting closer to nature and appreciating its beauty fully in the country. Once a friend asked me, “Do you really hate life in the city that much? If you had a choice, would you move away to the country?”I compelled myself to think about city life more seriously. Now I have to do justice to it. Admittedly, the attractions of city life still appeal to me strongly despite its drawbacks. In general, city life is relatively convenient and comfortable. The supply of water and electricity is continuous. Whenever one wants, all he has to do is just turning on a faucet or pressing a button. There is also a variety of vehicles for transportation, form buses and cars to trains and planes, that help people move about efficiently. Shopping centers are seen and there in cities. Thanks to the amazing diversity of commodities, going shopping is often interesting and enjoyable for city dwellers. Besides the
2014-12-05 要求： 请按照下面的要求写至少120个词的作文。 1.参加高考的人数有所下降 2.有人认为职业教育更为重要 3.你的看法 The college entrance examination is most fit for us As a college student, we all passed the college entrance examination, but for now, there are fewer and fewer students attending that exam, for one reason that some of them think the vocational education is more important. In my opinion, I would rather support the college entrance examination. The followings are my reason. First of all, the culture is extensive and profound, the vocational education is limited, if we only receive the limited education, the other culture will be forgot, it's not good for spreading the culture. What's more, the limited education will lead to limited learning of us, nowadays, we should be a full development students, which asks us should learn widely.